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Ciaco S, Mazzoleni V, Javed A, Eiler S, Ruff M, Mousli M, Mori M, Mély Y. Inhibitors of UHRF1 base flipping activity showing cytotoxicity against cancer cells. Bioorg Chem 2023; 137:106616. [PMID: 37247564 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin-like containing PHD and RING finger domain 1 (UHRF1) is a nuclear multi-domain protein overexpressed in numerous human cancer types. We previously disclosed the anthraquinone derivative UM63 that inhibits UHRF1-SRA domain base-flipping activity, although having DNA intercalating properties. Herein, based on the UM63 structure, new UHRF1-SRA inhibitors were identified through a multidisciplinary approach, combining molecular modelling, biophysical assays, molecular and cell biology experiments. We identified AMSA2 and MPB7, that inhibit UHRF1-SRA mediated base flipping at low micromolar concentrations, but do not intercalate into DNA, which is a key advantage over UM63. These molecules prevent UHRF1/DNMT1 interaction at replication forks and decrease the overall DNA methylation in cells. Moreover, both compounds specifically induce cell death in numerous cancer cell lines, displaying marginal effect on non-cancer cells, as they preferentially affect cells with high level of UHRF1. Overall, these two compounds are promising leads for the development of anti-cancer drugs targeting UHRF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Ciaco
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France; Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Viola Mazzoleni
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
| | - Aqib Javed
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
| | - Sylvia Eiler
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U964 CNRS UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Marc Ruff
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U964 CNRS UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Marc Mousli
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France.
| | - Mattia Mori
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Yves Mély
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France.
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Asim A, Kiani YS, Saeed MT, Jabeen I. Decoding the Role of Epigenetics in Breast Cancer Using Formal Modeling and Machine-Learning Methods. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:882738. [PMID: 35898303 PMCID: PMC9309526 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.882738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast carcinogenesis is known to be instigated by genetic and epigenetic modifications impacting multiple cellular signaling cascades, thus making its prevention and treatments a challenging endeavor. However, epigenetic modification, particularly DNA methylation-mediated silencing of key TSGs, is a hallmark of cancer progression. One such tumor suppressor gene (TSG) RUNX3 (Runt-related transcription factor 3) has been a new insight in breast cancer known to be suppressed due to local promoter hypermethylation mediated by DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1). However, the precise mechanism of epigenetic-influenced silencing of the RUNX3 signaling resulting in cancer invasion and metastasis remains inadequately characterized. In this study, a biological regulatory network (BRN) has been designed to model the dynamics of the DNMT1–RUNX3 network augmented by other regulators such as p21, c-myc, and p53. For this purpose, the René Thomas qualitative modeling was applied to compute the unknown parameters and the subsequent trajectories signified important behaviors of the DNMT1–RUNX3 network (i.e., recovery cycle, homeostasis, and bifurcation state). As a result, the biological system was observed to invade cancer metastasis due to persistent activation of oncogene c-myc accompanied by consistent downregulation of TSG RUNX3. Conversely, homeostasis was achieved in the absence of c-myc and activated TSG RUNX3. Furthermore, DNMT1 was endorsed as a potential epigenetic drug target to be subjected to the implementation of machine-learning techniques for the classification of the active and inactive DNMT1 modulators. The best-performing ML model successfully classified the active and least-active DNMT1 inhibitors exhibiting 97% classification accuracy. Collectively, this study reveals the underlined epigenetic events responsible for RUNX3-implicated breast cancer metastasis along with the classification of DNMT1 modulators that can potentially drive the perception of epigenetic-based tumor therapy.
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Zhang CH, Cai K, Zhang PG, Wu Z, Ma M, Chen B. pH-Responsive DNA nanoassembly for detection and combined therapy of tumor. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 195:113654. [PMID: 34592499 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a novel cancer theragnostic nanoassembly with high biocompatibility, stability and low toxicity which are activated rapidly by tumor microenvironment to realize selective fluorescence imaging, chemotherapy as well as chemoenzymatic therapy. The nanoprobes are synthesized by hybridization of fluorophore labeled hairpin DNAs containing a 5-aza-dC at hemimethylated CpG sites and pH-sensitive DNA sequence covalently conjugated with PEGylated GO. The aptamer, which is also covalently conjugated on PEGylated GO, enables to target the tumor site and the weak acid environment of tumor triggers the release of drug loaded by nanoprobes including functionalized DNA and DOXs, effectively activating fluorescence signals and selectively killing the tumor cells. The results revealed that the nanoprobe enables sensitive detection of pH changes within subcellular environment, selectively imaging and great synergy of multicombination therapeutic including chemotherapy and chemoenzymatic therapy, implying that developed pH activatable probe has considerable potential for diagnosis and efficient therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Hua Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Biology & Nanomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing & Chemometrics, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Ke Cai
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, And Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Peng-Ge Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Biology & Nanomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing & Chemometrics, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Zhan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, And Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China.
| | - Ming Ma
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, And Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China.
| | - Bo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, And Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
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Martinez-Useros J, Martin-Galan M, Florez-Cespedes M, Garcia-Foncillas J. Epigenetics of Most Aggressive Solid Tumors: Pathways, Targets and Treatments. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3209. [PMID: 34198989 PMCID: PMC8267921 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly aggressive tumors are characterized by a highly invasive phenotype, and they display chemoresistance. Furthermore, some of the tumors lack expression of biomarkers for target therapies. This is the case of small-cell lung cancer, triple-negative breast cancer, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, glioblastoma, metastatic melanoma, and advanced ovarian cancer. Unfortunately, these patients show a low survival rate and most of the available drugs are ineffective. In this context, epigenetic modifications have emerged to provide the causes and potential treatments for such types of tumors. Methylation and hydroxymethylation of DNA, and histone modifications, are the most common targets of epigenetic therapy, to influence gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. These modifications could impact both oncogenes and tumor suppressor factors, which influence several molecular pathways such as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, WNT/β-catenin, PI3K-mTOR, MAPK, or mismatch repair machinery. However, epigenetic changes are inducible and reversible events that could be influenced by some environmental conditions, such as UV exposure, smoking habit, or diet. Changes in DNA methylation status and/or histone modification, such as acetylation, methylation or phosphorylation, among others, are the most important targets for epigenetic cancer therapy. Therefore, the present review aims to compile the basic information of epigenetic modifications, pathways and factors, and provide a rationale for the research and treatment of highly aggressive tumors with epigenetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Martinez-Useros
- Translational Oncology Division, OncoHealth Institute, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz University Hospital, Avenida Reyes Catolicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Mario Martin-Galan
- Translational Oncology Division, OncoHealth Institute, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz University Hospital, Avenida Reyes Catolicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | | | - Jesus Garcia-Foncillas
- Translational Oncology Division, OncoHealth Institute, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz University Hospital, Avenida Reyes Catolicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
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Ribatti D, Tamma R. Epigenetic control of tumor angiogenesis. Microcirculation 2020; 27:e12602. [PMID: 31863494 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The term "epigenetic" is used to refer to heritable alterations in chromatin that are not due to changes in DNA sequence. Different growth factors and vascular genes mediate the angiogenic process, which is regulated by epigenetic states of genes. The aim of this article is to analyze the role of epigenetic mechanisms in the control and regulation of tumor angiogenetic processes. The reversibility of epigenetic events in contrast to genetic aberrations makes them potentially suitable for therapeutic intervention. In this context, DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) and HDAC inhibitors indirectly-via the tumor cells-exhibit angiostatic effects in vivo, and inhibition of miRNAs can contribute to the development of novel anti-angiogenesis therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Roberto Tamma
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
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Kim DH, Kim HM, Huong PTT, Han HJ, Hwang J, Cha-Molstad H, Lee KH, Ryoo IJ, Kim KE, Huh YH, Ahn JS, Kwon YT, Soung NK, Kim BY. Enhanced anticancer effects of a methylation inhibitor by inhibiting a novel DNMT1 target, CEP 131, in cervical cancer. BMB Rep 2019. [PMID: 31068247 PMCID: PMC6549914 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2019.52.5.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylation is a primary epigenetic mechanism regulating gene expression. 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine is an FDA-approved drug prescribed for treatment of cancer by inhibiting DNA-Methyl-Transferase 1 (DNMT1). Results of this study suggest that prolonged treatment with 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine could induce centrosome abnormalities in cancer cells and that CEP131, a centrosome protein, is regulated by DNMT1. Interestingly, cancer cell growth was attenuated in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting the expression of Cep131. Finally, Cep131-deficient cells were more sensitive to treatment with DNMT1 inhibitors. These findings suggest that Cep131 is a potential novel anti-cancer target. Agents that can inhibit this protein may be useful alone or in combination with DNMT1 inhibitors to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyun Kim
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116; Department of Bio-Molecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Hye-Min Kim
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Pham Thi Thu Huong
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Ho-Jin Han
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116; Department of Bio-Molecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Joonsung Hwang
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Hyunjoo Cha-Molstad
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Kyung Ho Lee
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - In-Ja Ryoo
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Kyoon Eon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Yang Hoon Huh
- Center for Electron Microscopy Research, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Korea
| | - Jong Seog Ahn
