1
|
Moura MT. Cloning by SCNT: Integrating Technical and Biology-Driven Advances. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2647:1-35. [PMID: 37041327 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3064-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) into enucleated oocytes initiates nuclear reprogramming of lineage-committed cells to totipotency. Pioneer SCNT work culminated with cloned amphibians from tadpoles, while technical and biology-driven advances led to cloned mammals from adult animals. Cloning technology has been addressing fundamental questions in biology, propagating desired genomes, and contributing to the generation of transgenic animals or patient-specific stem cells. Nonetheless, SCNT remains technically complex and cloning efficiency relatively low. Genome-wide technologies revealed barriers to nuclear reprogramming, such as persistent epigenetic marks of somatic origin and reprogramming resistant regions of the genome. To decipher the rare reprogramming events that are compatible with full-term cloned development, it will likely require technical advances for large-scale production of SCNT embryos alongside extensive profiling by single-cell multi-omics. Altogether, cloning by SCNT remains a versatile technology, while further advances should continuously refresh the excitement of its applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Tigre Moura
- Chemical Biology Graduate Program, Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, Campus Diadema, Diadema - SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Goode RA, Hum JM, Kalwat MA. Therapeutic Strategies Targeting Pancreatic Islet β-Cell Proliferation, Regeneration, and Replacement. Endocrinology 2022; 164:6836713. [PMID: 36412119 PMCID: PMC9923807 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes results from insufficient insulin production by pancreatic islet β-cells or a loss of β-cells themselves. Restoration of regulated insulin production is a predominant goal of translational diabetes research. Here, we provide a brief overview of recent advances in the fields of β-cell proliferation, regeneration, and replacement. The discovery of therapeutic targets and associated small molecules has been enabled by improved understanding of β-cell development and cell cycle regulation, as well as advanced high-throughput screening methodologies. Important findings in β-cell transdifferentiation, neogenesis, and stem cell differentiation have nucleated multiple promising therapeutic strategies. In particular, clinical trials are underway using in vitro-generated β-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells. Significant challenges remain for each of these strategies, but continued support for efforts in these research areas will be critical for the generation of distinct diabetes therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roy A Goode
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Julia M Hum
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Michael A Kalwat
- Correspondence: Michael A. Kalwat, PhD, Lilly Diabetes Center of Excellence, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, 1210 Waterway Blvd, Suite 2000, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. or
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ji Z, Lu M, Xie H, Yuan H, Chen Q. β cell regeneration and novel strategies for treatment of diabetes (Review). Biomed Rep 2022; 17:72. [DOI: 10.3892/br.2022.1555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zengyang Ji
- Department of Endocrinology, Changxing County Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313199, P.R. China
| | - Min Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, Changxing County Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313199, P.R. China
| | - Huanhuan Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, Changxing County Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313199, P.R. China
| | - Honggang Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Changxing County Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313199, P.R. China
| | - Qing Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Changxing County Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313199, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rathwa N, Patel R, Palit SP, Parmar N, Rana S, Ansari MI, Ramachandran AV, Begum R. β-cell replenishment: Possible curative approaches for diabetes mellitus. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2020; 30:1870-1881. [PMID: 32994121 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disorder of heterogeneous etiology marked by persistent hyperglycemia. Exogenous insulin is the only treatment for type 1 diabetes (T1D). Islet transplantation is a potential long cure for T1D but is disapproved due to the possibility of immune rejection in the later stage. The approaches used for treating type 2 diabetes (T2D) include diet restrictions, weight management and pharmacological interventions. These procedures have not been able to boost the quality of life for diabetic patients owing to the complexity of the disorder. DATA SYNTHESIS Hence, research has embarked on permanent ways of managing, or even curing the disease. One of the possible approaches to restore the pancreas with new glucose-responsive β-cells is by their regeneration. Regeneration of β-cells include islet neogenesis, dedifferentiation, and trans-differentiation of the already differentiated cells. CONCLUSIONS This review briefly describes the islet development, functions of β-cells, mechanism and factors involved in β-cell death. It further elaborates on the potential of the existing and possible therapeutic modalities involved in the in-vivo replenishment of β-cells with a focus on exercise, diet, hormones, small molecules, and phytochemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nirali Rathwa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390 002, Gujarat, India
