An insight into gut microbiota and its functionalities

The mechanistic action of mogroside V in the alleviation of oxidative aging

INTRODUCE

Diseases related to oxidative ageing are becoming increasingly evident in younger individuals. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the actions of mogroside V when used to treat anti-oxidative ageing.

METHODS

We used D-galactose-induced LO2 cells and C57BL/6J mice as models to investigate the molecular mechanisms of mogroside V (MV) for the treatment of oxidative ageing. Network pharmacology was used to predict the targets of MV for the treatment of oxidative ageing.

RESULTS

By down-regulating the EGFR/p38/JNK pathway, MV significantly inhibited oxidative ageing and apoptosis in cells, reduced the levels of SA-β-galactosidase. In mice, compared with the model group, MV treatment (100 mg/kg·d) reduced MDA levels and significantly increased the levels of GSH and SOD; furthermore, the size and structure of the liver leaflet and glomeruli was arranged in a regular manner; the small intestine glands had decreased in size. Moreover, the expression levels of Ptp1b mRNA had increased significantly while the levels of c-Jun mRNA and protein were significantly reduced. MV also increased the proportion of beneficial bacteria in the small intestine, including Bacteroidales and Lactobacillaceae.

CONCLUSION

Our analyses revealed that MV can significantly reduce oxidative ageing caused by the accumulation of D-galactose.

Amoxicillin-induced bacterial gut dysbiosis: A critical influence on mice reproduction and their offspring development

The use of antibiotics such as amoxicillin can induce intestinal dysbiosis leading to rupture the essential microbiota role in regulating immune, metabolic, and reproductive functions. This study assessed the effects of amoxicillin-induced intestinal dysbiosis on the female mice reproductive function and its repercussions on their offspring. Female mice were treated with amoxicillin for 15 days (AMOX) showed an increase in Proteobacteria and a decrease in Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in feces and estrous cycle changes, with a predominance of the metestrus and diestrus phases in the treated mice. During gestation the AMOX group presented reduced number of implantations and decreased embryonic viability, resulting in a higher rate of resorption. Differential gene expression of reproductive hormones in AMOX-treated female mice suggested that intestinal dysbiosis interferes with hormonal regulation during pregnancy. The survival, body development, and intestinal microbiota composition of offspring showed significantly altered patterns in the AMOX mice. These findings indicate that amoxicillin-induced intestinal dysbiosis affects not only the estrous cycle and reproductive hormones but also has lasting impacts on offspring development. The study highlights the need for caution in the use of antibiotics during pregnancy to avoid potential harm to maternal and offspring health.

Causal relationship between gut microbiota, lipids, and neuropsychiatric disorders: A Mendelian randomization mediation study

BACKGROUND

Numerous studies have shown an interconnection between the gut microbiota and the brain via the "gut-brain" axis. However, the causal relationships between gut microbiota, lipids, and neuropsychiatric disorders remain unclear. This study aimed to analyze potential associations among gut microbiota, lipids, and neuropsychiatric disorders-including AD, PD, ALS, MS, SCZ, MDD, and BD-using summary data from large-scale GWAS.

METHODS

Bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) with inverse variance weighting (IVW) was the primary method. Supplementary analyses included sensitivity analyses, Steiger tests, and Bayesian weighted MR (BWMR). Mediation analyses used two-step MR (TSMR) and multivariable MR (MVMR).

RESULTS

The analyses revealed 51 positive correlations (risk factors) (β > 0, P < 0.05) and 47 negative correlations (protective factors) (β < 0, P < 0.05) between gut microbiota and neuropsychiatric disorders. In addition, 35 positive correlations (β > 0, P < 0.05) and 22 negative correlations (β < 0, P < 0.05) between lipids and neuropsychiatric disorders were observed. Assessment of reverse causality with the seven neuropsychiatric disorders as exposures and the identified gut microbiota and lipids as outcomes revealed no evidence of reverse causality (P > 0.05). Mediation analysis indicated that the effect of the species Bacteroides plebeius on MDD is partially mediated through the regulation of phosphatidylcholine (16:0_20:4) levels (mediation proportion = 10.9 % [95 % CI = 0.0110-0.2073]).

CONCLUSION

This study provides evidence of a causal relationship between gut microbiota and neuropsychiatric disorders, suggesting lipids as mediators. These findings offer new insights into the mechanisms by which gut microbiota may influence neuropsychiatric disorders.

Evidence of synbiotic potential of oat beverage enriched with inulin and fermented by L. rhamnosus LR B in a dynamic in vitro model of human colon

Fermented dairy products are known for their efficiency in delivering and protecting probiotic microorganisms. However, there is a growing demand for diversification of the market with plant-based products. The aim of this study was to develop an oat beverage enriched with inulin and fermented with Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus LR B and evaluate its synbiotic effects in vitro. For this purpose, the validated dynamic colon model (the TNO Intestinal Model TIM-2) was used with focus on the composition of the gut microbiota and its production of metabolites to evaluate the functionality. The fermentation kinetics, sugars, organic acids and inulin dosage in the fermented oat beverage were also evaluated. The acidification rate was 16.91 10-3 pH units.min-1, reaching the final pH of 4.5 in 2.38 ± 0.05 h. Dosages of sucrose, glucose and lactic acid were 23.35 ± 0.45 g.L-1, 21.37 ± 0.77 g.L-1, 0.94 ± 0.05 g.L-1, respectively. After simulated in vitro digestion, the inulin concentration was partially preserved with 20.11 ± 0.21 maltose equivalent (μg.mL-1). The fermented and pre-digested oat beverage (with 7.71 ± 0.44 log CFU.mL-1) was fed into TIM-2, which was previously inoculated with feces from healthy adults. The analysis identified nine bacterial taxa that were significantly modulated compared to the standard ileal effluent medium (SIEM) control. An increase in relative abundance of Lactobacillus and Catenibacterium, and reduction in Citrobacter, Escherichia-Shigella, and Klebsiella was observed. In addition, the cumulative means of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) increased, especially for acetate and butyrate. These findings suggest that the developed oat beverage can positively influence the gut microbiota and its activity, highlighting possible health benefits.

Gut microbiota promotes cholesterol gallstone formation through the gut-metabolism-gene axis

BACKGROUND

Gallstone disease, arising from the interplay between host metabolism and gut microbiota, represents a significant health concern. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiome and disruptions in circadian rhythm contribute to the pathogenesis of gallstones. This study conducted a comprehensive analysis of gut microbiota and metabolites derived from stool and serum samples of 28 patients with cholesterol gallstones (CGS) and 19 healthy controls, employing methodologies such as 16S rRNA sequencing, metaproteomics, metabolomics, and host genetic analysis. Additionally, a retrospective cohort study was utilized to assess the efficacy of probiotics or ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in preventing CGS formation post-bariatric surgery.

RESULTS

In CGS patients, gut microbiota diversity shifted, with harmful bacteria rising and beneficial ones declining. The altered microbiota primarily affected amino acid, lipid, nucleotide, and carbohydrate metabolism. Metabolic abnormalities were noted in amino acids, glucose, lipids, and bile acids with decreased levels of ursodeoxycholic, glycosodeoxycholic, and glycolithocholic acids, and increased glycohyodeoxycholic and allocholic acids. Glutamine and alanine levels dropped, while phenylalanine and tyrosine rosed. Animal studies confirmed gene changes in gallbladder tissues related to bile acid, energy, glucose, and lipid metabolism. Importantly, UDCA and probiotics effectively reduced CGS risk post-bariatric surgery, especially when combined.

CONCLUSIONS

Multi-omics can clarify CGS pathology, by focusing on the gut-metabolism-gene axis, paving the way for future studies on CGS prevention and treatment through gut microbiota or metabolic interventions.

Supplementation of 2'-Fucosyllactose during the Growth Period Improves Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Offspring Mice Induced by Maternal Immune Activation

Autism spectrum disorder is a serious neurodevelopmental disorder whose early onset significantly affects an individual's social interactions and cognitive function. Recent research suggests that modulating the gut microbiota could be a potential intervention strategy for autism spectrum disorder symptoms. 2'-Fucosyllactose has been identified as a regulator of gut microbiota homeostasis, however, its effectiveness in addressing autism spectrum disorder remains unclear. In this study, the effects of daily supplementation of 2'-FL in 3-week-old male offspring mice for 5 weeks were examined. The results showed that 2'-fucosyllactose significantly improved autism spectrum disorder-like behavioral deficits. Furthermore, supplementation with 2'-fucosyllactose restored intestinal barrier integrity and increased relative abundance of beneficial gut bacteria, particularly Akkermansia and Bifidobacterium that are closely related to bile acid metabolism. Notably, 2'-fucosyllactose treatment elevated the content of bile acids and upregulated the expression of bile acid receptors in the brain. Co-housing experiments further confirmed the crucial role of gut microbiota in mediating the beneficial effects of 2'-fucosyllactose. Overall, this study suggests that 2'-fucosyllactose could alleviate maternal immune activation-induced behavioral deficits and neuroinflammation through the regulation of the gut-brain axis, offering potential therapeutic value.

