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Darroudi S, Abolbashari S, Ahangari N, Tayefi M, Khashyarmanesh Z, Zamani P, Haghighi HM, Mohammadpour AH, Tavalaei S, Esmaily H, Ferns GA, Meshkat Z, Tayefi B, Ghayour-Mobarhan M. Association Between Trace Element Status and Depression in HTLV-1-Infected Patients: a Retrospective Cohort Study. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 191:75-80. [PMID: 30715684 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1613-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Depression and Anxiety are two important public health problems that are known to be associated with viral infections. The association between the intake of nutrients such as zinc and copper with symptoms of depression has been studied previously. The aim of the current study was to investigate the association between depression with human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection and serum content of zinc and copper in a large Iranian population cohort. The study population consisted of 279 HTLV-1-positive patients who were identified after recruitment as part of a large cohort study: the Mashhad Stroke and Heart Association Disorder (MASHAD) study. They were divided into two groups of diagnosed with or without depression based on their symptoms. Serum zinc and copper levels of all subjects were measured using the flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The population sample comprised of 279 individuals infected with HTLV-1 of whom 192 (68.8%) were women. The mean serum zinc in the group with and without depression was 78.69 ± 13.79 μg/dl and 86.87 ± 19.44 μg/dl, respectively (p < 0.001). Also, the serum copper level was higher in the depressive group (116.75 ± 39.56) than in the non-depressive group (104.76 ± 30.77) (p 0.004). The association between serum zinc and copper with depression in HTLV-1-infected patients which was shown in this study could be considered in the treatment strategies in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Darroudi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Samaneh Abolbashari
- Student Research Committee, Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Najmeh Ahangari
- Student Research Committee, Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Tayefi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Science , Mashhad, Iran
- University International Accreditation, International Office, Clinical Research Unit, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Khashyarmanesh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Parvin Zamani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Amir Hooshang Mohammadpour
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shima Tavalaei
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Habibollah Esmaily
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Division of Medical Education, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex, BN1 9PH, UK
| | - Zahra Meshkat
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Batool Tayefi
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Biochemistry of Nutrition Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, 99199-91766, Iran.
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Bandeira LM, Uehara SNO, Puga MAM, Rezende GR, Vicente ACP, Domingos JA, do Lago BV, Niel C, Motta-Castro ARC. HTLV-1 intrafamilial transmission among Japanese immigrants in Brazil. J Med Virol 2017; 90:351-357. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Larissa M. Bandeira
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul; Campo Grande Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
| | - Silvia N. O. Uehara
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul; Campo Grande Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
| | - Marco A. M. Puga
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul; Campo Grande Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
| | - Grazielli R. Rezende
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul; Campo Grande Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
| | | | - João A. Domingos
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul; Campo Grande Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
| | - Bárbara V. do Lago
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul; Campo Grande Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
- Oswaldo Cruz Institute; Fiocruz; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Bio-Manguinhos; Fiocruz; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | | | - Ana R. C. Motta-Castro
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul; Campo Grande Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
- Fiocruz; Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
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Zihlmann KF, Mazzaia MC, Alvarenga ATD. Sentidos da interrupção da amamentação devido infeção pelo vírus linfotrópico de células T humanas do tipo 1( HTLV-1). ACTA PAUL ENFERM 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1982-0194201700012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo Objetivo Compreender os sentidos da inibição da amamentação como prevenção da transmissão vertical entre mulheres vivendo com HTLV-1 (MVHTLV). Métodos Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa com observação participante e entrevistas em profundidade, por meio de roteiro temático, pela análise de conteúdo temática de Bardin, pré-testado e realizados com 13 pessoas - 11 mulheres e dois homens - maiores de 18 anos, diagnosticados com HTLV-1 e sem co-infecções, entre Junho/2006 a Abril/2008, em sala reservada de centro especializado em São Paulo, onde atuava a pesquisadora, psicóloga, com familiaridade e acesso aos usuários. A seleção dos sujeitos ocorreu por conveniência durante a observação participante. Os relatos dos sujeitos foram gravados, transcritos e analisados na busca dos sentidos e significados para elaboração das categorias e, foram apresentados trechos destes, identificados por nomes fictícios. Resultados A inibição da amamentação é uma decisão complexa dificultada em um contexto de desconhecimento dessa infecção pela equipe de saúde. Conclusão O desconhecimento do HTLV-1 no contexto hospitalar se torna um risco para a transmissão vertical desse vírus, além de consequências emocionais significativas. Indica-se a necessidade de informação e formação da equipe de saúde para um cuidado integral e o acolhimento das necessidades específicas de MVHTLV.