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116; Department of Bio-Molecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Yong Tae Kwon
- Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Nak-Kyun Soung
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116; Department of Bio-Molecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Bo Yeon Kim
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116; Department of Bio-Molecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
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Zaayter L, Mori M, Ahmad T, Ashraf W, Boudier C, Kilin V, Gavvala K, Richert L, Eiler S, Ruff M, Botta M, Bronner C, Mousli M, Mély Y. A Molecular Tool Targeting the Base-Flipping Activity of Human UHRF1. Chemistry 2019; 25:13363-13375. [PMID: 31322780 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During DNA replication, ubiquitin-like, containing PHD and RING fingers domains 1 (UHRF1) plays key roles in the inheritance of methylation patterns to daughter strands by recognizing through its SET and RING-associated domain (SRA) the methylated CpGs and recruiting DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1). Herein, our goal is to identify UHRF1 inhibitors targeting the 5'-methylcytosine (5mC) binding pocket of the SRA domain to prevent the recognition and flipping of 5mC and determine the molecular and cellular consequences of this inhibition. For this, we used a multidisciplinary strategy combining virtual screening and molecular modeling with biophysical assays in solution and cells. We identified an anthraquinone compound able to bind to the 5mC binding pocket and inhibit the base-flipping process in the low micromolar range. We also showed in cells that this hit impaired the UHRF1/DNMT1 interaction and decreased the overall methylation of DNA, highlighting the critical role of base flipping for DNMT1 recruitment and providing the first proof of concept of the druggability of the 5mC binding pocket. The selected anthraquinone appears thus as a key tool to investigate the role of UHRF1 in the inheritance of methylation patterns, as well as a starting point for hit-to-lead optimizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliyana Zaayter
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Mattia Mori
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Tanveer Ahmad
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Waseem Ashraf
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Christian Boudier
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Vasyl Kilin
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Krishna Gavvala
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Ludovic Richert
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Sylvia Eiler
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U964 CNRS UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Marc Ruff
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U964 CNRS UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Maurizio Botta
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Christian Bronner
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U964 CNRS UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Marc Mousli
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Yves Mély
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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8
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Norollahi SE, Mansour-Ghanaei F, Joukar F, Ghadarjani S, Mojtahedi K, Gharaei Nejad K, Hemmati H, Gharibpoor F, Khaksar R, Samadani AA. Therapeutic approach of Cancer stem cells (CSCs) in gastric adenocarcinoma; DNA methyltransferases enzymes in cancer targeted therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 115:108958. [PMID: 31075731 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) show a remarkable sub class of cancer cells population which have a potential to organize and regulate stemness properties which possess a main particular responsibility for uncontrolled growth in carcinogenesis, production of different cancers in differentiated situation and also resistancy to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Correspondingly, gastric cancer (GC) as a very serious type in cancer mortality in the world, has received a deep attention in molecular therapy recently. Besides the main characteristics of CSCs like differentiation, epithelial mesenchymal transition, self-renewal and metastasis, they are so effective in expression of stemness genes resistancy in radiotherapy and chemotherapy. In this way, the regulation of epigenetic elements including DNA methylation and the performance of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) which is a notable epigenetic trait in GC, is of great importance. Inhibitors of DNA methylation are the first epigenetic drugs in cancer therapy. Considerably, recent studies indicate that low doses of DNMT inhibitors have a high potential in sustaining reduced DNA methylation and related with re-expression of silenced genes in tumorigenesis. Importantly, these certain doses have the ability to decrease the carcinogenesis and tumorigenesis in CSC populations within GC. Meaningly, the inhibition of DNMTs are able to reduce the accumulation of tumorigenic ability of GC CSCs. Furthermore, many epigenetic drugs have a great potential in cancer therapy, including histone methyltransferases, lysine demethylases, histone deacetylasesand, bromodomain and extra-terminal domain proteins and DNA methyltransferases inhibitors. In this review article, we try to focus on the therapeutic mechanism of DNMTs alongside with their impact on CSCs in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syedeh Elham Norollahi
- Gastrointestinal and liver diseases research center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei
- Gastrointestinal and liver diseases research center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Farahnaz Joukar
- Gastrointestinal and liver diseases research center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Shervin Ghadarjani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Kourosh Mojtahedi
- Gastrointestinal and liver diseases research center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Kaveh Gharaei Nejad
- Skin Research Center, Dermatology Department, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Razi Hospital, Sardare Jangal Street, Rasht, Iran
| | - Hossein Hemmati
- Razi Clinical Research Development Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Faeze Gharibpoor
- Gastrointestinal and liver diseases research center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Roya Khaksar
- Gastrointestinal and liver diseases research center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Ali Akbar Samadani
- Gastrointestinal and liver diseases research center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
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Amara CS, Vantaku V, Lotan Y, Putluri N. Recent advances in the metabolomic study of bladder cancer. Expert Rev Proteomics 2019; 16:315-324. [PMID: 30773067 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2019.1583105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metabolomics is a chemical process, involving the characterization of metabolites and cellular metabolism. Recent studies indicate that numerous metabolic pathways are altered in bladder cancer (BLCA), providing potential targets for improved detection and possible therapeutic intervention. We review recent advances in metabolomics related to BLCA and identify various metabolites that may serve as potential biomarkers for BLCA. Areas covered: In this review, we describe the latest advances in defining the BLCA metabolome and discuss the possible clinical utility of metabolic alterations in BLCA tissues, serum, and urine. In addition, we focus on the metabolic alterations associated with tobacco smoke and racial disparity in BLCA. Expert commentary: Metabolomics is a powerful tool which can shed new light on BLCA development and behavior. Key metabolites may serve as possible markers of BLCA. However, prospective validation will be needed to incorporate these markers into clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Sekhar Amara
- a Department of Molecular and Cell Biology , Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Venkatrao Vantaku
- a Department of Molecular and Cell Biology , Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Yair Lotan
- b Department of Urology , University of Texas Southwestern , Dallas , TX , USA
| | - Nagireddy Putluri
- a Department of Molecular and Cell Biology , Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , TX , USA.,c Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Advanced Technology Core, Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery , Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , TX , USA
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10
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Fattahi S, Golpour M, Amjadi-Moheb F, Sharifi-Pasandi M, Khodadadi P, Pilehchian-Langroudi M, Ashrafi GH, Akhavan-Niaki H. DNA methyltransferases and gastric cancer: insight into targeted therapy. Epigenomics 2018; 10:1477-1497. [PMID: 30325215 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2018-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a major health problem worldwide occupying most frequent causes of cancer-related mortality. In addition to genetic modifications, epigenetic alterations catalyzed by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) are a well-characterized epigenetic hallmark in gastric cancer. The reversible nature of epigenetic alterations and central role of DNA methylation in diverse biological processes provides an opportunity for using DNMT inhibitors to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapeutics. In this review, we discussed key factors or mechanisms such as SNPs, infections and genetic modifications that trigger DNMTs level modification in gastric cancer, and their potential roles in cancer progression. Finally, we focused on how inhibitors of the DNMTs can most effectively be used for the treatment of gastric cancer with multidrug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Fattahi
- Cellular & Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, 4717647745, Babol, Iran.,North Research Center, Pasteur Institute, Amol, 4615885399, Iran
| | - Monireh Golpour
- Molecular & Cell Biology Research Center, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, 4817844718, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Amjadi-Moheb
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, 4717647745, Babol, Iran
| | - Marzieh Sharifi-Pasandi
- Molecular & Cell Biology Research Center, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, 4817844718, Iran
| | - Parastesh Khodadadi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, 4717647745, Babol, Iran
| | | | - Gholam Hossein Ashrafi
- School of Life Science, Pharmacy & Chemistry, SEC Faculty, Cancer Theme, Kingston University London, Kingston upon Thames, London KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Haleh Akhavan-Niaki
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, 4717647745, Babol, Iran
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Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. Despite significant advances in the early detection and treatment of the disease, the prognosis remains poor, with an overall 5-year survival rate ranging from 15% to 20%. This poor prognosis results largely from early micrometastatic spread of cancer cells to nearby lymph nodes or tissues and partially from early recurrence after curative surgical resection. Recently, precision medicines that target potential oncogenic driver mutations have been approved to treat lung cancer. However, some lung cancer patients do not have targetable mutations, and many patients develop resistance to targeted therapy. Tumor heterogeneity and mutational density are also challenges in treating lung cancer, which underscores the need for developing alternative therapeutic strategies for treating lung cancer. Epigenetic therapy may circumvent the problems of tumor heterogeneity and drug resistance by affecting the expression of several hundred target genes. This review highlights precision medicine using an innovative approach of epigenetic priming prior to conventional standard therapy or targeted cancer therapy in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongho Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Duk-Hwan Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea. .,Samsung Medical Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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12
