1
|
Cetıngul IS, Inal F, Gultepe EE, Uyarlar C, Bayram I. The Effects of Different Dietary Oil Sources on Broiler Chicken Bone Mineralization. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:2321-2328. [PMID: 34278547 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02833-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to determine the effects of dietary hazelnut oil (HO) and sunflower oil (SO) on the mineral composition of chicken femur and tibia bones. A 40-day trial was initiated with 600 1-day-old Ross 308 chickens. Initially, the chickens were randomly divided into four main groups of 150 each according to the proportion of SO and HO supplementation in their diets: control SO (25 g/kg SO), LHO (25 g/kg HO), HHO (50 g/kg HO), and MO (50 g/kg blend of 25 g/kg SO + 25 g/kg HO). Each group was further divided into six subgroups of 25 chickens. At the end of the trial, four chickens from each of the six subgroups were randomly selected and slaughtered. Their right tibia and right femur bones were isolated and analyzed for macro (Ca, P, Mg) and trace (Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Cr, Co, and Se) minerals in addition to ether extract and ash. The results suggest that the diets' fat concentration and fatty acid composition significantly affected the Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Cu, Cr, and Se composition of tibia bones (p < 0.01). The ether extract and ash contents of the femur bones were increased in both HHO and MO groups (p < 0.05), while Fe and Cr compositions were lower in all femur bones, except those from SO chickens (p < 0.05). The Se content of femur bones in the LHO group was higher than the other treatment groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the amount of oil and fatty acid in the diet affected the accumulation of Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Cu, and Cr minerals in the tibia bone. Moreover, the amount of Cr and Fe was lower in the femur and tibia bones in the group that received the HO supplement and all groups in which the amount of oil fed was increased.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Sadi Cetıngul
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, 03200, Turkey
| | - Fatma Inal
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Selcuk University, Konya, 42130, Turkey
| | - Eyup Eren Gultepe
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, 03200, Turkey.
| | - Cangir Uyarlar
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, 03200, Turkey
| | - Ismail Bayram
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, 03200, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ramírez-Contreras CY, Mehran AE, Salehzadeh M, Mussai EX, Miller JW, Smith A, Ranger M, Holsti L, Soma KK, Devlin AM. Sex-specific effects of neonatal oral sucrose treatment on growth and liver choline and glucocorticoid metabolism in adulthood. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 321:R802-R811. [PMID: 34612088 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00091.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hospitalized preterm infants experience painful medical procedures. Oral sucrose is the nonpharmacological standard of care for minor procedural pain relief. Infants are treated with numerous doses of sucrose, raising concerns about potential long-term effects. The objective of this study was to determine the long-term effects of neonatal oral sucrose treatment on growth and liver metabolism in a mouse model. Neonatal female and male mice were randomly assigned to one of two oral treatments (n = 7-10 mice/group/sex): sterile water or sucrose. Pups were treated 10 times/day for the first 6 days of life with 0.2 mg/g body wt of respective treatments (24% solution; 1-4 μL/dose) to mimic what is given to preterm infants. Mice were weaned at age 3 wk onto a control diet and fed until age 16 wk. Sucrose-treated female and male mice gained less weight during the treatment period and were smaller at weaning than water-treated mice (P ≤ 0.05); no effect of sucrose treatment on body weight was observed at adulthood. However, adult sucrose-treated female mice had smaller tibias and lower serum insulin-like growth factor-1 than adult water-treated female mice (P ≤ 0.05); these effects were not observed in males. Lower liver S-adenosylmethionine, phosphocholine, and glycerophosphocholine were observed in adult sucrose-treated compared with water-treated female and male mice (P ≤ 0.05). Sucrose-treated female, but not male, mice had lower liver free choline and higher liver betaine compared with water-treated female mice (P < 0.01). Our findings suggest that repeated neonatal sucrose treatment has long-term sex-specific effects on growth and liver methionine and choline metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Y Ramírez-Contreras
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Arya E Mehran
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Melody Salehzadeh
- Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ei-Xia Mussai
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joshua W Miller
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Andre Smith
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Manon Ranger
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Nursing, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Liisa Holsti
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kiran K Soma
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Angela M Devlin
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dietary carbohydrate intake and risk of bone fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Public Health 2020; 181:102-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
4
|
Liu ZM, Tse SLA, Chen B, Chan D, Wong C, Woo J, Wong SYS. Dietary sugar intake does not pose any risk of bone loss and non-traumatic fracture and is associated with a decrease in all-cause mortality among Chinese elderly: Finding from an 11-year longitudinal study of Mr. and Ms. OS Hong Kong. Bone 2018; 116:154-161. [PMID: 30010084 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association of dietary sugar intake and skeletal health remains uncertain in the elderly. We aimed to investigate the association of sugar intake with the bone health and mortality of Chinese elderly. METHODS An analysis was conducted through an 11-year longitudinal study (Mr. and Ms. OS Hong Kong). Four thousand Chinese elderly aged 65 and older were recruited from the local community between 2001 and 2003. Sugar intake was assessed at baseline by a validated 329-item Food Frequency Questionnaire and a local sugar database. The bone mineral density (BMD) was examined at baseline and the fourth year follow-up by a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Data on the incidence of non-traumatic fractures (total, hip and osteoporotic sites) and all-cause mortality were collected. The multivariable logistic and Cox regression models were used to test the associations of sugar intake with bone health and all-cause mortality. RESULTS No significant association was observed between sugar intakes and BMD changes in the fourth year's follow-up. During a total 34,483 person years' follow-up, we documented 433 non-traumatic fractures and 769 deaths. Although lack of significant association with the incidence of non-traumatic fractures, high added sugar intakes were significantly associated with a low risk of all-cause mortality among the elderly with a hazard ratio of 0.750 (95% CI: 0.590-0.954, P for trend = 0.007) in the highest quintile compared with that in the lowest quintile. CONCLUSION The amount of sugar consumed by the Chinese elderly did not pose any risk of bone loss and fracture. Moreover, high sugar intake of the elderly was associated with a low rate of all-cause mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Min Liu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (North Campus), Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Shelly Lap Ah Tse
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Bailing Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Dicken Chan
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Carmen Wong
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Jean Woo
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Samuel Yeung-Shan Wong
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dong XL, Li CM, Cao SS, Zhou LP, Wong MS. A High-Saturated-Fat, High-Sucrose Diet Aggravates Bone Loss in Ovariectomized Female Rats. J Nutr 2016; 146:1172-9. [PMID: 27099231 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.225474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estrogen deficiency in women and high-saturated fat, high-sucrose (HFS) diets have both been recognized as risk factors for metabolic syndrome. Studies on the combined actions of these 2 detrimental factors on the bone in females are limited. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the interactive actions of estrogen deficiency and an HFS diet on bone properties and to investigate the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Six-month-old Sprague Dawley sham or ovariectomized (OVX) rats were pair fed the same amount of either a low-saturated-fat, low-sucrose (LFS) diet (13% fat calories; 15% sucrose calories) or an HFS diet (42% fat calories; 30% sucrose calories) for 12 wk. Blood, liver, and bone were collected for correspondent parameters measurement. RESULTS Ovariectomy decreased bone mineral density in the tibia head (TH) by 62% and the femoral end (FE) by 49% (P < 0.0001). The HFS diet aggravated bone loss in OVX rats by an additional 41% in the TH and 37% in the FE (P < 0.05). Bone loss in the HFS-OVX rats was accompanied by increased urinary deoxypyridinoline concentrations by 28% (P < 0.05). The HFS diet induced cathepsin K by 145% but reduced osteoprotegerin mRNA expression at the FE of the HFS-sham rats by 71% (P < 0.05). Ovariectomy significantly increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ mRNA expression by 136% and 170% at the FE of the LFS- and HFS-OVX rats, respectively (P < 0.05). The HFS diet aggravated ovariectomy-induced lipid deposition and oxidative stress (OS) in rat livers (P < 0.05). Trabecular bone mineral density at the FE was negatively correlated with rat liver malondialdehyde concentrations (R(2) = 0.39; P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The detrimental actions of the HFS diet and ovariectomy on bone properties in rats occurred mainly in cancellous bones and were characterized by a high degree of bone resorption and alterations in OS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Dong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Biological Safety Control, Shenzhen, China; Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Shenzhen State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation) and