Unveiling the Characteristics of Microbiota in Different Mucosal Layers of Leopard Coral Grouper (Plectropomus leopardus)

Mucosal microbiomes play an important role in digestion, nutrition, and resistance to pathogens and toxins in fish; thus, characterizing the mucosal microbiomes of economically important fish species is paramount. In this study, mucosal microbiomes of healthy leopard coral grouper (Plectropomus leopardus), which is of economic importance worldwide, were systematically analyzed and compared by using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. The analysis of alpha-diversity and beta-diversity revealed significant differences in the structure and composition of the microbial community between different mucosal layers of P. leopardus. The skin microbiota showed the lowest microbial diversity among the three tissues, and the highest interindividual variability within gill groups was observed. Proteobacteria is the dominant phylum of the gut, skin, and gill microbiomes. Microbial biomarkers of the three mucosal tissues were identified, with the genera Parvibaculum, Aminobacter, Sphingobium, and Ralstonia for skin; Mesoflavibacter, Winogradskyella, Malaciobacter, Nautella, and Marinobacterium for gills; and Cetobacterium, Photobacterium, and Vibrio for gut. These genera were also the core microorganisms in each tissue. A large number of identical pathways of the three mucosal surfaces microbiome (e.g., pathways related to metabolism, human diseases, genetic/environmental information processing) and some specifically enriched pathways in each tissue were identified. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed that there were more ecological communities and higher functional diversity in the gill microbiota, and the interactions between gut microbiota are closer and more stable. Our study provides a new perspective for a comprehensive understanding of the mucosal microbiota of P. leopardus, contributing to an in-depth exploration of the interaction between fish and microorganisms, and may help to predict potential disease outbreaks, thus promoting the development of the fish farming industry.

The aspartate superpathway in gut microbiota-related metabolic pathways mediates immune cell protection against COPD and IPF: a Mendelian randomization analysis

BACKGROUND

Both genetic and environmental factors can influence idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) development. The gut microbiota plays crucial roles in maintaining tissue homeostasis. Dysregulation of the gut microbiota can result in disease. However, whether the alteration of the gut microbiota influences IPF and COPD remains unknown.

RESEARCH QUESTION

What is the causal relationship between IPF, COPD and the gut microbiota-related metabolic pathways? What are the potential intermediate mediators in this relationship?

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

Intersect the gut microbiota and its metabolic pathways associated with IPF and COPD. Utilizing summary data from GWAS in public databases, a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was conducted on the gut microbiota-related metabolic pathway, the aspartate superpathway, in relation to IPF and COPD. Furthermore, we employed a two-step MR to quantify the proportion of influence mediated by monocytes and cDCs on the aspartate superpathway in relation to IPF and COPD.

RESULTS

The MR analysis found that the aspartate superpathway decreased the risk of developing IPF and COPD. Monocytes and cDCs acted as intermediary substances, participating in this with influence proportions of 7.88% and 6.27%, respectively.

INTERPRETATION

There is a causal link between the gut microbiota-related metabolic pathway, the aspartate superpathway, and IPF and COPD, where the influence is partially mediated by monocytes and cDCs. In clinical practice, we increase the focus on gut microbiota-mediated immune cells in relation to IPF and COPD.

Alginate Oligosaccharide Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction in Balb/c Mice: Mechanistic Insights

Alginate oligosaccharide (AOS) is a structurally distinct carbohydrate derived from marine algae. In this study, AOS was obtained through the enzymatic hydrolysis of alginate, and the anti-inflammatory efficacy of AOS was assessed in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory Balb/c mice. AOS effectively suppressed the overexpression of TNF-α, IL-6, and MDA while restoring the reduced SOD activity. Histopathological analysis revealed that AOS significantly reduced the level of LPS-induced tissue edema, inflammatory infiltration, and villous destruction. Additionally, AOS notably upregulated tight junction proteins Claudin-1, Occludin, and ZO-1 expression. Transcriptomic and Western blot analyses indicated that AOS primarily mediated the restriction of the TLR4/MAPK/NF-κB pathway in the jejunum. Moreover, AOS ameliorated gut microbiota dysbiosis, such as increasing in Bacteroidota, alongside decreasing in Firmicutes, Campylobacter, and Desulfovibrio, respectively. Metabolomics demonstrated that AOS improved the LPS-induced reduction of short-chain fatty acids in the gut. These results provide compelling evidence supporting the potential of AOS against acute intestinal inflammation.

Chinese herb pairs for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases: Compatibility effects, pharmacological potential, clinical efficacy, and molecular mechanisms

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases are pathophysiologically interconnected. In the past, researchers have mainly focused on developing one herbal medicine treatment. Single herb often fails to address the multifactorial pathology of these diseases. The pathogenesis and progression of the disease are complex, making the therapeutic effect of a single herb potentially limiting. Traditional Chinese medicine emphasizes herb pairs, which enhance therapeutic efficacy through synergistic interactions.

AIM OF THE REVIEW

This review focused on the mechanisms and potential clinical applications of Chinese herb pairs such as Astragali Radix-Carthami Flos, Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix-Puerariae Lobatae Radix, Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix-Chuanxiong Rhizoma, Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix-Notoginseng Radix, Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix-Carthami Flos, Astragali Radix-Angelicae Sinensis Radix, Notoginseng Radix-Carthami Flos, and Astragali Radix-Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix, as well as provided a scientific basis for clinical applications of Chinese herb pairs.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A systematic search and collection of studies on Chinese herb pairs in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases was carried out using electronic databases such as PubMed, CNKI, Wan Fang Database, Baidu Scholar, and Web of Science. The keywords searched included Chinese herb pairs, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, Astragali Radix, Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix, Angelicae Sinensis Radix, Carthami Flos, Notoginseng Radix, and so on.

RESULTS

Studies revealed that the Chinese herb pairs had more beneficial effects than single herb and demonstrated a variety of roles in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Preclinical studies indicated that Chinese herb pairs are more effective than single herb in treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases by modulating disease-related pathways and molecular targets. Further research is needed to fully explore their potential. The review also outlined the potential clinical applications of these Chinese herb pairs, highlighting their safety and efficacy.

CONCLUSIONS

Chinese herb pairs showed good promise as an alternative therapy for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases due to their multi-component and multi-target characteristics. Consequently, further research was necessary to fully explore the potential of Chinese herb pairs in treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, based on the current data.

Bioavailability and gut microbiota modulation of polyphenol from Camellia oleifera shells during digestion and fermentation in vitro

BACKGROUND

Camellia oleifera shells (COS) are a by-product of camellia oil processing and are rich in polyphenols. To date, the polyphenols extracted from COS have not been fully developed. In this study, two polyphenol fractions, referred to as 20P and 40P, were obtained by sequentially eluting the COS crude extract from an AB-8 macroporous resin column using ethanol at concentrations of 20% and 40% with different polarities. In addition, the biotransformation processes of these two polyphenols and their effects on the gut microbiota were studied.

RESULTS

The results of in vitro digestion showed that at the end of the intestinal digestion stage the total phenolic content (TPC) content (0.34 ± 0.050 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) mg-1 dry weight (DW)) and antioxidant activity (0.53 ± 0.0076 mg vitamin C (Vc) mg-1 DW) of the 20P component were significantly higher than those of the 40P component (0.19 ± 0.020 mg GAE mg-1 DW; 0.39 ± 0.016 mg Vc mg-1 DW). In addition, the experiment also found that the phenolic composition and transformation process of 20P and 40P components were significantly different, and the TPC content (0.30 ± 0.058 mg GAE mg-1 DW) and antioxidant capacity (0.73 ± 0.034 mg Vc mg-1 DW) of the 40P component were significantly higher than that of the 20P (0.13 ± 0.035 mg GAE mg-1 DW); (0.19 ± 0.013 mg Vc mg-1 DW) component during in vitro fermentation. This may be related to the types of compounds extracted by solvents with different polarities. In addition, both 20P and 40P components significantly regulated the gut microbiota and promoted the production of short-chain fatty acids.

CONCLUSION

These results indicate that polyphenols from different polar sources of COS can serve as valuable bioactive compounds with potential health-regulating properties. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.

The structural characteristics, beneficial effects and biological mechanisms of food and medicinal plant polysaccharides on exercise-induced fatigue: A review

Exercise-induced fatigue is a common non-pathological condition as a result of excessive or exhaustive sport exercise, and its effective alleviation is essential for optimal sport performance. The use of polysaccharides extracted from food and medicinal plants has been increasingly recognized for their efficacy in relieving exercise-induced fatigue, owing to their remarkable effects and lack of side effects as supplements. Through a comprehensive analysis of nearly two decades of research, we have identified that polysaccharides derived from food and medicinal plants exhibit anti-fatigue properties primarily through antioxidant mechanisms, modulation of immune responses, regulation of gut microbiota, and the regulation of metabolic processes-often involving a combination of these factors. Importantly, the anti-fatigue effects and mechanisms of action are strongly dependent on their molecular composition structural characteristics, molecular weight, and other physiochemical properties. This article aims to provide an up-to-date and systematic review of the beneficial effects and underlying biological mechanisms for alleviation of exercise-induced fatigue and the molecular properties of dietary and medicinal plant polysaccharides. The ultimate goal is to establish a more robust theoretical foundation and identify the potential structural modifications of food and medicinal plant polysaccharides in mitigating exercise-induced fatigue.

Genetic liability to gut microbiota and inflammatory cytokines in relation to systemic lupus erythematosus risk: a multi-omics study

OBJECTIVES

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has been associated with gut microbiota in some studies. There is no clear evidence that cytokines act as mediators.

