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Montalvan V, Ulrich AK, Tirschwell DL, Zunt JR. Assessing sexual dysfunction among stroke survivors and barriers to address this issue by physicians at a Latin American reference hospital. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2021; 205:106642. [PMID: 33901747 PMCID: PMC8144060 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2021.106642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexual dysfunction affects at least one half of patients after a stroke. Problems related to sexual function are rarely assessed or addressed by physicians. OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency and factors associated with sexual dysfunction among stroke survivors and self-reported barriers of physicians to discuss sexual dysfunction during regular consultation. METHODS We administered a questionnaire to a cross-sectional sample of stroke survivors to assess the frequency and factors associated with sexual dysfunction and the aspects of sexuality most commonly affected by stroke in a reference hospital in Peru. A qualitative approach was used to determine the willingness to address sexual issues and related barriers among neurology physicians participating in the study. RESULTS Among 150 patients, sexual dysfunction was identified in 89 (59%). Only 10% self-reported their sexual function as optimal. Markedly decreased frequency of sexual encounters (49%) and markedly decreased sexual desire (33%) were the aspects of sexual function most commonly reported by patients after a stroke. Fear of having a new stroke [OR:3.2, 95% CI (1.5-6.3)], depression [OR:2.1, 95% CI (1.0-4.3)], and self-perception of having impaired motor function [OR:2.5, 95% CI (1.2-5.0)] were significantly associated with sexual dysfunction. In the qualitative assessment of physicians (N = 15), when asked how often they addressed sexual aspects during regular consultation with a stroke survivor, none answered "very often", and only 8 (51%) answered "sometimes". At the end of the study, 10 (66%) physicians verbalized the perception that addressing this issue encouraged their patents to be more open to personal concerns and prompted a stronger doctor-patient relationship. CONCLUSION Sexual dysfunction affected more than a half of stroke survivors, and was significantly associated with depression, fear of having a new stroke, and with the self-perception of impaired motor function. Addressing sexual issues during the regular consult by physicians was infrequent. Barriers reported by physicians included limited time during regular consultation and the belief that this issue should be addressed under the scope of other specialties.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Montalvan
- ICTUS Program. University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, TX, USA; Department of Neurology. Guillermo Almenara National Hospital, Lima, Peru.
| | - A K Ulrich
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health(Ulrich), University of Minnesota, USA
| | - D L Tirschwell
- Harborview Medical Center, Departments of Neurology, University of Washington, USA
| | - J R Zunt
- Depts. of Neurology and Global Health, Depts. of Medicine (Infectious Diseases) and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Harborview Medical Center, 325 Ninth Ave Box 359775, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
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Burneo JG, Escalaya AL, Carpio A, Fleury A, Vega-Gama G, Garcia-Pedroza F, Rueda-Franco F, Gonzalez-Duarte A, Sethi NK, Baird RA, Wiebe S, Zunt JR, Halperin JJ, Roos KL. Evidence-based guideline: Treatment of parenchymal neurocysticercosis: Report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2013; 81:1474. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e3182a7afaf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Zunt JR. ADAMS AND VICTOR'S PRINCIPLES OF NEUROLOGY. Neurology 2010. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181dad651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Zunt JR, Montano SM, Beck I, Alarcón JO, Frenkel LM, Bautista CT, Price R, Longstreth WT. Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis: viral load and muscle tone are correlated. J Neurovirol 2007; 12:466-71. [PMID: 17162662 PMCID: PMC2695973 DOI: 10.1080/13550280601039642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infections are associated with varying degrees of HTLV-1 viral load and spasticity. Increased viral load is associated with higher risk of developing HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The authors performed a cross-sectional study of 24 people with HAM/TSP in Lima, Perú, to determine if higher HTLV-1 viral load was correlated with increased muscle tone, measured with a device providing quantitative spasticity assessment (QSA). Median HTLV-1 viral load was 17.0 copies/100 peripheral blood mononuclear cells and QSA value was 39.9 Newton-meters/radian. HTLV-1 viral load was significantly correlated with QSA value (Spearman rho = .48, P = .02), suggesting viral load may play a role in expression of symptomatic neurologic disease. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine if treatments that reduce viral load will reduce muscle tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Zunt
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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Abstract
Globalization has produced an increase in the number of people at risk for contracting parasitic infection. Central nervous system infection by nematodal parasites can be devastating. Early recognition and treatment of infection can significantly decrease morbidity of the parasitic infection, as well as the risk of secondary superinfection. The clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment for five of the more common nematodal infections of the nervous system--Angiostrongylus spp., Baylisacaris procyonis, Gnathostoma spinigerum, Strongyloides stercoralis, and Toxocara spp.--is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Walker
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98104, USA
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Abstract