| | - Chun-Mei Li
- Shenzhen State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation) and College of Light Industry and Food, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Pharmaceutical College, Guangzhou, China
| | - Si-Si Cao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Biological Safety Control, Shenzhen, China; Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Li-Ping Zhou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Biological Safety Control, Shenzhen, China; Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Man-Sau Wong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Biological Safety Control, Shenzhen, China; Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Shenzhen State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation) and
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shu L, Beier E, Sheu T, Zhang H, Zuscik M, Puzas JE, Boyce FB, Mooney AR, Xing L. High-fat diet causes bone loss in young mice by promoting osteoclastogenesis through alteration of the bone marrow environment. Calcif Tissue Int 2015; 96:313-23. [PMID: 25673503 PMCID: PMC4383048 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-015-9954-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a severe health problem in children, afflicting several organ systems including bone. However, the role of obesity on bone homeostasis and bone cell function in children has not been studied in detail. Here we used young mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) to model childhood obesity and investigate the effect of HFD on the phenotype of cells within the bone marrow environment. Five-week-old male mice were fed a HFD for 3, 6, and 12 weeks. Decreased bone volume was detected after 3 weeks of HFD treatment. After 6 and 12 weeks, HFD-exposed mice had less bone mass and increased osteoclast numbers. Bone marrow cells, but not spleen cells, from HFD-fed mice had increased osteoclast precursor frequency, elevated osteoclast formation, and bone resorption activity, as well as increased expression of osteoclastogenic regulators including RANKL, TNF, and PPAR-gamma. Bone formation rate and osteoblast and adipocyte numbers were also increased in HFD-fed mice. Isolated bone marrow cells also had a corresponding elevation in the expression of positive regulators of osteoblast and adipocyte differentiation. Our findings indicate that in juvenile mice, HFD-induced bone loss is mainly due to increased osteoclast bone resorption by affecting the bone marrow microenvironment. Thus, targeting osteoclast formation may present a new therapeutic approach for bone complications in obese children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Division of Geriatric Endocrinology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China. 210002
| | - Eric Beier
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Tzong Sheu
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Hengwei Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Michael Zuscik
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - J. Edward Puzas
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - F. Brendan Boyce
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - A. Robert Mooney
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Co-corresponding author: Xing, Lianping, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 626, Rochester, NY 14642, USA. Phone 585-273-4090, Fax (585) 756-4468 Or Mooney, A. Robert, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 626, Rochester, NY 14642, USA. Phone 585-275-7811, Fax (585) 756-4468
| | - Lianping Xing
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Co-corresponding author: Xing, Lianping, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 626, Rochester, NY 14642, USA. Phone 585-273-4090, Fax (585) 756-4468 Or Mooney, A. Robert, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 626, Rochester, NY 14642, USA. Phone 585-275-7811, Fax (585) 756-4468
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
High vitamin D and calcium intakes increase bone mineral (Ca and P) content in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Nutr Res 2015; 35:146-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
8
|
Notomi T, Karasaki I, Okazaki Y, Okimoto N, Kato Y, Ohura K, Noda M, Nakamura T, Suzuki M. Insulinogenic sucrose+amino acid mixture ingestion immediately after resistance exercise has an anabolic effect on bone compared with non-insulinogenic fructose+amino acid mixture in growing rats. Bone 2014; 65:42-8. [PMID: 24815919 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Maximizing peak bone mass is an important factor in osteoporosis prevention. Resistance exercise increases bone mass and strength, while nutritional supplements have beneficial effects on bone loss reduction. We have previously shown that the combined intake of sucrose and amino acids (AA), which is strongly insulinogenic, efficiently increased muscle protein synthesis. To investigate the effects of sugar and an AA solution immediately after resistance exercise, we compared insulinogenic sucrose and non-insulinogenic fructose combined with an AA solution with or without resistance exercise. Sucrose intake immediately after resistance exercise increased the trabecular bone mass and compressive maximum load compared with fructose+AA intake after exercise. Additionally, combined sucrose+AA and exercise increased trabecular bone formation and decreased bone resorption more than combined fructose and exercise. Serum insulin levels were greatly increased by sucrose+AA intake with exercise. In culture experiments, neither sugar+AA affected osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation. In a gene expression study, sucrose+AA intake after resistance exercise was shown to upregulate the Runx2 expression level and decrease RANKL/OPG ratio. These results suggest that the combined intake of sucrose and an AA solution immediately after resistance exercise exerts anabolic effects on bone by altering gene expression related to bone remodeling. Although translation of our bone remodeling findings from animal to human studies has been challenging, our findings suggest that exercise with sugar+AA intake may contribute to improved bone health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Notomi
- Laboratory and Biochemistry of Exercise and Nutrition, Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8574, Japan; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; Global Center of Excellence Program for Molecular Science for Tooth and Bone Diseases, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuhahanazono-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan.
| | - Ikuaki Karasaki
- Laboratory and Biochemistry of Exercise and Nutrition, Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8574, Japan
| | - Yuichi Okazaki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
| | - Nobukazu Okimoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
| | - Yushi Kato
- Laboratory and Biochemistry of Exercise and Nutrition, Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8574, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ohura
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuhahanazono-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan
| | - Masaki Noda
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; Global Center of Excellence Program for Molecular Science for Tooth and Bone Diseases, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Nakamura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
| | - Masashige Suzuki
- Laboratory and Biochemistry of Exercise and Nutrition, Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8574, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shen CL, Chen L, Wang S, Chyu MC. Effects of dietary fat levels and feeding durations on musculoskeletal health in female rats. Food Funct 2014; 5:598-604. [DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60334b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
10
|