| | - Roma Patel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390 002, Gujarat, India
| | - Sayantani Pramanik Palit
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390 002, Gujarat, India
| | - Nishant Parmar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390 002, Gujarat, India
| | - Sneha Rana
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390 002, Gujarat, India
| | - Mohammad Ismail Ansari
- Department of Zoology, J.A.T. Arts, Science and Commerce College, Savitribai Phule- Pune University, 411 007, Maharashtra, India
| | - A V Ramachandran
- Division of Life Science, School of Sciences, Navrachana University, Vadodara, 391 410, Gujarat, India
| | - Rasheedunnisa Begum
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390 002, Gujarat, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Donadel G, Pastore D, Della-Morte D, Capuani B, Lombardo MF, Pacifici F, Bugliani M, Grieco FA, Marchetti P, Lauro D. FGF-2b and h-PL Transform Duct and Non-Endocrine Human Pancreatic Cells into Endocrine Insulin Secreting Cells by Modulating Differentiating Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:2234. [PMID: 29068419 PMCID: PMC5713204 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a multifactorial disease orphan of a cure. Regenerative medicine has been proposed as novel strategy for DM therapy. Human fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2b controls β-cell clusters via autocrine action, and human placental lactogen (hPL)-A increases functional β-cells. We hypothesized whether FGF-2b/hPL-A treatment induces β-cell differentiation from ductal/non-endocrine precursor(s) by modulating specific genes expression. Methods: Human pancreatic ductal-cells (PANC-1) and non-endocrine pancreatic cells were treated with FGF-2b plus hPL-A at 500 ng/mL. Cytofluorimetry and Immunofluorescence have been performed to detect expression of endocrine, ductal and acinar markers. Bromodeoxyuridine incorporation and annexin-V quantified cells proliferation and apoptosis. Insulin secretion was assessed by RIA kit, and electron microscopy analyzed islet-like clusters. Results: Increase in PANC-1 duct cells de-differentiation into islet-like aggregates was observed after FGF-2b/hPL-A treatment showing ultrastructure typical of islets-aggregates. These clusters, after stimulation with FGF-2b/hPL-A, had significant (p < 0.05) increase in insulin, C-peptide, pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX-1), Nkx2.2, Nkx6.1, somatostatin, glucagon, and glucose transporter 2 (Glut-2), compared with control cells. Markers of PANC-1 (Cytokeratin-19, MUC-1, CA19-9) were decreased (p < 0.05). These aggregates after treatment with FGF-2b/hPL-A significantly reduced levels of apoptosis. Conclusions: FGF-2b and hPL-A are promising candidates for regenerative therapy in DM by inducing de-differentiation of stem cells modulating pivotal endocrine genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Donadel
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Donatella Pastore
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - David Della-Morte
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Barbara Capuani
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Marco F Lombardo
- Agenzia regionale per la protezione ambientale (ARPA) Lazio, Sezione di Roma, 00173 Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesca Pacifici
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Marco Bugliani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism of Transplantation, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria (A.O.U.) Pisana, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Fabio A Grieco
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Endocrinology and Metabolism of Transplantation, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria (A.O.U.) Pisana, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Davide Lauro
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chon S, Gautier JF. An Update on the Effect of Incretin-Based Therapies on β-Cell Function and Mass. Diabetes Metab J 2016; 40:99-114. [PMID: 27126881 PMCID: PMC4853229 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2016.40.2.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a multifactorial disease with a complex and progressive pathogenesis. The two primary mechanisms of T2DM pathogenesis are pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. Pancreatic β-cell dysfunction is recognized to be a prerequisite for the development of T2DM. Therapeutic modalities that improve β-cell function are considered critical to T2DM management; however, blood glucose control remains a challenge for many patients due to suboptimal treatment efficacy and the progressive nature of T2DM. Incretin-based therapies are now the most frequently prescribed antidiabetic drugs in Korea. Incretin-based therapies are a favorable class of drugs due to their ability to reduce blood glucose by targeting the incretin hormone system and, most notably, their potential to improve pancreatic β-cell function. This review outlines the current understanding of the incretin hormone system in T2DM and summarizes recent updates on the effect of incretin-based therapies on β-cell function and β-cell mass in animals and humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suk Chon
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jean François Gautier
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, DHU FIRE, Lariboisière Hospital, University Paris-Diderot Paris-7, Paris, France.
