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Kruchen A, Johann PD, Rekowski L, Müller I. Epigenetic Modification of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Derived from Bone Marrow and Embryonal Tumors to Facilitate Immunotherapeutic Approaches in Pediatric Malignancies. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:2121-2135. [PMID: 36975506 PMCID: PMC10047030 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45030136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are part of the bone marrow architecture and contribute to the homeostasis of hematopoietic stem cells. Moreover, they are known to regulate immune effector cells. These properties of MSC are pivotal under physiologic conditions, and they may aberrantly also protect malignant cells. MSCs are also found in the leukemic stem cell niche of the bone marrow and as part of the tumor microenvironment. Here, they protect malignant cells from chemotherapeutic drugs and from immune effector cells in immunotherapeutic approaches. Modulation of these mechanisms may improve the efficacy of therapeutic regimens. We investigated the effect of the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA, Vorinostat™) on the immunomodulatory effect and cytokine profile of MSC derived from bone marrow and pediatric tumors. The immune phenotype of MSC was not markedly affected. SAHA-treated MSC showed reduced immunomodulatory effects on T cell proliferation and NK cell cytotoxicity. This effect was accompanied by an altered cytokine profile of MSC. While untreated MSC inhibited the production of certain pro-inflammatory cytokines, SAHA treatment led to a partial increase in IFNγ and TNFα secretion. These alterations of the immunosuppressive milieu might be beneficial for immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kruchen
- Division of Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Clinic of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pascal-David Johann
- Swabian Children’s Cancer Center, Children’s Hospital, Klinikum Augsburg, Stenglinstr. 2, 86156 Augsburg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Hopp Children’s Cancer Center (KiTZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laura Rekowski
- Division of Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Clinic of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Research Institute Children’s Cancer Center Hamburg, Martinistr. 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Müller
- Division of Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Clinic of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Research Institute Children’s Cancer Center Hamburg, Martinistr. 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-40-7410-52720; Fax: +49-40-7410-40175
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Al-Kaabneh B, Frisch B, Aljitawi OS. The Potential Role of 3D In Vitro Acute Myeloid Leukemia Culture Models in Understanding Drug Resistance in Leukemia Stem Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5252. [PMID: 36358676 PMCID: PMC9656790 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The complexity of the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment makes studying hematological malignancies in vitro a challenging task. Three-dimensional cell cultures are being actively studied, particularly due to their ability to serve as a bridge of the gap between 2D cultures and animal models. The role of 3D in vitro models in studying the mechanisms of chemotherapeutic resistance and leukemia stem cells (LSCs) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is not well-reviewed. We present an overview of 3D cell models used for studying AML, emphasizing the recent advancements in microenvironment modeling, chemotherapy testing, and resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basil Al-Kaabneh
- Hematology/Oncology Division, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Benjamin Frisch
- Departments of Pathology and Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Omar S. Aljitawi
- Hematology/Oncology Division, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Effects of embryonic stem cell-conditioned medium on the preimplantation development of mouse embryos. ZYGOTE 2022; 30:464-470. [PMID: 35172909 DOI: 10.1017/s0967199421000575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The production of high-quality embryos in the laboratory and a successful pregnancy are closely related to the condition and contents of oocyte and embryo culture media. In this study, we investigated the effects of embryonic stem cell-conditioned medium (ESCCM) and embryonic stem cells growth medium (ESCGM) compared with potassium-enriched simplex optimized medium (KSOM) on preimplantation embryo development stages during natural or in vitro fertilization (IVF). Birth rate of pups was measured. To obtain mature oocytes, and 2-cell and 8-cell embryos, human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) was injected 48 h after i.p. injection of 5 units of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin. Mature oocytes were obtained from non-mated female mice 14 h after HCG injection. To obtain 2-cell and 8-cell embryos, mated female mice, 1 day and 3 days, respectively, after HCG injection, were used. Mature oocytes were fertilized in HTF medium. Embryos obtained from natural or in vitro fertilization were cultured in experimental media, ESCCM and ESCGM, or KSOM as the control culture medium. Embryos that developed to the blastocyst stage were transferred to the uteri of pseudopregnant mice and effects of the experimental media on embryo viability were determined. ESCCM and ESCGM could not pass the embryo after the 2-cell stage, but they were suitable for the development of the embryo from the 8-cell stage to the blastocyst. It can be concluded that the embryo has various requirements at different stages of development.
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Bruno S, Mancini M, De Santis S, Monaldi C, Cavo M, Soverini S. The Role of Hypoxic Bone Marrow Microenvironment in Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Future Therapeutic Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136857. [PMID: 34202238 PMCID: PMC8269413 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a hematologic malignancy caused by a wide range of alterations responsible for a high grade of heterogeneity among patients. Several studies have demonstrated that the hypoxic bone marrow microenvironment (BMM) plays a crucial role in AML pathogenesis and therapy response. This review article summarizes the current literature regarding the effects of the dynamic crosstalk between leukemic stem cells (LSCs) and hypoxic BMM. The interaction between LSCs and hypoxic BMM regulates fundamental cell fate decisions, including survival, self-renewal, and proliferation capacity as a consequence of genetic, transcriptional, and metabolic adaptation of LSCs mediated by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). HIF-1α and some of their targets have been associated with poor prognosis in AML. It has been demonstrated that the hypoxic BMM creates a protective niche that mediates resistance to therapy. Therefore, we also highlight how hypoxia hallmarks might be targeted in the future to hit the leukemic population to improve AML patient outcomes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Marrow/metabolism
- Bone Marrow/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cellular Reprogramming
- Disease Management
- Disease Susceptibility
- Energy Metabolism
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Humans
- Hypoxia/metabolism
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/etiology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/therapy
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Microenvironment
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Bruno
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (S.B.); (S.D.S.); (C.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Manuela Mancini
- Istituto di Ematologia “Seràgnoli”, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Sara De Santis
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (S.B.); (S.D.S.); (C.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Cecilia Monaldi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (S.B.); (S.D.S.); (C.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Michele Cavo
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (S.B.); (S.D.S.); (C.M.); (M.C.)