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Yoon JH, You BH, Park CH, Kim YJ, Nam JW, Lee SK. The long noncoding RNA LUCAT1 promotes tumorigenesis by controlling ubiquitination and stability of DNA methyltransferase 1 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2017; 417:47-57. [PMID: 29247823 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Available targeted therapies for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) are limited; thus, further genetic and epigenetic studies are needed. Recently, many long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported to be involved in various cancers. Here, we investigated whether the lncRNA LUCAT1 was related to the carcinogenesis of ESCC based on previous studies in lung cancer. LUCAT1 was significantly upregulated in ESCC cell lines and cancer tissue compared with normal cells and adjacent normal tissues. LUCAT1 knockdown reduced cell proliferation, induced apoptosis, and upregulated tumor-suppressor genes by reducing DNA methylation in KYSE-30 cells. Moreover, LUCAT1 siRNA reduced DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) protein levels without affecting transcription. Patients with high LUCAT1 expression had significantly lower survival rates than patients with low LUCAT1 expression. Our results thus suggest that LUCAT1 regulates the stability of DNMT1 and inhibits the expression of tumor suppressors through DNA methylation, leading to the formation and metastasis of ESCC. We identified LUCAT1 as a potential target for drug development and as a biomarker for ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ho Yoon
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Hyun You
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133791, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Hyuk Park
- Division of Gastroenterology, Institute of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Jin Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Institute of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Wu Nam
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133791, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133791, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kil Lee
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea; Division of Gastroenterology, Institute of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Jin F, Thaiparambil J, Donepudi SR, Vantaku V, Piyarathna DWB, Maity S, Krishnapuram R, Putluri V, Gu F, Purwaha P, Bhowmik SK, Ambati CR, von Rundstedt FC, Roghmann F, Berg S, Noldus J, Rajapakshe K, Gödde D, Roth S, Störkel S, Degener S, Michailidis G, Kaipparettu BA, Karanam B, Terris MK, Kavuri SM, Lerner SP, Kheradmand F, Coarfa C, Sreekumar A, Lotan Y, El-Zein R, Putluri N. Tobacco-Specific Carcinogens Induce Hypermethylation, DNA Adducts, and DNA Damage in Bladder Cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2017; 10:588-597. [PMID: 28851690 PMCID: PMC5626664 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-17-0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Smoking is a major risk factor for the development of bladder cancer; however, the functional consequences of the carcinogens in tobacco smoke and bladder cancer-associated metabolic alterations remain poorly defined. We assessed the metabolic profiles in bladder cancer smokers and non-smokers and identified the key alterations in their metabolism. LC/MS and bioinformatic analysis were performed to determine the metabolome associated with bladder cancer smokers and were further validated in cell line models. Smokers with bladder cancer were found to have elevated levels of methylated metabolites, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, DNA adducts, and DNA damage. DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) expression was significantly higher in smokers than non-smokers with bladder cancer. An integromics approach, using multiple patient cohorts, revealed strong associations between smokers and high-grade bladder cancer. In vitro exposure to the tobacco smoke carcinogens, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) led to increase in levels of methylated metabolites, DNA adducts, and extensive DNA damage in bladder cancer cells. Cotreatment of bladder cancer cells with these carcinogens and the methylation inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine rewired the methylated metabolites, DNA adducts, and DNA damage. These findings were confirmed through the isotopic-labeled metabolic flux analysis. Screens using smoke-associated metabolites and DNA adducts could provide robust biomarkers and improve individual risk prediction in bladder cancer smokers. Noninvasive predictive biomarkers that can stratify the risk of developing bladder cancer in smokers could aid in early detection and treatment. Cancer Prev Res; 10(10); 588-97. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Jin
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Advanced Technology Core, Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jose Thaiparambil
- Department of Radiology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Sri Ramya Donepudi
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Advanced Technology Core, Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Venkatrao Vantaku
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Suman Maity
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Advanced Technology Core, Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Rashmi Krishnapuram
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Vasanta Putluri
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Advanced Technology Core, Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Franklin Gu
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Preeti Purwaha
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Salil Kumar Bhowmik
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Chandrashekar R Ambati
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Advanced Technology Core, Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Friedrich-Carl von Rundstedt
- Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Urology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Florian Roghmann
- Department of Urology, Marien Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Herne, Germany
| | - Sebastian Berg
- Department of Urology, Marien Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Herne, Germany
| | - Joachim Noldus
- Department of Urology, Marien Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Herne, Germany
| | - Kimal Rajapakshe
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Daniel Gödde
- Department of Pathology, Witten-Herdecke University, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Stephan Roth
- Department of Urology Helios Klinikum, Witten-Herdecke University, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Stephan Störkel
- Department of Pathology, Witten-Herdecke University, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Stephan Degener
- Department of Urology Helios Klinikum, Witten-Herdecke University, Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | | | - Balasubramanyam Karanam
- Department of Biology and Center for Cancer Research, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama
| | | | - Shyam M Kavuri
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Seth P Lerner
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Farrah Kheradmand
- Department of Medicine & Center for Translational Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Michael E. DeBakey VA, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Advanced Technology Core, Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Arun Sreekumar
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Advanced Technology Core, Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Yair Lotan
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas
| | - Randa El-Zein
- Department of Radiology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Nagireddy Putluri
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Advanced Technology Core, Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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14
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Lai Q, Xu YH, Chen Q, Tang L, Li AG, Zhang LF, Zhang CF, Song JF, Du ZZ. The loss-of-function of DNA methyltransferase 1 by siRNA impairs the growth of non-small cell lung cancer with alleviated side effects via reactivation of RASSF1A and APC in vitro and vivo. Oncotarget 2017; 8:59301-59311. [PMID: 28938637 PMCID: PMC5601733 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) promoters by DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) can be observed in almost all cancers which represent a hallmark of carcinogenesis, including lung cancer. DNMT inhibitors (e.g.5-Aza-CR/CdR) reactivate TSGs to exert anti-cancer activity and have been applied into the clinical. However, it is cytotoxic even at low concentrations, which might be not directly related to DNA methylation. We here investigated an alternative strategy in the lung cancer therapy and aimed to estimate and compare its efficiency and side effects of knockdown of DNMT1 in vitro and in vivo. Lung cancer tissues (n=20) showed enhanced expression of DNMT1 than corresponding non-neoplastic tissues. Similar results were found in lung cancer cell lines A549 and H538. The treatment of 5-Aza-CR or knockdown of DNMT1 in vitro could inhibit the expressions of DNMT1 but restore the TSGs expressions including the Ras association domain family 1A (RASSF1A) and the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) via the demethylation of its promoter region, which results in the decreased proliferation, increased apoptosis and impaired ability of migration. Importantly, knockdown of DNMT1 by siRNA in vivo also effectively demethylated the RASSF1A and APC promoter, elevated their expressions and limited tumor growth, which functioned like 5-Aza-CR but with alleviated side effects, suggesting that knockdown of DNMT1 might be potential strategy for the treatment of lung cancer with better tolerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Lai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, P.R. China
| | - Yin-Hui Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, P.R. China
| | - Liang Tang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, P.R. China
| | - An-Gui Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, P.R. China
| | - Li-Fei Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Fang Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Fei Song
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Zong Du
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanxi Shan Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, The Affiliated Nanxi Shan Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541002, P.R. China
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15
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Li X, Lu H, Fan G, He M, Sun Y, Xu K, Shi F. A novel interplay between HOTAIR and DNA methylation in osteosarcoma cells indicates a new therapeutic strategy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2017; 143:2189-2200. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-017-2478-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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16
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MicroRNA-34a Encapsulated in Hyaluronic Acid Nanoparticles Induces Epigenetic Changes with Altered Mitochondrial Bioenergetics and Apoptosis in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Cells. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28623259 PMCID: PMC5473901 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02816-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapies targeting epigenetic changes for cancer treatment are in Phase I/II trials; however, all of these target only nuclear DNA. Emerging evidence suggests presence of methylation marks on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA); but their contribution in cancer is unidentified. Expression of genes encoded on mtDNA are altered in cancer cells, along with increased glycolytic flux. Such glycolytic flux and elevated reactive oxygen species is supported by increased antioxidant; glutathione. MicroRNA-34a can translocate to mitochondria, mediate downstream apoptotic effects of tumor suppressor P53, and inhibit the antioxidant response element Nrf-2, resulting in depleted glutathione levels. Based on such strong rationale, we encapsulated microRNA-34a in our well-established Hyaluronic-Acid nanoparticles and delivered to cisplatin-sensitive and cisplatin-resistant A549-lung adenocarcinoma cells. Successful delivery and uptake in cells resulted in altered ATP levels, decreased glycolytic flux, Nrf-2 and glutathione levels, ultimately resulting in caspase-3 activation and apoptosis. Most important were the concurrent underlying molecular changes in epigenetic status of D-loop on the mtDNA and transcription of mtDNA-encoded genes. Although preliminary, we provide a novel therapeutic approach in form of altered mitochondrial bioenergetics and redox status of cancer cells with underlying changes in epigenetic status of mtDNA that can subsequently results in induction of cancer cell apoptosis.
