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Zhang Q, Xiong Z, Sun L, Tian X, Tian G, Yang Y, Li X, Wang Y, Chu J. Effect of biosurfactant sophorolipids on Rhizomucor miehei lipase fermentation by Aspergillus oryzae. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:84. [PMID: 38650294 PMCID: PMC10991578 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00433-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the effect of biosurfactant sophorolipids (SLs) on Rhizomucor miehei lipase (RML) fermentation by Aspergillus oryzae was investigated. With the exogenous addition of 0.3% (w/v) SLs in the initial medium, the RML activity reached 430.0 U/mL, an increase of 25.0% compared to the control group. Subsequently, the physiological metabolic responses of A. oryzae to the addition of SLs were further explored. The results showed that though SLs had almost no effect on the RML secretion, it would affect the morphology of the cells. During the late phase of the fermentation, the proportion of middle pellets, which was generally considered as an energetic and stable state for enzyme production was increased with the addition of SLs. Simultaneously, the viscosity of fermentation broth was reduced, which facilitated the increase of oxygen transfer, thereby improving the RML production. Finally, it could be found that the addition of SLs significantly increased the contents of precursor amino acids, especially for those rank first and second of the RML composition, and it could promote the synthesis of RML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P.O. box 329, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyue Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P.O. box 329, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P.O. box 329, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiwei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P.O. box 329, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiwei Tian
- Wilmar Biotechnology R&D Center Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200137, China
| | - Yiming Yang
- Wilmar Biotechnology R&D Center Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200137, China
| | - Xu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P.O. box 329, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yonghong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P.O. box 329, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Ju Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P.O. box 329, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China.
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Ortiz R, Rahman M, Zangrilli B, Sygmund C, Micheelsen PO, Silow M, Toscano MD, Ludwig R, Gorton L. Engineering of Cellobiose Dehydrogenases for Improved Glucose Sensitivity and Reduced Maltose Affinity. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Ortiz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry/Biochemistry and Structural Biology; Lund University; P. O. Box 124 SE-22100 Lund Sweden
- Department of Chemistry; Kemitorvet, DTU 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Mahbubur Rahman
- Department of Analytical Chemistry/Biochemistry and Structural Biology; Lund University; P. O. Box 124 SE-22100 Lund Sweden
| | - Beatrice Zangrilli
- Department of Analytical Chemistry/Biochemistry and Structural Biology; Lund University; P. O. Box 124 SE-22100 Lund Sweden
| | - Christoph Sygmund
- Department of Food Science and Technology; BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; Muthgasse 18 A-1190 Vienna Austria
| | | | - Maria Silow
- Novozymes A/S; Krogshøgvej 36, DTU 2880 Bagsvœrd Denmark
| | | | - Roland Ludwig
- Department of Food Science and Technology; BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; Muthgasse 18 A-1190 Vienna Austria
| | - Lo Gorton
- Department of Analytical Chemistry/Biochemistry and Structural Biology; Lund University; P. O. Box 124 SE-22100 Lund Sweden
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Basso A, Hesseler M, Serban S. Hydrophobic microenvironment optimization for efficient immobilization of lipases on octadecyl functionalised resins. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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4
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Papp T, Nyilasi I, Csernetics Á, Nagy G, Takó M, Vágvölgyi C. Improvement of Industrially Relevant Biological Activities in Mucoromycotina Fungi. Fungal Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27951-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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5
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Hama S, Ogino C, Kondo A. Enzymatic synthesis and modification of structured phospholipids: recent advances in enzyme preparation and biocatalytic processes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:7879-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6845-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Torpenholt S, De Maria L, Olsson MHM, Christensen LH, Skjøt M, Westh P, Jensen JH, Lo Leggio L. Effect of mutations on the thermostability of Aspergillus aculeatus β-1,4-galactanase. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2015; 13:256-64. [PMID: 25941560 PMCID: PMC4412966 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
New variants of β-1,4-galactanase from the mesophilic organism Aspergillus aculeatus were designed using the structure of β-1,4-galactanase from the thermophile organism Myceliophthora thermophila as a template. Some of the variants were generated using PROPKA 3.0, a validated pKa prediction tool, to test its usefulness as an enzyme design tool. The PROPKA designed variants were D182N and S185D/Q188T, G104D/A156R. Variants Y295F and G306A were designed by a consensus approach, as a complementary and validated design method. D58N was a stabilizing mutation predicted by both methods. The predictions were experimentally validated by measurements of the melting temperature (Tm ) by differential scanning calorimetry. We found that the Tm is elevated by 1.1 °C for G306A, slightly increased (in the range of 0.34 to 0.65 °C) for D182N, D58N, Y295F and unchanged or decreased for S185D/Q188T and G104D/A156R. The Tm changes were in the range predicted by PROPKA. Given the experimental errors, only the D58N and G306A show significant increase in thermodynamic stability. Given the practical importance of kinetic stability, the kinetics of the irreversible enzyme inactivation process were also investigated for the wild-type and three variants and found to be biphasic. The half-lives of thermal inactivation were approximately doubled in G306A, unchanged for D182N and, disappointingly, a lot lower for D58N. In conclusion, this study tests a new method for estimating Tm changes for mutants, adds to the available data on the effect of substitutions on protein thermostability and identifies an interesting thermostabilizing mutation, which may be beneficial also in other galactanases.