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Starling ALB, Coelho-dos-Reis JGA, Peruhype-Magalhães V, Pascoal-Xavier MA, Gonçalves DU, Béla SR, Lambertucci JR, Labanca L, Souza Pereira SR, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Ribas JG, Trindade BC, Faccioli LH, Carneiro-Proietti ABF, Martins-Filho OA. Immunological signature of the different clinical stages of the HTLV-1 infection: establishing serum biomarkers for HTLV-1-associated disease morbidity. Biomarkers 2015; 20:502-12. [DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2015.1094141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lúcia Borges Starling
- Centro De Pesquisas René Rachou – FIOCRUZ-Minas, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil,
- Fundação Centro De Hematologia E Hemoterapia De Minas Gerais – HEMOMINAS, Santa Efigênia, Minas Gerais, Brazil,
- Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Infectologia E Medicina Tropical – Faculdade De Medicina Da Universidade Federal De Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil,
| | | | | | - Marcelo Antônio Pascoal-Xavier
- Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Infectologia E Medicina Tropical – Faculdade De Medicina Da Universidade Federal De Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil,
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Medicine School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil,
| | - Denise Utsch Gonçalves
- Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Infectologia E Medicina Tropical – Faculdade De Medicina Da Universidade Federal De Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil,
| | - Samantha Ribeiro Béla
- Centro De Pesquisas René Rachou – FIOCRUZ-Minas, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil,
| | - José Roberto Lambertucci
- Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Infectologia E Medicina Tropical – Faculdade De Medicina Da Universidade Federal De Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil,
| | - Ludimila Labanca
- Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Infectologia E Medicina Tropical – Faculdade De Medicina Da Universidade Federal De Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil,
| | - Silvio Roberto Souza Pereira
- Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Infectologia E Medicina Tropical – Faculdade De Medicina Da Universidade Federal De Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil,
| | | | | | - Bruno Caetano Trindade
- Centro De Pesquisas René Rachou – FIOCRUZ-Minas, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil,
- Laboratório De Inflamação E Imunologia Das Parasitoses, Faculdade De Ciências Farmacêuticas De Ribeirão Preto, Universidade De São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucia Helena Faccioli
- Laboratório De Inflamação E Imunologia Das Parasitoses, Faculdade De Ciências Farmacêuticas De Ribeirão Preto, Universidade De São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Li X, Chen Y, Wu Z, Zhang N. Prevalence of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 infection among blood donors in mainland China: a meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis 2014; 25:94-9. [PMID: 24865322 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is considered to be the etiological agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and HTLV-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Blood transfusion is a common transmission pathway for HTLV-1. However, no surveys to determine the overall prevalence of HTLV-1 infection and HTLV-1 genotypes among blood donors on the Chinese mainland have yet been conducted. METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis of the peer-reviewed literature on this topic was carried out. Data manipulation and statistical analyses were performed using the Comprehensive Meta Analysis Version 2.0 program. RESULTS Forty-four eligible articles involving 458525 blood donors were selected. Analysis revealed the pooled prevalences of HTLV-1 infection among blood donors in Fujian and Guangdong provinces to be 9.9/10000 (95% confidence interval (CI) 4.4/10000-22.2/10000) and 2.9/10000 (95% CI 1.7/10000-4.8/10000), respectively; there were only two cases of HTLV-1 infection among 204763 donors in other areas of the Chinese mainland. In addition, 40 of 42 (95.2%) HTLV-1 isolates belonged to the Transcontinental subgroup A of the HTLV-1 subtype A (Cosmopolitan subtype). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of HTLV-1 infection among blood donors is low and restricted mainly to the provinces of Fujian and Guangdong. Most isolates belong to the Transcontinental subgroup within HTLV-1 subtype A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, P. R. China
| | - Yuanzhong Chen
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, P. R. China.