METHODS

We first assessed the differences in gut microbiota between SLE patients and healthy controls using 16S rDNA sequencing. Subsequently, we used the summary statistics of gut microbiota, cytokines, and SLE from large genome-wide association studies. To explore the causal relationships between gut microbiota and SLE and identify potential mediating cytokines, we performed bidirectional Mendelian randomization analyses. Finally, the levels of potentially mediating cytokines were determined by ELISA.

RESULTS

Fecal 16S rDNA sequencing showed that there was gut microbiota disorder in SLE patients. Based on two-sample analysis, seven gut microbiota taxa were causally associated with SLE. SLE influenced the relative abundance of two gut microbiota taxa in our large-scale MR study. Mediation analyses revealed that the causal relationship between genus Lachnospiraceae UCG001 and SLE was exclusively mediated by fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) levels and the causal relationship between order Lactobacillales and SLE was exclusively mediated by tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9 (TNFRSF9) levels. Elevated levels of FGF19 affected the association between the reduced relative abundance of the genus Coprobacter and SLE, mediating by a proportion of 10.64% (P = 0.030). Furthermore, ELISA showed that circulating TNFRSF9 and FGF19 levels were higher in SLE patients than healthy controls.

CONCLUSION

Our study demonstrated that there is a causal link between some gut microbiota taxa and SLE. In addition, we revealed possible mediating effects in this relationship. Key Points • We first demonstrate a causal association between gut microbiota, cytokines, and SLE comprehensively. • Our experiments also confirmed that TNFRSF9 and FGF19 may play a role in SLE. These results provide new ideas for microbiome-based investigation of new mechanisms and therapies for SLE.

Impacts of Vincristine and Prednisolone Chemotherapy on the Canine Gut Microbiota in Dogs Undergoing Treatment for Lymphoma

Chemotherapy can have adverse gastrointestinal effects in dogs and people. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of vincristine and prednisolone/prednisone, as part of a CHOP chemotherapy [cyclophosphamide, hydroxydaunorubicin, oncovin (vincristine) and prednisolone/prednisone] protocol, on gastrointestinal dysbiosis in dogs with lymphoma. We hypothesised the first week of chemotherapy (administration of vincristine and prednisolone/prednisone, VCR/Pred) produces compositional and functional shifts in the canine faecal microbiota that are associated with increased dysbiosis. Faecal samples from canine lymphoma patients (n = 25) were compared for microbiota and metabolites before (pre-chemotherapy) and after the first week of VCR/Pred (post-chemotherapy). A dysbiosis index (DI) was calculated for each dog via quantitative PCR of seven bacterial taxa established for altered ratios in canine gastrointestinal dysbiosis: Faecalibacterium, Turicibacter, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus, Blautia, Fusobacterium and Peptacetobacter hiranonis (formerly Clostridium hiranonis). There was a significant increase in the DI post-chemotherapy compared to pre-chemotherapy (p = 0.021) concurrent with a significant decrease in faecal P. hiranonis concentrations post-chemotherapy (p = 0.0003). 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing analysis revealed a significant decrease in Enterococcaceae post-chemotherapy (p = 0.013). Targeted faecal lipid profiling identified markers of host and bacterial metabolic dysfunction that were altered following chemotherapy, including significant decreases in arachidonate (p = 0.0015), nervonate (p = 0.027), cholestanol (p = 0.011) and campesterol (p = 0.0035). These findings support that shifts in gut microbiota structure and function may contribute to gastroenteritis in dogs following the first week of VCR/Pred. Gut dysbiosis measures are important for improved treatment options that alleviate gastrointestinal complications associated with chemotherapy in animals and people.

Unraveling MASLD: The Role of Gut Microbiota, Dietary Modulation, and AI-Driven Lifestyle Interventions

Gut microbiota has a crucial role in the pathophysiology of metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), influencing various metabolic mechanisms and contributing to the development of the disease. Dietary interventions targeting gut microbiota have shown potential in modulating microbial composition and mitigating MASLD progression. In this context, the integration of multi-omics analysis and artificial intelligence (AI) in personalized nutrition offers new opportunities for tailoring dietary strategies based on individual microbiome profiles and metabolic responses. The use of chatbots and other AI-based health solutions offers a unique opportunity to democratize access to health interventions due to their low cost, accessibility, and scalability. Future research should focus on the clinical validation of AI-powered dietary strategies, integrating microbiome-based therapies and precision nutrition approaches. Establishing standardized protocols and ethical guidelines will be crucial for implementing AI in MASLD management, paving the way for a more personalized, data-driven approach to disease prevention and treatment.

Fu brick tea supplementation ameliorates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and associated endotoxemia via maintaining intestinal homeostasis and remodeling hepatic immune microenvironment

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a prevalent disorder of excessive fat accumulation and inflammation in the liver that currently lacks effective therapeutic interventions. Fu brick tea (FBT) has been shown to ameliorate liver damage and modulate gut microbiota dysbiosis in NAFLD, but the potential mechanisms have not been comprehensively elucidated, especailly whether its hepatoprotective effects are determined to depend on the homeostasis of gut microbiota, intestinal barrier function and hepatic immune microenvironment. In this study, our results further demonstrated that FBT not only alleviated NAFLD symptoms and related endotoxemia in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed rats, but also attenuated intestinal barrier dysfunction and associated inflammation, also confirmed in Caco-2 cell experiment. Meanwhile, FBT intervention significantly relieved HFD-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis, characterized by increased diversity and composition, particularly facilitating beneficial microbes, including short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and bile acids producers, such as Blautia and Fusicatenibacter, and inhibiting Gram-negative bacteria, such as Prevotella_9 and Phascolarctobacterium. Also, the gut microbiota-dependent hepatoprotective effects of FBT were verified by fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) experiment. Thus, the beneficial moulation of gut microbiota altered by FBT in levels of SCFAs, bile acids and lipopolysaccharides, intestinal barrier function and TLR4/NF-κB pathway contributed to alleviate liver steatosis and inflammation. Additionally, the hepatoprotective effects of FBT was further demonstrated by suppressing Kupffer cell activation and regulating lipid metabolism using an ex vivo model of liver organoid. Therefore, FBT supplementation can maintain intenstinal homeostasis and remodel hepatic immune microenvironment to prevent NAFLD and associated endotoxemia.

Gut microbiota-lncRNA/circRNA crosstalk: implications for different diseases

The gut microbiota features an abundance of diverse microorganisms and represents an important component of human physiology and metabolic homeostasis, indicating their roles in a wide array of physiological and pathological processes in the host. Maintaining balance in the gut microbiota is critical for normal functionality as microbial dysbiosis can lead to the occurrence and development of diseases through various mechanisms. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) are non-coding RNAs that perform important regulatory functions for many processes. Furthermore, the gut microbiota and lncRNAs/circRNAs are known to interact in a range of both physiological and pathological activities. In this article, we review existing research relevant to the interaction between the gut microbiota and lncRNAs/circRNAs and investigate the role of their crosstalk in the pathogenesis of different diseases. Studies have shown that, the gut microbiota can target lncRNAs ENO1-IT1, BFAL1, and LINC00152 to regulate colorectal cancer development via various signaling pathways. In addition, the gut microbiota can influence mental diseases and lung tumor metastasis by modulating circRNAs such as circNF1-419, circ_0001239, circHIPK2 and mmu_circ_0000730. These findings provide a theoretical basis for disease prevention and treatment and suggest that gut microbiota-lncRNA/circRNA crosstalk has high clinical value.

Microbiota, mitochondria, and epigenetics in health and disease: converging pathways to solve the puzzle

Dysbiosis, which refers to an imbalance in the composition of the gut microbiome, has been associated with a range of metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. Although the exact mechanisms connecting gut dysbiosis to these conditions are not fully understood, various lines of evidence strongly suggest a substantial role for the interaction between the gut microbiome, mitochondria, and epigenetics. Current studies suggest that the gut microbiome has the potential to affect mitochondrial function and biogenesis through the production of metabolites. A well-balanced microbiota plays a pivotal role in supporting normal mitochondrial and cellular functions by providing metabolites that are essential for mitochondrial bioenergetics and signaling pathways. Conversely, in the context of illnesses, an unbalanced microbiota can impact mitochondrial function, leading to increased aerobic glycolysis, reduced oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid oxidation, alterations in mitochondrial membrane permeability, and heightened resistance to cellular apoptosis. Mitochondrial activity can also influence the composition and function of the gut microbiota. Because of the intricate interplay between nuclear and mitochondrial communication, the nuclear epigenome can regulate mitochondrial function, and conversely, mitochondria can produce metabolic signals that initiate epigenetic changes within the nucleus. Given the epigenetic modifications triggered by metabolic signals from mitochondria in response to stress or damage, targeting an imbalanced microbiota through interventions could offer a promising strategy to alleviate the epigenetic alterations arising from disrupted mitochondrial signaling.