- Clinical Investigation Center, INSERM-CIC9504, Saint-Louis University Hospital, University Paris-Diderot Paris-7, Paris, France
- INSERM UMRS 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, University Pierre et Marie Curie Paris-6, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hyslop CM, Tsai S, Shrivastava V, Santamaria P, Huang C. Prolactin as an Adjunct for Type 1 Diabetes Immunotherapy. Endocrinology 2016; 157:150-65. [PMID: 26512750 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is caused by autoimmune destruction of β-cells. Although immunotherapy can restore self-tolerance thereby halting continued immune-mediated β-cell loss, residual β-cell mass and function is often insufficient for normoglycemia. Using a growth factor to boost β-cell mass can potentially overcome this barrier and prolactin (PRL) may fill this role. Previous studies have shown that PRL can stimulate β-cell proliferation and up-regulate insulin synthesis and secretion while reducing lymphocytic infiltration of islets, suggesting that it may restore normoglycemia through complementary mechanisms. Here, we test the hypothesis that PRL can improve the efficacy of an immune modulator, the anticluster of differentiation 3 monoclonal antibody (aCD3), in inducing diabetes remission by up-regulating β-cell mass and function. Diabetic nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice were treated with a 5-day course of aCD3 with or without a concurrent 3-week course of PRL. We found that a higher proportion of diabetic mice treated with the aCD3 and PRL combined therapy achieved diabetes reversal than those treated with aCD3 alone. The aCD3 and PRL combined group had a higher β-cell proliferation rate, an increased β-cell fraction, larger islets, higher pancreatic insulin content, and greater glucose-stimulated insulin release. Lineage-tracing analysis found minimal contribution of β-cell neogenesis to the formation of new β-cells. Although we did not detect a significant difference in the number or proliferative capacity of T cells, we observed a higher proportion of insulitis-free islets in the aCD3 and PRL group. These results suggest that combining a growth factor with an immunotherapy may be an effective treatment paradigm for autoimmune diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin M Hyslop
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (C.M.H., V.S., C.H.), Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases (S.T., P.S.), Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1; Institut D'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (P.S.), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Pediatrics (C.H.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Sue Tsai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (C.M.H., V.S., C.H.), Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases (S.T., P.S.), Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1; Institut D'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (P.S.), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Pediatrics (C.H.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Vipul Shrivastava
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (C.M.H., V.S., C.H.), Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases (S.T., P.S.), Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1; Institut D'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (P.S.), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Pediatrics (C.H.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Pere Santamaria
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (C.M.H., V.S., C.H.), Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases (S.T., P.S.), Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1; Institut D'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (P.S.), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Pediatrics (C.H.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Carol Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (C.M.H., V.S., C.H.), Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases (S.T., P.S.), Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1; Institut D'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (P.S.), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Pediatrics (C.H.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen J, Chen S, Huang P, Meng XL, Clayton S, Shen JS, Grayburn PA. In vivo targeted delivery of ANGPTL8 gene for beta cell regeneration in rats. Diabetologia 2015; 58:1036-44. [PMID: 25720603 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3521-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS ANGPTL8 is a circulatory hormone secreted from liver and adipose tissue that promotes pancreatic beta cell proliferation and interferes with triacylglycerol metabolism in mice. The clinical significance of its effects on inducing beta cell proliferation is limited because it causes severe hypertriacylglycerolaemia. METHODS We employed ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) to deliver human ANGPTL8 gene plasmids to the pancreas, liver and skeletal muscle of normal adult rats. RESULTS Human ANGPTL8 was consistently detected in the circulation 1 month after UTMD. ANGPTL8 gene delivery promoted the proliferation of adult and aged beta cells, expanded the beta cell mass, improved glucose tolerance and increased the fasting blood insulin level after UTMD treatment without causing severe hypertriacylglycerolaemia. ANGPTL8 gene therapy significantly alleviated but did not totally reverse STZ-induced diabetes in a rat model. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION ANGPTL8 induced adult and aged beta cell regeneration in a rat model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Chen