| | - Zhengjun Wu
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, P. R. China
| | - Na Zhang
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, P. R. China
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Toro J, Cárdenas S, Fernando Martínez C, Urrutia J, Díaz C. Multiple sclerosis in Colombia and other Latin American Countries. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2013; 2:80-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Alva IE, Orellana ER, Blas MM, Bernabe-Ortiz A, Cotrina A, Chiappe M, Kochel TJ, Carcamo CP, García PJ, Zunt JR, Buffardi AL, Montano SM. HTLV-1 and -2 infections among 10 indigenous groups in the Peruvian Amazon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012; 87:954-6. [PMID: 22964719 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.12-0289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with HTLV-1 and -2 were detected in 12 (1.9%) and 6 (0.9%) indigenous individuals living in 27 Amazonian villages in Peru. All infections occurred in Shipibo-Konibo people. HTLV was more common among participants living in villages distant from larger port cities and women with non-monogamous sexual partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac E Alva
- School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
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Sequeira CG, Tamegão-Lopes BP, Santos EJMD, Ventura AMR, Moraes-Pinto MI, Succi RCDM. Descriptive study of HTLV infection in a population of pregnant women from the state of Pará, Northern Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2012; 45:453-6. [PMID: 22836660 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822012005000007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In Brazil, studies have shown that HTLV seroprevalence among pregnant women varies from 0 to 1.8%. However, this seroprevalence was unknown in the State of Pará, Brazil. The present study describes, for the first time, the HTLV seroprevalence among pregnant women from the State of Pará, Northern Brazil. METHODS 13,382 pregnant women were submitted to HTLV screening during prenatal care, and those with non-seronegative results to anti-HTLV were submitted to Western blot (WB) test to confirm and separate HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 carriers. RESULTS HTLV seroprevalence in the population of pregnant women was 0.3%, and HTLV-1 was identified in 95.3% of patients. The demographic profile of HTLV carriers was as follows: women with age between 20 and 40 years old (78.4%); residing in the metropolitan region of Belém, Pará (67.6%); and with educational level of high school (56.8%). Other variables related to infection were as follows: beginning of sexual intercourse between the age of 12 and 18 years old (64.9%) and have being breastfed for more than 6 months (51.4%). Most of the women studied had at least two previous pregnancies (35.1%) and no abortion (70.3%). Coinfections (syphilis and HIV) were found in 10.8% (4/37) of these pregnant women. CONCLUSIONS Seroprevalence of HTLV infection in pregnant women assisted in basic health units from the State of Pará, Northern Brazil, was 0.3% similar to those described in other Brazilian studies. The variables related to infection were important indicators in identifying pregnant women with a higher tendency to HTLV seropositivity, being a strategy for disease control and prevention, avoiding vertical transmission.
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Zihlmann KF, de Alvarenga AT, Casseb J. Living invisible: HTLV-1-infected persons and the lack of care in public health. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1705. [PMID: 22720112 PMCID: PMC3373594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection is intractable and endemic in many countries. Although a few individuals have severe symptoms, most patients remain asymptomatic throughout their lives and their infections may be unknown to many health professionals. HTLV-1 can be considered a neglected public health problem and there are not many studies specifically on patients' needs and emotional experiences. OBJECTIVE To better understand how women and men living with HTLV-1 experience the disease and what issues exist in their healthcare processes. METHODS A qualitative study using participant observation and life story interview methods was conducted with 13 symptomatic and asymptomatic patients, at the outpatient clinic of the Emilio Ribas Infectious Diseases Institute, in Sao Paulo, Brazil. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The interviewees stated that HTLV-1 is a largely unknown infection to society and health professionals. Counseling is rare, but when it occurs, focuses on the low probability of developing HTLV-1 related diseases without adequately addressing the risk of infection transmission or reproductive decisions. The diagnosis of HTLV-1 can remain a stigmatized secret as patients deny their situations. As a consequence, the disease remains invisible and there are potentially negative implications for patient self-care and the identification of infected relatives. This perception seems to be shared by some health professionals who do not appear to understand the importance of preventing new infections. CONCLUSIONS Patients and medical staff referred that the main focus was the illness risk, but not the identification of infected relatives to prevent new infections. This biomedical model of care makes prevention difficult, contributes to the lack of care in public health for HTLV-1, and further perpetuates the infection among populations. Thus, HTLV-1 patients experience an "invisibility" of their complex demands and feel that their rights as citizens are ignored.