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17
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Royston KJ, Udayakumar N, Lewis K, Tollefsbol TO. A Novel Combination of Withaferin A and Sulforaphane Inhibits Epigenetic Machinery, Cellular Viability and Induces Apoptosis of Breast Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18051092. [PMID: 28534825 PMCID: PMC5455001 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18051092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
With cancer often classified as a disease that has an important epigenetic component, natural compounds that have the ability to regulate the epigenome become ideal candidates for study. Humans have a complex diet, which illustrates the need to elucidate the mechanisms of interaction between these bioactive compounds in combination. The natural compounds withaferin A (WA), from the Indian winter cherry, and sulforaphane (SFN), from cruciferous vegetables, have numerous anti-cancer effects and some report their ability to regulate epigenetic processes. Our study is the first to investigate the combinatorial effects of low physiologically achievable concentrations of WA and SFN on breast cancer cell proliferation, histone deacetylase1 (HDAC1) and DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs). No adverse effects were observed on control cells at optimal concentrations. There was synergistic inhibition of cellular viability in MCF-7 cells and a greater induction of apoptosis with the combinatorial approach than with either compound administered alone in both MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. HDAC expression was down-regulated at multiple levels. Lastly, we determined the combined effects of these bioactive compounds on the pro-apoptotic BAX and anti-apoptotic BCL-2 and found decreases in BCL-2 and increases in BAX. Taken together, our findings demonstrate the ability of low concentrations of combinatorial WA and SFN to promote cancer cell death and regulate key epigenetic modifiers in human breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra J Royston
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama Birmingham, 1802 6th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Neha Udayakumar
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Kayla Lewis
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Trygve O Tollefsbol
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama Birmingham, 1802 6th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
- Comprehensive Center for Healthy Aging, University of Alabama Birmingham, 1530 3rd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama Birmingham, 1675 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama Birmingham, 1825 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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18
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Seo JS, Choi YH, Moon JW, Kim HS, Park SH. Hinokitiol induces DNA demethylation via DNMT1 and UHRF1 inhibition in colon cancer cells. BMC Cell Biol 2017; 18:14. [PMID: 28241740 PMCID: PMC5327573 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-017-0130-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA hypermethylation is a key epigenetic mechanism for the silencing of many genes in cancer. Hinokitiol, a tropolone-related natural compound, is known to induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest and has anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activities. However, the relationship between hinokitiol and DNA methylation is not clear. The aim of our study was to explore whether hinokitiol has an inhibitory ability on the DNA methylation in colon cancer cells. RESULTS MTT data showed that hinokitiol had higher sensitivity in colon cancer cells, HCT-116 and SW480, than in normal colon cells, CCD18Co. Hinokitiol reduced DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) and ubiquitin-like plant homeodomain and RING finger domain 1 (UHRF1) expression in HCT-116 cells. In addition, the expression of ten-eleven translocation protein 1 (TET1), a known DNA demethylation initiator, was increased by hinokitiol treatment. ELISA and FACS data showed that hinokitiol increased the 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) level in the both colon cancer cells, but 5-methylcytosine (5mC) level was not changed. Furthermore, hinokitiol significantly restored mRNA expression of O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), carbohydrate sulfotransferase 10 (CHST10), and B-cell translocation gene 4 (BTG4) concomitant with reduction of methylation status in HCT-116 cells. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that hinokitiol may exert DNA demethylation by inhibiting the expression of DNMT1 and UHRF1 in colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Seon Seo
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Human Genetics, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ha Choi
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Human Genetics, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Wook Moon
- Department of Pathology, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Soo Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Human Genetics, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hwa Park
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Human Genetics, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Jili S, Eryong L, Lijuan L, Chao Z. RUNX3 inhibits laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma malignancy under the regulation of miR-148a-3p/DNMT1 axis. Cell Biochem Funct 2016; 34:597-605. [PMID: 27859417 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Su Jili
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery; The first Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology; Luoyang 471003 China
| | - Lu Eryong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery; The first Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology; Luoyang 471003 China
| | - Lu Lijuan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; The first Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology; Luoyang 471003 China
| | - Zhang Chao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery; The first Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology; Luoyang 471003 China
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20
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Dietary Flavones as Dual Inhibitors of DNA Methyltransferases and Histone Methyltransferases. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162956. [PMID: 27658199 PMCID: PMC5033486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylation of DNA and histone proteins are mutually involved in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression mediated by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and histone methyltransferases (HMTs). DNMTs methylate cytosine residues within gene promoters, whereas HMTs catalyze the transfer of methyl groups to lysine and arginine residues of histone proteins, thus causing chromatin condensation and transcriptional repression, which play an important role in the pathogenesis of cancer. The potential reversibility of epigenetic alterations has encouraged the development of dual pharmacologic inhibitors of DNA and histone methylation as anticancer therapeutics. Dietary flavones can affect epigenetic modifications that accumulate over time and have shown anticancer properties, which are undefined. Through DNA binding and in silico protein-ligand docking studies with plant flavones viz. Apigenin, Chrysin and Luteolin, the effect of flavones on DNA and histone methylation was assessed. Spectroscopic analysis of flavones with calf-thymus DNA revealed intercalation as the dominant binding mode, with specific binding to a GC-rich sequence in the DNA duplex. A virtual screening approach using a model of the catalytic site of DNMT and EZH2 demonstrated that plant flavones are tethered at both ends inside the catalytic pocket of DNMT and EZH2 by means of hydrogen bonding. Epigenetic studies performed with flavones exhibited a decrease in DNMT enzyme activity and a reversal of the hypermethylation of cytosine bases in the DNA and prevented cytosine methylation in the GC-rich promoter sequence incubated with the M.SssI enzyme. Furthermore, a marked decrease in HMT activity and a decrease in EZH2 protein expression and trimethylation of H3K27 were noted in histones isolated from cancer cells treated with plant flavones. Our results suggest that dietary flavones can alter DNMT and HMT activities and the methylation of DNA and histone proteins that regulate epigenetic modifications, thus providing a significant anticancer effect by altering epigenetic processes involved in the development of cancer.
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21
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Sharma V, Verma V, Lal N, Yadav SK, Sarkar S, Mandalapu D, Porwal K, Rawat T, Maikhuri JP, Rajender S, Sharma VL, Gupta G. Disulfiram and its novel derivative sensitize prostate cancer cells to the growth regulatory mechanisms of the cell by re-expressing the epigenetically repressed tumor suppressor-estrogen receptor β. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:1843-1857. [PMID: 26599461 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen Receptor-β (ER-β), a tumor-suppressor in prostate cancer, is epigenetically repressed by hypermethylation of its promoter. DNA-methyltransferases (DNMTs), which catalyze the transfer of methyl-groups to CpG islands of gene promoters, are overactive in cancers and can be inhibited by DNMT-inhibitors to re-express the tumor suppressors. The FDA-approved nucleoside DNMT-inhibitors like 5-Azacytidine and 5-Aza-deoxycytidine carry notable concerns due to their off-target toxicity, therefore non-nucleoside DNMT inhibitors are desirable for prolonged epigenetic therapy. Disulfiram (DSF), an antabuse drug, inhibits DNMT and prevents proliferation of cells in prostate and other cancers, plausibly through the re-expression of tumor suppressors like ER-β. To increase the DNMT-inhibitory activity of DSF, its chemical scaffold was optimized and compound-339 was discovered as a doubly potent DSF-derivative with similar off-target toxicity. It potently and selectively inhibited cell proliferation of prostate cancer (PC3/DU145) cells in comparison to normal (non-cancer) cells by promoting cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis, accompanied with inhibition of total DNMT activity, and re-expression of ER-β (mRNA/protein). Bisulfite-sequencing of ER-β promoter revealed that compound-339 demethylated CpG sites more efficaciously than DSF, restoring near-normal methylation status of ER-β promoter. Compound-339 docked on to the MTase domain of DNMT1 with half the energy of DSF. In xenograft mice-model, the tumor volume regressed by 24% and 50% after treatment with DSF and compound-339, respectively, with increase in ER-β expression. Apparently both compounds inhibit prostate cancer cell proliferation by re-expressing the epigenetically repressed tumor-suppressor ER-β through inhibition of DNMT activity. Compound-339 presents a new lead for further study as an anti-prostate cancer agent. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Sharma
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Vikas Verma
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Nand Lal
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Santosh K Yadav
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Saumya Sarkar
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Dhanaraju Mandalapu
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Konica Porwal
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Tara Rawat
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - J P Maikhuri
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Singh Rajender
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - V L Sharma
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Gopal Gupta
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.
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22
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Ge GZ, Xu TR, Chen C. Tobacco carcinogen NNK-induced lung cancer animal models and associated carcinogenic mechanisms. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2015; 47:477-87. [PMID: 26040315 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmv041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco usage is a major risk factor in the development, progression, and outcomes for lung cancer. Of the carcinogens associated with lung cancer, tobacco-specific nitrosamines 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is among the most potent ones. The oncogenic mechanisms of NNK are not entirely understood, hindering the development of effective strategies for preventing and treating smoking-associated lung cancers. Here, we introduce the NNK-induced lung cancer animal models in different species and its potential mechanisms. Finally, we summarize several chemopreventive agents developed from these animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Zhe Ge
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Tian-Rui Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Ceshi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
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Zhu Y, Fu J, Yang H, Pan Y, Yao L, Xue X. Hyperoxia-induced methylation decreases RUNX3 in a newborn rat model of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Respir Res 2015; 16:75. [PMID: 26104385 PMCID: PMC4499173 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-015-0239-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in premature infants is a predominantly secondary occurrence to intrauterine inflammation/infection and postpartum mechanical ventilation; in recent years, an association with epigenetics has also been found. DNA methylation, catalyzed by DNA methyl transferases (DNMTs), and tri-methylation of lysine 27 on histone H3 (H3K27me3), mediated by the methyltransferase, Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 (EZH2), are some of the most commonly found modifications in epigenetics. Runt-related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3) is associated with pulmonary epithelial and vascular development and regulates expression at the post-transcriptional level by DNA methylation through DNMT1 or DNMT3b. However, the involvements of these epigenetic factors in the occurrence of BPD are, as yet, unclear. METHODS Newborn rats were randomly assigned to a model, hyperoxia (85 % O2) or control, normoxia group (21 % O2). Lung tissues and alveolar type 2 (AT2) epithelial cells were collected between 1-14 days. The expression of DNMTs, and EZH2 was detected by immunohistochemistry, Western blot and real-time PCR. The percentage of DNA methylation and H3K27me3 levels in the RUNX3 promoter region was measured by bisulfite sequencing PCR and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. RUNX3 protein and mRNA expression in AT2 cells was also measured after inhibition using the DNA methylation inhibitor, 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine, the H3K27me3 inhibitor, JMJD3, and the EZH2 inhibitor, DZNep. RESULTS Compared with the control group, RUNX3 protein was downregulated and DNMT3b and EZH2 were highly expressed in lung tissues and AT2 cells of the model group (P < 0.05), while high DNA methylation and H3K27me3 modifications were present in the RUNX3 promoter region, in lung tissues of the model group (P < 0.05). Following hyperoxia in the model group, JMJD3 and DZNep significantly reversed the hyperoxia-induced down-regulation of RUNX3 expression in AT2 cells (P < 0.05), more so than 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS 1) DNA methylation and H3K27 trimethylation are present in the BPD model; 2) RUNX3 down-regulation is attributed to both DNMT3b-catalyzed DNA methylation and EZH2-catalyzed histone methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.
| | - Jianhua Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.
| | - Haiping Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.
| | - Yuqing Pan
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.
| | - Li Yao
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.
| | - Xindong Xue
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.