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Key Words
- AZCL-galactan, azurine-crosslinked galactan
- AaGal, β-1,4-galactanase from Aspergillus aculeatus
- CAZY, carbohydrate active enzyme database
- Computational prediction
- DSC, differential scanning calorimetry
- GH53
- MtGal, β-1,4-galactanase from Myceliophthora thermophila
- Protein design
- Thermostability
- Tm, melting temperature
- TsGal, Talaromyces stipitatus galactanase
- WT, wild type
- β-1,4-galactanase
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Affiliation(s)
- Søs Torpenholt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Mats H M Olsson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Michael Skjøt
- Novozymes A/S, Smørmosevej 25, 2880 Bagsværd, Denmark
| | - Peter Westh
- NSM, Research Unit for Functional Biomaterials, University of Roskilde, Universitetsvej 1, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jan H Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Leila Lo Leggio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Enhanced activity of Rhizomucor miehei lipase by deglycosylation of its propeptide in Pichia pastoris. Curr Microbiol 2013; 68:186-91. [PMID: 24068111 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-013-0460-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have demonstrated that the properties of enzymes expressed in eukaryotes can be affected by the position and extent of glycosylation on enzyme. In this study, two potential glycosylation sites (the 8th and the 58th asparagine) were identified and the effect of propeptide glycosylation on Rhizomucor miehei lipase (RML) expressed in Pichia pastoris was investigated. To better understand the effect of glycosylation on the activity of RML, three mutants (M1, generated by N8A; M2, generated by N58A; and M3, generated by N8A and N58A) were designed to generate deglycosylated enzymes. The results showed that deglycosylated RML exhibited a twofold higher activity compared to the wild type. However, it was also found that glycosylation on the propeptide was important for the removal of the propeptide by Kex2 protease and secretion of the enzyme. Thus, our study provided a further understanding into the role of glycosylation on enzyme function.
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Romdhan IBB, Fendri A, Frikha F, Gargouri A, Belghith H. Purification, physico-chemical and kinetic properties of the deglycosylated Talaromyces thermophilus lipase. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 51:892-900. [PMID: 22766036 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The Talaromyces thermophilus strain produces only one form of lipase called TTLI. When the culture medium was concentrated and stored at 4°C during a few days, we noticed the appearance of a second short form of lipase named TTLII. This second form was purified to homogeneity using gel filtration and FPLC-Anion exchange chromatography. The NH(2)-terminal 24 amino acid residues were found to be identical to those of TTLI. The treatment of the TTLI with endoglycosidase H decreased its apparent molecular weight from 39 to 30kDa which corresponds to the molecular weight of TTLII. This difference was mostly attributed to the N-glycosylation of the enzyme. In fact, the glycan chain content and concavaline A-Sepharose affinity column confirmed that the TTLII was completely deglycosylated. Compared to TTLI, the TTLII activity was completely decreased over a broad range of temperature and pH. Furthermore, the deglycosylation of the enzyme reduced its specific activity by 50% toward different substrates; strongly suggest that the N-glycans are determinants for optimal catalytic activity and thermal stability of this enzyme. Covalent immobilization of the enzymes on supports suggests the involvement of the glycan moiety in enzyme-polymer interactions. In the case of TTLI the glycan moiety can constitute an extra site for the covalent linkage of the enzyme on the carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines belhaj-ben Romdhan
- Laboratoire de Valorisation de la Biomasse et Production des Protéines chez les Eucaryotes, Centre de Biotechnologies de Sfax, BP «1177» 3018 Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia
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9
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Schulz C, Ludwig R, Micheelsen PO, Silow M, Toscano MD, Gorton L. Enhancement of enzymatic activity and catalytic current of cellobiose dehydrogenase by calcium ions. Electrochem commun 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2012.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Romdhane IBB, Fendri A, Gargouri Y, Gargouri A, Belghith H. A novel thermoactive and alkaline lipase from Talaromyces thermophilus fungus for use in laundry detergents. Biochem Eng J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Enhancing Functional Expression of Heterologous Burkholderia Lipase in Escherichia coli. Mol Biotechnol 2010; 47:130-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-010-9320-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Expression and export: recombinant protein production systems for Aspergillus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 87:1255-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2672-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Revised: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Rodrigues RC, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Lipase from Rhizomucor miehei as an industrial biocatalyst in chemical process. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Skjøt M, De Maria L, Chatterjee R, Svendsen A, Patkar SA, Østergaard PR, Brask J. Understanding the Plasticity of the α/β Hydrolase Fold: Lid Swapping on theCandida antarcticaLipase B Results in Chimeras with Interesting Biocatalytic Properties. Chembiochem 2009; 10:520-7. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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16