- Istituto di Ematologia “Seràgnoli”, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Simona Soverini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (S.B.); (S.D.S.); (C.M.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Ma XY, Wei L, Lei Z, Chen Y, Ding Z, Chen ZS. Recent progress on targeting leukemia stem cells. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:1904-1913. [PMID: 34029689 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Leukemia is a type of malignant clonal disease of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). A small population of leukemic stem cells (LSCs) are responsible for the initiation, drug resistance, and relapse of leukemia. LSCs have the ability to form tumors after xenotransplantation in immunodeficient mice and appear to be common in most human leukemias. Therefore, the eradication of LSCs is an approach with the potential to improve survival or even to cure leukemia. Using recent research in the field of LSCs, we summarize the targeted therapy approaches for the removal of LSCs through surface markers including immune checkpoint molecules, pathways influencing LSC survival, or the survival microenvironment of LSCs. In addition, we introduce the survival microenvironment and survival regulation of LSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yu Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, PR China
| | - Liuya Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, PR China.
| | - Zining Lei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Yanglu Chen
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Zhiyong Ding
- Mills Institute for Personalized Cancer Care, Fynn Biotechnologies Ltd., Gangxing 3rd Rd, High-Tech and Innovation Zone, Jinan, Shandong 250101, PR China
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, PR China.
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Effects of Human Endothelial Progenitor Cell and Its Conditioned Medium on Oocyte Development and Subsequent Embryo Development. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217983. [PMID: 33121114 PMCID: PMC7662943 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) secrete numerous growth factors, and they have been applied to regenerative medicine for their roles in angiogenesis as well as neovascularization. Angiogenesis is one of the essential factors for the maturation of ovarian follicles; however, the physiological function of EPCs or their derivatives on in vitro culture systems has not been fully understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of EPCs and their conditioned medium (EPC-CM) on oocyte development and subsequent embryo development. In the results, the oocyte development and subsequent embryo development were significantly improved in EPCs and the EPC-CM group. In addition, markedly increased levels of growth factors/cytokines, such as basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and epidermal growth factor (EGF), were observed in medium from the EPC-CM group. Additionally, EPC-CM after in vitro maturation (IVM) had significantly decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels compared to those of other groups. Transcriptional levels of growth factor receptor-related genes (FGFR2, IGF1R) and anti-apoptotic-related gene (BCL2) were significantly upregulated in cumulus cells/oocytes from the EPC-CM group compared with those from the control. Furthermore, the expression levels of cumulus expansion-related genes (PTGS2, TNFAIP6, HAS2) and oocyte-maturation-related factors (GDF9, BMP15) were significantly enhanced in the EPC-CM group. Consequently, the present study provides the first evidence that EPC-CM contains several essential growth factors for oocyte development by regulating genes involved in oocyte maturation.
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Zhang P, Zhang C, Li J, Han J, Liu X, Yang H. The physical microenvironment of hematopoietic stem cells and its emerging roles in engineering applications. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:327. [PMID: 31744536 PMCID: PMC6862744 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1422-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are considered the fundamental underpinnings of tissue biology. The stem cell microenvironment provides factors and elements that play significant roles in controlling the cell fate direction. The bone marrow is an important environment for functional hematopoietic stem cells in adults. Remarkable progress has been achieved in the area of hematopoietic stem cell fate modulation based on the recognition of biochemical factors provided by bone marrow niches. In this review, we focus on emerging evidence that hematopoietic stem cell fate is altered in response to a variety of microenvironmental physical cues, such as geometric properties, matrix stiffness, and mechanical forces. Based on knowledge of these biophysical cues, recent developments in harnessing hematopoietic stem cell niches ex vivo are also discussed. A comprehensive understanding of cell microenvironments helps provide mechanistic insights into pathophysiological mechanisms and underlies biomaterial-based hematopoietic stem cell engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Research Center of Special Environmental Biomechanics & Medical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Research Center of Special Environmental Biomechanics & Medical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Research Center of Special Environmental Biomechanics & Medical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiyang Han
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Research Center of Special Environmental Biomechanics & Medical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiru Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Research Center of Special Environmental Biomechanics & Medical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
- Research Center of Special Environmental Biomechanics & Medical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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Xu T, Yu X, Yang Q, Liu X, Fang J, Dai X. Autologous Micro-Fragmented Adipose Tissue as Stem Cell-Based Natural Scaffold for Cartilage Defect Repair. Cell Transplant 2019; 28:1709-1720. [PMID: 31565996 PMCID: PMC6923561 DOI: 10.1177/0963689719880527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) poses a tough challenge worldwide. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs)
have been proved to play a promising role in cartilage repair. However, enzymatic
digestion, ex vivo culture and expansion, with significant senescence and decline in
multipotency, limit their application. The present study was designed to obtain
micro-fragmented adipose tissue (MFAT) through gentle mechanical force and determine the
effect of this stem cell-based natural scaffold on repair of full-thickness cartilage
defects. In this study, ASCs sprouted from MFAT were characterized by
multi-differentiation induction and flow cytometry. Scratch and transwell migration assays
were operated to determine whether MFAT could promote migration of chondrocytes in vitro.