Parasitic infection of the nervous system can produce a variety of symptoms and signs. Because symptoms of infection are often mild or nonspecific, diagnosis can be difficult. Familiarity with basic epidemiological characteristics and distinguishing radiographic findings can increase the likelihood of detection and proper treatment of parasitic infection of the nervous system. This article discusses the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment for some of the more common infections of the nervous system caused by cestodes, trematodes and protozoans: Echinococcus spp., Spirometra spp. (sparganosis), Paragonimus spp., Schistosoma spp., Trypanosoma spp., Naegleria fowlerii, Acanthamoeba histolytica, and Balamuthia mandrillaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Walker
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98104, USA
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Zunt JR, Montano SM, Alarcón JOV, Longstreth WT, Price R, Holmes KK. Quantitative assessment of spasticity in human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I–associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. J Neurovirol 2005; 11:70-3. [PMID: 15804962 DOI: 10.1080/13550280590900571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
People with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) develop spasticity. The authors examined 34 patients with HAM/TSP in Perú using a device that measures tone in the gastroc-soleus-Achilles tendon unit and provides a quantitative spasticity assessment (QSA). Tone in the 34 patients was more than double that of women with asymptomatic HTLV-I infection. The device may help to track progression in HTLV-I infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Zunt
- Harborview Medical Center, Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
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Montano SM, Zunt JR, Rodriguez L, Quispe I, Rodriguez C, Altamirano J, Bautista CT, Alarcón JOV, Longstreth WT, Holmes KK. Human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 infection and early neurologic development: a pilot study of 48 children. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39:1079-82. [PMID: 15472866 PMCID: PMC2678233 DOI: 10.1086/424017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2004] [Accepted: 06/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine whether human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection is associated with delayed neurological development, we examined 48 Peruvian children with exposure to HTLV-1 who were identified at the Instituto Materno-Perinatal. Compared with 38 HTLV-1-seronegative children, the 10 seropositive children did not have higher rates of neurodevelopmental delay. Long-term follow-up is planned.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J. R. Zunt
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle
- Center for AIDS and STD, University of Washington, Seattle
| | | | - I. Quispe
- Instituto de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Perú
| | | | | | - C. T. Bautista
- Proyectos en Informática, Salud, Medicina y Agricultura, Lima, Perú
| | | | - W. T. Longstreth
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - K. K. Holmes
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
- Center for AIDS and STD, University of Washington, Seattle
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Abstract
Recent events of war, terrorist attacks, and mail-borne anthrax exposure have produced increasing awareness of potential bioterrorism attacks in the United States and other parts of the world. Physicians and healthcare personnel play a key role in identifying potential bioterrorist attacks. Early recognition and preparedness for bioterrorism-associated illnesses is especially important for neurologists because most bioterrorism agents can directly or indirectly affect the nervous system. This article reviews the neurologic manifestations, diagnosis, and treatments of syndromes caused by potential bioterrorism agents, as well as the potential side effects of vaccines against some of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Han
- Department of Neurology, Harborview Medical Center, Box 359775, 325 Ninth Avenue South, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
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O'Keeffe G, Montano S, Zunt JR. 20 PERUVIAN HEALTH CARE SPANNING THREE ECOSYSTEMS. J Investig Med 2004. [DOI: 10.1136/jim-52-suppl1-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Abstract
The authors assessed CSF and plasma HIV-1 RNA and neuropsychological test performance (composite neuropsychological test Z score [NPZ-4]) in 25 HIV-1-infected subjects 4 and 8 weeks after beginning potent antiretroviral therapy that included a protease inhibitor. In the 14 subjects who entered the study on no antiretroviral treatment, NPZ-4 improvement was associated with decline in CSF HIV-1 RNA at both visits (p = 0.001 and p = 0.02), and those treated with zidovudine or indinavir had greater improvement in NPZ-4 at both visits compared to those treated with other drugs (p = 0.003 and p = 0.01).
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Marra
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
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Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is susceptible to bacterial, viral, and fungal infections, and prion diseases. Examination of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is crucial in diagnosing these infections. Cerebrospinal tests may directly identify an organism and its nucleic acid and surface constituents by culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or antigen detection. Alternatively, antibody to an organism may be identified in CSF by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blot, or complement fixation assay. This article discusses how these CSF tests are performed and addresses the sensitivity and specificity of such tests for the diagnosis of selected CNS infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Zunt
- Acting Assistant Professor, Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98104, USA.