Bass EF, Baile CA, Lewis RD, Giraudo SQ. Bone quality and strength are greater in growing male rats fed fructose compared with glucose. Nutr Res 2013; 33:1063-71. [PMID: 24267046 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Optimization of peak bone mass during adolescence is important for osteoporosis prevention. Studies in rodents and humans have demonstrated the harmful effects of sugar intake on bone health. With the high levels of sucrose in the diets of adolescents, it is necessary to understand the influence of glucose and fructose on growing bones. This study compared the effects of dietary glucose and fructose on bone formation, microarchitecture, and strength. Because of the different metabolic effects of glucose and fructose, we hypothesized that their individual effects on bone would be different. Eighteen male Sprague-Dawley rats (age, 60 days) were randomly assigned to high-fructose (n = 9; 40% fructose, 10% glucose) or high-glucose diet (n = 9; 50% glucose) for 12 weeks. Bone measurements included histology and histomorphometry of trabecular bone in the distal femur and a 3-point bending test of the whole tibia. Whole liver mass and postprandial serum glucose, insulin, and triglycerides were used to assess differences in energy metabolism between the diets. There were no differences in food intake, body weight, or visceral adiposity between groups, but fructose consumption led to heavier livers (P = .001) and elevated serum triglycerides (P = .00). The distal femurs of fructose-fed rats had greater bone volume (bone volume/total volume; P = .03), lower bone surface (bone surface/bone volume; P = .02), and thicker trabeculae (trabecular thickness; P = .01). The tibias of the fructose-fed rats also withstood a greater maximum flexure load (P = .032). These results indicate that consumption of the high-fructose diet resulted in stronger bones with enhanced microarchitecture than consumption of the high-glucose diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erica F Bass
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Shen CL, Zhu W, Gao W, Wang S, Chen L, Chyu MC. Energy-restricted diet benefits body composition but degrades bone integrity in middle-aged obese female rats. Nutr Res 2013; 33:668-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
12
|
Abstract
Nutrition, in sufficient amount and substance, is crucial for healthy growth and development of the skeleton and surrounding tissues, especially in physically active populations. Inadequate nutrition has been linked to maladies such as the female athlete triad, as well as poor training or competitive performance and increased risk of injury. Dietary choices favoring items high in quality protein of animal or plant origin, polyunsaturated fatty acids, fruits and vegetables high in potassium and fiber, and dairy products or other beverages fortified with calcium and vitamin D are essential to athletes to ensure adequate vitamin and mineral availability to the skeleton, which in turn can affect peak physical performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caeley Lorincz
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gerbaix M, Metz L, Mac-Way F, Lavet C, Guillet C, Walrand S, Masgrau A, Linossier MT, Vico L, Courteix D. Impact of an obesogenic diet program on bone densitometry, micro architecture and metabolism in male rat. Lipids Health Dis 2012; 11:91. [PMID: 22781503 PMCID: PMC3439365 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-11-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationships between fat mass and bone tissue are complex and not fully elucidated. A high-fat/high-sucrose diet has been shown to induce harmful effects on bone micro architecture and bone biomechanics of rat. When such diet leads to obesity, it may induce an improvement of biomechanical bone parameters in rodent.Here, we examined the impact of a high-fat/high-sucrose diet on the body composition and its resulting effects on bone density and structure in male rats. Forty three Wistar rats aged 7 months were split into 3 groups: 1 sacrificed before diet (BD, n = 14); 1 subjected to 16 weeks of high-fat/high-sucrose diet (HF/HS, n = 14); 1 subjected to standard diet (Control, n = 15). Abdominal circumference and insulin sensitivity were measured and visceral fat mass was weighed. The bone mineral density (BMD) was analyzed at the whole body and tibia by densitometry. Microcomputed tomography and histomorphometric analysis were performed at L2 vertebrae and tibia to study the trabecular and cortical bone structures and the bone cell activities. Osteocalcin and CTX levels were performed to assess the relative balance of the bone formation and resorption. Differences between groups have been tested with an ANOVA with subsequent Scheffe post-hoc test. An ANCOVA with global mass and global fat as covariates was used to determine the potential implication of the resulting mechanical loading on bone. RESULTS The HF/HS group had higher body mass, fat masses and abdominal circumference and developed an impaired glucose tolerance (p < 0.001). Whole body bone mass (p < 0.001) and BMD (p < 0.05) were higher in HF/HS group vs. Control group. The trabecular thickness at vertebrae and the cortical porosity of tibia were improved (p < 0.05) in HF/HS group. Bone formation was predominant in HF/HS group while an unbalance bone favoring bone resorption was observed in the controls. The HF/HS and Control groups had higher total and abdominal fat masses and altered bone parameters vs. BD group. CONCLUSIONS The HF/HS diet had induced obesity and impaired glucose tolerance. These changes resulted in an improvement of quantitative, qualitative and metabolic bone parameters. The fat mass increase partly explained these observations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maude Gerbaix
- Laboratoire des Adaptations Métaboliques à l'Exercice en conditions Physiologiques et Pathologiques, Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, EA 3533, BP 80026, F-63171, Aubière Cedex, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Shen CL, Cao JJ, Dagda RY, Chanjaplammootil S, Lu C, Chyu MC, Gao W, Wang JS, Yeh JK. Green tea polyphenols benefits body composition and improves bone quality in long-term high-fat diet-induced obese rats. Nutr Res 2012; 32:448-57. [PMID: 22749181 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Revised: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of green tea polyphenols (GTPs) on body composition and bone properties along with mechanisms in obese female rats. Thirty-six 3-month-old Sprague Dawley female rats were fed either a low-fat (LF) or a high-fat (HF) diet for 4 months. Animals in the LF diet group continued on an LF diet for additional 4 months, whereas those in the HF diet group were divided into 2 groups: with GTP (0.5%) or without in drinking water, in addition to an HF diet for another 4 months. Body composition, femur bone mass and strength, serum endocrine and proinflammatory cytokines, and liver glutathione peroxidase (GPX) protein expression were determined. We hypothesized that supplementation of GTP in drinking water would benefit body composition, enhance bone quality, and suppress obesity-related endocrines in HF diet-induced obese female rats and that such changes are related to an elevation of antioxidant capacity and a reduction of proinflammatory cytokine production. After 8 months, compared with the LF diet, the HF diet increased percentage of fat mass and serum insulin-like growth factor I and leptin levels; reduced percentage of fat-free mass, bone strength, and GPX protein expression; but had no effect on bone mineral density and serum adiponectin levels in the rats. Green tea polyphenol supplementation increased percentage of fat-free mass, bone mineral density and strength, and GPX protein expression and decreased percentage of fat mass, serum insulin-like growth factor I, leptin, adiponectin, and proinflammatory cytokines in the obese rats. This study shows that GTP supplementation benefited body composition and bone properties in obese rats possibly through enhancing antioxidant capacity and suppressing inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chwan-Li Shen
- Department of Pathology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430-8115, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gene expression profile in bone of diabetes-prone BB/OK rats fed a high-fat diet. GENES AND NUTRITION 2012; 8:99-104. [PMID: 22639302 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-012-0299-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A high-fat diet (HFD) has been recognized as a risk factor for diseases such as dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, obesity, and osteoporosis. However, studies analyzing gene expression after HFD in bone are rare. That prompted us to analyze the expression of selected genes in bone of 4-week-old diabetes-prone B(io)B(reeding) rats. Two breeding pairs were fed a HFD (+10 % tallow) or were fed a normal diet (ND; Ssniff R-Z) before mating and afterward during pregnancy. After the birth of progeny, parents continued to be given HFD or ND until the progeny was weaned (3 weeks). Thereafter, offspring were weaned and were fed the same food as their parents up to an age of 4 weeks. Body weight was measured at an age of 4 weeks, and subsequently 13 HFD rats and 13 ND rats were killed and the tibial bone was harvested to analyze the expression of 53 genes in bone. All rats fed HFD were significantly heavier than rats fed ND after 3 and 4 weeks. The diet also influenced the expression of genes in bone. There were significant differences in 20 out of 53 genes studied between rats fed HFD compared with rats fed ND. Four out of 20 had a lower and 17 out of 20 genes a higher expression in HFD rats, but differences in gene expression showed obvious differences between males and females. There were only two genes that were similarly different between males and females: Bmp4 and Atf4. Two genes, Foxg1 and Npy, were inversely expressed in males and females. It seems that the gene expression is differently regulated by diet during pregnancy and later in life between males and females. Nevertheless, it cannot be excluded that HFD also acts as an epigenetic factor in the development of offspring in utero.