Nutrition and brain health: Implications of Mediterranean diet elements for psychiatric disorders

The Mediterranean diet is an anti-inflammatory diet now recognized for prevention and intervention against cardiometabolic disorders, although emerging literature also shows its benefits for mental health. This paper surveys literature pertinent to the Mediterranean diet with respect to schizophrenia, bipolar and unipolar depression and cognition. The National Library of Medicine database of literature was searched for publications relating to our topic through June 2024. Our results highlight the Mediterranean diet's potential role in mediating inflammation, potentially through the gut-brain axis, and its neuroprotective role against cognitive decline. Moreover, individual components of the Mediterranean diet are potentially therapeutic as well as protective, particularly fruits, vegetables, fatty fish, and whole grains. These dietary components reduce systemic inflammation, modulate gut microbiota and influence critical pathways such as moderating oxidative stress. Overall, this survey of recent literature highlights the potential of the Mediterranean diet to promote mental health and reduce the risk or severity of psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. The analysis underscores broader implications for the Mediterranean diet in advancing mental health outcomes and emphasizes the need for further studies and increased public education to encourage healthier eating habits and dietary interventions.

Weak salinization alleviates the harmful impact of cyanobacteria on water fleas

Climate change and anthropogenic activities are driving dramatic changes in aquatic ecosystems. In this context, cyanobacterial blooms and freshwater salinization have recently received much attention, however, the comprehensive effects of these stressors on aquatic organisms are complex and have yet to be accurately clarified. This study tested the harmful effects of cyanobacteria and increasing salinity on zooplankton by characterizing the life-history traits and gut microbiota composition in the large-bodied Daphnia pulex and small-bodied Simocephalus vetulus. In 0 g L-1 salinity, the intrinsic growth rates of both species decreased when fed a diet containing cyanobacteria. Without cyanobacteria, the intrinsic growth rate of D. pulex was highest at 1 g L-1 salinity and lowest at 2 g L-1, whereas that of S. vetulus declined as salinity levels rose. Salinity alleviated the negative effects of cyanobacteria on water fleas. D. pulex performed worse than S. vetulus under high salinity (2 g L-1), cyanobacteria or their combined effects. Salinity changed the dominant gut microbiota in the water fleas when fed cyanobacteria. Bacteroides sp. and Cetobacterium sp. in D. pulex and Cetobacterium sp. in S. vetulus were most abundant when the water fleas were reared at low salinity (1 g L-1). The consistent changes in the dominant bacterial groups and the life-history traits indicate that the gut microbiota might adjust their tolerance to cyanobacteria.

Non-starch polysaccharides and health: gut-target organ axis influencing obesity

Obesity is recognized as a global epidemic that can result in changes in the human body and metabolism. Accumulating evidence indicates that gut microbiota (GM) can affect the development of obesity. The GM not only plays a crucial role in digesting and absorbing nutrients, but also in maintaining the overall health of the host. Dietary supplements such as non-starch polysaccharides are mainly fermented by the GM in the colon. Recent findings suggest that shaping the GM through the prebiotic function of non-starch polysaccharides may be a viable strategy against obesity. In this paper, the effects of non-starch polysaccharides on host health, together with their prebiotic function influencing the GM to control obesity via the gut-target organ axis, are reviewed. Potential perspectives of non-starch polysaccharides exhibiting anti-obesity effects via the gut-target organ axis are proposed for future research.

Graphical abstract

The Gut Microbiome of the Asiatic Toad (Bufo gargarizans) Reflects Environmental Changes and Human Activities

Amphibians are extremely sensitive to environmental changes, and their gut microbiome may have different responses to environmental changes. Here, metagenomic sequencing was used to investigate the intestinal microbiota of the Asiatic toad (Bufo gargarizans) from three different habitats (city areas, transition areas, and wild areas) of Sichuan Province, China. The results showed that Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Fusobacteria were the main bacteria in the gut of B. gargarizans. There were significant differences in the composition and function of the gut microbiome among the samples from the three different habitats. Enterobacteriaceae showed significant changes in the three habitats and occupied a high relative abundance in the city areas, especially for Citrobacter. Especially, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and virulence factors (VFs) were significantly increased in city areas. We performed de novo assembly of the metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs). In total, 322 nonredundant MAGs were reconstructed, 304 of which might be potential novel genomes. Among the 13 species-level genome bins (SGBs) belonging to Enterobacteriaceae, the one belonging to Citrobacter portucalensis annotated the most types of ARGs and VFs. Phylogenetic and functional analyses of the assembled C. portucalensis MAG and public genome data were carried out, suggesting that it may play a potential role in intestinal diseases in amphibians. Our study revealed the differences in the gut microbiome of B. gargarizans across different habitats and suggests that amphibian intestinal microbiota could serve as environmental indicators to reflect environmental changes and human activities. The reconstructed MAGs expanded our understanding of the gut microbiota in amphibians, which may serve as a substantial reservoir for microbiome resources.

Key genes linking gut microbiota, immune cells, and osteoporosis: A multi-omics approach

BACKGROUND

Osteoporosis, a debilitating condition characterized by decreased bone mass and increased fracture risk, requires novel insights into its molecular mechanisms for improved therapeutic approaches. In this study, we comprehensively explore the causal links between gut microbiota, immune cell regulation, and osteoporosis by integrating Mendelian randomization (MR), single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), and bioinformatics analyses.

METHODS

We employed a two-sample MR approach to investigate the causal associations between 412 gut microbiota species and two osteoporosis traits using data from the UK Biobank and Finnish cohorts. Additionally, 731 immune cell types were analyzed as potential mediators between the gut microbiota and osteoporosis. Bioinformatics analysis, including gene ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway enrichment, was used to assess the functional implications of differentially expressed genes. ScRNA-seq from publicly available datasets was conducted to profile the expression of key genes, including USP6NL, SELENOT, and TAF1A, in osteoporotic and control samples.

RESULTS

The MR analysis identified significant causal relationships between the gut microbiota (notably the glyoxylate cycle) and osteoporosis outcomes. Furthermore, HLA-DR expression on hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) was identified as a crucial immune cell mediator between the gut microbiota and osteoporosis, highlighting the immune-microbiota-bone axis. Differential expression analysis from scRNA-seq confirmed the upregulation of USP6NL, SELENOT, and TAF1A in osteoporotic samples. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that these genes play significant roles in pathways related to oxidative stress, calcium homeostasis, and immune modulation. These findings were validated through GTEX data integration, identifying USP6NL, SELENOT, and TAF1A as potential therapeutic targets for osteoporosis.

CONCLUSIONS

This study provides novel insights into the interplay between gut microbiota, immune regulation, and bone metabolism in osteoporosis. The integration of Mendelian randomization, single-cell RNA sequencing, and bioinformatics analyses uncovers USP6NL, SELENOT, and TAF1A as key mediators and potential therapeutic targets in osteoporosis. These findings open up new avenues for personalized treatment strategies targeting the gut-immune-bone axis in osteoporosis management.

Causal relationships between gut microbiota and male reproductive inflammation and infertility: Insights from Mendelian randomization

The study observed interactions between gut microbiota and male reproductive health, noting that the causal relationships were previously unclear. It aimed to explore the potential cause-and-effect relationship between gut bacteria and male reproductive problems such as inflammation, infertility, and sperm functionality, using a two-sample Mendelian randomization method to examine these connections. The analysis found that certain bacterial genera, such as Erysipelatoclostridium (0.71 [0.55-0.92]), Parasutterella (0.74 [0.57-0.96]), Ruminococcaceae UCG-009 (0.77 [0.60-0.98]), and Slackia (0.69 [0.49-0.96]), showed protective effects against prostatitis. In contrast, other genera like Faecalibacterium (1.59 [1.08-2.34]), Lachnospiraceae UCG004 (1.64 [1.15-2.34]), Odoribacter (1.68 [1.01-2.81]), Paraprevotella (1.28 [1.03-1.60]), and Sutterella (1.58 [1.13-2.19]) were detrimental. Additionally, causal relationships were identified between 2 genera and orchitis and epididymitis, 3 genera and male infertility, and 5 genera and abnormal spermatozoa. Further analysis of sperm-related proteins revealed causal associations between specific bacterial genera and proteins such as SPACA3, SPACA7, SPAG11A, SPAG11B, SPATA9, SPATA20, and ZPBP4. The results remained robust after sensitivity analysis and reverse Mendelian randomization analysis. The study concluded that specific bacterial genera have causal roles in reproductive inflammation, infertility, and sperm-associated proteins. This provides a novel strategy for the early diagnosis and identification of therapeutic targets in reproductive inflammation and infertility.

Bidirectional Mendelian randomization and potential mechanistic insights into the causal relationship between gut microbiota and malignant mesothelioma

Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is a rare but aggressive cancer originating from mesothelial cells, which presents significant challenges to patients' physical and psychological well-being. The gut-lung axis underscores the connection between gut microbiota and respiratory diseases, with emerging evidence suggesting a strong association between gut microbiota and the development of MM. In this study, we conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to investigate the potential causal relationship between gut microbiota and MM, while also exploring the underlying mechanisms through bioinformatics approaches. Gut microbiota summary data were obtained from the MiBioGen consortium, while MM data were sourced from the FinnGen R11 dataset. Causality was examined using the inverse variance weighted method as the primary analysis. Additional methods, including the weighted median, simple mode, MR-Egger, and weighted mode, were also employed. The robustness of the findings was validated through sensitivity analyses, and reverse causality was considered to further strengthen the MR results. Moreover, bioinformatics analyses were conducted on genetic loci associated with both gut microbiota and MM to explore potential underlying mechanisms. Our study suggests that genetically predicted increases in class.Bacilli, family.Rikenellaceae, genus.Clostridium innocuum group, and order.Lactobacillales were suggestively associated with a higher risk of MM, whereas increases in genus.Ruminococcaceae UCG004, genus.Flavonifractor, phylum.Firmicutes, genus.Anaerofilum, genus.Clostridium sensu stricto 1, and genus.Lactobacillus appeared to confer protective effects. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that differentially expressed genes near loci associated with gut microbiota might affect MM by modulating pathways and the tumor microenvironment. The results of this study point to a potential genetic predisposition linking gut microbiota to MM. Further experimental validation is crucial to confirm these candidate microbes, establish causality, and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.