In a rat model, cartilage defects were created on the femoral groove and treated with
intra-articular injection of MFAT or PBS for 6 weeks and 12 weeks (n =
12). At the time points, the degree of cartilage repair was evaluated by histological
staining, immunohistochemistry and scoring, respectively. Two unoperated age-matched
animals served as native controls. ASCs derived from MFAT possessed properties to
differentiate into adipocytes, osteocytes and chondrocytes, with expression of mesenchymal
stem cell markers (CD29, 44, 90) and no expression of hematopoietic markers (CD31, 34,
45). In addition, MFAT could significantly promote migration of chondrocytes. MFAT-treated
defects showed improved macroscopic appearance and histological evaluation compared with
PBS-treated defects at both time points. After 12 weeks of treatment, MFAT-treated defects
displayed regular surface, high amount of hyaline cartilage, intact subchondral bone
reconstruction and corresponding formation of type I, II, and VI collagen, which resembled
the normal cartilage. This study demonstrates the efficacy of MFAT on cartilage repair in
an animal model for the first time, and the utility of MFAT as a ready-to-use therapeutic
alternative to traditional stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengjing Xu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinning Yu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hangzhou Mingzhou Hospital (International Medical Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Hangzhou, China
| | - Quanming Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaonan Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinghua Fang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hangzhou Mingzhou Hospital (International Medical Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuesong Dai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hangzhou Mingzhou Hospital (International Medical Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Hangzhou, China
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Chen C, Tang Q, Zhang Y, Yu M, Jing W, Tian W. Physioxia: a more effective approach for culturing human adipose-derived stem cells for cell transplantation. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:148. [PMID: 29793517 PMCID: PMC5968705 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0891-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although typically cultured at an atmospheric oxygen concentration (20–21%), adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) reside under considerable low oxygen tension (physioxia) in vivo. In the present study, we explored whether and how physioxia could be a more effective strategy for culturing ASCs for transplantation. Methods After isolation, human ASCs were cultured under physioxia (2% O2) and hyperoxia (20% O2) until assayed. WST-8, Transwell, tube formation, β-galactosidase staining, and annexin V-FITC/PI assays were used to evaluate cell proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, senescence, and apoptosis, respectively. Survivability was determined by an ischemia model in vitro and nude mouse model in vivo, and the underlying metabolic alterations were investigated by fluorescence staining, flow cytometry, and real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results Compared with those in the hyperoxia group, cells in the physioxia group exhibited increased proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis, and decreased senescence and apoptosis. The increased survival rate of ASCs cultured in physioxia was found both in ischemia model in vitro and in vivo. The underlying metabolic reprogramming was also monitored and showed decreased mitochondrial mass, alkalized intracellular pH, and increased glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis. Conclusions These results suggest that physioxia is a more effective environment in which to culture ASCs for transplantation owing to the maintenance of native bioactivities without injury by hyperoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China. .,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weidong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China. .,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.
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Major R, Lackner JM, Sanak M, Major B. Biomimetics in thin film design: Niche-like wrinkles designed for i-cell progenitor cell differentiation. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 80:379-386. [PMID: 28866177 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The future and development of science are in interdisciplinary areas, such as biomedical engineering. Self-assembled structures, similar to stem cell niches, inhibit rapid cellular division processes and enable the capture of stem cells from blood flow. By modifying the surface topography and stiffness properties, progenitor cells were differentiated towards the formation of endothelial cell monolayers to effectively inhibit the coagulation cascade. Wrinkled material layers in the form of thin polymeric coatings were prepared. An optimized surface topography led to proper cell differentiation and influenced the appropriate formation of endothelial cell monolayers. Blood activation was decelerated by the formed endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Major
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Reymonta St. 25, Cracow, Poland.
| | - Juergen M Lackner
- Joanneum Research Forschungs-GmbH, Materials - Functional Surfaces, Leoben, Austria
| | - Marek Sanak
- Department of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 8 Skawinska Street, 31-066 Cracow, Poland
| | - Boguslaw Major
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Reymonta St. 25, Cracow, Poland
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Plotnikov EY, Silachev DN, Popkov VA, Zorova LD, Pevzner IB, Zorov SD, Jankauskas SS, Babenko VA, Sukhikh GT, Zorov DB. Intercellular Signalling Cross-Talk: To Kill, To Heal and To Rejuvenate. Heart Lung Circ 2017; 26:648-659. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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12
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Hu Y, Li S. Survival regulation of leukemia stem cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1039-50. [PMID: 26686687 PMCID: PMC11108378 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2108-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Leukemia stem cells (LSCs) are a subpopulation cells at the apex of hierarchies in leukemia cells and responsible for disease continuous propagation. In this article, we discuss some cellular and molecular components, which are critical for LSC survival. These components include intrinsic signaling pathways and extrinsic microenvironments. The intrinsic signaling pathways to be discussed include Wnt/β-catenin signaling, Hox genes, Hh pathway, Alox5, and some miRNAs, which have been shown to play important roles in regulating LSC survival and proliferation. The extrinsic components to be discussed include selectins, CXCL12/CXCR4, and CD44, which involve in LSC homing, survival, and proliferation by affecting bone marrow microenvironment. Potential strategies for eradicating LSCs will also discuss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiguo Hu
- Department of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, The Third Part Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Shaoguang Li
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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Choi YC, Choi JS, Woo CH, Cho YW. Stem cell delivery systems inspired by tissue-specific niches. J Control Release 2014; 193:42-50. [PMID: 24979211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Since stem cells have the capacity to differentiate into a variety of cell types, stem cell delivery systems (SCDSs) can be effective therapeutic strategies for a multitude of diseases and disorders. For stem cell-based therapy, stem cells are introduced directly (or peripherally) into a target tissue via different delivery systems. Despite initial promising results obtained from preclinical studies, a number of technical hurdles must be overcome for ultimate clinical utility of stem cells. A key aspect of SCDSs is how to create local environments, called stem cell niches, for improvement of survival and engraftment as well as the fate of transplanted stem cells. The stem cell niches encompassing a wide range of biochemical, biophysical, and biomechanical cues play a guidance role to modulate stem cell behaviors such as adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Recent studies have tried to decipher the complex interplay between stem cells and niches, and thereafter to engineer SCDS, mimicking dynamic stem cell niches encompassing a wide range of biochemical, biophysical, and biomechanical cues. Here, we discuss the biological role of stem cell niches and highlight recent progress in SCDS to mimic stem cell niches, particularly focusing on important biomaterial properties for modulating stem cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Chan Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 426-791, South Korea
| | - Ji Suk Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 426-791, South Korea
| | - Chang Hee Woo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 426-791, South Korea
| | - Yong Woo Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 426-791, South Korea.