- Medical School, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chon S, Riveline JP, Blondeau B, Gautier JF. Incretin-based therapy and pancreatic beta cells. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2014; 40:411-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
10
|
Piran R, Lee SH, Li CR, Charbono A, Bradley LM, Levine F. Pharmacological induction of pancreatic islet cell transdifferentiation: relevance to type I diabetes. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1357. [PMID: 25077543 PMCID: PMC4123101 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Type I diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease in which an immune response to pancreatic β-cells results in their loss over time. Although the conventional view is that this loss is due to autoimmune destruction, we present evidence of an additional phenomenon in which autoimmunity promotes islet endocrine cell transdifferentiation. The end result is a large excess of δ-cells, resulting from α- to β- to δ-cell transdifferentiation. Intermediates in the process of transdifferentiation were present in murine and human T1D. Here, we report that the peptide caerulein was sufficient in the context of severe β-cell deficiency to induce efficient induction of α- to β- to δ-cell transdifferentiation in a manner very similar to what occurred in T1D. This was demonstrated by genetic lineage tracing and time course analysis. Islet transdifferentiation proceeded in an islet autonomous manner, indicating the existence of a sensing mechanism that controls the transdifferentiation process within each islet. The finding of evidence for islet cell transdifferentiation in rodent and human T1D and its induction by a single peptide in a model of T1D has important implications for the development of β-cell regeneration therapies for diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Piran
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - S-H Lee
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - C-R Li
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - A Charbono
- Animal Facility, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - L M Bradley
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - F Levine
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen S, Bastarrachea RA, Roberts BJ, Voruganti VS, Frost PA, Nava-Gonzalez EJ, Arriaga-Cazares HE, Chen J, Huang P, DeFronzo RA, Comuzzie AG, Grayburn PA. Successful β cells islet regeneration in streptozotocin-induced diabetic baboons using ultrasound-targeted microbubble gene therapy with cyclinD2/CDK4/GLP1. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:1145-51. [PMID: 24553120 DOI: 10.4161/cc.27997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Both major forms of diabetes mellitus (DM) involve β-cell destruction and dysfunction. New treatment strategies have focused on replenishing the deficiency of β-cell mass common to both major forms of diabetes by islet transplantation or β-cell regeneration. The pancreas, not the liver, is the ideal organ for islet regeneration, because it is the natural milieu for islets. Since islet mass is known to increase during obesity and pregnancy, the concept of stimulating pancreatic islet regeneration in vivo is both rational and physiologic. This paper proposes a novel approach in which non-viral gene therapy is targeted to pancreatic islets using ultrasound targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) in a non-human primate model (NHP), the baboon. Treated baboons received a gene cocktail comprised of cyclinD2, CDK, and GLP1, which in rats results in robust and durable islet regeneration with normalization of blood glucose, insulin, and C-peptide levels. We were able to generate important preliminary data indicating that gene therapy by UTMD can achieve in vivo normalization of the intravenous (IV) glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) curves in STZ hyperglycemic-induced conscious tethered baboons. Immunohistochemistry clearly demonstrated evidence of islet regeneration and restoration of β-cell mass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Raul A Bastarrachea
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute; San Antonio, TX USA; Southwest National Primate Research Center; San Antonio, TX USA
| | - Brad J Roberts
- Baylor Research Institute; Dallas, TX USA; Department of Internal Medicine; Division of Cardiology; Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute; Baylor University Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA
| | | | - Patrice A Frost
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute; San Antonio, TX USA; Southwest National Primate Research Center; San Antonio, TX USA
| | - Edna J Nava-Gonzalez
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute; San Antonio, TX USA; University of Nuevo Leon School of Nutrition and Public Health; Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Hector E Arriaga-Cazares
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute; San Antonio, TX USA; Hospital Infantil de Tamaulipas; Ciudad Victoria, Mexico
| | - Jiaxi Chen
- Baylor Research Institute; Dallas, TX USA
| | - Pintong Huang
- Department of Ultrasonography; The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University College of Medicine; Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Ralph A DeFronzo
- Diabetes Division; Department of Medicine; The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; San Antonio, TX USA
| | - Anthony G Comuzzie
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute; San Antonio, TX USA; Southwest National Primate Research Center; San Antonio, TX USA
| | - Paul A Grayburn