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Jasti N, Khanal SK, Pometto AL, van Leeuwen J(H. Converting corn wet-milling effluent into high-value fungal biomass in a biofilm reactor. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008; 101:1223-33. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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17
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Role of N-terminal 28-amino-acid region of Rhizopus oryzae lipase in directing proteins to secretory pathway of Aspergillus oryzae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 79:1009-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1502-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Revised: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 04/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Kazlauskas RJ, Bornscheuer UT. Biotransformations with Lipases. BIOTECHNOLOGY 2008:36-191. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1002/9783527620906.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
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Zhang W, Han S, Wei D, Lin Y, Wang X. Functional display of Rhizomucor miehei lipase on surface of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with higher activity and its practical properties. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 83:329-335. [DOI: 10.1002/jctb.1814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2007] [Accepted: 09/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
AbstractBACKGROUND: A display system, which can translate DNA to functional peptides or proteins, is used as a new protein expression system. In this system, peptides or proteins are displayed on the cell surface as a fusion form with some anchoring proteins. Yeast cells displaying lipases on their cell‐surface could be used as whole‐cell biocatalysts. This research focuses on the functional display of Rhizomucor miehei lipase (RML) on the surface of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with higher activity.RESULTS: The lipases (RML) from R.miehei 3.4960 were of active form. The RML‐α‐agglutinin fusion proteins produced were not secreted into the culture media and were mostly immobilized on the yeast cells. Cell surface displayed lipase showed the highest activity at 45 °C and pH 8.0.CONCLUSION: The gene encoding RML from R.miehei 3.4960 can be functionally expressed on the cell surface of S. cerevisiae MT8‐1 using a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor with higher activity. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
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Köhler J, Wünsch B. The allosteric modulation of lipases and its possible biological relevance. Theor Biol Med Model 2007; 4:34. [PMID: 17825093 PMCID: PMC2020465 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4682-4-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During the development of an enantioselective synthesis using the lipase from Mucor miehei an unusual reaction course was observed, which was analyzed precisely. For the first time an allosteric modulation of a lipase changing its selectivity was shown. Theory Considering the biological relevance of the discovered regulation mechanism we developed a theory that describes the regulation of energy homeostasis and fat metabolism. Conclusion This theory represents a new approach to explain the cause of the metabolic syndrome and provides an innovative basis for further research activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Köhler
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Hittorfstraße 58-62, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bernhard Wünsch
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Hittorfstraße 58-62, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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Kontkanen H, Reinikainen T, Saloheimo M. Cloning and expression of aMelanocarpus albomyces steryl esterase gene inPichia pastoris andTrichoderma reesei. Biotechnol Bioeng 2006; 94:407-15. [PMID: 16615142 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The ste1 gene encoding a steryl esterase was isolated from the thermophilic fungus Melanocarpus albomyces. The gene has one intron, and it encodes a protein consisting of 576 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of the steryl esterase was shown to be related to lipases and other esterases such as carboxylesterases. Formation of mature protein requires post-translational removal of a putative 18-amino-acid signal sequence and a 13-residue propeptide at the N-terminus. The intronless version of the Melanocarpus albomyces ste1 gene was expressed in Pichia pastoris under the inducible AOX1 promoter. The production level was low, and a large proportion of the total activity yield was found to be present intracellularly. However, the fact that steryl esterase activity was produced by P. pastoris cells carrying the expression cassette confirmed that the correct gene had been cloned. The ste1 gene was subsequently expressed in T. reesei under the inducible cbh1 promoter, and a clearly higher production level was obtained. About 60% of the total activity was bound to the fungal mycelium or to solid components of the culture medium, or existed as aggregates. Triton X-100 was successfully used to recover this activity. The heterologous production system in T. reesei provides a means of producing M. albomyces steryl esterase STE1 reliably in large scale for future studies.