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14
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Kim WS, Han J, Hwang SJ, Sung JH. An update on niche composition, signaling and functional regulation of the adipose-derived stem cells. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 14:1091-102. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2014.907785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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15
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Rastogi A, Maiwall R, Bihari C, Trehanpati N, Pamecha V, Sarin SK. Two-tier regenerative response in liver failure in humans. Virchows Arch 2014; 464:565-73. [PMID: 24590583 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-014-1547-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Acute and chronic liver failure is associated with high mortality. The enormous regenerative potential of the liver has generated a lot of attention. We undertook this work to assess the two-tier regenerative response in liver failure by immunohistochemistry and to correlate such response with liver histology in acute liver failure (ALF), acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF), and decompensated cirrhosis (CHD). Histological examination and immunohistochemical analysis of proliferating hepatocytes and activated hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) were performed on the liver tissue of patients with ALF (25), ACLF (70), and CHD (70). Comparative analysis of regenerative markers and correlation with histological parameters were done in ALF, ACLF, and CHD. Hepatocytes proliferated significantly more in ALF in comparison to ACLF (p < 0.001) and CHD (p < 0.001). HPC proliferation was significantly higher in ACLF (p < 0.001) and CHD (p < 0.001) than in ALF. ACLF patients showed the highest HPC proliferation and differentiation. Significantly more intermediate hepatocytes were found in ACLF than in ALF and CHD (p < 0.001). Marked parenchymal replacement by fibrosis and/or necrosis correlated significantly with activation of HPC in ACLF (p = 0.01, odds ratio (OR) 4.95) and in CHD (p = 0.05, OR 4.19). The study of liver regeneration in human acute and chronic liver failure suggests that hepatocyte proliferation, providing the first line of regeneration response, is most active in ALF whereas HPC activation, the second line of defense, is more prominent in ACLF. More HPC differentiate to hepatocytes in ACLF than in CHD, reflecting better regenerative potential in ACLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Rastogi
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, D-1, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, 110070, India,
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16
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Aitlhadj L, Stürzenbaum SR. Caenorhabditis elegans in regenerative medicine: a simple model for a complex discipline. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:730-4. [PMID: 24513577 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell research is a major focus of regenerative medicine, which amalgamates diverse disciplines ranging from developmental cell biology to chemical and genetic therapy. Although embryonic stem cells have provided the foundation of stem cell therapy, they offer an in vitro study system that might not provide the best insight into mechanisms and behaviour of cells within living organisms. Caenorhabditis elegans is a well defined model organism with highly conserved cell development and signalling processes that specify cell fate. Its genetic amenability coupled with its chemical screening applicability make the nematode well suited as an in vivo system in which regenerative therapy and stem cell processes can be explored. Here, we describe some of the major advances in stem cell research from the worm's perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Aitlhadj
- King's College London, School of Biomedical Sciences, Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, London SE1 9NH, UK; Kinǵs College London, School of Biomedical Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Stephen R Stürzenbaum
- King's College London, School of Biomedical Sciences, Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, London SE1 9NH, UK; Kinǵs College London, School of Biomedical Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
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17
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Cruceru ML, Neagu M, Demoulin JB, Constantinescu SN. Therapy targets in glioblastoma and cancer stem cells: lessons from haematopoietic neoplasms. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 17:1218-35. [PMID: 23998913 PMCID: PMC4159024 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite intense efforts to identify cancer-initiating cells in malignant brain tumours, markers linked to the function of these cells have only very recently begun to be uncovered. The notion of cancer stem cell gained prominence, several molecules and signalling pathways becoming relevant for diagnosis and treatment. Whether a substantial fraction or only a tiny minority of cells in a tumor can initiate and perpetuate cancer, is still debated. The paradigm of cancer-initiating stem cells has initially been developed with respect to blood cancers where chronic conditions such as myeloproliferative neoplasms are due to mutations acquired in a haematopoietic stem cell (HSC), which maintains the normal hierarchy to neoplastic haematopoiesis. In contrast, acute leukaemia transformation of such blood neoplasms appears to derive not only from HSCs but also from committed progenitors that cannot differentiate. This review will focus on putative novel therapy targets represented by markers described to define cancer stem/initiating cells in malignant gliomas, which have been called ‘leukaemia of the brain’, given their rapid migration and evolution. Parallels are drawn with other cancers, especially haematopoietic, given the similar rampant proliferation and treatment resistance of glioblastoma multiforme and secondary acute leukaemias. Genes associated with the malignant conditions and especially expressed in glioma cancer stem cells are intensively searched. Although many such molecules might only coincidentally be expressed in cancer-initiating cells, some may function in the oncogenic process, and those would be the prime candidates for diagnostic and targeted therapy. For the latter, combination therapies are likely to be envisaged, given the robust and plastic signalling networks supporting malignant proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Linda Cruceru
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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18
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Day B, Rancourt DE. Metabolic status of pluripotent cells and exploitation for growth in stirred suspension bioreactors. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2013; 29:24-30. [DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2013.801233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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19
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Potential roles of stem cells in the management of sensorineural hearing loss. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology 2012; 126:653-7. [PMID: 22624825 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215112000850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the management of sensorineural hearing loss, effective therapy for degenerated hair cells, third order neurons, ganglions, dendrites and synaptic areas of the vestibulo-cochleo-cerebral pathway remains an enigma. Transplantation of stem and progenitor cells appears to be an emerging potential solution, and is the focus of this review. AIM To review recent developments in the management of sensorineural hearing loss in the field of stem cell research. MATERIALS AND METHOD A systematic review of the English language literature included all experimental and non-experimental studies with a Jadad score of three or more, published between 2000 and 2010 and included in the following databases: Cochrane Library Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders; Medline; Google Scholar; Hinari; and the Online Library of Toronto University. RESULTS Of the 455 and 29 600 articles identified from Medline and Google Scholar, respectively, 48 met the inclusion criteria. These were independently reviewed and jointly analysed. CONCLUSION Although there is not yet any evidence from successful human studies, stem cell and 'alternative stem cell' technology seems to represent the future of sensorineural hearing loss management.