Collapse
|
16
|
Reimer RA, LaMothe JM, Zernicke RF. Leptin Deficiency and Its Effects on Tibial and Vertebral Bone Mechanical Properties in Mature Genetically Lean and Obese JCR:LA-Corpulent Rats. J Obes 2012; 2012:650193. [PMID: 22888408 PMCID: PMC3409537 DOI: 10.1155/2012/650193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin signaling deficient rodents have emerged as models of obesity/insulin resistance syndrome. Altered leptin signaling, however, can affect axial and appendicular bone geometrical properties differently, and, thus, we hypothesized that leptin-deficiency would differentially influence mechanical properties of vertebrae and tibiae compared to lean rats. Mature (9 mo) leptin receptor deficient obese (cp/cp; n = 8) and lean (+/?; n = 7) male JCR:LA-corpulent rats were used to test that hypothesis. Tibiae and the sixth lumbar vertebrae (L(6)) were scanned with micro-CT and were broken in three point-bending (tibiae) or axial loading (L(6)). Supporting the hypothesis, vertebrae and tibiae were differentially affected by leptin signaling deficiency. Tibiae, but not vertebrae, were significantly shorter in obese rats and achieved a significantly greater load (>18%), displacement (>15%), and stress (>18%) at the proportional limit, relative to the lean rats. Conversely, L(6) in obese rats had significantly reduced displacement (>25%) and strain (>32%) at proportional limit, relative to the lean rats. Those combined results suggest that the etiology and duration of obesity may be important determinants of bone mechanical properties, and axial and appendicular bones may be affected differently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raylene A. Reimer
- Faculties of Kinesiology and Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
- *Raylene A. Reimer:
| | - Jeremy M. LaMothe
- Faculties of Kinesiology and Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Ronald F. Zernicke
- Faculties of Kinesiology and Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering and School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
McKenzie JA, Bixby EC, Silva MJ. Differential gene expression from microarray analysis distinguishes woven and lamellar bone formation in the rat ulna following mechanical loading. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29328. [PMID: 22216249 PMCID: PMC3245266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of woven and lamellar bone in the adult skeleton can be induced through mechanical loading. Although much is known about the morphological appearance and structural properties of the newly formed bone, the molecular responses to loading are still not well understood. The objective of our study was to use a microarray to distinguish the molecular responses between woven and lamellar bone formation induced through mechanical loading. Rat forelimb loading was completed in a single bout to induce the formation of woven bone (WBF loading) or lamellar bone (LBF loading). A set of normal (non-loaded) rats were used as controls. Microarrays were performed at three timepoints after loading: 1 hr, 1 day and 3 days. Confirmation of microarray results was done for a select group of genes using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The micorarray identified numerous genes and pathways that were differentially regulated for woven, but not lamellar bone formation. Few changes in gene expression were evident comparing lamellar bone formation to normal controls. A total of 395 genes were differentially expressed between formation of woven and lamellar bone 1 hr after loading, while 5883 and 5974 genes were differentially expressed on days 1 and 3, respectively. Results suggest that not only are the levels of expression different for each type of bone formation, but that distinct pathways are activated only for woven bone formation. A strong early inflammatory response preceded an increase in angiogenic and osteogenic gene expression for woven bone formation. Furthermore, at later timepoints there was evidence of bone resorption after WBF loading. In summary, the vast coverage of the microarray offers a comprehensive characterization of the early differences in expression between woven and lamellar bone formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A McKenzie
- Department of Orthopaedics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fried A, Manske SL, Eller LK, Lorincz C, Reimer RA, Zernicke RF. Skim milk powder enhances trabecular bone architecture compared with casein or whey in diet-induced obese rats. Nutrition 2011; 28:331-5. [PMID: 22119485 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2011.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We previously showed that skim milk powder (SMP) prevents weight gain more so than casein or whey alone. Dairy foods and changes in body mass can affect bone architecture; therefore, our objective was to examine the effect of dairy proteins on bone structure in the tibia of dietary-induced obese rats. METHODS Twelve-week-old diet-induced obese Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to one of six diets that varied in protein source (casein, whey, or SMP), Ca level (0.67% or 2.4%), and energy density (high-fat/high-sucrose [HFHS], or normal energy density [NE]). After 8 wk, body composition was assessed via dual energy x-ray absorptiometry and trabecular and cortical bone parameters of the tibia were assessed using micro-computed tomography and mixed model analysis. RESULTS Rats fed SMP with 2.4% calcium had significantly lower body mass and fat mass than all other groups. The ratio of bone volume to total volume (BV/TV) was significantly higher when the HFHS diet was supplemented with SMP and 2.4% calcium compared with whey (+66.7%) or casein (+32.6%). The HFHS diet group had 49.3% greater BV/TV compared with the NE groups. Increasing the amount of calcium resulted in a significant increase in BV/TV (188.9%) in the HFHS diet groups but not in the NE groups. CONCLUSION The intake of skim milk powder supplemented with calcium enhances trabecular bone architecture in obese rats consuming HFHS diet to a greater extent than with either casein or whey protein alone. Bioactive ingredients in complete dairy may contribute to these effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aviv Fried
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ionova-Martin SS, Wade JM, Tang S, Shahnazari M, Ager JW, Lane NE, Yao W, Alliston T, Vaisse C, Ritchie RO. Changes in cortical bone response to high-fat diet from adolescence to adulthood in mice. Osteoporos Int 2011; 22:2283-93. [PMID: 20941479 PMCID: PMC3132390 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-010-1432-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Diabetic obesity is associated with increased fracture risk in adults and adolescents. We find in both adolescent and adult mice dramatically inferior mechanical properties and structural quality of cortical bone, in agreement with the human fracture data, although some aspects of the response to obesity appear to differ by age. INTRODUCTION The association of obesity with bone is complex and varies with age. Diabetic obese adolescents and adult humans have increased fracture risk. Prior studies have shown reduced mechanical properties as a result of high-fat diet (HFD) but do not fully address size-independent mechanical properties or structural quality, which are important to understand material behavior. METHODS Cortical bone from femurs and tibiae from two age groups of C57BL/6 mice fed either HFD or low-fat diet (LFD) were evaluated for structural and bone turnover changes (SEM and histomorphometry) and tested for bending strength, bending stiffness, and fracture toughness. Leptin, IGF-I, and non-enzymatic glycation measurements were also collected. RESULTS In both young and adult mice fed on HFD, femoral strength, stiffness, and toughness are all dramatically lower than controls. Inferior lamellar and osteocyte alignment also point to reduced structural quality in both age groups. Bone size was largely unaffected by HFD, although there was a shift from increasing bone size in obese adolescents to decreasing in adults. IGF-I levels were lower in young obese mice only. CONCLUSIONS While the response to obesity of murine cortical bone mass, bone formation, and hormonal changes appear to differ by age, the bone mechanical properties for young and adult groups are similar. In agreement with human fracture trends, adult mice may be similarly susceptible to bone fracture to the young group, although cortical bone in the two age groups responds to diabetic obesity differently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. S. Ionova-Martin
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - J. M. Wade
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - S. Tang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - M. Shahnazari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Medical Center, University of California, Sacramento, CA USA
| | - J. W. Ager
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - N. E. Lane
- Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Medical Center, University of California, Sacramento, CA USA
| | - W. Yao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Medical Center, University of California, Sacramento, CA USA
| | - T. Alliston
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - C. Vaisse
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - R. O. Ritchie
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lau BY, Fajardo VA, McMeekin L, Sacco SM, Ward WE, Roy BD, Peters SJ, Leblanc PJ. Influence of high-fat diet from differential dietary sources on bone mineral density, bone strength, and bone fatty acid composition in rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2010; 35:598-606. [PMID: 20962915 DOI: 10.1139/h10-052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that high-fat diets adversely affect bone development. However, these studies included other dietary manipulations, including low calcium, folic acid, and fibre, and (or) high sucrose or cholesterol, and did not directly compare several common sources of dietary fat. Thus, the overall objective of this study was to investigate the effect of high-fat diets that differ in fat quality, representing diets high in saturated fatty acids (SFA), n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), or n-6 PUFA, on femur bone mineral density (BMD), strength, and fatty acid composition. Forty-day-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were maintained for 65 days on high-fat diets (20% by weight), containing coconut oil (SFA; n = 10), flaxseed oil (n-3 PUFA; n = 10), or safflower oil (n-6 PUFA; n = 11). Chow-fed rats (n = 10), at 105 days of age, were included to represent animals on a control diet. Rats fed high-fat diets had higher body weights than the chow-fed rats (p < 0.001). Among all high-fat groups, there were no differences in femur BMD (p > 0.05) or biomechanical strength properties (p > 0.05). Femurs of groups fed either the high n-3 or high n-6 PUFA diets were stronger (as measured by peak load) than those of the chow-fed group, after adjustment for significant differences in body weight (p = 0.001). As expected, the femur fatty acid profile reflected the fatty acid composition of the diet consumed. These results suggest that high-fat diets, containing high levels of PUFA in the form of flaxseed or safflower oil, have a positive effect on bone strength when fed to male rats 6 to 15 weeks of age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Y Lau
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Aslam MN, Kreider JM, Paruchuri T, Bhagavathula N, DaSilva M, Zernicke RF, Goldstein SA, Varani J. A mineral-rich extract from the red marine algae Lithothamnion calcareum preserves bone structure and function in female mice on a Western-style diet. Calcif Tissue Int 2010; 86:313-24. [PMID: 20180099 PMCID: PMC2877502 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-010-9340-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/31/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether a mineral-rich extract derived from the red marine algae Lithothamnion calcareum could be used as a dietary supplement for prevention of bone mineral loss. Sixty C57BL/6 mice were divided into three groups based on diet: the first group received a high-fat Western-style diet (HFWD), the second group was fed the same HFWD along with the mineral-rich extract included as a dietary supplement, and the third group was used as a control and was fed a low-fat rodent chow diet (AIN76A). Mice were maintained on the respective diets for 15 months. Then, long bones (femora and tibiae) from both males and females were analyzed by three-dimensional micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and (bones from female mice) concomitantly assessed in bone strength studies. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), osteocalcin, and N-terminal peptide of type I procollagen (PINP) were assessed in plasma samples obtained from female mice at the time of sacrifice. To summarize, female mice on the HFWD had reduced bone mineralization and reduced bone strength relative to female mice on the low-fat chow diet. The bone defects in female mice on the HFWD were overcome in the presence of the mineral-rich supplement. In fact, female mice receiving the mineral-rich supplement in the HFWD had better bone structure/function than did female mice on the low-fat chow diet. Female mice on the mineral-supplemented HFWD had higher plasma levels of TRAP than mice of the other groups. There were no differences in the other two markers. Male mice showed little diet-specific differences by micro-CT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Nadeem Aslam