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22
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Acyl transfer strategy for the biocatalytical characterisation of Candida rugosa lipases in organic solvents. Enzyme Microb Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Haack MB, Olsson L, Hansen K, Eliasson Lantz A. Change in hyphal morphology of Aspergillus oryzae during fed-batch cultivation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 70:482-7. [PMID: 16133324 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-0085-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2005] [Revised: 06/26/2005] [Accepted: 06/27/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Industrial enzymes are often produced by filamentous fungi in fed-batch cultivations. During cultivation, the different morphological forms displayed by the fungi have an impact on the overall production. The morphology of a recombinant lipase producing Aspergillus oryzae strain was investigated during fed-batch cultivations. During the exponential batch phase of the fed-batch cultivations, the average hyphal length increased as did the number of tips per hyphal element. Most striking was the finding that the diameter of the hyphal elements increased with an average factor of 1.5 during the batch phase from 2.8-2.9 up to 4.0-4.4 mum. The diameter of the hyphal elements remained constant, around 4 mum, after the feed was started. However, the diameter of the immediate hyphal tip, where the enzyme secretion is thought to take place, increased dramatically with up to a factor 2.5 during the feeding period. The expression of the recombinant lipase was induced by the feeding with maltose, and an increase in lipase activity was seen in parallel to a swelling of the tips. The results indicate that the two events are linked as a return to normal growth was observed upon cessation of production due to oxygen limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin B Haack
- Center for Microbial Biotechnology, BioCentrum-DTU, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads
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Prathumpai W, Flitter SJ, McIntyre M, Nielsen J. Lipase production by recombinant strains of Aspergillus niger expressing a lipase-encoding gene from Thermomyces lanuginosus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2004; 65:714-9. [PMID: 15316684 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-004-1699-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2004] [Revised: 06/21/2004] [Accepted: 06/21/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Two recombinant strains of Aspergillus niger (NW 297-14 and NW297-24) producing a heterologous lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus were constructed. The heterologous lipase was expressed using the TAKA amylase promoter from Aspergillus oryzae. The production kinetics of the two strains on different carbon sources in batch and carbon-limited chemostat cultivations were evaluated. In batch cultivations, the highest total product yield coefficient (Y(xp total)), given as the sum of extracellular and intracellular yields, was obtained during growth on glucose for the transformant strain NW297-24 (5.7+/-0.65 KU/g DW), whereas the highest total product yield coefficient was obtained during growth on maltose for the transformant strain NW297-14 (6.3+/-0.02 KU/g DW). Both transformants were evaluated in glucose-limited chemostat cultures. Strain NW297-14 was found to be the best producer and was thus employed for further analysis of the influence of carbon source in chemostat cultures. Here, the highest total specific lipase productivity (r(p total), the sum of extracellular and intracellular lipase productivity) was found to be 1.60+/-0.81 KU/g DW/h in maltose-limited chemostats at a dilution rate of 0.08 h(-1), compared with a total specific lipase productivity of 1.10+/-0.41 KU/g DW/h in glucose-limited chemostats. At the highest specific productivity obtained in this study, the heterologous enzyme accounted for about 1% of all cellular protein being produced by the cells, which shows that it is possible to obtain high productivities of heterologous fungal enzymes in A. niger. However, SDS-PAGE analysis showed that most of the produced lipase was bound to the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Prathumpai
- BioCentrum-DTU, Center for Microbial Biotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Building 223, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
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Wu M, Qian Z, Jiang P, Min T, Sun C, Huang W. Cloning of an alkaline lipase gene from Penicillium cyclopium and its expression in Escherichia coli. Lipids 2003; 38:191-9. [PMID: 12784858 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-003-1051-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The gene encoding an alkaline lipase of Penicillium cyclopium PG37 was cloned with four steps of PCR amplification based on different principles. The cloned gene was 1,480 nucleotides in length, consisted of 94 bp of promoter region, and had 6 exons and 5 short introns ranging from 50 to 70 nucleotides. The open reading frame encoded a protein of 285 amino acid residues consisting of a 27-AA signal peptide and a 258-AA mature peptide, with a conserved motif of Gly-X-Ser-X-Gly shared by all types of alkaline lipases. However, this protein had a low homology with lipases of P. camembertii (22.9%), Humicola lanuginosa (25.6%), and Rhizomucor miehei (22.3%) at the amino acid level. The mature peptide-encoding cDNA was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli on pET-30a for confirmation. A distinct band with a M.W. of 33 kDa was detected on SDS-PAGE. Results of a Western blot analysis and an enzyme activity assay verified the recombinant 33-kDa protein as an alkaline lipase. Its catalytic properties were not changed when compared with its natural counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minchen Wu