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Comeau PA, Frei H, Yang C, Fernlund G, Rossi FM. In vivo evaluation of calcium polyphosphate for bone regeneration. J Biomater Appl 2011; 27:267-75. [DOI: 10.1177/0885328211401933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Current problems associated with bone allografts include risk of disease transmission, limited availability, and cost. Synthetic scaffolds have been proposed as substitute graft materials to address these issues. Calcium polyphosphate is a novel synthetic scaffold material that has shown good mechanical properties and biocompatibility. Here, we evaluated calcium polyphosphate in terms of its ability to support cell proliferation and differentiation in vivo. Calcium polyphosphate, morsellized cancellous bone, and hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate particles were seeded with marrow stromal cells and implanted subcutaneously in the back of NOD/Scid mice. At 7, 14, and 28 days the samples were harvested and the proliferation characteristics and gene expression were analyzed. All tested graft materials had similar proliferation characteristics and gene expression. The subcutaneous environment had a stronger impact on the proliferation and differentiation of the cells than the scaffold material itself. However, it was shown that calcium polyphosphate is superior to hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate and bone in its ability to support cell survival in vivo. The study confirmed that calcium polyphosphate has potential for replacing morsellized cancellous bone as a graft material for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Comeau
- Materials Engineering Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Hanspeter Frei
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Chiming Yang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Goran Fernlund
- Materials Engineering Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Fabio M Rossi
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
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21
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Konopleva MY, Jordan CT. Leukemia stem cells and microenvironment: biology and therapeutic targeting. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29:591-9. [PMID: 21220598 PMCID: PMC4874213 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.31.0904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myelogenous leukemia is propagated by a subpopulation of leukemia stem cells (LSCs). In this article, we review both the intrinsic and extrinsic components that are known to influence the survival of human LSCs. The intrinsic factors encompass regulators of cell cycle and prosurvival pathways (such as nuclear factor kappa B [NF-κB], AKT), pathways regulating oxidative stress, and specific molecular components promoting self-renewal. The extrinsic components are generated by the bone marrow microenvironment and include chemokine receptors (CXCR4), adhesion molecules (VLA-4 and CD44), and hypoxia-related proteins. New strategies that exploit potentially unique properties of the LSCs and their microenvironment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Y. Konopleva
- From The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY.,Corresponding author: Marina Y.Konopleva, MD, PhD, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 428,Houston, TX 77030; e-mail:
| | - Craig T. Jordan
- From The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY
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22
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Siggers K, Frei H, Fernlund G, Rossi F. Effect of bone graft substitute on marrow stromal cell proliferation and differentiation. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 94:877-85. [PMID: 20336765 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Marrow stromal cells (MSCs) are ideally suited for tissue engineered bone grafts since they have the potential to regenerate bone, but may also maintain the homeostasis of the repaired tissue through their ability for self-renewal. An ideal bone graft substitute should support MSC self-renewal as well as differentiation to ensure complete bone defect regeneration and maintenance. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of different substrate materials on MSC expansion and differentiation. Calcium polyphosphate (CPP), bone and hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate (HA/TCP) were seeded with rat MSCs and maintained in culture conditions that promote cell expansion. At 0, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days cell numbers were determined by measuring their metabolic activity using a MTT assay and the frequency of cycling cells by 24 hr BrdU incorporation. Osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic marker expression in these cultures was measured by qRT-PCR. An initial drop in cell numbers was observed on all substrates. CPP and bone, but not HA/TCP supported an increase in proliferating cells at day 14 and 21. In addition, no upregulation of mature bone markers was observed in cells cultured on CPP and bone, which suggests that these substrates support the expansion of undifferentiated MSCs. In contrast, cell numbers on HA/TCP decreased with time and only rare BrdU positive cells were observed. This decrease in proliferation correlated with the down regulation of osteogenic progenitor markers and the substantial increase in mature osteocyte markers, indicating that HA/TCP favors MSC differentiation and maturation along the osteogenic lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Siggers
- Department of Materials Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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23
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Megakaryocyte-matrix interaction within bone marrow: new roles for fibronectin and factor XIII-A. Blood 2010; 117:2476-83. [PMID: 21131589 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-06-288795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which megakaryocytes (MKs) differentiate and release platelets into the circulation are not well understood. However, growing evidence indicates that a complex regulatory mechanism involving MK-matrix interactions may contribute to the quiescent or permissive microenvironment related to platelet release within bone marrow. To address this hypothesis, in this study we demonstrate that human MKs express and synthesize cellular fibronectin (cFN) and transglutaminase factor XIII-A (FXIII-A). We proposed that these 2 molecules are involved in a new regulatory mechanism of MK-type I collagen interaction in the osteoblastic niche. In particular, we demonstrate that MK adhesion to type I collagen promotes MK spreading and inhibits pro-platelet formation through the release and relocation to the plasma membrane of cFN. This regulatory mechanism is dependent on the engagement of FN receptors at the MK plasma membrane and on transglutaminase FXIII-A activity. Consistently, the same mechanism regulated the assembly of plasma FN (pFN) by adherent MKs to type I collagen. In conclusion, our data extend the knowledge of the mechanisms that regulate MK-matrix interactions within the bone marrow environment and could serve as an important step for inquiring into the origins of diseases such as myelofibrosis and congenital thrombocytopenias that are still poorly understood.
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Abstract
Liver progenitor cells are activated in most human liver diseases. The dynamics, and therefore subpopulations, of progenitor cells are, however, different in acute versus chronic hepatocytic diseases and in biliary diseases. The role of Wnt and Notch signaling pathways in activation and differentiation of human hepatic progenitor cells holds great promise because they can be manipulated by drugs. Hepatocytic differentiation requires inhibition of Notch (numb switched on), whereas cholangiocytic differentiation requires Notch activation. In this way, the patients' own regenerative response could be supported, which could eventually even avoid the need for transplantation in several patients.