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Xiao Y, Cui J, Li YX, Shi YH, Le GW. Expression of Genes Associated with Bone Resorption is Increased and Bone Formation is Decreased in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet. Lipids 2010; 45:345-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-010-3397-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
23
|
Ionova-Martin SS, Do SH, Barth HD, Szadkowska M, Porter AE, Ager JW, Ager JW, Alliston T, Vaisse C, Ritchie RO. Reduced size-independent mechanical properties of cortical bone in high-fat diet-induced obesity. Bone 2010; 46:217-25. [PMID: 19853069 PMCID: PMC4501030 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2009.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2009] [Revised: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Overweight and obesity are rapidly expanding health problems in children and adolescents. Obesity is associated with greater bone mineral content that might be expected to protect against fracture, which has been observed in adults. Paradoxically, however, the incidence of bone fractures has been found to increase in overweight and obese children and adolescents. Prior studies have shown some reduced mechanical properties as a result of high-fat diet (HFD) but do not fully address size-independent measures of mechanical properties, which are important to understand material behavior. To clarify the effects of HFD on the mechanical properties and microstructure of bone, femora from C57BL/6 mice fed either a HFD or standard laboratory chow (Chow) were evaluated for structural changes and tested for bending strength, bending stiffness and fracture toughness. Here, we find that in young, obese, high-fat fed mice, all geometric parameters of the femoral bone, except length, are increased, but strength, bending stiffness, and fracture toughness are all reduced. This increased bone size and reduced size-independent mechanical properties suggests that obesity leads to a general reduction in bone quality despite an increase in bone quantity; yield and maximum loads, however, remained unchanged, suggesting compensatory mechanisms. We conclude that diet-induced obesity increases bone size and reduces size-independent mechanical properties of cortical bone in mice. This study indicates that bone quantity and bone quality play important compensatory roles in determining fracture risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S S Ionova-Martin
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
High-fat, sucrose diet impairs geometrical and mechanical properties of cortical bone in mice. Br J Nutr 2009; 103:1302-8. [PMID: 19968895 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114509993084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to diets high in fat and sucrose can induce hyperinsulinaemia, affect Ca and Mg metabolism, and alter bone mineralisation and mechanical properties. The present study assessed morphological and mechanical changes in a murine model exposed to a high-fat/sucrose (HFS) diet, as well as corresponding molecular and endocrine markers of bone turnover. Female C57BL/6 mice (aged 9 weeks) consumed either a low-fat, complex carbohydrate diet or an HFS diet for 10 weeks. At the end of the 10 weeks, serum was collected for biochemical analysis. Tibiae from half the mice (n 15) were randomly selected to be micro-computed tomography scanned and tested to failure in cantilever bending, while the remaining half were prepared for real-time PCR analysis. Serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase was significantly elevated in HFS mice, while osteocalcin remained unchanged. Both body mass and percentage body fat were greater in mice fed HFS diet. After adjusting for body mass, tibial structural and morphological properties were adversely affected in the HFS cohort. Cortical thickness, cross-sectional area, and load at maximum were all significantly lower in mice fed HFS diet. Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappabeta ligand (RANKL) mRNA was significantly upregulated in HFS mice, but osteoprotegerin/RANKL mRNA ratio remained unchanged between cohorts. Moreover, cyclo-oxygenase-2 mRNA tended to be increased in HFS. Thus, ingestion of an HFS diet had a significant adverse effect on mouse bone morphology and mechanics, and these effects were likely due to elevated osteoclast activity associated with the inflammatory state of obesity, and not necessarily osteoclast recruitment/proliferation.
Collapse
|
25
|
Cao JJ, Gregoire BR, Gao H. High-fat diet decreases cancellous bone mass but has no effect on cortical bone mass in the tibia in mice. Bone 2009; 44:1097-104. [PMID: 19264159 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2009.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Revised: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Body mass has a positive effect on bone health. Whether mass derived from an obesity condition or excessive fat accumulation is beneficial to bone has not been established; neither have the mechanisms by which obesity affects bone metabolism. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of obesity on bone structure and osteoblastic expression of key markers involved in bone formation and resorption in a diet-induced obesity mouse model. Six-wk-old male C57BL/6 mice (n=21) were assigned to two groups and fed either a control (10 kcal% energy as fat) or high-fat diet (HFD, 45 kcal% energy as fat) for 14 weeks. Bone marrow stromal/osteoblastic cells (BMSC) were cultured. Osteoprogenitor activity [alkaline phosphatase (ALP) positive colonies] and mineralization (calcium nodule formation) were determined. Gene expression was measured using quantitative real-time PCR. Bone structure of proximal and midshaft tibia was evaluated by micro-computed tomography. Mice fed the HFD were 31% heavier (P<0.01) than those fed the control diet. There were more ALP positive colony forming units at d 14 and calcium nodules at d 28 of culture by BMSC from HFD mice than from control mice (P<0.01). Receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) mRNA levels and the ratio of RANKL to osteoprotegerin expression in HFD animals was higher (P<0.01) than in control diet animals. Serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase levels were higher in HFD fed mice when compared to control diet fed mice (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in tibial fat-free weight, length, and cortical parameters of midshaft between the two groups. Compared with control mice, tibial trabecular bone volume was reduced, and trabecular separation was increased in HFD mice. Trabecular number was lower (P<0.05) and connectivity density tended to be less (P=0.07) in HFD mice than in control mice. In conclusion, our data indicate that obesity induced by a high-fat diet decreases cancellous bone mass but has no effect on cortical bone mass in the tibia in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jay J Cao
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, 2420 2nd Ave N, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9034, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
The Effect of Soy-Based Diets on Weight Gain, Shell Hardness and Flavor of the American Lobster (Homarus americanus). JOURNAL OF AQUATIC FOOD PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1300/j030v08n03_06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
27
|
Tsanzi E, Fitch CW, Tou JC. Effect of consuming different caloric sweeteners on bone health and possible mechanisms. Nutr Rev 2008; 66:301-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2008.00037.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
28
|
Tsanzi E, Light HR, Tou JC. The effect of feeding different sugar-sweetened beverages to growing female Sprague-Dawley rats on bone mass and strength. Bone 2008; 42:960-8. [PMID: 18328797 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Revised: 01/07/2008] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of sugar beverages has increased among adolescents. Additionally, the replacement of sucrose with high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) as the predominant sweetener has resulted in higher fructose intake. Few studies have investigated the effect of drinking different sugar-sweetened beverages on bone, despite suggestions that sugar consumption negatively impacts mineral balance. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of drinking different sugar-sweetened beverages on bone mass and strength. Adolescent (age 35d) female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned (n=8-9/group) to consume deionized distilled water (ddH2O, control) or ddH2O containing 13% w/v glucose, sucrose, fructose or high fructose corn syrup (HFCS-55) for 8weeks. Tibia and femur measurements included bone morphometry, bone turnover markers, determination of bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and bone strength by three-point bending test. The effect of sugar-sweetened beverage consumption on mineral balance, urinary and fecal calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) was measured by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The results showed no difference in the bone mass or strength of rats drinking the glucose-sweetened beverage despite their having the lowest food intake, but the highest beverage and caloric consumption. Only in comparisons among the rats provided sugar-sweetened beverage were femur and tibia BMD lower in rats drinking the glucose-sweetened beverage. Differences in bone and mineral measurements appeared most pronounced between rats drinking glucose versus fructose-sweetened beverages. Rats provided the glucose-sweetened beverage had reduced femur and tibia total P, reduced P and Ca intake and increased urinary Ca excretion compared to the rats provided the fructose-sweetened beverage. The results suggested that glucose rather than fructose exerted more deleterious effects on mineral balance and bone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Embedzayi Tsanzi
- Human Nutrition and Foods, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Chepulis L, Starkey N. The long-term effects of feeding honey compared with sucrose and a sugar-free diet on weight gain, lipid profiles, and DEXA measurements in rats. J Food Sci 2008; 73:H1-7. [PMID: 18211352 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2007.00592.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To determine whether honey and sucrose would have differential effects on weight gain during long-term feeding, 45 2-mo-old Sprague Dawley rats were fed a powdered diet that was either sugar-free or contained 7.9% sucrose or 10% honey ad libitum for 52 wk (honey is 21% water). Weight gain was assessed every 1 to 2 wk and food intake was measured every 2 mo. At the completion of the study blood samples were removed for measurement of blood sugar (HbA1c) and a fasting lipid profile. DEXA analyses were then performed to determine body composition and bone mineral densities. Overall weight gain and body fat levels were significantly higher in sucrose-fed rats and similar for those fed honey or a sugar-free diet. HbA1c levels were significantly reduced, and HDL-cholesterol significantly increased, in honey-fed compared with rats fed sucrose or a sugar free diet, but no other differences in lipid profiles were found. No differences in bone mineral density were observed between honey- and sucrose-fed rats, although it was significantly increased in honey-fed rats compared with those fed the sugar-free diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Chepulis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Waikato University, Hamilton, New Zealand.