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JOO MOONKYUNG, KIM KEYHYEON, PARK JONGJAE, YOO HYOSOON, CHOE JUNGWAN, KIM HYOJUNG, LEE BEOMJAE, KIM JAESEON, BAK YOUNGTAE. CpG island promoter hypermethylation of Ras association domain family 1A gene contributes to gastric carcinogenesis. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:3039-46. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.3055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Falk SP, Weisblum B. Aptamer Displacement Screen for Flaviviral RNA Methyltransferase Inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 19:1147-53. [PMID: 24793430 DOI: 10.1177/1087057114533147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
RNA-protein interactions are vital to the replication of the flaviviral genome. Discovery focused on small molecules that disrupt these interactions represent a viable path for identification of new inhibitors. The viral RNA (vRNA) cap methyltransferase (MTase) of the flaviviruses has been validated as a suitable drug target. Here we report the development of a high-throughput screen for the discovery of compounds that target the RNA binding site of flaviviral protein NS5A. The assay described here is based on displacement of an MT-bound polynucleotide aptamer, decathymidylate derivatized at its 5' end with fluorescein (FL-dT10). Based on the measurement of fluorescence polarization, FL-dT10 bound to yellow fever virus (YFV) MTase in a saturable manner with a Kd= 231 nM. The binding was reversed by a 250-nucleotide YFV messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript and by the triphenylmethane dye aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA). The EC50for ATA displacement was 1.54 µM. The MTase cofactors guanosine-5'-triphosphate and S-adenosyl-methionine failed to displace FL-dT10. Analysis by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) suggests that ATA binds YFV MTase so as to displace the vRNA. The assay was determined to have a Z' of 0.83 and was successfully used to screen a library of known bioactives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun P Falk
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Bernard Weisblum
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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Xiang J, Luo F, Chen Y, Zhu F, Wang J. si-DNMT1 restore tumor suppressor genes expression through the reversal of DNA hypermethylation in cholangiocarcinoma. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2014; 38:181-9. [PMID: 24361215 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Revised: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of shorthairpin RNA plasmid vector knockdown of human DNA methyltransferase 1 on proliferation and the methylation status and expression of tumor suppressor genes in hilar cholangiocarcinoma. METHODS The hilar cholangiocarcinoma cell line QBC939 was utilized for this study. QBC939 cells were transfected with a shorthairpin RNA plasmid vector targeting human DNA methyltransferase 1. Control and human DNA methyltransferase 1 shorthairpin RNA plasmid vector-transfected cells were collected at different time points, and the expression levels of human DNA methyltransferase 1 and tumor suppressor genes (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2B, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A, RAS association domain family 1, and cadherin-1) were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, interfering efficiency was confirmed by Western blotting. The methylation status of tumor suppressor genes was detected using methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, the effect of human DNA methyltransferase 1 knockdown on proliferation was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. RESULTS Targeted gene knockout of human DNA methyltransferase 1 restored the expression levels of tumor suppressor genes cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2B, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A, RAS association domain family 1, and cadherin-1, indicating that the silencing of these tumor suppressor genes is associated with promoter hypermethylation. In addition, knockdown of human DNA methyltransferase 1 expression significantly inhibited the proliferation of QBC939 cells. CONCLUSIONS Targeted knockdown of human DNA methyltransferase 1 expression restores the expression levels of tumor suppressor genes, thus inhibiting the proliferation of QBC939 cells. These results may provide insight for the development of novel therapies for cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifeng Xiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Sugery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Fang Luo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Sugery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Sugery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Fangyu Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Sugery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jiming Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Sugery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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Valdez CD, Kunju L, Daignault S, Wojno KJ, Day ML. The E2F1/DNMT1 axis is associated with the development of AR negative castration resistant prostate cancer. Prostate 2013; 73:1776-85. [PMID: 24038143 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) has focused primarily on functional alterations of the androgen receptor (AR). However, little is known about the loss of AR gene expression itself and the possible contribution of AR negative cells to CRPC. METHODS Human and murine prostate cancer tissue microarrays (TMAs) were evaluated with antibodies specific for E2F1, DNA methyltransferase 1 or AR. The human prostate cancer TMA consisted of clinical samples ranging from normal tissue to samples of metastatic disease. The murine TMA was comprised of benign, localized or metastatic prostate cancer acquired from TRAMP mice treated with castration and/or 5'-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5Aza). RESULTS Immunohistochemical analysis revealed increased nuclear DNMT1 staining in localized PCa (P < 0.0001) and metastatic PCa (P < 0.0001) compared to normal tissue. Examination of specific diagnoses revealed that Gleason seven tumors exhibited greater nuclear DNMT1 staining than Gleason six tumors (P < 0.05) and that metastatic tissue exhibited greater levels of nuclear DNMT1 than Gleason seven tumors (P < 0.01). Evaluation of the murine tissue cores revealed that 8.2% and 8.1% of benign tissue cores stained positive for E2F1 and DNMT1 respectively, while 97.0% were AR positive. Conversely, 81% and 100% of tumors were positive for E2F1 and DNMT1 respectively. This was in stark contrast to only 18% of tumors positive for AR. Treatment of mice with 5Aza reduced DNMT1 staining by 30%, while AR increased by 27%. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that the E2F1/DNMT1 inhibitory axis of AR transcription is activated during the emergence of CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad David Valdez
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Tang H, Deng M, Tang Y, Xie X, Guo J, Kong Y, Ye F, Su Q, Xie X. miR-200b and miR-200c as prognostic factors and mediators of gastric cancer cell progression. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:5602-12. [PMID: 23995857 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-1326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinicopathologic significance and potential role of miR-200b and miR-200c in the development and progression of gastric cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We examined miR-200b and miR-200c expression in 36 paired normal and stomach tumor specimens, as well as gastric cancer cell lines, by quantitative real-time PCR. In addition, miR-200b and miR-200c were detected by ISH using gastric cancer tissue microarrays, and the association between miR-200b and miR-200c levels and clinicopathologic factors and prognosis were analyzed. A luciferase assay was conducted for target evaluation. The functional effects of miR-200b and miR-200c on gastric cancer cells were validated by a cell proliferation assay and cell invasion and migration assays. RESULTS miR-200b and miR-200c were downregulated in the gastric cancer specimens and cell lines tested. miR-200b and miR-200c levels were significantly correlated with the clinical stage, T stage, lymph node metastasis, and survival of patients. Ectopic expression of miR-200b and miR-200c impaired cell growth and invasion. In addition, when overexpressed, miR-200b and miR-200c commonly directly targeted DNMT3A, DNMT3B, and SP1 (a transactivator of the DNMT1 gene), which resulted in marked reduction of the expression of DNA methyltransferases DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B at the protein level. This effect, in turn, led to a decrease in global DNA methylation and reexpression of p16, RASS1A1, and E-cadherin via promoter DNA hypomethylation. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that miR-200b and miR-200c, as valuable markers of gastric cancer prognosis, may be a promising approach to human gastric cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailin Tang
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center; Cancer Hospital and Cancer Research Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong; and Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
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Zuo J, Xia J, Ju F, Yan J, Zhu A, Jin S, Shan T, Zhou H. MicroRNA-148a can regulate runt-related transcription factor 3 gene expression via modulation of DNA methyltransferase 1 in gastric cancer. Mol Cells 2013; 35:313-9. [PMID: 23549984 PMCID: PMC3887893 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-013-2314-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Underexpression of the gene runt-related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3), an important tumor suppressor, is known to contribute to gastric cancer progression. However, the mechanism underlying aberrant RUNX3 expression has not been fully elucidated. We investigated the role of microRNA-148a (miR-148a) and DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) in RUNX3 promoter methylation and gene expression. RUNX3 mRNA, RUNX3 protein, and methylation levels were assayed in human gastric cancer tissues and matched normal tissues, and AGS and BGC-823 cells by real-time reverse transcription PCR, Western blot, and methylation-specific PCR, respectively. A correlation between RUNX3 mRNA levels and that of miR-148a was also investigated in gastric cancer tissues. We found that RUNX3 mRNA levels were significantly downregulated in gastric cancer tissues compared with their matched normal tissues, and were closely associated with miR-148a expression. After treatment of human gastric cancer AGS and BGC-823 cells with the DNA methylation inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, a significant increase in RUNX3 mRNA, RUNX3 protein, and the non-methylated form of the RUNX3 promoter were observed relative to untreated cells. Enforced expression of miR-148a, which can modulate DNMT1 and DNMT3B, also increased the expression of RUNX3 in gastric cancer cells. Knockdown of DNMT1 was associated with increased levels of RUNX3 mRNA and RUNX3 protein, while knockdown of DNMT3B did not have any effect on these in BGC-823 cells. Our results show that miR-148a may regulate RUNX3 expression through modulation of DNMT1-dependent DNA methylation in gastric cancer and highlight a miRNA-epigenetics regulation mechanism of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbo Zuo