- Medical Department, Southern Yangtze University, Wuxi 214063, Jiangsu, PR China
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Machida
- Research Center for Glycoscience, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, 1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
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Bornscheuer UT, Bessler C, Srinivas R, Krishna SH. Optimizing lipases and related enzymes for efficient application. Trends Biotechnol 2002; 20:433-7. [PMID: 12220906 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7799(02)02046-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Although numerous reactions have been performed using lipases and related enzymes (e.g. esterases and phospholipases), it is still a challenge to identify the most suitable biocatalyst and best reaction conditions for an efficient application. Frequently used methods such as immobilization and optimization of the reaction medium cannot be transferred from one reaction system or substrate to another. However, in the past few years, rational protein design and directed evolution have emerged as efficient alternative methods to optimize biocatalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe T Bornscheuer
- Institute of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Department of Technical Chemistry & Biotechnology, Greifswald University, Soldmannstr. 16, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany.
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Bjurlin MA, Bloomer S, Haas MJ. Identification of carboxylesterase activities of commercial triacylglycerol hydrolase (lipase) preparations. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1438-9312(200203)104:3<143::aid-ejlt143>3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Musidlowska A, Lange S, Bornscheuer UT. By Overexpression in the YeastPichia pastoris to Enhanced Enantioselectivity: New Aspects in the Application of Pig Liver Esterase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001; 40:2851-2853. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20010803)40:15<2851::aid-anie2851>3.0.co;2-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2000] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Musidlowska A, Lange S, Bornscheuer UT. Durch Überexpression in der HefePichia pastoris zu erhöhter Enantioselektivität: neue Aspekte bei der Anwendung von Schweineleber-Esterase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3757(20010803)113:15<2934::aid-ange2934>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
Thermophilic fungi are a small assemblage in mycota that have a minimum temperature of growth at or above 20 degrees C and a maximum temperature of growth extending up to 60 to 62 degrees C. As the only representatives of eukaryotic organisms that can grow at temperatures above 45 degrees C, the thermophilic fungi are valuable experimental systems for investigations of mechanisms that allow growth at moderately high temperature yet limit their growth beyond 60 to 62 degrees C. Although widespread in terrestrial habitats, they have remained underexplored compared to thermophilic species of eubacteria and archaea. However, thermophilic fungi are potential sources of enzymes with scientific and commercial interests. This review, for the first time, compiles information on the physiology and enzymes of thermophilic fungi. Thermophilic fungi can be grown in minimal media with metabolic rates and growth yields comparable to those of mesophilic fungi. Studies of their growth kinetics, respiration, mixed-substrate utilization, nutrient uptake, and protein breakdown rate have provided some basic information not only on thermophilic fungi but also on filamentous fungi in general. Some species have the ability to grow at ambient temperatures if cultures are initiated with germinated spores or mycelial inoculum or if a nutritionally rich medium is used. Thermophilic fungi have a powerful ability to degrade polysaccharide constituents of biomass. The properties of their enzymes show differences not only among species but also among strains of the same species. Their extracellular enzymes display temperature optima for activity that are close to or above the optimum temperature for the growth of organism and, in general, are more heat stable than those of the mesophilic fungi. Some extracellular enzymes from thermophilic fungi are being produced commercially, and a few others have commercial prospects. Genes of thermophilic fungi encoding lipase, protease, xylanase, and cellulase have been cloned and overexpressed in heterologous fungi, and pure crystalline proteins have been obtained for elucidation of the mechanisms of their intrinsic thermostability and catalysis. By contrast, the thermal stability of the few intracellular enzymes that have been purified is comparable to or, in some cases, lower than that of enzymes from the mesophilic fungi. Although rigorous data are lacking, it appears that eukaryotic thermophily involves several mechanisms of stabilization of enzymes or optimization of their activity, with different mechanisms operating for different enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Maheshwari
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India.