Dietary resistant starch protects against post-antibiotic intestinal damage by restoring microbial homeostasis and preserving intestinal barrier function in meat duck

Resistant starch (RS) is recognized as a nutritional strategy that supports gut and overall host health by modulating gut microbiota. To directly assess the effects of RS on gut microbiota and its role in improving intestinal barrier function in meat ducks, this study first established an antibiotic-induced microbial dysbiosis model, which was characterized by reduced gut microbial diversity, intestinal dysfunction, and an inflammatory outburst following antibiotic exposure. Whereafter, in addition to the control group, ducks treated with antibiotics for 7 consecutive days were further allocated to two groups and fed the basal diet and RS diet that derived from 12 % raw potato starch until 21 d. The results demonstrated that dietary RS supplementation reversed the antibiotic-induced reduction in microbial diversity and restored the Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio. Additionally, RS inclusion enriched beneficial bacterial genera, including Coprobacter, Odoribacter, and Faecalibacterium (LDA score > 3). Post-antibiotic intervention led to a reduction in villus density and muscular thickness, accompanied by a significant downregulation (P < 0.05) of zonula occludens-1 and mucin-2 expression, along with increased serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels (P < 0.05). Notably, dietary RS supplementation significantly enhanced (P < 0.05) the expression of glucagon-like peptide receptor and the anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2, while suppressing caspase transcription. This resulted in increased villus height and muscular thickness in the ileum (P < 0.05). Furthermore, RS intervention remarkably reduced (P < 0.05) pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, particularly interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α, in both the ileum and serum. These effects were likely linked to alterations in cecal microbiota, including increased abundances of Barnesiella, Ruminiclostridium 9, Megamonas, Faecalitalea, Adlercreutzia, Coprobacter and Collinsella. In conclusion, dietary RS supplementation mitigated antibiotic-induced cecal microbial dysbiosis and restored intestinal structure by promoting enterocyte proliferation and reducing apoptosis. Consequently, RS supplementation helped alleviate systemic inflammation in meat ducks following antibiotic treatment.

The effect of supplementation with prebiotic fiber on the gut microbiota of a group of older people with Parkinson's disease from the city of Santiago de Chile. A pilot study

Introduction

Introduction: Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide. It has been demonstrated that there is a correlation between the increase in bacterial abundance and the severity of certain symptoms associated with PD. Aim: the aim of this pilot study was to analyze the effect of supplementation with prebiotic fiber on the gut microbiota (GM) and nutritional status of elderly volunteers with Parkinson's disease. Methodology: this is a pilot study of pre and post intervention with prebiotic fiber. All subjects involved were volunteers with PD, who were given nutritional counseling and gut microbiota measured on time cero and after 30 days of prebiotic fiber intervention. Results: a statistically significant difference was found in calf circumference (p 0.0422) after the intervention with prebiotic fiber. GM analyses show an initial difference in gut bacterial abundance of older people with PD and people without PD. Furthermore, our results showed a difference in bacterial families and genera after the supplementation with prebiotic fiber. in addition, we found a statistically significant difference in the val-ue of circumference calf and a trend in the improvement of body weight, Body mass index (BMI), neck circumference, arm circumference, brachial area, and Diet Quality Questionnaire (DQQ) for older adults. Conclusion: supplementation with 20 g of prebiotic fiber for 30 days could modify the intestinal microbiota, reducing bacterial genera and phylum that are abundant in Park-inson's disease, such as Verrucomicrobia. Therefore, the use of prebiotic fiber could represent an alternative to improve intestinal health and nutritional status of people with Parkinson's disease.

Exploring the role of gut microbiota in intervertebral disc degeneration: insights from bidirectional Mendelian randomization analysis

OBJECTIVE

Although previous studies have indicated a potential association between the gut microbiota and intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD), the precise nature of this relationship remains unclear. The objective of this study is to further explore the potential causal relationship between gut microbiota and IVDD using a bidirectional Mendelian randomization approach, with the aim of identifying potential microbial characteristics associated with IVDD.

METHODS

Using the data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) involving 412 gut microbiota species and 227,388 controls and 29,508 cases of IVDD. Inverse variance weighted (IVW) was used as the primary Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis, complemented by weighted median, MR-Egger regression, weighted mode and simple mode methods. Extensive sensitivity analyses were performed to confirm the robustness of the results and to assess heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy.

RESULTS

This study revealed a positive genetic predisposition between 6 types of gut microbiota and IVDD through the IVW method, indicating that increased levels of these microbiota may lead to a higher risk of IVDD. Conversely, 6 types of gut microbiota were found to have negative effects on IVDD, suggesting that increased levels of these microbiota may have a protective effect against IVDD. Reverse MR analysis results revealed such possibilities as 1 positive and 5 negative causal relationships between IVDD and gut microbiota. The results of Cochran's Q test, MR-Egger regression, and MR-PRESSO analysis from the bidirectional Mendelian randomization all yielded p-values greater than 0.05, indicating that there is no significant heterogeneity or pleiotropy in the genetic effect analysis between gut microbiota and IVDD.

CONCLUSION

We used a bidirectional Mendelian randomization approach to identify various gut microbiota associated with IVDD. Our findings lay the foundation for further exploration of the pathogenesis and treatment strategies of gut microbiota and IVDD, and provide new possibilities for research on biomarkers of IVDD-related metabolic microbiota.

Human gut microbiota adaptation to high-altitude exposure: longitudinal analysis over acute and prolonged periods

This study investigated the longitudinal effects of acute (7-day) and prolonged (3-month) high-altitude exposure on gut microbiota in healthy adult males, addressing the limited data available in human populations. A cohort of 406 healthy adult males was followed, and fecal samples were collected at three time points: baseline at 800 m (406 samples), 7 days after ascending to 4,500 m (406 samples), and 2 weeks post-return to 800 m following 3 months at high altitude (186 samples). High-throughput 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing was employed to analyze microbiota composition and diversity. Results revealed significant changes in alpha- and beta-diversity, with acute high-altitude exposure inducing more pronounced effects compared to prolonged exposure. Specifically, acute exposure increased opportunistic pathogens (Ruminococcus and Oscillibacter) but decreased beneficial short-chain fatty acid producers (Faecalibacterium and Bifidobacterium). Notably, these changes in microbiota persisted even after returning to low altitude, indicating long-term remodeling. Functional analyses revealed substantial changes in metabolic pathways, suggesting microbiota-driven adaptations to energy utilization under high-altitude hypoxic conditions. In summary, acute high-altitude exposure caused dramatic changes in gut microbiota, while prolonged exposure led to structural and functional reshaping. These findings enhance our understanding of how high-altitude environments reshape gut microbiota.

IMPORTANCE

This study is the first to investigate the impact of high-altitude exposure on gut microbiota adaptation in a large-scale longitudinal cohort. It seeks to enhance understanding of how high-altitude environments reshape gut microbiota. Acute exposure to high altitude significantly affected both α-diversity and β-diversity of gut microbiota, with acute exposure causing more pronounced changes than prolonged adaptation, indicating temporary disruptions in microbial communities. Notable shifts in microbial abundance were observed, including increased levels of genera linked to hypoxic stress (e.g., Gemmiger, Ruminococcus, and Parabacteroides) and decreased levels of beneficial bacteria (e.g., Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, and Bifidobacterium), suggesting possible adverse health effects. Functional analysis indicated changes in metabolism-related pathways post-exposure, supporting the idea that high-altitude adaptations involve metabolic adjustments for energy management. These findings enhance understanding of high-altitude physiology, illustrating the role of gut microbiota in hypoxic health.

Intestinal injury and changes of the gut microbiota after ischemic stroke

Stroke is the second leading cause of death and the third leading cause of disability worldwide, with ischemic stroke (IS) accounting for the vast majority of cases. This paper reviews the latest research on intestinal damage, changes in the gut microbiota, and related therapeutic strategies after IS. Following IS, the integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier is compromised, leading to increased intestinal permeability. The gut microbiota can translocate to other organs, triggering systemic immune responses that inhibit recovery after IS. Moreover, the composition and proportion of the gut microbiota change after IS. The number of beneficial bacteria decreases, whereas the number of harmful bacteria increases. The production of beneficial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), is reduced, and the levels of harmful metabolites, such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), increase. Antibiotics after IS not only help prevent infection but also have neuroprotective effects. Although poststroke reperfusion therapy can effectively restore cerebral blood flow, it may also cause intestinal mucosal damage and gastrointestinal dysfunction. Nutritional support after IS can alter the gut microbiota structure and promote neurological recovery. Therefore, individualized treatment for IS patients is crucial. In summary, IS affects not only the brain but the entire body system, especially the gut. Intestinal damage and dysbiosis are critical in IS occurrence, development, and prognosis. By protecting the intestinal mucosa and modulating the structure of the gut microbiota, intestinal damage and related infections can be reduced, improving patient prognosis. Future research is needed to explore therapeutic methods targeting the gut microbiota, providing more comprehensive and effective treatment strategies for IS patients.