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, Wuxi 214002,
China
- Department of Translational Medicine Center, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, Wuxi 214002,
China
| | - Jiazeng Xia
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, Wuxi 214002,
China
- Department of Translational Medicine Center, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, Wuxi 214002,
China
| | - Feng Ju
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, Wuxi 214002,
China
- Department of Translational Medicine Center, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, Wuxi 214002,
China
| | - Jiang Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, Wuxi 214002,
China
- Department of Translational Medicine Center, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, Wuxi 214002,
China
| | - Akao Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Hangzhou First Municipal People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310006,
China
| | - Shimao Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, Wuxi 214002,
China
| | - Ting Shan
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, Wuxi 214002,
China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, Wuxi 214002,
China
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Nagaraju GP, EI-Rayes BF. SPARC and DNA methylation: Possible diagnostic and therapeutic implications in gastrointestinal cancers. Cancer Lett 2013; 328:10-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Thrombospondin-1 expression in melanoma is blocked by methylation and targeted reversal by 5-Aza-deoxycytidine suppresses angiogenesis. Matrix Biol 2012. [PMID: 23202046 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reversibility of aberrant methylation via pharmacological means is an attractive target for therapies through epigenetic reprogramming. To establish that pharmacologic reversal of methylation could result in functional inhibition of angiogenesis, we undertook in vitro and in vivo studies of thrombospondin-1 (TSP1), a known inhibitor of angiogenesis. TSP1 is methylated in several malignancies, and can inhibit angiogenesis in melanoma xenografts. We analyzed effects of 5-Aza-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-dC) on melanoma cells in vitro to confirm reversal of promoter hypermethylation and restoration of TSP1 expression. We then investigated the effects of TSP1 expression on new blood vessel formation and tumor growth in vivo. Finally, to determine potential for clinical translation, the methylation status of TSP1 promoter regions of nevi and melanoma tissues was investigated. RESULTS 5-Aza-dC reduced DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) protein, reversed promoter hypermethylation, and restored TSP1 expression in five melanoma cell lines, while having no effect on TSP1 protein levels in normal human melanocytes. In in vivo neovascularization studies, mice were implanted with melanoma cells (A375) either untreated or treated with 5Aza-dC. Vessels at tumor sites were counted by an observer blinded to treatments and the number of tumor vessels was significantly decreased at pretreated tumor sites. This difference occurred before a significant difference in tumor volumes was seen, yet in further studies the average tumor volume in mice treated in vivo with 5-Aza-dC was decreased by 55% compared to untreated controls. Knockdown of TSP1 expression with shRNA enhanced tumor-induced angiogenesis by 68%. Analyses of promoter methylation status of TSP1 in tumors derived from untreated and treated mice identified 67% of tumors from untreated and 17% of tumors from treated mice with partial methylation consistent with the methylation specific PCR analysis of A375 cells. Examination of methylation patterns in the promoter of TSP1 and comparison of aberrantly methylated TSP1 in melanoma with non-malignant nevi identified a significantly higher frequency of promoter methylation in tumor samples from melanoma patients. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacological reversal of methylation silenced TSP1 had functional biological consequences in enhancing angiogenesis inhibition and inducing antitumor effects to decrease murine melanoma growth. Angiogenesis inhibition is an additional mechanism by which epigenetic modulators can have antitumor effects.
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He M, Fan J, Jiang R, Tang WX, Wang ZW. Expression of DNMTs and MBD2 in GIST. Biomed Rep 2012; 1:223-227. [PMID: 24648923 DOI: 10.3892/br.2012.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the protein expression of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs, including DNMT1, DNMT2, DNMT3A, DNMT3B and DNMT3L) and methyl-CpG-binding domain protein 2 (MBD2) in gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). Immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis were used to detect expression of DNMT and MBD2 in 15 pairs of adult GIST and matched non-tumor tissues. The protein expression of DNMT1, DNMT2, DNMT3B, DNMT3L and MBD2 was significantly higher in adult GISTs compared to the matched non-tumor tissues (P<0.05). However, no significant difference was detected in the protein expression of DNMT3A between tumor and non-tumor tissues (P>0.05). Associations between DNMT1 expression and mitotic index, DNMT3B expression and tumor size, as well as DNMT3L expression and Helicobacter pylori infection were detected in GISTs (P<0.05). In conclusion, GISTs exhibit a high protein expression of DNMT (with the exception of DNMT3A) and MBD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao He
- Departments of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Jing Fan
- Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Rong Jiang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Basic Medicine of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Xue Tang
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Wei Wang
- Departments of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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Ding YB, Long CL, Liu XQ, Chen XM, Guo LR, Xia YY, He JL, Wang YX. 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine leads to reduced embryo implantation and reduced expression of DNA methyltransferases and essential endometrial genes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45364. [PMID: 23028963 PMCID: PMC3460940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The DNA demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza-CdR) incorporates into DNA and decreases DNA methylation, sparking interest in its use as a potential therapeutic agent. We aimed to determine the effects of maternal 5-aza-CdR treatment on embryo implantation in the mouse and to evaluate whether these effects are associated with decreased levels of DNA methyltransferases (Dnmts) and three genes (estrogen receptor α [Esr1], progesterone receptor [Pgr], and homeobox A10 [Hoxa10]) that are vital for control of endometrial changes during implantation. METHODS AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Mice treated with 5-aza-CdR had a dose-dependent decrease in number of implantation sites, with defected endometrial decidualization and stromal cell proliferation. Western blot analysis on pseudo-pregnant day 3 (PD3) showed that 0.1 mg/kg 5-aza-CdR significantly repressed Dnmt3a protein level, and 0.5 mg/kg 5-aza-CdR significantly repressed Dnmt1, Dnmt3a, and Dnmt3b protein levels in the endometrium. On PD5, mice showed significantly decreased Dnmt3a protein level with 0.1 mg/kg 5-aza-CdR, and significantly decreased Dnmt1 and Dnmt3a with 0.5 mg/kg 5-aza-CdR. Immunohistochemical staining showed that 5-aza-CdR repressed DNMT expression in a cell type-specific fashion within the uterus, including decreased expression of Dnmt1 in luminal and/or glandular epithelium and of Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b in stroma. Furthermore, the 5' flanking regions of the Esr1, Pgr, and Hoxa10 were hypomethylated on PD5. Interestingly, the higher (0.5 mg/kg) dose of 5-aza-CdR decreased protein expression of Esr1, Pgr, and Hoxa10 in the endometrium on PD5 in both methylation-dependent and methylation-independent manners. CONCLUSIONS The effects of 5-aza-CdR on embryo implantation in mice were associated with altered expression of endometrial Dnmts and genes controlling endometrial changes, suggesting that altered gene methylation, and not cytotoxicity alone, contributes to implantation defects induced by 5-aza-CdR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Bin Ding
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chun-Lan Long
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue-Qing Liu
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue-Mei Chen
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang-Rui Guo
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yin-Yin Xia
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun-Lin He
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying-Xiong Wang
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
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Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that RUNX3 is a tumor suppressor in breast cancer. RUNX3 is frequently inactivated in human breast cancer cell lines and cancer samples by hemizygous deletion of the Runx3 gene, hypermethylation of the Runx3 promoter, or cytoplasmic sequestration of RUNX3 protein. Inactivation of RUNX3 is associated with the initiation and progression of breast cancer. Female Runx3(+/-) mice spontaneously develop ductal carcinoma, and overexpression of RUNX3 inhibits the proliferation, tumorigenic potential, and invasiveness of breast cancer cells. This review is intended to summarize these findings and discuss the tumor suppressor function of RUNX3 in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Feng Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
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DNA methylation inhibitors in cancer: recent and future approaches. Biochimie 2012; 94:2280-96. [PMID: 22967704 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review presents the different human DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), their biological roles, their mechanisms of action and their role in cancer. The description of assays for detecting DNMT inhibitors (DNMTi) follows. The different known DNMTi are reported along with their advantages, drawbacks and clinical trials. A discussion on the features of the future DNMT inhibitors will conclude this review.