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Current progress in the analysis of transcriptional regulation in the industrially valuable microorganismAspergillus oryzae. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02942182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Carlsen M, Spohr AB, Nielsen J, Villadsen J. Morphology and physiology of an α-amylase producing strain of Aspergillus oryzae during batch cultivations. Biotechnol Bioeng 2000; 49:266-76. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19960205)49:3<266::aid-bit4>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Jin B, van Leeuwen J, Patel B. Mycelial morphology and fungal protein production from starch processing wastewater in submerged cultures of Aspergillus oryzae. Process Biochem 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-9592(98)00098-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Shoji H, Horiuchi H, Takagi M. Production of recombinant Der fI (a major mite allergen) by Aspergillus oryzae. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1999; 63:703-9. [PMID: 10361683 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.63.703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Der fI is a major mite allergen. To produce Der fI by Aspergillus oryzae, we placed a DNA fragment encoding precursor-type recombinant Der fI E(-1)K (reDer fI E(-1) K), which had the C-terminal amino acid of the pro-sequence (Glu) changed to Lys, downstream of the glaA gene promoter and introduced it into Aspergillus oryzae. In liquid culture, most of the reDer fI E(-1)K produced by the transformants was degraded when culture was shaken vigorously. However, the degradation of reDer fI E(-1)K was suppressed when it was shaken gently. The processed reDer fI E(-1)K could be obtained after lysylendopeptidase and endoglycosidase Hf (Endo Hf) treatment. The yield of processed reDer fI E(-1)K was 8 mg/l. When the transformant was grown on a wheat bran culture, the yield of processed reDer fI E(-1)K reached 48 mg/kg. Because processed reDer fI E(-1)Ks obtained from both cultures had almost the same IgE-binding activity and elicited the same skin reaction as native Der fI, they could be very useful for diagnostic purposes or immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Shoji
- Institute for Production Research and Development, Nikka Whisky Distilling Co., Ltd., Chiba, Japan.
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37
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Quyen DT, Schmidt-Dannert C, Schmid RD. High-level formation of active Pseudomonas cepacia lipase after heterologous expression of the encoding gene and its modified chaperone in Escherichia coli and rapid in vitro refolding. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:787-94. [PMID: 9925617 PMCID: PMC91096 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.2.787-794.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia ATCC 21808 (recently reclassified as Burkholderia cepacia) is widely used by organic chemists for enantioselective synthesis and is manufactured from recombinant P. cepacia harboring on a plasmid the clustered genes for lipase and its chaperone. High levels of expression of inactive lipase (40%) in Escherichia coli were achieved with pCYTEXP1 under the control of the strong, temperature-inducible lambdaPRL promoter. However, no overexpression of the lipase chaperone was achieved in E. coli. Thus, chemical refolding of inactive lipase in the absence of its chaperone yielded only 25 U/mg, compared to 3,470 U of the purified lipase secreted by recombinant P. cepacia per mg. Sequence analysis of the chaperone revealed a high GC content (>90%) in the 5' region of the gene and the presence of a putative membrane anchor at the N terminus. Hence, the 5' region of the gene was replaced by a synthetic fragment, and the putative membrane anchor was removed by deletion of the first 34 or 70 N-terminal amino acids. Only truncation of the gene led to overexpression of the chaperone (up to 60%) in E. coli. With this chaperone, it was possible to obtain for the first time in a simple refolding procedure a highly active Pseudomonas lipase (classes I and II) expressed in E. coli with a specific activity of up to 4,850 U/mg and a yield of 314,000 U/g of E. coli wet cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Quyen
- Institut für Technische Biochemie, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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38
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Alcántara AR, de Fuentes IE, Sinisterra JV. Rhizomucor miehei lipase as the catalyst in the resolution of chiral compounds: an overview. Chem Phys Lipids 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-3084(98)00041-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Abstract
Evolution has favoured microorganisms that produce efficient enzymes with substrate-adapted biocatalytic activities. Progress in molecular techniques, especially expression cloning, molecular screening, protein engineering and in vivo and in vitro shuffling, have paved the way for greater speed and accuracy in cloning enzyme genes from microorganisms and generating versions with improved properties. Recently, two new approaches have been added: screening directly from uncultivated microorganisms and generating additional hits by database mining using bioinformatic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Dalbøge
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark
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Spohr A, Carlsen M, Nielsen J, Villadsen J. α-Amylase production in recombinant Aspergillus oryzae during fed-batch and continuous cultivations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0922-338x(98)80033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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41
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Simons JWF, Boots JWP, Slotboom AJ, Verheij HM. The (phospho) lipase from Staphylococcus hyicus: Expression in Escherichia coli, large-scale purification and application in esterification reactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1177(96)00048-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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42
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Expression of lipase cDNA from Fusarium heterosporum by Saccharomyces cerevisiae: High-level production and purification. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0922-338x(96)81467-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Royer JC, Moyer DL, Reiwitch SG, Madden MS, Jensen EB, Brown SH, Yonker CC, Johnston JA, Golightly EJ, Yoder WT. Fusarium graminearum A 3/5 as a novel host for heterologous protein production. BIO/TECHNOLOGY (NATURE PUBLISHING COMPANY) 1995; 13:1479-83. [PMID: 9636307 DOI: 10.1038/nbt1295-1479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We describe a novel fungal expression system which utilizes the Quorn myco-protein fungus Fusarium graminearum A 3/5. A transformation system was developed for F. graminearum and was used to introduce the coding and regulatory regions of a trypsin gene from Fusarium oxysporum. The protein was efficiently expressed, processed and secreted by the recombinant host strain. In addition, the promoter and terminator of the F. oxysporum trypsin gene have been successfully utilized to drive the expression of a cellulase gene from Scytalidium thermophilum and a lipase gene from Thermomyces lanuginosus in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Royer
- Novo Nordisk Biotech, Inc., Davis, California 95616, USA
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Broadmeadow A, Clare C, De Boer AS. An overview of the safety evaluation of the Rhizomucor miehei lipase enzyme. FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS 1994; 11:105-19. [PMID: 8181628 DOI: 10.1080/02652039409374207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The Rhizomucor miehei lipase enzyme expressed in Aspergillus oryzae, is used in the production of specialty fats, the production of existing fats from new raw materials, or new fats with improved nutritional or functional qualities. It is produced by A. oryzae containing the structural gene for the precursor of R. miehei triglyceride lipase. It was subjected to a series of toxicological tests to document the safety in use. The enzyme preparation was not found to be mutagenic either in bacterial cultures (Ames test) or in the mammalian cell cultures (mouse lymphoma assay), nor did it cause chromosomal damage (human lymphocyte assay). Dietary concentrations up to 1600 mg/kg diet for up to 13 weeks caused no adverse effect in rats. At higher concentrations there were effects upon food intake, possibly arising from some irritant property of the enzyme preparation in the diet at such high levels, with consequential effects upon bodyweight and energy metabolism. A minor effect upon renal function was indicated by increased kidney weight and changes in the urine. At 40,000 mg/kg diet the enzyme was considered to have exacerbated the onset of normally-occurring chronic myocarditis in male Sprague-Dawley rats.
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45
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Holmquist M, Martinelle M, Berglund P, Clausen IG, Patkar S, Svendsen A, Hult K. Lipases from Rhizomucor miehei and Humicola lanuginosa: modification of the lid covering the active site alters enantioselectivity. JOURNAL OF PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 1993; 12:749-57. [PMID: 8136025 DOI: 10.1007/bf01024933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The homologous lipases from Rhizomucor miehei and Humicola lanuginosa showed approximately the same enantioselectivity when 2-methyldecanoic acid esters were used as substrates. Both lipases preferentially hydrolyzed the S-enantiomer of 1-heptyl 2-methyldecanoate (R. miehei: ES = 8.5; H. lanuginosa: ES = 10.5), but the R-enantiomer of phenyl 2-methyldecanoate (ER = 2.9). Chemical arginine specific modification of the R. miehei lipase with 1,2-cyclohexanedione resulted in a decreased enantioselectivity (ER = 2.0), only when the phenyl ester was used as a substrate. In contrast, treatment with phenylglyoxal showed a decreased enantioselectivity (ES = 2.5) only when the heptyl ester was used as a substrate. The presence of guanidine, an arginine side chain analog, decreased the enantioselectivity with the heptyl ester (ES = 1.9) and increased the enantioselectivity with the aromatic ester (ER = 4.4) as substrates. The mutation, Glu 87 Ala, in the lid of the H. lanuginosa lipase, which might decrease the electrostatic stabilization of the open-lid conformation of the lipase, resulted in 47% activity compared to the native lipase, in a tributyrin assay. The Glu 87 Ala mutant showed an increased enantioselectivity with the heptyl ester (ES = 17.4) and a decreased enantioselectivity with the phenyl ester (ER = 2.5) as substrates, compared to native lipase. The enantioselectivities of both lipases in the esterification of 2-methyldecanoic acid with 1-heptanol were unaffected by the lid modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Holmquist