- Department of Internal Medicine; Division of Cardiology; Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute; Baylor University Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen S, Shimoda M, Chen J, Matsumoto S, Grayburn PA. Transient overexpression of cyclin D2/CDK4/GLP1 genes induces proliferation and differentiation of adult pancreatic progenitors and mediates islet regeneration. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:695-705. [PMID: 22373529 DOI: 10.4161/cc.11.4.19120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanism of β-cell regeneration remains poorly understood. Cyclin D2/CDK4 expresses in normal β cells and maintains adult β-cell growth. We hypothesized that gene therapy with cyclin D2/CDK4/GLP-1 plasmids targeted to the pancreas of STZ-treated rats by ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) would force cell cycle re-entry of residual G(0)-phase islet cells into G(1)/S phase to regenerate β cells. A single UTMD treatment induced β-cell regeneration with reversal of diabetes for 6 mo without evidence of toxicity. We observed that this β-cell regeneration was not mediated by self-replication of pre-existing β cells. Instead, cyclin D2/CDK4/GLP-1 initiated robust proliferation of adult pancreatic progenitor cells that exist within islets and terminally differentiate to mature islets with β cells and α cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyuan Chen
- Baylor Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Figeac F, Ilias A, Bailbe D, Portha B, Movassat J. Local in vivo GSK3β knockdown promotes pancreatic β cell and acinar cell regeneration in 90% pancreatectomized rat. Mol Ther 2012; 20:1944-52. [PMID: 22828498 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2012.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine and exocrine insufficiencies are associated with serious diseases such as diabetes and pancreatitis, respectively. Pancreatic cells retain the capacity to regenerate in the context of cell deficiency. The remnant pancreas after pancreatectomy (Px) is a valuable target for testing the efficiency of pharmacological interventions to stimulate cell regeneration. Here, we tested the ability of GSK3β downregulation on the stimulation of β- and acinar cell regeneration after 90% Px in adult rats. We developed an in vivo approach based on local silencing of GSK3β, by delivering antisense morpholino-oligonucleotides within the remnant pancreas of 90% pancreatectomized rats, and evaluated its impact on the regenerative potential of pancreatic β and exocrine cells. β-Cell (BC) mass was evaluated by morphometry. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were assessed by 5'bromo 2'deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation method and TUNEL assay, respectively. The expression of Sox9, Neurogenin-3 (Ngn3), and PDX1 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. We show that intrapancreatic GSK3β knockdown leads to increased BC mass (BCM) in 90% pancreatectomized rats by promoting both BC proliferation and differentiation. Moreover, downregulation of GSK3β significantly improves exocrine growth and prevents acinar cell apoptosis in vivo. Our study designates GSK3β as a viable drug target for therapeutic intervention on diseases of endocrine and exocrine pancreas associated with cell deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florence Figeac
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, Laboratory of Biology and Pathology of the Endocrine Pancreas, BFA Unit (Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptive), CNRS EAC 4413 CNRS, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gong Z, Muzumdar RH. Pancreatic function, type 2 diabetes, and metabolism in aging. Int J Endocrinol 2012; 2012:320482. [PMID: 22675349 PMCID: PMC3362843 DOI: 10.1155/2012/320482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a risk factor for impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes. Of the reported 25.8 million Americans estimated to have diabetes, 26.9% are over the age of 65. In certain ethnic groups, the proportion is even higher; almost 1 in 3 older Hispanics and African Americans and 3 out of 4 Pima Indian elders have diabetes. As per the NHANES III (Third National Health and Nutrition Examination) survey, the percentage of physician-diagnosed diabetes increased from 3.9% in middle-aged adults (40-49 years) to 13.2% in elderly adults (≥75 years). The higher incidence of diabetes is especially alarming considering that diabetes in itself increases the risk for multiple other age-related diseases such as cancer, stroke, cardiovascular diseases, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this review, we summarize the current evidence on how aging affects pancreatic β cell function, β cell mass, insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity. We also review the effects of aging on the relationship between insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion. Understanding the mechanisms that lead to impaired glucose homeostasis and T2D in the elderly will lead to development of novel treatments that will prevent or delay diabetes, substantially improve quality of life and ultimately increase overall life span.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Gong
- Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Endocrinology and Geriatrics, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Radhika H. Muzumdar
- Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Endocrinology and Geriatrics, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Endocrinology and Geriatrics, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- *Radhika H. Muzumdar:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lee SH, Hao E, Levine F, Itkin-Ansari P. Id3 upregulates BrdU incorporation associated with a DNA damage response, not replication, in human pancreatic β-cells. Islets 2011; 3:358-66. [PMID: 21964314 PMCID: PMC3329516 DOI: 10.4161/isl.3.6.17923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Elucidating mechanisms of cell cycle control in normally quiescent human pancreatic β-cells has the potential to impact regeneration strategies for diabetes. Previously we demonstrated that Id3, a repressor of basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) proteins, was sufficient to induce cell cycle entry in pancreatic duct cells, which are closely related to β-cells developmentally. We hypothesized that Id3 might similarly induce cell cycle entry in primary human β-cells. To test this directly, adult human β-cells were transduced with adenovirus expressing Id3. Consistent with a replicative response, β-cells exhibited BrdU incorporation. Further, Id3 potently repressed expression of the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p57 (Kip2 ) , a gene which is also silenced in a rare β-cell hyperproliferative disorder in infants. Surprisingly however, BrdU positive β-cells did not express the proliferation markers Ki67 and pHH3. Instead, BrdU uptake reflected a DNA damage response, as manifested by hydroxyurea incorporation, γH2AX expression, and 53BP1 subcellular relocalization. The uncoupling of BrdU uptake from replication raises a cautionary note about interpreting studies relying solely upon BrdU incorporation as evidence of β-cell proliferation. The data also establish that loss of p57 (Kip2) is not sufficient to induce cell cycle entry in adult β-cells. Moreover, the differential responses to Id3 between duct and β-cells reveal that β-cells possess intrinsic resistance to cell cycle entry not common to all quiescent epithelial cells in the adult human pancreas. The data provide a much needed comparative model for investigating the molecular basis for this resistance in order to develop a strategy for improving replication competence in β-cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hee Lee
- Sanford Children’s Health Research Center; La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Ergeng Hao
- Sanford Children’s Health Research Center; La Jolla, CA USA
- Department of Pediatrics; University of California San Diego; La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Fred Levine
- Sanford Children’s Health Research Center; La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Pamela Itkin-Ansari
- Department of Pediatrics; University of California San Diego; La Jolla, CA USA
- Development and Aging Program; Sanford-Burnham Institute for Medical Research; La Jolla, CA USA
- Correspondence to: Pamela Itkin-Ansari,
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lee SH, Itkin-Ansari P, Levine F. CENP-A, a protein required for chromosome segregation in mitosis, declines with age in islet but not exocrine cells. Aging (Albany NY) 2011; 2:785-90. [PMID: 21068465 PMCID: PMC3006021 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Beta-cell replication dramatically declines with age. Here, we report that the level of CENP-A, a protein required for cell division, declines precipitously with age in an islet-specific manner. CENP-A is essentially undetectable after age 29 in humans. However, exocrine cells retain CENP-A expression. The decline in islet-cell CENP-A expression is more striking in humans than in mice, where CENP-A expression continues to be detectable at low levels even in elderly mice. The mechanism by which CENP-A declines appears to be post-transcriptional, as there was no correlation between CENP-A mRNA levels and age or islet purity. This finding has implications for efforts to induce beta-cell replication as a treatment for diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hee Lee
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chung CH, Levine F. Adult pancreatic alpha-cells: a new source of cells for beta-cell regeneration. Rev Diabet Stud 2010; 7:124-31. [PMID: 21060971 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2010.7.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta-cell deficit is the major pathological feature in type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients, and plays a key role in disease progression. In principle, beta-cell regeneration can occur by replication of pre-existing beta-cells, or by beta-cell neogenesis from stem/progenitors. Unfortunately, beta-cell replication is limited by the almost complete absence of beta-cells in patients with type 1 diabetes, and the increasing recognition that the beta-cell replicative capacity declines severely with age. Therefore, beta-cell neogenesis has received increasing interest. Many different cell types within the pancreas have been suggested as potential beta-cell stem/progenitor cells, but the data have been conflicting. In some cases, this may be due to different regeneration models. On the other hand, different results have been obtained with similar regeneration models, leading to confusion about the nature and existence of beta-cell neogenesis in adult animals. Here, we review the major candidates for adult regeneration pathways, and focus on the recent discovery that alpha-cells can function as a novel beta-cell progenitor. Of note, this is a pathway that appears to be unique to beta-cell neogenesis in the adult, as the embryonic pathway of beta-cell neogenesis does not proceed through a glucagon-positive intermediate. We conclude that beta-cell neogenesis from alpha-cells is a new pathway of potential therapeutic significance, making it of high importance to elucidate the molecular events in alpha- to beta-cell conversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Ho Chung