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Magri MC, de Macedo Brigido LF, Rodrigues R, Morimoto HK, de Paula Ferreira JL, Caterino-de-Araujo A. Phylogenetic and similarity analysis of HTLV-1 isolates from HIV-coinfected patients from the south and southeast regions of Brazil. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012; 28:110-4. [PMID: 21591992 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2011.0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HTLV-1 is endemic in Brazil and HIV/HTLV-1 coinfection has been detected, mostly in the northeast region. Cosmopolitan HTLV-1a is the main subtype that circulates in Brazil. This study characterized 17 HTLV-1 isolates from HIV coinfected patients of southern (n=7) and southeastern (n=10) Brazil. HTLV-1 provirus DNA was amplified by nested PCR (env and LTR) and sequenced. Env sequences (705 bp) from 15 isolates and LTR sequences (731 bp) from 17 isolates showed 99.5% and 98.8% similarity among sequences, respectively. Comparing these sequences with ATK (HTLV-1a) and Mel5 (HTLV-1c) prototypes, similarities of 99% and 97.4%, respectively, for env and LTR with ATK, and 91.6% and 90.3% with Mel5, were detected. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all sequences belonged to the transcontinental subgroup A of the Cosmopolitan subtype, clustering in two Latin American clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Cavalheiro Magri
- Laboratório de Retrovirus, Centro de Virologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, S.P., Brazil
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas–Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, S.P., Brazil
| | - Luis Fernando de Macedo Brigido
- Laboratório de Retrovirus, Centro de Virologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, S.P., Brazil
| | - Rosangela Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Retrovirus, Centro de Virologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, S.P., Brazil
| | - Helena Kaminami Morimoto
- Departmento de Patologia, Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR., Brazil
| | - João Leandro de Paula Ferreira
- Laboratório de Retrovirus, Centro de Virologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, S.P., Brazil
| | - Adele Caterino-de-Araujo
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas–Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, S.P., Brazil
- Centro de Imunologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, S.P., Brazil
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Impact of depression on quality of life in people living with human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) in Salvador, Brazil. Qual Life Res 2011; 21:1545-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s11136-011-0066-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Araújo MG, Gonçalves DU, Nobre V, Ribas JGR, Carneiro-Proietti ABDF, Lambertucci JR, Guedes ACM. HTLV-1 associated myelopathy diagnosed during lepromatous leprosy reaction treatment: a case report. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2011; 43:465-6. [PMID: 20802953 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822010000400027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy and human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 infection are prevalent in Brazil. Coinfection by Mycobacterium leprae and HTLV-1 is reviewed and a case is reported. A 59 year-old woman was followed and HTLV-1 associated myelopathy was diagnosed during leprosy treatment. The clinical and neurological aspects of this unusual association were initially reviewed. Immunological markers and the possible prognoses due to the association of the diseases were discussed. The unexpected association of leprosy and HTLV-1 associated myelopathy may occur in endemic areas and causes difficulties in determining the correct diagnosis and adequate management of the neurological manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Grossi Araújo
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Eirin ME, Berini CA, Jones LR, Dilernia DA, Puca AA, Biglione MM. Stable human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) subtype a/subgroup a endemicity in Amerindians from Northwest Argentina: a health problem to be resolved. J Med Virol 2011; 82:2116-22. [PMID: 20981802 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Jujuy province, in Northwest Argentina, is known to be endemic for HTLV-1 infection. Moreover, foci of HTLV-1 associated pathologies have also been described in this region. To gain an insight into the current situation of HTLV-1/2 in this endemic area, a seroprevalence and phylogenetic study was performed among a Kolla community from Abra Pampa city and surroundings. Out of 112 individuals, 11 (9.8%) were confirmed as HTLV-1 positive and no HTLV-2 infection was detected. The phylogenetic analysis of the LTR region showed that all the HTLV-1 sequences belonged to the Cosmopolitan subtype a/transcontinental subgroup A, and were closely related to reference sequences from Peru, Argentina, and the South of Brazil (P = 0.82). Considering the cultural and historical features of this community and in spite of the mandatory detection of anti-HTLV-1/2 antibodies in blood banks since 2005, it would be important to implement new public health measures focused on decreasing HTLV-1 transmission in this endemic area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Eirin
- National Reference Center for AIDS, Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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de Souza JG, da Fonseca FG, Martins ML, Martins CPS, de Carvalho LD, Coelho-dos-Reis JGA, Carneiro-Proietti ABF, Martins-Filho OA, Barbosa-Stancioli EF. Anti-Tax antibody levels in asymptomatic carriers, oligosymptomatic carriers, patients with rheumatologic disease or with HAM/TSP do not correlate with HTLV-1 proviral load. J Clin Virol 2010; 50:13-8. [PMID: 20951636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HTLV-1 infects millions of people around the world and induces myelopathy (HAM/TSP), adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) or other inflammatory or rheumatologic diseases. The host-virus interaction causes asymptomatic carriers to develop HAM/TSP. Biomarkers are needed to predict patients who are at risk for HAM/TSP. Tax is highly immunogenic and is a major target protein recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Anti-Tax antibodies are involved in HAM/TSP pathogenesis. OBJECTIVES To assess anti-Tax IgG reactivity with a flow cytometry assay (FCA) using an infection/transfection system with Vaccinia virus and pLW44/Tax-expressing Tax and to correlate the anti-Tax response and the HTLV-1 proviral load. STUDY DESIGN : We enrolled 81 individuals: 9 HTLV-1 seronegative (NP) and 72 HTLV-1 positive (23 HTLV-1 asymptomatic carriers (AC), 12 oligosymptomatic patients (OL), 7 with rheumatologic diseases (DR) and 30 with HAM/TSP (HT)). Anti-Tax reactivity was assessed by FCA, and HTLV-1 proviral load was measured with real time PCR. RESULTS The HT and DR groups showed greater anti-Tax IgG reactivity (p<0.001 and p<0.05 comparing HT to the OL and AC group, respectively; p<0.05 comparing DR to the OL group), and the reactivity in the DR+HT group was significantly different when compared to the AC group (p<0.05) and to the OL group (p<0.001). The proviral load was higher in the HT group compared to the OL (p<0.001) and in the HT+DR group compared to OL (p<0.001). There was no correlation between anti-Tax IgG reactivity and proviral load in any of the HTLV-1-infected groups. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that although anti-Tax IgG reactivity and the HTLV-1 proviral load are important markers of the development of HTLV-1-associated diseases, their levels are not correlated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Gontijo de Souza
- Laboratório de Biologia de Microrganismos Intracelulares, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Epidemiology, treatment, and prevention of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1-associated diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev 2010; 23:577-89. [PMID: 20610824 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00063-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), the first human retrovirus to be discovered, is present in diverse regions of the world, where its infection is usually neglected in health care settings and by public health authorities. Since it is usually asymptomatic in the beginning of the infection and disease typically manifests later in life, silent transmission occurs, which is associated with sexual relations, breastfeeding, and blood transfusions. There are no prospects of vaccines, and screening of blood banks and in prenatal care settings is not universal. Therefore, its transmission is active in many areas such as parts of Africa, South and Central America, the Caribbean region, Asia, and Melanesia. It causes serious diseases in humans, including adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and an incapacitating neurological disease (HTLV-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis [HAM/TSP]) besides other afflictions such as uveitis, rheumatic syndromes, and predisposition to helminthic and bacterial infections, among others. These diseases are not curable as yet, and current treatments as well as new perspectives are discussed in the present review.
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Nascimento LBD, Carneiro MADS, Teles SA, Lopes CLR, Reis NRDS, Silva AMDCE, Motta-Castro ARC, Otsuki K, Vicente ACP, Martins RMB. [Prevalence of infection due to HTLV-1 in remnant quilombos in Central Brazil]. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2010; 42:657-60. [PMID: 20209350 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822009000600009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of HTLV-1 infection among remnant black quilombo communities in Central Brazil. A total of 1,837 individuals were evaluated, among whom nine were HTLV-1/2 seropositive according to ELISA. All of them were positive for HTLV-1 by means of Western blot and/or PCR, thus resulting in a prevalence of 0.5% (95% CI: 0.2-1.0). The HTLV-1 infected individuals ranged in age from 11 to 82 years. The majority of them were females. Regarding risk characteristics, histories of breastfeeding, blood transfusion, multiple sexual partners and sexually transmitted diseases were reported by these individuals. The findings from this study indicate the importance of identifying HTLV-1 infected individuals, as a strategy for infection control and prevention in these remnant quilombos.
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Namen-Lopes MSS, Martins ML, Drummond PC, Lobato RR, Carneiro-Proietti ABF. Lookback study of HTLV-1 and 2 seropositive donors and their recipients in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Transfus Med 2009; 19:180-8. [PMID: 19706135 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3148.2009.00932.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to perform lookback study in recipients of blood components from human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) seropositive donors. HTLV-1/2 may be transmitted by blood transfusion. Brazil is an endemic area for the virus and its screening in blood donors is mandatory since 1993. Hemominas Foundation (HF) is the public transfusion centre in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Data on HTLV-1/2 seropositive donors and recipients from 1993 to 2004 were obtained at HF and 24 contracting hospitals. From 1993 to 2004, HTLV-1/2 enzyme immunoassay (EIA) was performed in 918 678 donations of approximately 422 600 blood donor candidates. Of these, 456 donors (0.1%) were reactive and confirmed by Western blot (WB): 449 HTLV-1 and 7 HTLV-2. Sixty-six (14.5%) were repeat donors and had 194 blood cellular components produced from their previous donations. Of the distributed components, 119/146 (81.5%) had the recipient traced, with a total of 114 individuals. Of these, only 13 recipients were tested: six (46%) were HTLV-1 positive (four recipients of red cell units, two of platelets) and seven (54%) were negative (six of red cell units and one of platelets). Eleven did not respond and 62/114 (54.0%) were deceased. Another 28/114 (25.0%) could not be located. All six seropositive HTLV-1 recipients identified had no symptoms suggestive of HTLV-1-associated diseases. Acellular components, when used alone, were not associated with HTLV seropositivity. HTLV-1 transmission by cellular blood components occurred before screening for the virus was introduced. Haemovigilance was difficult to perform due to unavailability of computer systems before 1999 and to inadequate medical records at hospitals.