Influence of gut microbiota and immune markers in different stages of colorectal adenomas

Objective

Colorectal adenomas (CRA) are the primary precancerous lesions leading to colorectal cancer (CRC). Early detection and intervention of CRA can significantly reduce the incidence of CRC. We investigated the relationships between the gut microbiome and the expression levels of PD-L1, IL-6, and IFN-γ at different CRA stages.

Methods

Participants were divided into normal, non-advanced adenoma (NAA), and advanced adenoma (AA) groups. PD-L1 expression in collected tissues was analyzed via immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blotting. Serum IL-6 and IFN-γ levels were measured using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to examine gut microbiota changes, with correlation analysis to assess microbial influences on CRA progression.

Results

The main differences in bacterial composition among the three groups were found within the Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes phyla. In the normal vs. NAA comparison, Clostridium sensu stricto, Faecalimonas, Gemmiger, and Ruminococcus were more abundant in the normal group, while Solobacterium was enriched in the NAA group. For the normal vs. AA comparison, the normal group was enriched with Anaerostipes, Blautia, Clostridium sensu stricto, Intestinibacter, Phocaeicola, and Turicibacter, whereas Solobacterium was more abundant in the AA group. In the NAA vs. AA comparison, the NAA group exhibited higher levels of Blautia, Faecalimonas, and Turicibacter relative to the AA group. Anaerostipes and Blautia are positively correlated with taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, propanoate metabolism, and zeatin biosynthesis. PD-L1 protein levels progressively increase with CRA advancement. Additionally, Faecalimonas, and Solobacterium were negatively associated with IFN-γ, while Gemmiger, and Anaerostipes were positively associated with IL-6.

Conclusion

This study highlights the dynamic alterations in gut microbiota composition and their potential influence on the regulation of inflammatory cytokines and PD-L1 expression during CRA progression. The enrichment of protective taxa, such as Anaerostipes and Blautia, in the normal group emphasizes their potential role in mitigating adenoma progression. Dietary modulation to promote the proliferation of these beneficial bacteria could serve as a promising strategy to improve colorectal health. Future research should further explore the specific relationships between dietary components, gut microbiota, and metabolic pathways, and assess the effects of dietary interventions on gut health.

Beneficial Bacterial Modulation by Gypsum Fibrosum and Terra Flava Usta in Gut Microbiota

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the regulatory effects of two traditional mineral medicines (TMMs), Gypsum Fibrosum (Shigao, GF) and Terra Flava Usta (Zaoxintu, TFU), on gut-beneficial bacteria in mice, and preliminarily explore their mechanisms of action.

METHODS

Mice were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=10 per group): the control group (standard diet), the GF group (diet supplemented with 2% GF), and the TFU group (diet supplemented with 2% TFU). After 4-week intervention, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to analyze the changes in the gut microbiota (GM). Scanning electron microscopy, in combination with coumarin A tetramethyl rhodamine conjugate and Hoechst stainings, was used to observe the bacteria and biofilm formation.

RESULTS

Principal coordinate analysis revealed that GF and TFU significantly altered the GM composition in mice. Further analysis revealed that GF and TFU affected different types of gut bacteria, suggesting that different TMMs may selectively modulate specific bacterial populations. For certain bacteria, such as Faecalibaculum and Ileibacterium, both GF and TFU exhibited growth-promoting effects, implying that they may be sensitive to TMMs and that different TMMs can increase their abundance through their respective mechanisms. Notably, Lactobacillus reuteri, a widely recognized and used probiotic, was significantly enriched in the GF group. Random forest analysis identified Ileibacterium valens as a potential indicator bacterium for TMMs' impact on GM. Further mechanistic studies showed that gut bacteria formed biofilm structures on the TFU surface.

CONCLUSIONS

This study provides new insights into the interaction between TMMs and GM. As safe and effective natural clays, GF and TFU hold promise as potential candidates for prebiotic development.

Recent Advances in Gut Microbiota in Psoriatic Arthritis

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by joint inflammation and skin lesions. Recent research has underscored the critical role of gut microbiota-comprising bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea-in the pathogenesis and progression of PsA. This narrative review synthesizes the latest findings on the influence of gut microbiota on PsA, focusing on mechanisms such as immune modulation, microbial dysbiosis, the gut-joint axis, and its impact on treatment. Advances in high-throughput sequencing and metagenomics have revealed distinct microbial profiles associated with PsA. Studies show that individuals with PsA have a unique gut microbiota composition, differing significantly from healthy controls. Alterations in the abundance of specific bacterial taxa, including a decrease in beneficial bacteria and an increase in potentially pathogenic microbes, contribute to systemic inflammation by affecting the intestinal barrier and promoting immune responses. This review explores the impact of various factors on gut microbiota composition, including age, hygiene, comorbidities, and medication use. Additionally, it highlights the role of diet, probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation as promising strategies to modulate gut microbiota and alleviate PsA symptoms. The gut-skin-joint axis concept illustrates how gut microbiota influences not only gastrointestinal health but also skin and joint inflammation. Understanding the complex interplay between gut microbiota and PsA could lead to novel, microbiome-based therapeutic approaches. These insights offer hope for improved patient outcomes through targeted manipulation of the gut microbiota, enhancing both diagnosis and treatment strategies for PsA.

Gut Microbiota in Heart Failure-The Role of Inflammation

Heart failure (HF) has become an immense health concern affecting almost 1-2% of the population globally. It is a complex syndrome characterized by activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone (RAAS) axis as well as endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation. The recent literature points towards the interaction between the intestinal flora and the heart, also called the gut-heart axis. The human gastrointestinal tract is naturally inhabited by various microbes, which are distinct for each patient, regulating the functions of many organs. Alterations of the gut microbiome, a process called dysbiosis, may result in systemic diseases and have been associated with heart failure through inflammatory and autoimmune mechanisms. The disorder of intestinal permeability favors the translocation of microbes and many metabolites capable of inducing inflammation, thus further contributing to the deterioration of normal cardiac function. Besides diet modifications and exercise training, many studies have revealed possible gut microbiota targeted treatments for managing heart failure. The aim of this review is to demonstrate the impact of the inflammatory environment induced by the gut microbiome and its metabolites on heart failure and the elucidation of these novel therapeutic approaches.

Analysis of intestinal microbiota diversity in children with non-organic anorexia

The pathogenesis of non-organic anorexia in children is not clear. This study intends to analyze intestinal bacteria to provide a relevant theoretical basis for the clinical rational selection of microecological agents. In the present study, children with non-organic anorexia were included in the anorexia group and normal healthy children in the control group. Stool samples were collected for the bioinformatics analysis after PCR and high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that the Ace, Chao, and Shannon indexes in the anorexia group were higher than those in the control group, while the Simpson index in the control group was lower than in the anorexia group. There were 14 taxa in the anorexia group and 11 taxa in the healthy control group at the phylum level, and 193 taxa in the anorexia group and 180 in the control group at the genus level. The dominant bacteria at the phylum level of the two groups were the same, while there were 16 dominant bacteria taxa in the anorexia group and 17 in the control group at the genus level. The ratio of percentage abundance of Bacteroidetes to that of Firmicutes (the B/F index) in the anorexia group was higher than in the control group. The abundance of Bacteroidetes in the anorexia group was higher than that in the control group, and the abundance of Actinomycetes in the control group was higher than that in the anorexia group. There were significant differences in 14 dominant genera between the two groups at the genus classification level. The LEfSe multilevel species difference analysis showed that at the phylum level, the significant influential bacterial taxa in the anorexia group were Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria in the control group. At the genus level, the significant influential bacterial taxa in the anorexia group were Bacteroides, Faecalibacterium, and Subdoligranulum, and Bifidobacterium, Blautia, Streptococcus, Lachnoclostridium, and Erysipelatoclostridium in the control group. We conclude that the increase in Bacteroides abundance or in the B/F index and the reduction in Bifidobacterium abundance were related to the pathogenesis of anorexia.

Therapeutic Prospects of Undaria pinnatifida Polysaccharides: Extraction, Purification, and Functional Activity

Undaria pinnatifida, an edible brown seaweed that is widely consumed in East Asia, has gained increasing recognition for its health benefits. Among its bioactive compounds, polysaccharides have attracted significant attention due to their diverse biological activity. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in the extraction, purification, structural characterization, and bioactivity of U. pinnatifida polysaccharides. We discuss state-of-the-art extraction techniques, including ultrasound-assisted, microwave-assisted, and enzyme-assisted extraction, as well as purification strategies such as membrane separation and chromatographic methods. Furthermore, we highlight their potential biological activity, including antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anticancer, gut health-promoting, and anti-hyperglycemic effects, along with their underlying mechanisms of action. By summarizing the latest research, this review aims to provide valuable insights into the development and application of U. pinnatifida polysaccharides in functional foods and pharmaceuticals.