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25
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Toh YC, Blagović K, Voldman J. Advancing stem cell research with microtechnologies: opportunities and challenges. Integr Biol (Camb) 2010; 2:305-25. [PMID: 20593104 DOI: 10.1039/c0ib00004c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells provide unique opportunities for understanding basic biology, for developing tissue models for drug testing, and for clinical applications in regenerative medicine. Despite the promise, the field faces significant challenges in identifying stem cell populations, controlling their fate, and characterizing their phenotype. These challenges arise because stem cells are ultimately functionally defined, and thus can often be identified only retrospectively. New technologies are needed that can provide surrogate markers of stem cell identity, can maintain stem cell state in vitro, and can better direct differentiation. In this review, we discuss the opportunities that microtechnologies, in particular, can provide to the unique qualities of stem cell biology. Microtechnology, by allowing organization and manipulation of cells and molecules at biologically relevant length scales, enables control of the cellular environment and assessment of cell functions and phenotypes with cellular resolution. This provides opportunities to, for instance, create more realistic stem cell niches, perform multi-parameter profiling of single cells, and direct the extracellular signals that control cell fate. All these features take place in an environment whose small size naturally conserves reagent and allows for multiplexing of experiments. By appropriately applying micro-scale engineering principles to stem cell research, we believe that significant breakthroughs can be made in stem cell research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chin Toh
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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26
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Physicochemical control of adult stem cell differentiation: shedding light on potential molecular mechanisms. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:743476. [PMID: 20379388 PMCID: PMC2850549 DOI: 10.1155/2010/743476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Realization of the exciting potential for stem-cell-based biomedical and therapeutic applications, including tissue engineering, requires an understanding of the cell-cell and cell-environment interactions. To this end, recent efforts have been focused on the manipulation of adult stem cell differentiation using inductive soluble factors, designing suitable mechanical environments, and applying noninvasive physical forces. Although each of these different approaches has been successfully applied to regulate stem cell differentiation, it would be of great interest and importance to integrate and optimally combine a few or all of the physicochemical differentiation cues to induce synergistic stem cell differentiation. Furthermore, elucidation of molecular mechanisms that mediate the effects of multiple differentiation cues will enable the researcher to better manipulate stem cell behavior and response.
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Darwiche H, Petersen BE. Biology of the adult hepatic progenitor cell: "ghosts in the machine". PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2010; 97:229-49. [PMID: 21074735 PMCID: PMC3122078 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385233-5.00008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This chapter reviews some of the basic biological principles governing adult progenitor cells of the liver and the mechanisms by which they operate. If scientists were better able to understand the conditions that govern stem cell mechanics in the liver, it may be possible to apply that understanding in a clinical setting for use in the treatment or cure of human pathologies. This chapter gives a basic introduction to hepatic progenitor cell biology and explores what is known about progenitor cell-mediated liver regeneration. We also discuss the putative stem cell niche in the liver, as well as the signaling pathways involved in stem cell regulation. Finally, the isolation and clinical application of stem cells to human diseases is reviewed, along with the current thoughts on the relationship between stem cells and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Darwiche
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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28
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Giuffrida D, Rogers IM, Nagy A, Calogero AE, Brown TJ, Casper RF. Human embryonic stem cells secrete soluble factors that inhibit cancer cell growth. Cell Prolif 2009; 42:788-98. [PMID: 19732065 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2009.00640.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine whether normal human embryonic stem cells (hESC) would secrete factors that arrest growth of human epithelial cancer cell lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cell proliferation was examined using the MTT assay then haemocytometer cell counts. Staining with propidium iodide followed by flow cytometry was used to detect cell cycle stages. Heat denaturation and molecular fractionation experiments were also performed. RESULTS We found that hESC conditioned medium (hESC CM) inhibited SKOV-3 and HEY cell proliferation. Similar results were also obtained when we used breast and prostate cancer cell lines, whereas little or no inhibitory effect was observed when human fibroblasts were tested. Moreover, a co-culture model confirmed that inhibition of cancer cell proliferation is mediated by soluble factors produced by hESCs. We also determined that the proportion of cancer cells in G(1) phase was increased by hESC CM treatment, accompanied by decrease in cells in S and G(2)/M phases, suggesting that the factors slow progression of cancer cells by cell cycle inhibition. Heat denaturation and molecular fractionation experiments indicated a low molecular weight thermostable factor was responsible for these properties. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide evidence that the human embryonic microenvironment contains soluble factor(s) that are capable of inhibiting growth of cancer cells, and that exposure to such factors may represent a new cancer treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Giuffrida
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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29
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Snykers S, De Kock J, Rogiers V, Vanhaecke T. In vitro differentiation of embryonic and adult stem cells into hepatocytes: state of the art. Stem Cells 2009; 27:577-605. [PMID: 19056906 PMCID: PMC2729674 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2008-0963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are a unique source of self-renewing cells within the human body. Before the end of the last millennium, adult stem cells, in contrast to their embryonic counterparts, were considered to be lineage-restricted cells or incapable of crossing lineage boundaries. However, the unique breakthrough of muscle and liver regeneration by adult bone marrow stem cells at the end of the 1990s ended this long-standing paradigm. Since then, the number of articles reporting the existence of multipotent stem cells in skin, neuronal tissue, adipose tissue, and bone marrow has escalated, giving rise, both in vivo and in vitro, to cell types other than their tissue of origin. The phenomenon of fate reprogrammation and phenotypic diversification remains, though, an enigmatic and rare process. Understanding how to control both proliferation and differentiation of stem cells and their progeny is a challenge in many fields, going from preclinical drug discovery and development to clinical therapy. In this review, we focus on current strategies to differentiate embryonic, mesenchymal(-like), and liver stem/progenitor cells into hepatocytes in vitro. Special attention is paid to intracellular and extracellular signaling, genetic modification, and cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. In addition, some recommendations are proposed to standardize, optimize, and enrich the in vitro production of hepatocyte-like cells out of stem/progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Snykers
- Department of Toxicology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium.