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Yun J, Song SH, Park J, Kim HP, Yoon YK, Lee KH, Han SW, Oh DY, Im SA, Bang YJ, Kim TY. Gene silencing of EREG mediated by DNA methylation and histone modification in human gastric cancers. J Transl Med 2012; 92:1033-44. [PMID: 22508389 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2012.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epiregulin (EREG) induces cell growth by binding to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Expression of EREG affects sensitivity to cetuximab a chimeric monoclonal antibody that inhibits the EGFR signaling pathway. The mechanism through which EREG is regulated is largely unknown, but a methyl-array study previously performed by our group revealed that EREG is methylated in gastric cancer cells. In this study, we found that EREG gene expression was low in 7 out of 11 gastric cancer cells and this downregulation was mediated by aberrant CpG methylation of the EREG promoter. Treatment with 5-aza-CdR restored EREG expression and demethylated CpG sites in the EREG promoter. Compared with DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), knock-down of DNA methyltransferase 3b (DNMT3b) significantly increased the expression of EREG and led to the demethylation of specific CpG sites in the EREG promoter, suggesting that DNMT3b primarily regulates CpG methylation and silencing of the EREG gene. EREG methylation was observed in 30% (4/13) of human primary gastric tumor tissues we evaluated. In addition to DNA methylation, results from a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that transcriptional levels of EREG were associated with the enrichment of active histone marks (H3K4me3 and AcH3) and of a repressive mark (H3K27me2). Treatment with 5-aza-CdR dynamically increased the low occupancy of H3K4me3 and AcH3, while decreasing the high enrichment of H3K27me2, indicating that dynamic histone modifications contribute to EREG regulation in addition to DNA methylation. Finally, the combination of 5-aza-CdR and cetuximab exerted a synergistic anti-proliferative effect on gastric cancer cells. Taken together, the results of our study showed for the first time that EREG is epigenetically silenced in gastric cancer cells by aberrant DNA methylation and histone modification.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Azacitidine/administration & dosage
- Azacitidine/analogs & derivatives
- Azacitidine/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cetuximab
- CpG Islands
- DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase 1
- DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases/antagonists & inhibitors
- DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases/genetics
- DNA Methylation
- Decitabine
- Epidermal Growth Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Epidermal Growth Factor/genetics
- Epigenesis, Genetic/drug effects
- Epiregulin
- ErbB Receptors/metabolism
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Gene Silencing
- Histones/genetics
- Histones/metabolism
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Stomach Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Stomach Neoplasms/genetics
- Stomach Neoplasms/metabolism
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- DNA Methyltransferase 3B
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Yun
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, South Korea
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37
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LIU JUAN, ZHANG YAN, XIE YISHAN, WANG FULIANG, ZHANG LIJUN, DENG TAO, LUO HESHENG. 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine induces cytotoxicity in BGC-823 cells via DNA methyltransferase 1 and 3a independent of p53 status. Oncol Rep 2012; 28:545-52. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.1838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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38
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Anti-Her2 single-chain antibody mediated DNMTs-siRNA delivery for targeted breast cancer therapy. J Control Release 2012; 161:875-83. [PMID: 22762887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The targeted delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) to specific tumor tissues and tumor cells remains as one of the key challenges in the development of RNA interference as a therapeutic application. To target breast cancer, we developed a therapeutic delivery system using a fusion protein of an anti-Her2 single-chain antibody fragment with a positively charged protamine, namely F5-P, as the carrier to specifically deliver siRNA-targeting DNA methyltransferases 1 and/or 3b genes (siDNMTs) into Her2-expressing breast tumor cells. The carrier F5-P, expressed by the Escherichia coli system, was able to bind siRNA molecules and specifically deliver the siRNA to Her2-expressing BT474 breast cancer cells but not Her2-nonexpressing MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, while delivery of siDNMTs to BT474 cells successfully silenced the expression of targeted DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and facilitated the de-methylation of the RASSF1A tumor suppressor gene promoter, leading to the suppression of tumor cell proliferation. Moreover, as demonstrated in the BT474 xenograft murine model, F5-P successfully delivered siRNA into a Her2-expressing breast tumor, and tumor growth inhibition was mediated by an intravenous injection of F5-P/siDNMTs complex by down-regulating the expression of DNMTs and restoring tumor suppressor gene expression. These data suggest that the delivery of siDNMTs by F5-P could be used to treat Her2-expressing breast cancer.
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Role of epigenetics in cancer initiation and progression. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 720:91-104. [PMID: 21901621 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0254-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The epigenome which comprises DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin structures and non-coding RNAs controls gene expression patterns. In cancer cells, there are aberrant changes in the epigenome. The question in cancer epigenetics is that whether these changes are the cause of cell transformation, or rather the consequence of it. We will discuss the epigenetic phenomenon in cancer, as well as the recent interests in the epigenetic reprogramming events, and their implications in the cancer stem cell theory. We will also look at the progression of cancers as they become more aggressive, with focus on the role of epigenetics in tumor metastases exemplified with the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) system. Last but not least, with therapeutics intervention in mind, we will highlight the importance of balance in the design of epigenetic based anti-cancer therapeutic strategies.
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40
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Xiao WD, Li Y, Li XM, Cai J, Zeng LS, Hu W. RNA interference-mediated silencing of the DNMT1 gene inhibits cell proliferation in human pancreatic carcinoma cell line BxPC-3. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19:3397-3401. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v19.i33.3397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of RNA interference-mediated silencing of the DNA methyltransfe-rase 1 (DNMT1) gene on the proliferation of pancreatic carcinoma BxPC-3 cells and to explore the possible mechanisms involved.
METHODS: BxPC-3 cells were divided into three groups: experimental group, negative control group and blank control group, which were transfected with a DNMT1-specific siRNA, a negative siRNA and empty liposomes using LipofectamineTM 2000, respectively. The expression of DNMT1 mRNA and protein in the transfected cells was analyzed by real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively. Cell growth was measured by MTT assay, and cell apoptosis was examined by flow cytometry. The methylation of tumor suppressor genes (p16, ppENK and RASSF1A) was detected by methylation-specific PCR (MSP) 48 h after transfection.
RESULTS: The expression of DNMT1 mRNA and protein in the experimental group was markedly down-regulated compared to that in the negative control group and blank control group (all P < 0.01). Cell growth was significantly slower (both P < 0.05) and the apoptosis rate was significantly higher (44.46% ± 5.98% vs 3.74% ± 1.02% vs 5.07% ± 1.16%, both P < 0.01) in the experimental group than in the negative and blank control groups. The methylation of the p16 and ppENK genes was detected in the blank and negative control groups but not in the experimental group. The methylation of RASSF1A gene was detected in the two control groups, while only partial methylation of this gene was detected in the experimental group.
CONCLUSION: Down-regulation of DNMT1 inhibited cell growth and promoted apoptosis in human pancreatic carcinoma cell line BxPC-3 possible via mechanisms associated with the demethylation of tumor suppress genes (p16, ppENK and RASSF1A).
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41
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Amatori S, Bagaloni I, Donati B, Fanelli M. DNA demethylating antineoplastic strategies: a comparative point of view. Genes Cancer 2011; 1:197-209. [PMID: 21779447 DOI: 10.1177/1947601910365081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the involvement of genetic alterations in neoplastic cell transformation, it is increasingly evident that abnormal epigenetic patterns, such as those affecting DNA methylation and histone posttranslational modifications (PTMs), play an essential role in the early stages of tumor development. This finding, together with the evidence that epigenetic changes are reversible, enabled the development of new antineoplastic therapeutic approaches known as epigenetic therapies. Epigenetic modifications are involved in the control of gene expression, and their aberrant distribution is thought to participate in neoplastic transformation by causing the deregulation of crucial cellular pathways. Epigenetic drugs are able to revert the defective gene expression profile of cancer cells and, consequently, reestablish normal molecular pathways. Considering the emerging interest in epigenetic therapeutics, this review focuses on the approaches affecting DNA methylation, evaluates novel strategies and those already approved for clinical use, and compares their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Amatori
- Molecular Pathology and Oncology Lab. "PaoLa," Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo," Fano, Italy
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42
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Zhao SL, Zhu ST, Hao X, Li P, Zhang ST. Effects of DNA methyltransferase 1 inhibition on esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Dis Esophagus 2011; 24:601-10. [PMID: 21539677 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2050.2011.01199.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To explore the role of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and the potential of DNMT1-targeted small interfering RNA as ESCC therapy, we examined expression changes of DNMT1 in ESCC and investigated the effect of DNMT1 knockdown by RNA interference in a human ESCC cell line, KYSE30. DNMT1 messenger RNA was over-expressed in seven out of 12 ESCC samples, and the percentage of cells expressing DNMT1 was significantly higher in ESCC tissues compared with paired non-cancerous tissues. DNMT1 protein levels correlated with lymph node metastasis, but exhibited no correlation with sex, age, tumor site, or tumor differentiation. Knockdown of DNMT1 in KYSE30 cells using RNA interference resulted in a reduction of promoter methylation and re-expression of methyl-guanine methyl-transferase and retinoic acid receptors beta, inhibition of cell proliferation/viability and induction of cell apoptosis. These results indicate that DNMT1 over-expression is involved in ESCC and correlated with lymph node metastasis. Knockdown of DNMT1 led to promoter demethylation and re-expression of several tumor suppressor genes thereby inhibiting cell proliferation/viability and inducing cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Lei Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital-Capital Medical University, Yongan Road 95, Beijing, China
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43
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[Current status and development of miRNA and siRNA research on gastric cancer]. YI CHUAN = HEREDITAS 2011; 33:925-30. [PMID: 21951792 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2011.00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is an important topic of epigenetics research in post-genome period. RNAi works as a post-DNA replication regulator for gene expression, and it is related to the occurrence and development of malignant tumors. The most usual participators of RNAi are MicroRNA (miRNA) and small interference RNA (siRNA). This review summarizes the basic theory of miRNA and siRNA, and provides recent progresses of RNAi research on gastric cancer. RNAi analysis and technique not only act as powerful tools for studying gene function and action mechanism, but also have diagnostic and therapeutic potential in gastric cancer, even in all kinds of tumors.