Elucidating Causal Relationships Among Gut Microbiota, Human Blood Metabolites, and Knee Osteoarthritis: Evidence from a Two-Stage Mendelian Randomization Analysis

Background: Although previous observational studies suggest a potential association between gut microbiota (GM) and knee osteoarthritis (KOA), the causal relationships remain unclear, particularly concerning the role of blood metabolites (BMs) as potential mediators. Elucidating these interactions is crucial for understanding the mechanisms underlying KOA progression and may inform the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Objective: This study aimed to determine the causal relationship between GM and KOA and to quantify the potential mediating role of BMs. Methods: Instrumental variables (IVs) for GM and BMs were retrieved from the MiBioGen consortium and metabolomics genome-wide association studies (GWAS) databases. KOA-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms were sourced from the FinnGen consortium. Inverse-variance weighted approach was utilized as the main analytical method for Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis, complemented by MR-Egger, simple mode, weighted mode, and weighted median methods. The causal relationships between GM, BMs, and KOA were sequentially analyzed by multivariate MR. False discovery rate correction was applied to account for multiple comparisons in the MR results. Sensitivity analyses and reverse MR analysis were also conducted to verify the reliability of the findings. Finally, a two-step approach was employed to determine the proportion of BMs mediating the effects of GM on KOA. Results: MR analysis identified seven gut microbial species that are causally associated with KOA. Additionally, MR analysis of 1091 BMs and 309 metabolite ratios revealed 13 metabolites that influence the risk of KOA. Through two-step analysis, three BMs were identified as mediators of the effects of two GMs on KOA. Among them, 6-hydroxyindole sulfate exhibited the highest mediation percentage (10.26%), followed by N-formylanthranilic acid (6.55%). Sensitivity and reverse causality analyses further supported the robustness of these findings. Conclusion: This research identified specific GMs and BMs that have a causal association with KOA. These findings provide critical insights into how GM may influence KOA risk by modulating specific metabolites, which could be valuable for the targeted treatment and prevention of KOA.

Effects of Yeast Products on the Apparent Total Tract Macronutrient Digestibility, Oxidative Stress Markers, Skin Measures, and Fecal Characteristics and Microbiota Populations of Healthy Adult Dogs

Brewer's yeast has high nutritional value and contains bioactive compounds that may promote health. Functionalized canola meal (FCM) is a high-fiber ingredient that has been proposed as a carrier for brewer's yeast. The objective of this experiment was to determine the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of diets containing yeast-enriched FCM and test their effects on the fecal characteristics and microbiota, skin measures, and serum oxidative stress markers of adult dogs. Twelve dogs were fed four extruded kibble diets (control (no FCM or yeast), FCM + low yeast dose, FCM + medium yeast dose, and FCM + high yeast dose) in a replicated 4x4 LSD. Dogs fed yeast-enriched FCM had greater wet fecal output (~15% greater than control). The ATTD of DM, OM, and fat was lower in the diets containing FCM, although the values remained >80% for all macronutrients. The yeast-enriched FCM altered the relative abundance of a few bacterial genera (Eubacterium brachy, Peptoclostridium, Ruminococcus gnavus) and fecal phenol and indole concentrations. Other fecal characteristics, metabolites, bacterial diversity indices, skin measures, or oxidative stress markers were not affected. These findings suggest that yeast-enriched FCM can be incorporated into canine diets without compromising stool quality or nutrient digestibility and may affect microbial metabolism.

Gut Microbiota: A New Challenge in Mood Disorder Research

The gut microbiome has emerged as a novel and intriguing focus in mood disorder research. Emerging evidence demonstrates the significant role of the gut microbiome in influencing mental health, suggesting a bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain. This review examines the latest findings on the gut-microbiota-brain axis and elucidates how alterations in gut microbiota composition can influence this axis, leading to changes in brain function and behavior. Although dietary interventions, prebiotics, probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation have yielded encouraging results, significant advances are needed to establish next-generation approaches that precisely target the neurobiological mechanisms of mood disorders. Future research must focus on developing personalized treatments, facilitated by innovative therapies and technological progress, which account for individual variables such as age, sex, drug history, and lifestyle. Highlighting the potential therapeutic implications of targeting the gut microbiota, this review emphasizes the importance of integrating microbiota research into psychiatric studies to develop more effective and personalized treatment strategies for mood disorders.

Lentinula edodes as a Source of Bioactive Compounds with Therapeutical Potential in Intestinal Inflammation and Colorectal Cancer

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is a rising global health issue. Chronic intestinal inflammation is an important risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC). Despite significant progress in IBD and CRC treatment, numerous patients remain resistant to standard pharmacotherapy or experience severe side effects that prevent them from continuing treatment. There is evidence suggesting that bioactive substances in Lentinula edodes have immunomodulatory and anticancer properties. This fungus is currently classified as a functional food, considering its beneficial effects on human health and special nutritional value. Studies conducted in vitro and in animal models demonstrated that L. edodes bioactive compounds, in particular glucans, have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, induce apoptosis of cancer cells, reduce tumor angiogenesis, restore gut microbiome heterogeneity and improve gut barrier dysfunction. Moreover, clinical trials confirmed that these compounds combined with standard chemotherapy have a significant effect in improving the prognosis of CRC patients. In addition, L. edodes glucans increase microbial diversity and enhance interferon (IFN)-γ production by immune cells. Future studies must be focused on understanding the pathways and mechanisms associated with the observed effects. Moreover, both randomized trials and long-term follow-up studies are needed to confirm their effectiveness in the treatment of IBD and CRC.

Research progress on the interaction between intestinal flora and microRNA in pelvic inflammatory diseases

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a common infectious disease of the female upper reproductive tract, and its pathological basis is immune inflammatory response. The imbalance of gut microflora (GM) may lead to the development of inflammatory process. A large number of studies have shown that fecal microbiota transplantation, probiotics, bacteria, prebiotics, and dietary intervention may play a potential role in remodeling GM and treating diseases. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in cell development, proliferation, apoptosis and other physiological processes. In addition, they play an important role in the inflammatory process, participating in the regulation of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathways. Differences in miRNA profiles may be PID diagnostic tools and serve as prognostic markers of the disease. The relationship between miRNA and GM has not been fully elucidated. Recent studies have shown the role of miRNA in the regulation and induction of GM dysbiosis. In turn, microbiota can regulate the expression of miRNA and improve the immune status of the body. Therefore, this review aims to describe the interaction between GM and miRNA in PID, and to find potential precise targeted therapy for PID.

Influence of gut microbiota on the pediatric endocrine system and associated disorders

The microbiota, a complex assembly of microorganisms residing in various body systems, including the gastrointestinal tract, plays a crucial role in influencing various physiological processes in the human body. The dynamic nature of gut microbiota is especially pronounced in children and is influenced by factors like breastfeeding and antibiotic use. Dysbiosis, characterized by alterations in microbiota composition or function, is associated with several pediatric endocrine disorders, such as precocious puberty, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and diabetes mellitus. This review focuses on the intricate relationship between gut microbiota and the pediatric endocrine system. The aim of this narrative review is to critically examine the existing literature to elucidate the impact of gut microbiota on the pediatric endocrine system and associated disorders. Additionally, potential interventions, such as probiotics and current gaps in knowledge, will be discussed. Despite emerging treatments like probiotics, further research is needed to understand and validate their effectiveness in treating pediatric endocrine disorders associated with dysbiosis.

Association of dietary live microbe intake with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in an older population: Evidence from NHANES 2003-2018

BACKGROUND

The relationship between dietary live microbe intake, non-dietary prebiotics/probiotics, and mortality in older adults remains unclear.

METHODS

Participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2018 were included. Participants were categorized into three groups based on estimated live microbe intake: low, medium, and high. Additionally, they were divided by their consumption of foods with medium or high microbial content. Text mining was employed to identify the use of non-dietary prebiotics and probiotics by analyzing the names and ingredients of dietary supplements and drugs. Associations between live microbe intake, non-dietary prebiotics/probiotics, and all-cause or cardiovascular mortality were assessed using Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Cox regression models. Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting was used for sensitivity analysis RESULT: A total of 7882 participants were included in the study. During a mean follow-up of 8.08 years, all-cause mortality was 18 % lower in older adults with high dietary live microbe intake in fully adjusted models (HR, 0.82; 95 %CI 0.70-0.96), and cardiovascular mortality was reduced by 23 % (HR, 0.77; 95 %CI 0.61-0.98). The risk of all-cause mortality was reduced by 21 % in the G3 group compared with the G1 group (HR, 0.79; 95 % CI 0.69-0.89) and a 29 % reduction in the risk of cardiovascular disease-specific death (HR, 0.71;95 %CI 0.59-0.86). In addition, we also observed that nondietary prebiotic and probiotic supplement intake was also associated with a reduced risk of mortality in an older US population.

CONCLUSION

In older U.S. adults, higher dietary live microorganisms and non-dietary probiotics/prebiotics intake was associated with a reduced risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.