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30
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Deciphering the stem cell machinery as a basis for understanding the molecular mechanism underlying reprogramming. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66:3403-20. [PMID: 19662495 PMCID: PMC2759443 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0095-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells provide fascinating prospects for biomedical applications by combining the ability to renew themselves and to differentiate into specialized cell types. Since the first isolation of embryonic stem (ES) cells about 30 years ago, there has been a series of groundbreaking discoveries that have the potential to revolutionize modern life science. For a long time, embryos or germ cell-derived cells were thought to be the only source of pluripotency--a dogma that has been challenged during the last decade. Several findings revealed that cell differentiation from (stem) cells to mature cells is not in fact an irreversible process. The molecular mechanism underlying cellular reprogramming is poorly understood thus far. Identifying how pluripotency maintenance takes place in ES cells can help us to understand how pluripotency induction is regulated. Here, we review recent advances in the field of stem cell regulation focusing on key transcription factors and their functional interplay with non-coding RNAs.
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31
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Snykers S, Henkens T, De Rop E, Vinken M, Fraczek J, De Kock J, De Prins E, Geerts A, Rogiers V, Vanhaecke T. Role of epigenetics in liver-specific gene transcription, hepatocyte differentiation and stem cell reprogrammation. J Hepatol 2009; 51:187-211. [PMID: 19457566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2009.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Controlling both growth and differentiation of stem cells and their differentiated somatic progeny is a challenge in numerous fields, from preclinical drug development to clinical therapy. Recently, new insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms have unveiled key regulatory roles of epigenetic marks driving cellular pluripotency, differentiation and self-renewal/proliferation. Indeed, the transcription of genes, governing cell-fate decisions during development and maintenance of a cell's differentiated status in adult life, critically depends on the chromatin accessibility of transcription factors to genomic regulatory and coding regions. In this review, we discuss the epigenetic control of (liver-specific) gene-transcription and the intricate interplay between chromatin modulation, including histone (de)acetylation and DNA (de)methylation, and liver-enriched transcription factors. Special attention is paid to their role in directing hepatic differentiation of primary hepatocytes and stem cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Snykers
- Department of Toxicology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
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32
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Gaudio E, Carpino G, Cardinale V, Franchitto A, Onori P, Alvaro D. New insights into liver stem cells. Dig Liver Dis 2009; 41:455-62. [PMID: 19403350 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2009.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic progenitor cells are bi-potential stem cells residing in human and animal livers that are able to differentiate towards the hepatocytic and the cholangiocytic lineages. In adult livers, hepatic progenitor cells are quiescent stem cells with a low proliferating rate, representing a reserve compartment that is activated only when the mature epithelial cells of the liver are continuously damaged or inhibited in their replication, or in cases of severe cell loss. Hepatic progenitor cell activation has been described in various acute and chronic liver diseases. Their niche is composed by numerous cells such as Hepatic Stellate Cells, endothelial cells, hepatocytes, cholangiocytes, Kupffer cells, pit cells and inflammatory cells. All these cells, numerous hormones and growth factors could interact and cross-talk with progenitor cells influencing their proliferative and differentiative processes. Hepatic progenitor cells and their niche could represent, in the near future, a target for therapeutic approaches to liver disease based on cell-specific drug delivery systems. Isolation and transplantation of hepatic progenitor cells could represent a new approach for therapy of end-stage chronic liver diseases, as they offer many advantages to transplantation of mature hepatocytes. The possibility of applying stem cell therapy to liver diseases will represent a major goal in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gaudio
- Department of Human Anatomy, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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Colmone A, Amorim M, Pontier AL, Wang S, Jablonski E, Sipkins DA. Leukemic cells create bone marrow niches that disrupt the behavior of normal hematopoietic progenitor cells. Science 2009; 322:1861-5. [PMID: 19095944 DOI: 10.1126/science.1164390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 449] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The host tissue microenvironment influences malignant cell proliferation and metastasis, but little is known about how tumor-induced changes in the microenvironment affect benign cellular ecosystems. Applying dynamic in vivo imaging to a mouse model, we show that leukemic cell growth disrupts normal hematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) bone marrow niches and creates abnormal microenvironments that sequester transplanted human CD34+ (HPC-enriched) cells. CD34+ cells in leukemic mice declined in number over time and failed to mobilize into the peripheral circulation in response to cytokine stimulation. Neutralization of stem cell factor (SCF) secreted by leukemic cells inhibited CD34+ cell migration into malignant niches, normalized CD34+ cell numbers, and restored CD34+ cell mobilization in leukemic mice. These data suggest that the tumor microenvironment causes HPC dysfunction by usurping normal HPC niches and that therapeutic inhibition of HPC interaction with tumor niches may help maintain normal progenitor cell function in the setting of malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Colmone
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue MC 2115, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Konopleva M, Tabe Y, Zeng Z, Andreeff M. Therapeutic targeting of microenvironmental interactions in leukemia: mechanisms and approaches. Drug Resist Updat 2009; 12:103-13. [PMID: 19632887 PMCID: PMC3640296 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In hematological malignancies, there are dynamic interactions between leukemic cells and cells of the bone marrow microenvironment. Specific niches within the bone marrow microenvironment provide a sanctuary for subpopulations of leukemic cells to evade chemotherapy-induced death and allow acquisition of a drug-resistant phenotype. This review focuses on molecular and cellular biology of the normal hematopoietic stem cell and the leukemia stem cell niche, and of the molecular pathways critical for microenvironment/leukemia interactions. The key emerging therapeutic targets include chemokine receptors (CXCR4), adhesion molecules (VLA4 and CD44), and hypoxia-related proteins HIF-1alpha and VEGF. Finally, the genetic and epigenetic abnormalities of leukemia-associated stroma will be discussed. This complex interplay provides a rationale for appropriately tailored molecular therapies targeting not only leukemic cells but also their microenvironment to ensure improved outcomes in leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Konopleva
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030,Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Yoko Tabe
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zhihong Zeng