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Carter JD, Vasey FB, Valeriano J. The effect of a low-carbohydrate diet on bone turnover. Osteoporos Int 2006; 17:1398-403. [PMID: 16718399 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-006-0134-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2005] [Accepted: 03/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Low-carbohydrate diets have become popular as weight loss techniques. These diets are high in protein, saturated fats, and omega-6 fatty acids. They also lead to a ketogenic state. These factors could lead to increased bone turnover. This study was designed to see whether a low-carbohydrate diet would lead to increased bone turnover in humans. METHODS Thirty patients (15 study subjects and 15 controls) were recruited for this 3-month study. The 15 patients on the diet were instructed to consume less than 20 g of carbohydrates per day for the 1st month and then less than 40 g per day for months 2 and 3. Control subjects had no restrictions on their diet. The primary end point was urinary N-telopeptide (UNTx) at 3 months. Secondary end points included UNTx at 1 month, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP) at 1 month, bone turnover ratio (BSAP/UNTx) at 1 month, and weight loss. RESULTS The mean UNTx in the study subjects increased by 1.6 [95% confidence interval (CI) +/-22.8] compared with an increase of 1.9 (95% CI +/-17.6) in the controls at 3 months (p=0.86). The mean UNTx decreased by 2.2 (95% CI +/-27.2) and 3.1 (95% CI +/-17.6) at 1 month in the dieters and controls, respectively (p=0.36). The mean BSAP decreased by 0.53 (95% CI +/-2.96) in the dieters and increased by 0.34 (95% CI +/-2.92) in the controls at 1 month (p=0.27). The bone turnover ratio increased by 0.08 (95% CI +/-0.81) in the dieters and by 0.05 (95% CI +/- 0.27) in the controls at 1 month (p=0.78). The dieters lost 6.39 kg versus 1.05 kg for the controls at 3 months (p=0.0008). CONCLUSIONS Although the patients on the low-carbohydrate diet did lose significantly more weight than the controls did, the diet did not increase bone turnover markers compared with controls at any time point. Further, there was no significant change in the bone turnover ratio compared with controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J D Carter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC 81, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ward WE, Kim S, Robert Bruce W. A western-style diet reduces bone mass and biomechanical bone strength to a greater extent in male compared with female rats during development. Br J Nutr 2003; 90:589-95. [PMID: 13129465 DOI: 10.1079/bjn2003952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Evidence from epidemiological and animal-feeding trials suggests that a western-style diet that is high in fat, and low in Ca, vitamin D and folic acid may result in low bone mass and poor bone quality: this leads to an increased risk of fragility fracture. The overall objective of the present study was to determine the effect of feeding a western-style diet (low in Ca (0.4 g/kg diet, Ca:P ratio 1:10), cholecalciferol (3 microg/kg diet), folic acid (0.23 mg/kg diet) and fibre (20 g/kg diet), and high in fat (200 g/kg diet)) for 17 weeks on bone mineral content (BMC) and the biomechanical bone strength of rat femurs. A secondary objective was to determine whether femurs from male and female rats (seven to eight rats per group) respond differently to the western-style diet. Male and female rats weighing 150-180 g were fed a western-style diet or a control diet for 17 weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, femur BMC was measured by ashing, and biomechanical properties were determined by three-point bending. Femur BMC and the majority of biomechanical properties measured were lower (P<0.05) among male and female rats fed a western-style diet compared with a control diet, despite similar weight gain and final body weight within genders. However, the western-style diet had a greater negative effect on femur BMC and biomechanical strength properties among male rats compared with females. This may be because male rats experienced greater overall body growth, as assessed by weight gain, than female rats, and suggests that the nutrient composition of the western-style diet did not support the development of strong femurs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy E Ward
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E2, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Evidence is accumulating that dietary lipids play an important role in bone health. Most of the data supporting the effects of lipids on bones have been collected in young adult and/or developing animals. Based upon this work, mechanisms have been proposed to explain how lipids act to enhance or inhibit bone resorption and deposition. Little work, however, has been done in older models. Since osteoporosis primarily afflicts the elderly, such work is needed in order to determine if mechanisms relevant to the young differ in advanced age, and to develop effective interventions for this especially vulnerable segment of the population. This article reviews evidence that dietary lipids are important to bone health in older individuals, and describes possible mechanisms that may be of particular relevance to the elderly. Specifically, studies supporting the influence of dietary lipids on calcium excretion, growth hormone secretion, fatty acid metabolism, and osteoblast formation are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R L Corwin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 126 S. Henderson, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Liu D, Veit HP, Wilson JH, Denbow DM. Long-term supplementation of various dietary lipids alters bone mineral content, mechanical properties and histological characteristics of Japanese quail. Poult Sci 2003; 82:831-9. [PMID: 12762407 DOI: 10.1093/ps/82.5.831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of long-term supplementation of fat in the diets on the fatty acid composition, chemical, mechanical, and histological properties of tibial bone. Month-old male Japanese quail were fed a basal diet containing either soybean oil (SBO), hydrogenated soybean oil (HSBO), chicken fat (CF), or menhaden fish oil (FO) at 50 g/kg of the diet and maintained on these diets for 7 mo. Lipid treatments did not affect body weight, food intake, tibial length, or diameter. The FO diet group had the highest percentage of tibial ash, and both the FO and HSBO significantly increased tibial mineral content compared to those given SBO or CF. The type and amount of fatty acids in the diets had a profound influence on fatty acid composition of lipids in tibial cortical bones. Quail fed FO had the highest concentration of (n-3) fatty acids, and those fed SBO were highest in (n-6) fatty acids. The HSBO diet, containing high level of trans-fatty acids, led to the accumulation of these fatty acids in bone. In quail, long-term supplementation of FO or HSBO increased tibial shear force and shear stress and improved histological cortical thickness and density when compared to those given SBO or CF. These results suggest that long-term exposure to a FO or HSBO diet have a significant beneficial effect on bone metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Liu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Liu D, Veit HP, Wilson JH, Denbow DM. Maternal dietary lipids alter bone chemical composition, mechanical properties, and histological characteristics of progeny of Japanese quail. Poult Sci 2003; 82:463-73. [PMID: 12705408 DOI: 10.1093/ps/82.3.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of maternal dietary lipids on chemical components and mechanical and histological properties of tibia in progeny of Japanese quail fed different dietary lipids. Laying hens were fed a basal diet containing either soybean oil (SBO), hydrogenated soybean oil (HSBO), chicken fat (CF), or menhaden fish oil (FO) at 50 g/kg of the diet. The various maternal dietary lipid treatments did not affect growth of progeny at any developmental stage. There were no differences in tibial length, diameter, or collagen content. Tibial percentage ash was significantly higher in newly hatched progeny from hens fed the FO and HSBO diets. The levels of tibial deoxypyridinoline and total pyridinium crosslinks were higher in the FO and HSBO groups at hatch. At 7 d of age, the tibial deoxypyridinoline links remained higher in the FO group compared to the CF and SBO groups. Likewise, progeny from hens consuming the FO or HSBO diet had higher tibial shear force and stiffness at 7 and 14 d of age. There were no pronounced differences in tibial fracture energy and deflection among treatments. Maternal FO or HSBO enlarged the cartilaginous proliferative and hypertrophic zones of the tibial proximal end in newly hatched quail, which was accompanied by a thicker cortical bone in the diaphysis. However, the width of the hypertrophic zones tended to be smaller in these two groups coupled with improvement in trabecular density and cortical thickness in the proximal end and cortical density in the diaphysis at 