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
A cloned complementary deoxyribonucleic acid encoding the precursor polypeptide of an extracellular lipase from the fungus Rhizopus delemar was altered by site-directed mutagenesis to generate deoxyribonucleic acid fragments that specifically code for the polypeptides of the proenzyme and the mature form of the lipase. Attempts to produce these polypeptides in enzymatically active form in Escherichia coli revealed toxic effects toward the host. Therefore the polypeptides were expressed as inactive and insoluble forms in the cytoplasm of E. coli BL21 (DE3) cells using plasmid vector pET11-d. With this tightly regulated high-level expression system, lipase and prolipase polypeptides were produced to estimated levels of up to 21% and 15%, respectively, of total cellular protein. The insoluble polypeptides were solubilized in 8 M urea. Refolding into active forms was achieved by treatment with the redox system cystine/cysteine and dilution. Refolded mature lipase was purified to homogeneity by affinity and ion exchange chromatography. The enzyme had a specific activity comparable to that of lipase from the fungal culture. The quantities of pure enzyme obtained from a 1-L culture of E. coli exceeded those obtained from the fungal culture by a factor of at least 100. Refolded recombinant prolipase was purified essentially to homogeneity and had a specific activity similar to that of the mature enzyme. Its pH optimum was 7.5, rather than the pH 8 determined for recombinant mature lipase and for the enzyme purified from the fungal culture. Recombinant prolipase retained activity after 15 min incubation at 65 degrees C, while mature lipase retained activity only up to 45 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Joerger
- Eastern Regional Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19118
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48
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Ward PP, Lo JY, Duke M, May GS, Headon DR, Conneely OM. Production of Biologically Active Recombinant Human Lactoferrin in Aspergillus Oryzae. Nat Biotechnol 1992; 10:784-9. [PMID: 1368268 DOI: 10.1038/nbt0792-784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We report the production of recombinant human lactoferrin in Aspergillus oryzae. Expression of human lactoferrin (hLF), a 78 kD glycoprotein, was achieved by placing the cDNA under the control of the A. oryzae alpha-amylase promoter and the 3' flanking region of the A. niger glucoamylase gene. Using this system, hLF is expressed and secreted into the growth medium at levels up to 25 mg/l. The recombinant lactoferrin is indistinguishable from human milk lactoferrin with respect to its size, immunoreactivity, and iron-binding capacity. The recombinant protein appears to be appropriately N-linked glycosylated and correctly processed at the N-terminus by the A. oryzae secretory apparatus. Lactoferrin is the largest heterologous protein and the first mammalian glycoprotein expressed in the Aspergillus system to date. Hence, this expression system appears suitable for the large-scale production and secretion of biologically active mammalian glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Ward
- Department of Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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49
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Barbesgaard P, Heldt-Hansen HP, Diderichsen B. On the safety of Aspergillus oryzae: a review. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1992; 36:569-72. [PMID: 1368061 DOI: 10.1007/bf00183230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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50
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Brzozowski AM, Derewenda U, Derewenda ZS, Dodson GG, Lawson DM, Turkenburg JP, Bjorkling F, Huge-Jensen B, Patkar SA, Thim L. A model for interfacial activation in lipases from the structure of a fungal lipase-inhibitor complex. Nature 1991; 351:491-4. [PMID: 2046751 DOI: 10.1038/351491a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 842] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Lipases are hydrolytic enzymes which break down triacylglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerols. They have been classified as serine hydrolases owing to their inhibition by diethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate. Lipase activity is greatly increased at the lipid-water interface, a phenomenon known as interfacial activation. X-ray analysis has revealed the atomic structures of two triacylglycerol lipases, unrelated in sequence: the human pancreatic lipase (hPL)4, and an enzyme isolated from the fungus Rhizomucor (formerly Mucor) miehei (RmL). In both enzymes the active centres contain structurally analogous Asp-His-Ser triads (characteristic of serine proteinases), which are buried completely beneath a short helical segment, or 'lid'. Here we present the crystal structure (at 3 A resolution) of a complex of R. miehei lipase with n-hexylphosphonate ethyl ester in which the enzyme's active site is exposed by the movement of the helical lid. This movement also increases the nonpolarity of the surface surrounding the catalytic site. We propose that the structure of the enzyme in this complex is equivalent to the activated state generated by the oil-water interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Brzozowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, UK
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