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Gonçalves DU, Felipe L, Carneiro-Proietti AB, Guedes AC, Martins-Filho OA, Lambertucci JR. Myelopathy and adult T-cell leukemia associated with HTLV-1 in a young patient with hearing loss as the initial manifestation of disease. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2009; 42:336-7. [DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822009000300018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A young male developed hearing loss, vertigo, headache and facial palsy. Neurological examination did not show any abnormalities. Two years later, cervical lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly and atypical lymphocytes in peripheral blood revealed leukemia. At the same time, acquired ichthyosis was observed. Subsequently, neurological abnormalities revealed myelopathy associated with HTLV-1, due to vertical transmission.
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Bittencourt AL, Barbosa HS, Vieira MDG, Farré L. Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) presenting in the skin: clinical, histological and immunohistochemical features of 52 cases. Acta Oncol 2009; 48:598-604. [PMID: 19165640 DOI: 10.1080/02841860802657235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) is a severe disease caused by HTLV-I. This paper describes the clinicopathological and immunohistochemical findings of 52 cases of ATL with skin involvement and investigates whether there is any relationship between median survival time (MST) and histological patterns, primary cutaneous involvement and CD8 positivity. MATERIAL AND METHODS All cases were HTLV-I+ and HIV- and were clinically classified. HTLV-I proviral integration was investigated in atypical cases. Immunohistochemistry was performed using CD3, CD4, CD5, CD7, CD8, CD20, CD25, CD30 and CD45RO markers. Ki-67 was used to evaluate the proliferative index. RESULTS Twenty-seven cases were primary, while 25 were secondary. Monoclonal viral integration was demonstrated in all atypical cases. Patterns resembling mycosis fungoides (MF) were found in 19 cases and anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) in two cases. Fifteen cases had an atypical immunophenotype and expressed CD8. Primary cutaneous ATL had a longer MST (48 months) than the secondary cutaneous ATL (7 months) and the difference was statistically significant, but no statistically significant difference was found between the MST of CD8-positive and negative cases. CONCLUSIONS It is important to differentiate between primary and secondary cutaneous ATL and classify the cases histologically in order to better evaluate the prognosis. The two forms of primary cutaneous ATL, primary cutaneous smoldering and primary cutaneous tumoral (PCT), should also be identified. The smoldering type presented a longer survival (58 months) and histological aspects suggestive of better prognosis in contrast to the PCT type that had a shorter survival (20 months) and histological characteristics suggestive of worse outcome.
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Araújo MG, Gonçalves DU, Carneiro-Proietti ABF, Proietti FA, Guedes ACM. Manifestações cutâneas da infecção e das doenças relacionadas ao vírus linfotrópico de células T humanas do tipo 1. An Bras Dermatol 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s0365-05962008000500002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
O vírus linfotrópico de células T humanas tipo 1 (HTLV-1) é um retrovírus encontrado em todo o mundo e, no Brasil, tem distribuição heterogênea com várias regiões consideradas de alta prevalência. Está relacionado com doenças graves e/ou incapacitantes, como a leucemia/linfoma de células T do adulto, com a doença neurológica conhecida como mielopatia associada ao HTLV-1/paraparesia espástica tropical, com a uveíte associada ao HTLV-1 e com a dermatite infecciosa. O risco para o aparecimento dessas doenças depende, principalmente, de fatores genéticos, da forma como a infecção foi adquirida e da carga proviral. Estima-se que até 10% dos infectados possam desenvolver alguma doença relacionada ao vírus ao longo da vida. O comprometimento da pele tem sido descrito tanto nas doenças relacionadas ao HTLV-1 quanto nos indivíduos portadores assintomáticos. Vários mecanismos são propostos para explicar as lesões da pele, seja pela presença direta do vírus em células, pela imunossupressão ou por resposta inflamatória que a infecção pelo vírus poderia desencadear. Dentre as manifestações dermatológicas mais freqüentes destacam-se a xerose, as dermatofitoses e as infecções bacterianas recorrentes. Neste artigo são revistos os principais aspectos referentes à infecção e às doenças relacionadas ao HTLV- 1, com ênfase na discussão das manifestações dermatológicas observadas nesse contexto.