3 wk of age. These results suggest that maternal dietary lipids altered bone development by influencing organic matrix quality and mineralization in embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Liu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Thomas MA, Rice HB, Weinstock D, Corwin RL. Effects of aging on food intake and body composition in rats. Physiol Behav 2002; 76:487-500. [PMID: 12126984 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9384(02)00800-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in the ability to adjust energy intake when optional dietary foods are available may contribute to aging-related changes in body composition. Ingestive behavior, however, has not been extensively studied in aging models. The present research used young, middle-aged and old rats to examine food intake under several different schedules of optional fat availability. All rats were provided with continuous access to a nutritionally complete diet throughout the 6-week study. In addition, different subgroups within each age had access to an optional source of vegetable shortening under schedules in which the frequency of access was manipulated: controls (C)-- no shortening access; MWF--2-h shortening access on Monday, Wednesday and Friday; D2--2-h shortening access every day; D24--24-h shortening access every day. Energy intake was significantly greater in groups with more frequent access to shortening regardless of age. The length of time the rats remained hyperphagic, however, increased with age. Body weight increased significantly in the D24 group in middle-aged and old rats, but not in young rats. Total body fat was also significantly higher in middle-aged and old groups with more frequent access to shortening, but not in young rats. Finally, body ash mass was significantly reduced in old rats on the D24 diet. These results suggest that alterations in responses to an optional source of dietary fat may contribute to aging-associated body fat accretion and body mineral loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcia A Thomas
- The Pennsylvania State University, College of Health and Human Development, Nutrition Department and the Graduate Program in Nutrition, 126 South Henderson, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Välikangas L, Pekkala E, Larmas M, Risteli J, Salo T, Tjäderhane L. The effects of high levels of glucose and insulin on type I collagen synthesis in mature human odontoblasts and pulp tissue in vitro. Adv Dent Res 2001; 15:72-5. [PMID: 12640745 DOI: 10.1177/08959374010150011801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
High levels of dietary sucrose affect the metabolism of the pulp-dentin complex and enhance the caries process in dentin. The high-sucrose diet reduces dentin formation in young rats (Tjäderhane et al., 1994; Hietala and Larmas, 1995; Tjäderhane, 1996) and in pups of rat dams fed high-sucrose diet during lactation (Pekkala et al., 2000a). However, the mechanisms behind the effects are unknown. A direct effect of elevated blood glucose or an indirect effect via insulin has been suggested. We investigated the effects of high glucose and insulin on type I collagen synthesis in human odontoblasts and pulp tissue in vitro, using an organ culture method for functional post-mitotic odontoblasts. Odontoblasts and pulp tissue were cultured separately for 10 days in DMEM with 15% FBS containing additional glucose (G) (4.45 g/L) or insulin (I) (0.6 microgram/mL) or both together (GI). We evaluated type I collagen synthesis with RIA, measuring the level of N-terminal propeptide of type I collagen (PINP) secreted into the culture media. PINP secretion decreased in odontoblasts and pulp tissue in G and GI groups when compared with the control and insulin samples (p = 0.001 in both groups in the pulp samples). Insulin alone did not affect PINP secretion distinctly. The results indicate that high levels of glucose, but not insulin, directly down-regulate the type I collagen synthesis in young, differentiated human odontoblasts and pulp tissue. Insulin does not affect the inhibitory effect of high sucrose. These in vitro findings indicate that the high-sucrose diet may alter odontoblast function independently of insulin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Välikangas
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, PO Box 5281, FIN-90014, University of Oulu, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Influence des apports en oligoéléments, protéines, lipides, glucides et vitamines sur le métabolisme osseux. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1169-8330(00)00006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
38
|
Abstract
Bone adapts to altered physical stimuli, dietary changes, or injury. Dietary calcium and vitamins play important roles in maintaining skeletal health, but high-fat diets are pervasive in western cultures and may contribute to the increasing prevalence of osteoporosis and incidence of related hip fractures. Exercise helps maintain bone mass and counter osteoporosis, but exercise can also have detrimental effects-particularly for immature bone. Some negative exercise effects may also be linked to diet. For example, insufficient dietary protein during exercise can impair bone development and remodeling. Bone remodeling is a potent example of tissue repair. Chronically altered loading after a joint injury, however, can result in remodeling processes that can be detrimental to the joint. Anterior cruciate ligament injury, for example, commonly leads to osteoarthritis. Early changes in the periarticular cancellous bone may play a role in the development of knee osteoarthritis. Although these factors influence skeletal health, the mechanisms remain unclear by which bone interprets its environment and responds to mechanical stimuli or injury. To understand why different levels of exercise are beneficial or detrimental or why altered joint loading leads to changes in periarticular bone structure, underlying mechanisms must be understood by which bone interprets its mechanical environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G R Wohl
- McCaig Centre for Joint Injury and Arthritis Research, University of Calgary, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Bernardis LL, Ziv I. Weanling ventromedial hypothalamic syndrome. bone geometry and biomechanics. Physiol Behav 2000; 69:581-5. [PMID: 10913799 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9384(00)00237-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The effect of growth-retarding, obesifying lesions in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMN) on bone geometry and biomechanics was investigated in male weanling rats. The animals received bilateral, symmetrical, electrolytic lesions (VMNL rats) shortly after weanling (age 27 days); sham-operated rats served as controls (SCON). The rats were maintained for 42 postoperative days and then terminated. Body weight, nose-tail length, food intake, carcass water, and lean body mass were all significantly (p < 0.001) reduced in the VMNL group compared to SCON rats. Carcass fat, lipogenic efficiency (carcass fat % laid down/mean food intake) (both p < 0.001) and epididymal fat pad weight (p < 0.01) were significantly increased in VMNL versus SCON. Femur length, anteroposterior diameter (both p < 0.001), and mediolateral femur diameter (p < 0.01) were significantly reduced in VMNL versus SCON rats, but torque and angle of torque were comparable among the groups. VMNL rats femora also showed a significant greater maximum shear stress compared to the control animals. The reduced parameters in the VMNL rats are in good agreement with the previously demonstrated reduced plasma and pituitary growth hormone levels found in this hypothalamus preparation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L L Bernardis
- State University of New York at Buffalo, Departments of Medicine, 3495 Bailey Ave., Buffalo, NY 14215, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Tjäderhane L, Larmas M. A high sucrose diet decreases the mechanical strength of bones in growing rats. J Nutr 1998; 128:1807-10. [PMID: 9772153 DOI: 10.1093/jn/128.10.1807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
High sucrose diets alter mineral metabolism in humans and animals. We examined the effect of a high sucrose diet on bone growth, composition and mechanical strength in growing rats. Weanling Wistar rats received a high sucrose (43 g/100 g) diet (9 males, 11 females). In the control diet (8 males, 8 females), sucrose was replaced with potato starch, providing an equal energy value. At the onset of the experiment, bones were marked by tetracycline. After 5 wk, the tibias and femurs were weighed, and maximum breaking strengths were determined. Tibias were cut at the tibia-fibular junction; the widths of the bone at the start of the experiment, the periosteal bone formation during the experiment, the widths of the medullary cavity and the final bone width were determined from tetracycline lines. Bone ash weight, Ca and P contents were determined. The breaking strengths of both bones were significantly lower in the sucrose-fed groups of both sexes. In females, the weight of both bones and the final width of the tibias were significantly lower in the sucrose-fed group. The Ca concentration in both bones and the P concentration in tibias were significantly lower in the sucrose-fed group. It was concluded that the metabolic interference induced by sucrose was the reason for the differences. The alterations were more pronounced in females, but independent of body weight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Tjäderhane