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, CA 92037, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Köhler CU, Kreuter A, Rozynkowski MC, Rahmel T, Uhl W, Tannapfel A, Schmidt WE, Meier JJ. Validation of different replication markers for the detection of beta-cell proliferation in human pancreatic tissue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 162:115-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2009.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Revised: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
19
|
Wang GS, Kauri LM, Patrick C, Bareggi M, Rosenberg L, Scott FW. Enhanced islet expansion by β-cell proliferation in young diabetes-prone rats fed a protective diet. J Cell Physiol 2010; 224:501-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
20
|
Ungefroren H, Fändrich F. The Programmable Cell of Monocytic Origin (PCMO): A Potential Adult Stem/Progenitor Cell Source for the Generation of Islet Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 654:667-82. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-3271-3_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
21
|
Abstract
The pancreas is a vertebrate-specific organ of endodermal origin which is responsible for production of digestive enzymes and hormones involved in regulating glucose homeostasis, in particular insulin, deficiency of which results in diabetes. Basic research on the genetic and molecular pathways regulating pancreas formation and function has gained major importance for the development of regenerative medical approaches aimed at improving diabetes treatment. Among the different model organisms that are currently used to elucidate the basic pathways of pancreas development and regeneration, the zebrafish is distinguished by its unique opportunities to combine genetic and pharmacological approaches with sophisticated live-imaging methodology, and by its ability to regenerate the pancreas within a short time. Here we review current perspectives and present methods for studying two important processes contributing to pancreas development and regeneration, namely cell migration via time-lapse micropscopy and cell proliferation via incorporation of nucleotide analog EdU, with a focus on the insulin-producing beta cells of the islet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin A Kimmel
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Prospects for inducing endogenous beta-cell regeneration in the pancreas, one of the most attractive approaches to reverse type 1 and type 2 diabetes, have gained substantially from recent evidence that cells in the adult pancreas exhibit more plasticity than previously recognized. There are two major pathways to beta-cell regeneration, beta-cell replication and beta-cell neogenesis. Substantial evidence for a role for both processes exists in different models. While beta-cell replication clearly occurs during development and early in life, the potential for replication appears to decline substantially with age. In contrast, we have demonstrated that the exocrine compartment of the adult human pancreas contains a facultative stem cell that can differentiate into beta-cells under specific circumstances. We have favoured the idea that, similar to models described in liver regeneration, beta-cell mass can be increased either by neogenesis or replication, depending on the intensity of different stimuli or stressors. Understanding the nature of endocrine stem/progenitor cells and the mechanism by which external stimuli mobilize them to exhibit endocrine differentiation is central for success in therapeutic approaches to induce meaningful endogenous beta-cell neogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Demeterco
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, Rady Children's Hospital, La Jolla, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kodama M, Tsukamoto K, Yoshida K, Aoki K, Kanegasaki S, Quinn G. Embryonic stem cell transplantation correlates with endogenous neurogenin 3 expression and pancreas regeneration in streptozotocin-injured mice. J Histochem Cytochem 2009; 57:1149-58. [PMID: 19729673 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.2009.954206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic beta cell regeneration remains poorly understood, yet stimulation of adult beta cell neogenesis could lead to therapies for type 1 and type 2 diabetes. We studied the effect of embryonic stem (ES) cell transplantation on pancreas regeneration following beta cell injury. Female Balb/c nude mice were treated with streptozotocin to induce hyperglycemia and received an ES cell transplant 24 hr later beneath the renal capsule. Transplantation of ES cells prevented hyperglycemia in a subset of mice, maintaining euglycemia and mild glucose tolerance up to 5 weeks. Pancreata of euglycemic mice showed histological evidence of beta cell regeneration and expression of pancreas and duodenum transcription factor-1 (PDX-1) and neurogenin 3 (Ngn3) in ductal epithelium. Cell tracing analysis indicated that significant beta cell neogenesis from progenitor cells occurred between 2 to 3 weeks following injury in ES cell-transplanted mice but not in sham-transplanted animals. Significantly, whereas pancreas-localized ES cells or their derivatives were adjacent to sites of regeneration, neogenic pancreatic epithelia, including Ngn3+ cells, were endogenous. In conclusion, transplanted ES cells can migrate to the injured pancreas. Transplantation is associated with enhanced endogenous regeneration characterized by expression of Ngn3 and increased beta cell differentiation from endogenous progenitor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maho Kodama