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Gastaldello R, Iñiguez AM, Otsuki K, Lamas G, Balangero M, Barbas MG, Mangano A, Sen L, Maturano E, Remondegui C, Vicente ACP, Gallego S. HTLV type 1 genetic types among native descendants in Argentina. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2008; 24:1139-46. [PMID: 18657044 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2007.0299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The province of San Salvador de Jujuy, located in the northwest of Argentina, is a highly endemic area for HTLV-1 infection and a foci of tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM/TSP). Therefore, to better understand this, we carried out a genetic characterization of a large set of HTLV-1 strains (n = 65) of descendants of Amerindians from this region. The LTR and env regions were analyzed. The genetic analysis showed that all of these new HTLV-1 isolates from Argentina belong to the Transcontinental subgroup A of the HTLV-1a Cosmopolitan subtype, with the exception of three isolates that cluster within the Japanese subgroup B. Interestingly, the majority of the sequences from Jujuy province belonged to a distinct cluster within the Latin America Transcontinental subgroup, referred to here as the Jujuy subcluster, and were characterized by specific signatures in the LTR. Given that the samples analyzed in this study belong to the Amerindian population and the high prevalence of HTLV-1 in Jujuy in contrast to the low prevalence of this virus in the country, it could be that HTLV-1aA was spread in Argentina from the Amerindians to the cosmopolitan population. Moreover, this is the first report of an HTLV-1aB or Japanese subgroup in descendants of non-Japanese people in South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Gastaldello
- Laboratory of Human Lymphotropic Viruses, Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Alena Mayo Iñiguez
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Microorganisms, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Koko Otsuki
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Microorganisms, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Lamas
- Department of Infectious Diseases, San Roque Hospital, San Salvador de Jujuy, Argentina
| | - Marcos Balangero
- Laboratory of Human Lymphotropic Viruses, Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Gabriela Barbas
- Laboratory of Human Lymphotropic Viruses, Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andrea Mangano
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology and Retroviruses, J. P. Garrahan Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luisa Sen
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology and Retroviruses, J. P. Garrahan Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Maturano
- Laboratory of Human Lymphotropic Viruses, Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Carlos Remondegui
- Department of Infectious Diseases, San Roque Hospital, San Salvador de Jujuy, Argentina
| | | | - Sandra Gallego
- Laboratory of Human Lymphotropic Viruses, Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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Trenchi A, Gastaldello R, Balangero M, Irizar M, Cudolá A, Gallego S. Retrospective study of the prevalence of human T-cell lymphotropic virus-type 1/2, HIV, and HBV in pregnant women in Argentina. J Med Virol 2007; 79:1974-8. [PMID: 17935192 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study shows first data on HTLV-1/2 seroprevalence among pregnant women in the non-endemic region of Argentina. In a retrospective study a representative sample (n = 3,143) of the pregnant women registered in the health public service in the province of Córdoba was evaluated. HTLV-1/2 seroprevalence was 0.191% +/- 0.0857 [IC 0.022-0.359]. This prevalence was 10 times higher in pregnant women than in blood donors [0.019 (4/21.183)]. The pregnant women would reflect the epidemiology of the general population more accurately since it constitutes a more heterogeneous group than that of blood donors. The prevalence of infection with HIV was 2.8 times higher than that of HTLV-1/2 (P < 0.05) and the presence of any of these two viruses was not a subrogating indicator of the presence of the other (Goodman and Kruskal's Tau coefficient = 0.0092). The prevalence of HBV was not significantly different from that of HTLV-1/2 (P > 0.05). We consider that it is necessary to carry out continuous studies in order to define the main risk factors for infection of these women. Thus, a decision could be made to apply the best policy in public health to prevent vertical transmission of the virus in Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Trenchi
- Virology Institute, School of Medicine, National University of Cordoba, Argentina
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Pinheiro SRAA, Martins-Filho OA, Ribas JGR, Catalan-Soares BC, Proietti FA, Namen-Lopes S, Brito-Melo GEA, Carneiro-Proietti ABF. Immunologic markers, uveitis, and keratoconjunctivitis sicca associated with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1. Am J Ophthalmol 2006; 142:811-15. [PMID: 16989761 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2006.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2005] [Revised: 06/04/2006] [Accepted: 06/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To verify the occurrence of keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) and human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) associated uveitis (HAU) and to evaluate the immunologic status related to HTLV-1. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS Ophthalmic examination (both eyes) and immunophenotyping of peripheral blood lymphocytes were performed in 207 infected asymptomatic blood donors (AS), 55 controls (NI), and 55 patients with HTLV-1 associated myelopathy (HAM/TSP). Examiner was masked to patient's serologic status. RESULTS KCS was more frequent in HAM/TSP (30/55, 54.5%) than in NI and AS (07/55, 12.7% and 42/207, 20.3%, respectively). Presence of lacrimal hyposecretion in KCS individuals was higher in the HAM/TSP group (P < .001) as compared with NI and AS. HAU was found in 1/55 (1.82%) of HAM/TSP patients and 4/207 (1.93%) of HTLV-1 seropositive donors. Higher levels of activated CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells were observed in HAM/TSP. Patients with HAU displayed higher percentage of both CD4(+) HLA-DR(+) and CD8(+)HLA-DR(+) when compared with NI and AS without HAU. CONCLUSIONS Patients with HAM/TSP manifested more ophthalmologic symptoms than asymptomatic HTLV-1-infected individuals, with significantly higher KCS and immunologic alterations. Levels of activated CD8+ T cells could be used as a prognosis marker of inflammatory disease manifestation to follow-up AS individuals.