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44
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Tsang YHN, Lamb A, Chen LF. New insights into the inactivation of gastric tumor suppressor RUNX3: the role of H. pylori infection. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:381-6. [PMID: 21268057 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Runt-related transcription factor 3, or RUNX3, is a tumor suppressor in gastric cancer. Inactivation of RUNX3 is causally associated with the genesis of gastric cancer, since RUNX3 is frequently inactivated in gastric cancers by hemizygous deletion, hypermethylation of its promoter, or protein mislocalization. Infection with Helicobacter pylori is the strongest risk factor for the development of gastric cancer. Recent studies have indicated that H. pylori infection plays an important role in the inactivation of RUNX3, and that this inactivation contributes to the pathogenesis of H. pylori. Here we summarize these recent advances and discuss their significances in understanding the initiation and development of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hung Nicole Tsang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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45
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Lin J, Haffner MC, Zhang Y, Lee BH, Brennen WN, Britton J, Kachhap SK, Shim JS, Liu JO, Nelson WG, Yegnasubramanian S, Carducci MA. Disulfiram is a DNA demethylating agent and inhibits prostate cancer cell growth. Prostate 2011; 71:333-43. [PMID: 20809552 PMCID: PMC3043358 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical success of the nucleoside analogs 5-aza-cytidine (5-azaC) and 5-aza-2'deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC) as DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitors has spurred interest in the development of non-nucleoside inhibitors with improved pharmacologic and safety profiles. Because DNMT catalysis features attack of cytosine bases by an enzyme thiol group, we tested whether disulfiram (DSF), a thiol-reactive compound with known clinical safety, demonstrated DNMT inhibitory activity. METHODS Inhibition of DNMT1 activity by DSF was assessed using methyltransferase activity assays with recombinant DNMT1. Next, prostate cancer cell lines were exposed to DSF and assessed for: i) reduction of global 5-methyl cytosine ((5me)C) content using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS); ii) gene-specific promoter demethylation by methylation-specific PCR (MSP); and iii) gene-reactivation by real-time RT-PCR. DSF was also tested for growth inhibition using prostate cancer cell lines propagated in vitro in cell culture and in vivo as xenografts in nude mice. RESULTS Disulfiram showed a dose-dependent inhibition of DNMT1 activity on a hemimethylated DNA substrate. In prostate cancer cells in culture, DSF exposure led to reduction of global genomic (5me)C content, increase in unmethylated APC and RARB gene promoters, and associated re-expression of these genes, but did not significantly alter prostate-specific antigen (PSA) expression. DSF significantly inhibited growth and clonogenic survival of prostate cancer cell lines in culture and showed a trend for reduced growth of prostate cancer xenografts. CONCLUSIONS Disulfiram is a non-nucleoside DNMT1 inhibitor that can reduce global (5me)C content, reactivate epigenetically silenced genes, and significantly inhibit growth in prostate cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqing Lin
- Chemical Therapeutics Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Prostate Cancer Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael C. Haffner
- Prostate Cancer Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yonggang Zhang
- Departmentof Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Byron H. Lee
- Prostate Cancer Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - W. Nathaniel Brennen
- Prostate Cancer Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Departmentof Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Justin Britton
- Prostate Cancer Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sushant K. Kachhap
- Chemical Therapeutics Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joong Sup Shim
- Departmentof Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jun O. Liu
- Departmentof Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - William G. Nelson
- Chemical Therapeutics Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Prostate Cancer Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Departmentof Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian
- Prostate Cancer Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Correspondence to: Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian and Michael A. Carducci, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, CRBI 1M59, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231. ,
| | - Michael A. Carducci
- Chemical Therapeutics Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Prostate Cancer Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Correspondence to: Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian and Michael A. Carducci, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, CRBI 1M59, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231. ,
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Yao CJ, Yang CM, Chuang SE, Yan JL, Liu CY, Chen SW, Yan KH, Lai TY, Lai GM. Targeting PML-RARα and Oncogenic Signaling Pathways by Chinese Herbal Mixture Tien-Hsien Liquid in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia NB4 Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:984154. [PMID: 19897545 PMCID: PMC3137877 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nep165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tien-Hsien Liquid (THL) is a Chinese herbal mixture that has been used worldwide as complementary treatment for cancer patients in the past decade. Recently, THL has been shown to induce apoptosis in various types of solid tumor cells in vitro. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms have not yet been well elucidated. In this study, we explored the effects of THL on acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) NB4 cells, which could be effectively treated by some traditional Chinese remedies containing arsenic trioxide. The results showed THL could induce G2/M arrest and apoptosis in NB4 cells. Accordingly, the decrease of cyclin A and B1 were observed in THL-treated cells. The THL-induced apoptosis was accompanied with caspase-3 activation and decrease of PML-RARα fusion protein. Moreover, DNA methyltransferase 1 and oncogenic signaling pathways such as Akt/mTOR, Stat3 and ERK were also down-regulated by THL. By using ethyl acetate extraction and silica gel chromatography, an active fraction of THL named as EAS5 was isolated. At about 0.5–1% of the dose of THL, EAS5 appeared to have most of THL-induced multiple molecular targeting effects in NB4 cells. Based on the findings of these multi-targeting effects, THL might be regarding as a complementary and alternative therapeutic agent for refractory APL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Jung Yao
- Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Hospital, Taiwan
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Luszczek W, Cheriyath V, Mekhail TM, Borden EC. Combinations of DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylase inhibitors induce DNA damage in small cell lung cancer cells: correlation of resistance with IFN-stimulated gene expression. Mol Cancer Ther 2010; 9:2309-21. [PMID: 20682643 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-10-0309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Because epigenetic inhibitors can reduce cancer cell proliferation, we tested the hypothesis that concurrent inhibition of histone acetylation and DNA methylation could synergistically reduce the viability of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells. Sub-IC(50) concentrations of the DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitor decitabine (5-AZA-dC) and the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors (LBH589 or MGCD0103) synergistically reduced the proliferation of five of nine SCLC cell lines. Loss of viability of sensitive SCLC cells did not correlate with the inhibition of either DNMT1 or HDACs, suggesting nonepigenetic mechanisms for synergy between these two classes of epigenetic modulators. Because combinations of 5-AZA-dC and HDAC inhibitors had marginal effects on the apoptosis index, Comet assay was undertaken to assess DNA damage. MGCD0103 and 5AZA-dC cotreatment augmented DNA damage in SCLC cells, resulting in increased tail length and moment in Comet assays by 24 hours in sensitive cell lines (P < 0.01). Consistent with augmented DNA damage, combination of a DNMT and HDAC inhibitor markedly increased the levels of phospho-H2A.X in sensitive cells but not in resistant ones. Comparison of basal gene expression between resistant and sensitive cells identified markedly higher basal expression of IFN-stimulated genes in the resistant cell lines, suggesting that IFN-stimulated gene expression may determine SCLC cell sensitivity to epigenetic modulators or other DNA damaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioleta Luszczek
- Hematology/Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue/R40, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Chemotherapeutic drug-induced ABCG2 promoter demethylation as a novel mechanism of acquired multidrug resistance. Neoplasia 2010; 11:1359-70. [PMID: 20019844 DOI: 10.1593/neo.91314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
ABCG2 is an efflux transporter conferring multidrug resistance (MDR) on cancer cells. However, the initial molecular events leading to its up-regulation in MDR tumor cells are poorly understood. Herein, we explored the impact of drug treatment on the methylation status of the ABCG2 promoter and consequent reactivation of ABCG2 gene expression in parental tumor cell lines and their MDR sublines. We demonstrate that ABCG2 promoter methylation is common in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) lines, also present in primary T-ALL lymphoblast specimens. Furthermore, drug selection with sulfasalazine and topotecan induced a complete demethylation of the ABCG2 promoter in the T-ALL and ovarian carcinoma model cell lines CCRF-CEM and IGROV1, respectively. This resulted in a dramatic induction of ABCG2 messenger RNA levels (235- and 743-fold, respectively) and consequent acquisition of an ABCG2-dependent MDR phenotype. Quantitative genomic polymerase chain reaction and ABCG2 promoter-luciferase reporter assay did not reveal ABCG2 gene amplification or differential transcriptional trans-activation, which could account for ABCG2 up-regulation in these MDR cells. Remarkably, mimicking cytotoxic bolus drug treatment through 12- to 24-hour pulse exposure of ABCG2-silenced leukemia cells, to clinically relevant concentrations of the chemotherapeutic agents daunorubicin and mitoxantrone, resulted in a marked transcriptional up-regulation of ABCG2. Our findings establish that antitumor drug-induced epigenetic reactivation of ABCG2 gene expression in cancer cells is an early molecular event leading to MDR. These findings have important implications for the emergence, clonal selection, and expansion of malignant cells with the MDR phenotype during chemotherapy.
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Abstract
Epigenetic modifications are central to many human diseases, including cancer. Traditionally, cancer has been viewed as a genetic disease, and it is now becoming apparent that the onset of cancer is preceded by epigenetic abnormalities. Investigators in the rapidly expanding field of epigenetics have documented extensive genomic reprogramming in cancer cells, including methylation of DNA, chemical modification of the histone proteins, and RNA-dependent regulation. Recognizing that carcinogenesis involves both genetic and epigenetic alterations has led to a better understanding of the molecular pathways that govern the development of cancer and to improvements in diagnosing and predicting the outcome of various types of cancer. Studies of the mechanism(s) of epigenetic regulation and its reversibility have resulted in the identification of novel targets that may be useful in developing new strategies for the prevention and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajnee Kanwal
- Dept. of Urology, Case Western Reserve Univ., Univ. Hospitals Case Medical Center, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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50
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Molecular pathology of RUNX3 in human carcinogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2009; 1796:315-31. [PMID: 19682550 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A major goal of molecular biology is to elucidate the mechanisms underlying cancer development and progression in order to achieve early detection, better diagnosis and staging and novel preventive and therapeutic strategies. We feel that an understanding of Runt-related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3)-regulated biological pathways will directly impact our knowledge of these areas of human carcinogenesis. The RUNX3 transcription factor is a downstream effector of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling pathway, and has a critical role in the regulation of cell proliferation and cell death by apoptosis, and in angiogenesis, cell adhesion and invasion. We previously identified RUNX3 as a major gastric tumor suppressor by establishing a causal relationship between loss of function and gastric carcinogenesis. More recently, we showed that RUNX3 functions as a bona fide initiator of colonic carcinogenesis by linking the Wnt oncogenic and TGF-beta tumor suppressive pathways. Apart from gastric and colorectal cancers, a multitude of epithelial cancers exhibit inactivation of RUNX3, thereby making it a putative tumor suppressor in human neoplasia. This review highlights our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of RUNX3 inactivation in the context of cancer development and progression.
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