- Section for Studies on Metastasis, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Regeneration of the insulin-secreting beta-cells is a fundamental research goal that could benefit patients with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes. beta-Cell proliferation can be acutely stimulated by a variety of stimuli in young rodents. However, it is unknown whether this adaptive beta-cell regeneration capacity is retained into old age. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We assessed adaptive beta-cell proliferation capacity in adult mice across a wide range of ages with a variety of stimuli: partial pancreatectomy, low-dose administration of the beta-cell toxin streptozotocin, and exendin-4, a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) agonist. beta-Cell proliferation was measured by administration of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) in the drinking water. RESULTS Basal beta-cell proliferation was severely decreased with advanced age. Partial pancreatectomy greatly stimulated beta-cell proliferation in young mice but failed to increase beta-cell replication in old mice. Streptozotocin stimulated beta-cell replication in young mice but had little effect in old mice. Moreover, administration of GLP-1 agonist exendin-4 stimulated beta-cell proliferation in young but not in old mice. Surprisingly, adaptive beta-cell proliferation capacity was minimal after 12 months of age, which is early middle age for the adult mouse life span. CONCLUSIONS Adaptive beta-cell proliferation is severely restricted with advanced age in mice, whether stimulated by partial pancreatectomy, low-dose streptozotocin, or exendin-4. Thus, beta-cells in middle-aged mice appear to be largely postmitotic. Young rodents may not faithfully model the regenerative capacity of beta-cells in mature adult mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M. Rankin
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jake A. Kushner
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Corresponding author: Jake A. Kushner,
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Young SZ, Bordey A. GABA's control of stem and cancer cell proliferation in adult neural and peripheral niches. Physiology (Bethesda) 2009; 24:171-85. [PMID: 19509127 PMCID: PMC2931807 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00002.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aside from traditional neurotransmission and regulation of secretion, gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) through GABA(A) receptors negatively regulates proliferation of pluripotent and neural stem cells in embryonic and adult tissue. There has also been evidence that GABAergic signaling and its control over proliferation is not only limited to the nervous system, but is widespread through peripheral organs containing adult stem cells. GABA has emerged as a tumor signaling molecule in the periphery that controls the proliferation of tumor cells and perhaps tumor stem cells. Here, we will discuss GABA's presence as a near-universal signal that may be altered in tumor cells resulting in modified mitotic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Z Young
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
This literature review briefly summarizes the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical management, and outcomes of patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) and highlights recent advances in PNET research. PNETs are rare neoplasms, compared with carcinomas arising from pancreatic exocrine tissue. They, like other neuroendocrine tumor types, display variable malignant potential, hormone-related syndromes (functionality), localization, and genetic background. Although tumor origin and molecular pathogenesis remain poorly understood, recently established grading and staging systems facilitate patient risk stratification, and thereby directly impact clinical decision making. Although the optimal clinical management of PNETs involves a multidisciplinary approach, surgery remains the only curative treatment for early-stage disease. Surgery may also have a role in patients with advanced-stage disease, including those with hepatic metastases. Alternative therapeutic approaches applied to PNETs, including chemotherapy, radiofrequency ablation, transarterial chemoembolization, biotherapy, polypeptide radionuclide receptor therapy, antiangiogenic therapy, and selective internal radiotherapy, have failed to demonstrate a long-term survival benefit. Surgery remains the primary therapeutic option for patients with PNETs. Research on PNETs is desperately needed to improve the therapeutic options for patients with this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Ehehalt
- Department for General, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, University of Technology, Fetscherstrasse 74, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes & Obesity. Current world literature. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2009; 16:189-202. [PMID: 19300094 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e328329fcc2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
28
|
Pinent M, Castell A, Baiges I, Montagut G, Arola L, Ardévol A. Bioactivity of Flavonoids on Insulin-Secreting Cells. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2008; 7:299-308. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2008.00048.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
29
|
Bibliography. Current world literature. Diabetes and the endocrine pancreas II. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2008; 15:383-93. [PMID: 18594281 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e32830c6b8e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|