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Barcellos NT, Fuchs SC, Mondini LG, Murphy EL. Human T lymphotropic virus type I/II infection: prevalence and risk factors in individuals testing for HIV in counseling centers from Southern Brazil. Sex Transm Dis 2006; 33:302-6. [PMID: 16505751 DOI: 10.1097/01.olq.0000194598.47821.b6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to ascertain the prevalence and to investigate risk factors for human T lymphotropic virus type I/II (HTLV I/II) infection among subjects who tested for HIV at three counseling centers in Porto Alegre, Brazil. METHODS The authors conducted a cross-sectional study in which subjects screened for HIV were tested for HTLV. Socioeconomic and demographic data, social and sexual behavior, history of having been breastfed, and past blood transfusion or drug use were gathered with a standardized questionnaire. RESULTS Among 2985 participants, 2.4% had HTLV infection confirmed (1.4% HTLV I). The risk increased with age, but there was no difference among genders. The multivariate model shows that injecting cocaine users were 5.2 (95% confidence interval, 2.5-10.7) times more likely to be HTLV I/II-positive than non-injecting cocaine users and HIV infection persisted as an independent risk factor. CONCLUSION Among persons presenting at HIV testing centers in Porto Alegre, Brazil, HTLV I was three times more common than HTLV II; injection drug use was the predominant mode of transmission.
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Proietti FA, Carneiro-Proietti ABF, Catalan-Soares BC, Murphy EL. Global epidemiology of HTLV-I infection and associated diseases. Oncogene 2005; 24:6058-68. [PMID: 16155612 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 636] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiologic aspects of human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) infection have been thoroughly studied over the course of approximately 25 years since its first description. The geographic distribution of the virus has been defined, with Japan, Africa, Caribbean islands and South America emerging as the areas of highest prevalence. The reasons for HTLV-I clustering, such as the high ubiquity in southwestern Japan but low prevalence in neighboring regions of Korea, China and eastern Russia are still unknown. The major modes of transmission are well understood, although better quantitative data on the incidence of transmission, and on promoting/inhibiting factors, are needed. Epidemiologic proof has been obtained for HTLV-I's causative role in major disease associations: adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), HTLV-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), HTLV-associated uveitis and infective dermatitis. However, more and better studies are needed for other apparent disease outcomes such as rheumatologic, psychiatric and infectious diseases. Since curative treatment of ATL and HAM/TSP is lacking and a vaccine is unavailable, the social and financial cost for the individual, his/her family and the health system is immense. For this reason, public health interventions aimed at counseling and educating high-risk individuals and populations are of paramount importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando A Proietti
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Avenida Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30.130-100, Brazil.
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Montano SM, Zunt JR, Rodriguez L, Quispe I, Rodriguez C, Altamirano J, Bautista CT, Alarcón JOV, Longstreth WT, Holmes KK. Human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 infection and early neurologic development: a pilot study of 48 children. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39:1079-82. [PMID: 15472866 PMCID: PMC2678233 DOI: 10.1086/424017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2004] [Accepted: 06/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine whether human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection is associated with delayed neurological development, we examined 48 Peruvian children with exposure to HTLV-1 who were identified at the Instituto Materno-Perinatal. Compared with 38 HTLV-1-seronegative children, the 10 seropositive children did not have higher rates of neurodevelopmental delay. Long-term follow-up is planned.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J. R. Zunt
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle
- Center for AIDS and STD, University of Washington, Seattle
| | | | - I. Quispe
- Instituto de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Perú
| | | | | | - C. T. Bautista
- Proyectos en Informática, Salud, Medicina y Agricultura, Lima, Perú
| | | | - W. T. Longstreth
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - K. K. Holmes
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
- Center for AIDS and STD, University of Washington, Seattle
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