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Huumonen S, Tjäderhane L, Larmas M. Greater concentration of dietary sucrose decreases dentin formation and increases the area of dentinal caries in growing rats. J Nutr 1997; 127:2226-30. [PMID: 9349851 DOI: 10.1093/jn/127.11.2226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of increasing dietary sucrose concentration on dentin formation and dentinal caries progression was studied. Weanling Wistar rats received 15, 30 or 43 g/100 g sucrose in a diet; for reference, another group was fed a nonpurified diet. At the onset, tetracycline was injected to mark the dentin formed during the experiment. After 6 wk, lower molars were sectioned sagittally; the areas and thicknesses of the dentin formation during the experiment and dentinal caries lesions were quantified separately in the first and second molars. Feeding the 43% sucrose diet resulted in a significantly lower dentin formation than in other diet groups (P < 0.05). The differences obtained from the area measurements were supported by thickness measurements. In the first molar, the 43% sucrose diet resulted in a significantly greater area of dentinal caries than in the other sucrose groups. The number and severity of caries lesions clearly increased as the concentration of sucrose in the diet increased (r = 0.5, P < 0.05 and r = 0.6, P < 0.05, respectively). This study suggests that the increase in the concentration of sucrose in the diet reduces dentin formation and increases the area of dentinal caries as well as the number and severity of caries lesions; the critical sucrose concentration appears to be between 30 and 43 g/100 g.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Huumonen
- Department of Cariology and Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Tjäderhane L, Hakala P, Mattila P, Svanberg M, Larmas M. Effect of xylitol on dentin formation in molars of adult rats. Eur J Oral Sci 1996; 104:409-11. [PMID: 8930591 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.1996.tb00100.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A xylitol-induced reduction in dentin formation has been observed in molars of post-weanling rats, but the effect in older animals with a slower rate of secondary dentinogenesis has not been investigated. We examined the effects of different concentrations of dietary xylitol on dentinogenesis in molars of young adult rats. The control group received a commercial basal diet, while for the other 3 groups, the same diet was supplemented with 5, 10 and 20% of xylitol. After 8 weeks, dentin thickness beneath the main fissures in the mandibular 1st and 2nd molars was measured. The final body weights did not differ between the groups. Dentin formation in the 1st molars of the 10 and 20% xylitol groups was significantly lower as compared to the controls, whereas no difference was found between these 2 groups. In conclusion, dietary xylitol reduces dentin formation in young adult rats in spite of the slow rate of dentinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Tjäderhane
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Tjäderhane L, Hietala EL, Svanberg M, Larmas M. Morphological analysis of dentine formation in young rat molars during the recovery phase with calcium alone or combined with xylitol following a low-calcium dietary regimen. Arch Oral Biol 1995; 40:707-11. [PMID: 7487570 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(95)00036-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The effects of dietary calcium deficiency and subsequent replenishment of the diet with calcium alone or with xylitol were studied. Thirty 3-week-old Wistar rats were labelled with an i.p. tetracycline injection. Twenty rats were fed a diet with 0.026% calcium (Ca-deficient); 10 received a 0.5% Ca diet (controls). After 3 weeks the tetracycline labelling was repeated. Replenishment of the diet was introduced for Ca-deficient rats, and 10 received additional 5% xylitol in the diet. After 4 weeks the labelling was repeated and the animals were decapitated. Dentine formation was measured by the tetracycline stripes in the lower first and second molars. Calcium deficiency during the first 3 weeks reduced dentine formation. In the control and xylitol groups, a much smaller amount of dentine was formed during the recovery period. With Ca alone, dentine formation was faster than in the controls or Ca-xylitol group and did not differ from the Ca-deficient period. These results indicate that in rat molars the odontoblasts can accelerate the rate of dentine formation when calcium is restored to the diet, at least during primary dentinogenesis. This effect was not seen when 5% xylitol was added to the replenishment diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Tjäderhane
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Finland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Tjäderhane L, Bäckman T, Larmas M. Effect of sucrose and xylitol diets on dentin formation and caries in rat molars. Eur J Oral Sci 1995; 103:166-71. [PMID: 7634132 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.1995.tb00019.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of a high sucrose diet and xylitol on secondary dentinogenesis and dentinal caries, a part of the sucrose in a high-cariogenic diet was replaced by xylitol. Fifty-four 3-wk-old Wistar rats were labeled with tetracycline and divided into groups. One group received a high sucrose diet (43% sucrose). In two other groups 5% and 20% of the sucrose was replaced by xylitol. A control group received non-cariogenic food. Six weeks later the mandibles were sectioned sagittally. Schiff staining was used to classify the caries, and the areas of dentin formed during the experiment and dentinal caries in first and second molars were measured planimetrically. The high sucrose diet reduced dentin formation of the molars, and this reduction was further increased by xylitol. Caries initiation and dentinal caries progression were significantly reduced by 20% xylitol, whereas only a slight reduction in caries progression was observed with 5% xylitol. Also, a negative correlation between the dentin formation and dentinal caries progression was observed in the high sucrose and 5% xylitol groups. In conclusion, xylitol together with high sucrose reduced dentin formation and dentinal caries progression, and the effect was dose-dependent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Tjäderhane
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Finland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Li KC, Zernicke RF, Barnard RJ, Li AF. Response of immature bone-ligament junction to a high-fat-sucrose diet. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 1993; 8:163-5. [PMID: 23915945 DOI: 10.1016/0268-0033(93)90058-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/1992] [Accepted: 07/29/1992] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A high-fat-sucrose diet can adversely affect calcium absorption, and thus bone-ligament junction strength may be compromised. To test this premise we examined the influence of a high-fat-sucrose diet on the femur-medial collateral ligament-tibia complex of rats. The mechanics and geometry of this bone-ligament-bone complex were measured, and the histomorphometry of the distal bone-ligament junction (tibial-medial collateral ligament) was examined. After 10 weeks the high-fat-sucrose and control (low-fat, complex-carbohydrate) diet groups showed no difference in medial collateral ligament cross-sectional area, but the mechanical integrity of high-fat-sucrose bone-ligament-bone complex was significantly less than the controls; for example, the maximum and failure loads were significantly less (30%) with the high-fat-sucrose diet. Cell density was also significantly less in the medial collateral ligaments of those rats on the high-fat-sucrose diet. Diets with relatively high proportions of fat and sucrose are not uncommon in North American and European nations, but little is known about the effects that these diets may have on growing bone and fibrous connective tissues. The results from the current study provide both a caution and a stimulus. The caution arises from the pronounced and adverse effects that a diet rich in fat and sucrose can have on the mechanical properties and structure of bone-ligament junctions in growing animals. The stimulus provided by these results is to examine the long-term consequences of such a diet on bone-ligament integrity and to assess the implications of a high-fat-sucrose diet for humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K C Li
- Department of Physiological Science, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|