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Zunt JR, Alarcón JO, Montano S, Longstreth WT, Price R, Holmes KK. Quantitative assessment of subclinical spasticity in human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I infection. Neurology 1999; 53:386-90. [PMID: 10430431 PMCID: PMC2678023 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.53.2.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type I (HTLV-I) seropositive and seronegative women for symptoms and signs of spasticity. BACKGROUND Infection with HTLV-I causes tropical spastic paraparesis/ HTLV-I-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM). Certain populations, including female commercial sex workers (FSW), are at increased risk of developing this infection. Fewer than 5% of HTLV-I-seropositive persons develop TSP/HAM, which is typically associated with spasticity. METHODS Cross-sectional study of 255 registered FSW in Callao, Perú, involving a questionnaire detailing demographics and neurologic symptoms, standard neurologic examination, quantitative assessment of spasticity (QSA) of muscle tone, and serologic testing for HTLV-I. Participants and examiners were blinded to serology results. RESULTS On the questionnaire and neurologic examination, none of the 32 HTLV-I-seropositive or 223 seronegative women had signs or symptoms of spasticity. However, mean values on QSA were significantly higher among seropositive women (27.1 Newton-meters/radian [N-m/r]) than among seronegative women (21.6 N-m/r, p = 0.01), indicating a subclinical increase in lower extremity tone. With values of QSA divided into tertiles, and the first tertile serving as the comparison group, the odds ratio for seropositivity was 1.4 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0 to 2.0) in the second and 3.1 (95% CI 2.2 to 4.3) in the third tertile, after adjusting for age and place of birth. CONCLUSIONS Although a standard neurologic evaluation could not distinguish between women with and without HTLV-I infection, QSA indicated significantly increased lower extremity tone in those with infection. Long-term follow-up will determine whether these subclinical findings in asymptomatic women progress to overt TSP/HAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Zunt
- Department of Neurology, Center for AIDS and STD, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, USA.
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Zunt JR, Tu RK, Anderson DM, Copass MC, Marra CM. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy presenting as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV)-associated dementia. Neurology 1997; 49:263-5. [PMID: 9222204 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.49.1.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a demyelinating disorder of the CNS that usually causes hemiparesis or hemianopsia. Dementia occurs in combination with other neurologic abnormalities. We report a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV)-infected man whose only manifestation of proven PML was dementia that was clinically indistinguishable from HIV-associated dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Zunt
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, USA
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Abstract
Inbred lines derived from a strain called Sexi were analyzed for their abilities to repress P element-mediated gonadal dysgenesis. One line had high repression ability, four had intermediate ability and two had very low ability. The four intermediate lines also exhibited considerable within-line variation for this trait; furthermore, in at least two cases, this variation could not be attributed to recurring P element movement. Repression of gonadal dysgenesis in the hybrid offspring of all seven lines was due primarily to a maternal effect; there was no evidence for repression arising de novo in the hybrids themselves. In one of the lines, repression ability was inherited maternally, indicating the involvement of cytoplasmic factors. In three other lines, repression ability appeared to be determined by partially dominant or additive chromosomal factors; however, there was also evidence for a maternal effect that reduced the expression of these factors in at least two of the lines. In another line, repression ability seemed to be due to recessive chromosomal factors. All seven lines possessed numerous copies of a particular P element, called KP, which has been hypothesized to produce a polypeptide repressor of gonadal dysgenesis. This hypothesis, however, does not explain why the inbred Sexi lines varied so much in their repression abilities. It is suggested that some of this variation may be due to differences in the chromosomal position of the KP elements, or that other nonautonomous P elements are involved in the repression of hybrid dysgenesis in these lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Simmons
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108-1095
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Abstract
Males carrying different X chromosomes were tested for the ability to produce daughters with attached-X chromosomes. This ability is characteristic of males carrying an X chromosome derived from 59b-z, a multiply marked X chromosome, and is especially pronounced in males carrying the unstable 59b-z chromosomes Uc and Uc-lr. Recombination experiments with one of the Uc-lr chromosomes showed that the formation of compound chromosomes depends on two widely separated segments. One of these is proximal to the forked locus and is probably proximal to the carnation locus. This segment may contain the actual site of chromosome attachment. The other essential segment lies between the crossveinless and vermilion loci and may contain multiple factors that influence the attachment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Morrison
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108-1095
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Abstract
An inbred line of the M' strain Muller-5 Birmingham was studied for its abilities to affect P-M hybrid dysgenesis. This strain possesses 57 P elements, all of which are apparently defective in the production of the P transposase. In combination with transposase-producing elements, these nonautonomous elements can enhance or diminish the incidence of hybrid dysgenesis, depending on the trait that is studied. Dysgenic flies that have one or more paternally-derived chromosomes with these elements partially repress the instability of the P element insertion mutation, snw; however, such flies have elevated frequencies of another dysgenic trait, GD sterility, and also show distorted segregation ratios. An explanation is presented in which all of these phenomena are unified as manifestations of the kinetics of P element activation in the germ line. The progeny of Muller-5 Birmingham females exhibit partial repression of both snw instability and GD sterility. This repression appears to involve a factor that can be transmitted maternally through at least two generations. This mode of repression therefore conforms to the pattern of inheritance of the P cytotype, the condition that brings about nearly total repression of P element activity in some strains. Models in which this repression could arise from the nonautonomous P elements of Muller-5 Birmingham are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Simmons
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108-1095
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