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Michael Andreeff
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030,Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
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Boonen KJ, Post MJ. The Muscle Stem Cell Niche: Regulation of Satellite Cells During Regeneration. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2008; 14:419-31. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2008.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristel J.M. Boonen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mark J. Post
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Physiology, CARIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Stocum DL, Zupanc GK. Stretching the limits: Stem cells in regeneration science. Dev Dyn 2008; 237:3648-71. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Ward RJ, Dirks PB. Cancer stem cells: at the headwaters of tumor development. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2008; 2:175-89. [PMID: 18039097 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pathol.2.010506.091847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
According to the cancer stem cell hypothesis, only a subpopulation of cells within a cancer has the capacity to sustain tumor growth. This subpopulation of cells is made up of cancer stem cells, which are defined simply as the population of cells within a tumor that can self-renew, differentiate, and regenerate a phenocopy of the cancer when injected in vivo. Cancer stem cells have now been prospectively isolated from human cancers of the blood, breast, and brain, and putative cancer stem cells have been identified from human skin, bone, and prostate tumors and from multiple established mammalian cancer cell lines. Furthermore, researchers are actively seeking cancer stem cells in every human cancer type. We present the current scientific evidence supporting the cancer stem cell hypothesis and discuss the experimental and therapeutic implications of the discovery of human cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Ward
- Program in Developmental Biology, Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Salvador LM, Silva CP, Kostetskii I, Radice GL, Strauss JF. The promoter of the oocyte-specific gene, Gdf9, is active in population of cultured mouse embryonic stem cells with an oocyte-like phenotype. Methods 2008; 45:172-81. [PMID: 18593614 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2008.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2007] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of germ cell-specific gene regulation in vitro is challenging. Here we report that the promoter of the oocyte-specific gene, Gdf9, is active in a population of cultured murine embryonic stem cells (ES) which have a phenotype resembling oocytes. The promoter region of the murine Gdf9 coupled to enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) was stably transfected into XX mouse ES cells. eGFP was expressed only in oocytes of chimeric mice generated from the transfected XX ES cells. The transfected ES cells were examined when cultured on feeder layers or as embryoid bodies. Large eGFP-positive cells, surrounded by a structure resembling a zona pellucida appeared transiently in cultures of the ES cells on feeder layers. Surprisingly, they were detectable on days 1 and 2 of culture but virtually absent on day 3. Addition of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) to the media significantly increased the number of eGFP-positive cels resembling oocytes. Quantitative-time PCR demonstrated a parallel increase in Gdf9 and Zp3 mRNA with changes in the abundance of eGFP-positive cells. In embryoid body cultures, eGFP-positive cells appeared transiently and then re-appeared in regional clusters after 30-45 days of culture. These findings demonstrate that a population of cultured murine ES cells contain the transcriptional machinery to drive expression of an oocyte-specific gene, and that those cells phenotypically resemble oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Salvador
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women's Health, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Gupta S, Rosenberg ME. Do stem cells exist in the adult kidney? Am J Nephrol 2008; 28:607-13. [PMID: 18285682 DOI: 10.1159/000117311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Adult stem cells exist in many organs and play a critical role in normal cell turnover and the response to injury. The existence of adult stem cells in the mammalian kidney remains controversial. Kidney stem cells have been isolated and characterized by many groups, often with discrepant results. This article will review the current state of knowledge regarding adult kidney stem cells and discuss future directions for kidney stem cell research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Gupta
- Department of Medicine and Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Abstract
Like many stem cell systems, the Caenorhabditis elegans germ line contains a self-renewing germ cell population that is maintained by a niche. Although the exact cellular mechanism for self-renewal is not yet known, three recent studies shed considerable light on the cell cycle behavior of germ cells, including a support for significant and plastic renewal potential. This review brings together the results of the three recent cell-based studies, places them in the context of previous work, and discusses future perspectives for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Jane Albert Hubbard
- New York University School of Medicine, Developmental Genetics, Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, Helen and Martin Kimmel Center for Stem Cell Biology, New York, New York 10016, USA.
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Sambasivan R, Tajbakhsh S. Skeletal muscle stem cell birth and properties. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2007; 18:870-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2007.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2007] [Accepted: 09/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Andersen RK, Johansen M, Blaabjerg M, Zimmer J, Meyer M. Neural tissue-spheres: A microexplant culture method for propagation of precursor cells from the rat forebrain subventricular zone. J Neurosci Methods 2007; 165:55-63. [PMID: 17588672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2007.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2007] [Revised: 05/02/2007] [Accepted: 05/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
By combining new and established protocols we have developed a procedure for isolation and propagation of neural precursor cells from the forebrain subventricular zone (SVZ) of newborn rats. Small tissue blocks of the SVZ were dissected and propagated en bloc as free-floating neural tissue-spheres (NTS) in EGF and FGF2 containing medium. The spheres were cut into quarters when passaged every 10-15th day, avoiding mechanical or enzymatic dissociation in order to minimize cellular trauma and preserve intercellular contacts. For analysis of regional differences within the forebrain SVZ, NTS were derived from three rostro-caudal levels of the lateral ventricles (anterior, intermediate and posterior) and propagated separately. Explants from all three levels produced proliferating NTS, but "anterior" NTS in general grew to smaller sizes than "intermediate" and "posterior" NTS. Posterior NTS moreover maintained their neurogenic potential throughout 77 days of propagation, while the ability of anterior NTS to generate neurons severely declined from day 40. The present procedure describes isolation and long-term expansion of forebrain SVZ tissue with potential preservation of the endogenous cellular content, thus allowing experimental studies of neural precursor cells and their niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke K Andersen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Winsløwparken 21, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
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