Reevaluation of the gastrointestinal methanogenic archaeome in multiple sclerosis and its association with treatment

The role of the gut archaeal microbiome (archaeome) in health and disease remains poorly understood. Methanogenic archaea have been linked to multiple sclerosis (MS), but prior studies were limited by small cohorts and inconsistent methodologies. To address this, we re-evaluated the association between methanogenic archaea and MS using metagenomic data from the International Multiple Sclerosis Microbiome Study. We analyzed gut microbiome profiles from 115 MS patients and 115 healthy household controls across Buenos Aires (27.8%), Edinburgh (33.9%), New York (10.4%), and San Francisco (27.8%). Metagenomic sequences were taxonomically classified using kraken2/bracken and a curated profiling database to detect archaea, specifically Methanobrevibacter species. Most MS patients were female (80/115), aged 25-72 years (median: 44.5), and 70% were undergoing treatment, including dimethyl fumarate (n = 21), fingolimod (n = 20), glatiramer acetate (n = 14), interferon (n = 18), natalizumab (n = 6), or ocrelizumab/rituximab (n = 1). We found no significant differences in overall archaeome profiles between MS patients and controls. However, treated MS patients exhibited higher abundances of Methanobrevibacter smithii and M. sp900766745 compared to untreated patients. Notably, M. sp900766745 abundance correlated with lower disease severity scores in treated patients. Our results suggest that gut methanogens are not directly associated with MS onset or progression but may reflect microbiome health during treatment. These findings highlight potential roles for M. smithii and M. sp900766745 in modulating treatment outcomes, warranting further investigation into their relevance to gut microbiome function and MS management.IMPORTANCEMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neuroinflammatory disease affecting the central nervous system, with approximately 2.8 million people diagnosed worldwide, mainly young adults aged 20-30 years. While recent studies have focused on bacterial changes in the MS microbiome, the role of gut archaea has been less explored. Previous research suggested a potential link between methanogenic archaea and MS disease status, but these findings remained inconclusive. Our study addresses this gap by investigating the gut archaeal composition in MS patients and examining how it changes in response to treatment. By focusing on methanogens, we aim to uncover novel insights into their role in MS, potentially revealing new biomarkers or therapeutic targets. This research is crucial for enhancing our understanding of the gut microbiome's impact on MS and improving patient management.

Gut IgA-antibody secreting cells segregate into four Blimp1+ subsets based on differential expression of IgA and Ki-67 and are retained following prolonged αCD20 B cell depletion in mice

B cell depletion is an efficacious therapy for multiple sclerosis, but its long-term safety profile in the gastrointestinal tract has not been specifically studied. This is of importance because the gut is the largest reservoir of IgA in the body, which maintains gut homeostasis in part by regulating the composition of the gut microbiota. This was addressed by development of a prolonged B cell depletion model using human CD20 transgenic mice and B cell depletion with the anti-human CD20 antibodies rituximab, a humanized mouse monoclonal, and 2H7, the mouse precursor to ocrelizumab. Both antibodies depleted B cells in the spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, small intestine, and large intestine, with 2H7 being more efficient. Because gut IgA+ antibody secreting cells (ASC) are poorly defined a flow cytometry strategy was developed using differential expression of IgA and Ki-67 by Blimp1+ cells that identified four IgA-ASC subsets across a developmental spectrum. Neither antibody was efficacious in depleting of any IgA-ASC subset in the intestines. Consequently, fecal IgA levels and percentage of IgA-bound fecal microbes were unaltered. Cumulatively, these studies demonstrate that prolonged B cell-depletion did not substantially impact IgA levels nor overall gut health, providing important insight into the safety profile of B cell depletion drugs.

Banxia Xiexin Decoction inhibits colitis-associated colorectal cancer development by modulating STAT3 signaling and gut microbiota

Objective

To investigate the therapeutic effects of Banxia Xiexin Decoction (BXD), a herbal medicine formula, on inflammation and the imbalance of the gut microbiota in a rat model of colorectal cancer (CRC) induced by azoxymethane (AOM) /dextran sulfate sodium (DSS).

Methods

A total of 75 male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into five groups: normal control group (NC), model group (MODEL), low-dose BXD treatment group (L-BXD), high-dose BXD treatment (H-BXD) group and MS treatment group (MS). BXD and MS were used in CRC mice at the doses of 3.915 g/kg, 15.66 g/kg, 0.6 g/kg for 3 weeks consecutively. Histopathological changes in the colon were observed using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. The content of inflammatory factors in serum was detected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the expression of mRNA and protein of genes related to immunity, apoptosis, inflammation, and inflammatory factors was evaluated. Changes in the intestinal flora of mouse fecal were determined based on high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA microbial gene.

Results

Compared to the model group, the low-dose BXD and high-dose BXD groups decreased the number of colon tumors, reversed weight loss, and shortened colon length of mice. The pathological examination showed that BXD alleviated the malignancy of intestinal tumors. It also suppressed signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) expression, while increasing the expression of the tight junction protein ZO-1 in colon tissues. Additionally, the levels of key pathway proteins involved in inflammation (phosphorylated-STAT3, Bcl-2, COX-2) and cell cycle regulatory molecules (c-Myc and PCNA) were reduced. According to 16S rRNA sequence analysis, BXD enhanced the relative abundance of potentially beneficial bacteria, while that of cancer-related bacteria decreased.

Conclusion

BXD plays a preventive role in developing colorectal cancer; its mechanisms are related to the inhibition of inflammation and tumor proliferation, as well as maintenance of intestinal homeostasis.

Postbiotics Made From Selected Lactic Acid Bacteria Improves Chronic Restraint Stress-Induced Anhedonia and Sleep Disorders

Sleep disorders have become one of the most prevalent neuropsychiatric disorders in recent years. This study aimed to investigate the effects of postbiotics derived from selected lactic acid bacteria on anhedonia and sleep disorders in chronic restraint stress (CRS)-induced mice, as well as their potential mechanisms. Mice were orally administered normal saline, low, medium, or high doses of postbiotics for 30 days, with CRS applied from days 1 to 21. The medium dose of postbiotics significantly increased the sucrose preference index, and the high dose of postbiotics significantly increased sleep duration. Postbiotic treatment effectively restored the diversity and composition of the gut microbiota to levels comparable to those observed in the vehicle (Veh) group. Furthermore, low and medium doses of postbiotics significantly reduced serum corticosterone levels, and medium and high doses significantly reduced serum IL-1β levels. Additionally, postbiotics administration significantly increased glutamate and GABA levels in both the prefrontal cortex and hypothalamus, as well as GABA levels in the feces. These results indicate that postbiotics alleviate CRS-induced anhedonia and sleep disorders in a dose-dependent manner. This effect may be mediated through the restoration of homeostasis in the MGB axis, HPA axis, inflammation pathways, and neurotransmitter balance.

Exploring the Probiotic Potential of Bacteroides spp. Within One Health Paradigm

Probiotics are pivotal in maintaining or restoring the balance of human intestinal microbiota, a crucial factor in mitigating diseases and preserving the host's health. Exploration into Bacteroides spp. reveals substantial promise in their development as next-generation probiotics due to their profound interaction with host immune cells and capability to regulate the microbiome's metabolism by significantly impacting metabolite production. These beneficial bacteria exhibit potential in ameliorating various health issues such as intestinal disorders, cardiovascular diseases, behavioral disorders, and even cancer. Though it's important to note that a high percentage of them are as well opportunistic pathogens, posing risks under certain conditions. Studies highlight their role in modifying immune responses and improving health conditions by regulating lymphocytes, controlling metabolism, and preventing inflammation and cancer. The safety and efficacy of Bacteroides strains are currently under scrutiny by the European Commission for authorization in food processing, marking a significant step towards their commercialization. The recent advancements in bacterial isolation and sequencing methodologies, coupled with the integration of Metagenome-Assembled Genomes (MAGs) binning from metagenomics data, continue to unveil the potential of Bacteroides spp., aiding in the broader understanding and application of these novel probiotics in health and disease management.

Effect and mechanism of Plantaginis Semen polysaccharides on intestinal microecology in rats with hyperuricemia

Introduction

Hyperuricemia (HUA) is characterized by metabolic abnormalities in purine metabolism, leading to an excessive accumulation of uric acid in the bloodstream. This condition is not only prevalent but also significantly linked to the exacerbation of various chronic diseases, including renal impairment. Notably, asymptomatic hyperuricemia is frequently associated with inflammatory responses and alterations in intestinal microbiota. Thus, it is imperative to explore effective therapeutic interventions for HUA to mitigate its associated health risks.

Methods

The present study aimed to elucidate the protective effects of Plantaginis Semen polysaccharides (PSP) in a rat model of hyperuricemia induced by adenine (AD) and potassium oxonate (PO) gavage. Over a treatment period of five weeks, the animals received either PSP or allopurinol (AL). Comprehensive assessments were performed, including blood biochemistry analysis, histopathological evaluation, Western blot analyses to investigate the expression levels of key renal transport proteins, as well as 16S rRNA sequencing to explore microbiota shifts.

Results

The findings demonstrated that PSP significantly decreased serum uric acid (UA) levels and alleviated renal dysfunction through modulation of xanthine oxidase (XOD) and adenosine deaminase (ADA) serum concentrations and the expression of renal transporters, namely glucose transporter protein 9 (GLUT9), urate transporter 1 (URAT1), ATP-binding cassette superfamily member 2 (ABCG2), and organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1). Furthermore, PSP exhibited notable anti-inflammatory properties, reflected in the reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β).

Conclusion

In summary, the present study substantiates the therapeutic potential of PSP in treating hyperuricemia through its dual action of lowering uric acid levels and imparting anti-inflammatory effects. The observed modulation of gut microbiota further supports the role of PSP in maintaining metabolic homeostasis. Future investigations should focus on the clinical applicability of PSP and elucidate the mechanisms underlying its beneficial impacts on hyperuricemia and associated metabolic disorders.