1
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Persson SMT, Casselbrant A, Alarai A, Elebring E, Fändriks L, Wallenius V. Role of FFAR3 in ketone body regulated glucagon-like peptide 1 secretion. Biochem Biophys Rep 2024; 39:101749. [PMID: 38910871 PMCID: PMC11192792 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2024.101749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is an effective treatment for obesity, resulting in long-term weight loss and rapid remission of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Improved glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) levels is one factor that contributes to the positive effects. Prior to RYGB, GLP-1 response is blunted which can be attributed to intestinal ketogenesis. Intestinal produced ketone bodies inhibit GLP-1 secretion in enteroendocrine cells via an unidentified G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). A possible class of GPCRs through which ketone bodies may reach are the free fatty acid receptors (FFARs) located at the basolateral membrane of enteroendocrine cells. Aim To evaluate FFAR3 expression in enteroendocrine cells of the small intestine under different circumstances, such as diet and bariatric surgery, as well as explore the link between ketone bodies and GLP-1 secretion. Materials and methods FFAR3 and enteroendocrine cell expression was analyzed using Western blot and immunohistochemistry in biopsies from healthy volunteers, obese patients undergoing RYGB and mice. GLUTag cells were used to study GLP-1 secretion and FFAR3 signaling pathways. Results The expression of FFAR3 is markedly influenced by diet, especially high fat diet, which increased FFAR3 protein expression. Lack of substrate such as free fatty acids in the alimentary limb after RYGB, downregulate FFAR3 expression. The number of enteroendocrine cells was affected by diet in the normal weight individuals but not in the subjects with obesity. In GLUTag cells, we show that the ketone bodies exert its blocking effect on GLP-1 secretion via the FFAR3, and the Gαi/o signaling pathway. Conclusion Our findings that ketone bodies via FFAR3 inhibits GLP-1 secretion bring important insight into the pathophysiology of T2D. This highlights the role of FFAR3 as a possible target for future anti-diabetic drugs and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara MT. Persson
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Casselbrant
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Aiham Alarai
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Surgery, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Elebring
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars Fändriks
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Surgery, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ville Wallenius
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Surgery, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra, Gothenburg, Sweden
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2
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Lee S, Chung MJ, Ahn M, Park HJ, Wang EK, Guon T, Kee HJ, Ku CR, Na K. Surfactant-like photosensitizer for endoscopic duodenal ablation: Modulating meal-stimulated incretin hormones in obese and type 2 diabetes. Biomaterials 2023; 302:122336. [PMID: 37778055 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Duodenal ablation improves glycaemic control and weight loss, so it has been applied using hydrothermal catheters in obese and type 2 diabetes patients, indicating similar mechanisms and therapeutic effects as bariatric surgeries. Endoscopic photodynamic therapy is an innovative procedure that easily accessible to endocrine or gastrointestinal organs, so it is critical for the sprayed photosensitizer (PS) to long-term interact with target tissues for enhancing its effects. Surfactant-like PS was more stable in a wide range of pH and 2.8-fold more retained in the duodenum at 1 h than hydrophilic PS due to its amphiphilic property. Endoscopic duodenal ablation using surfactant-like PS was performed in high fat diet induced rat models, demonstrating body weight loss, enhanced insulin sensitivity, and modulation of incretin hormones. Locoregional ablation of duodenum could affect the profiles of overall intestinal cells secreting meal-stimulated hormones and further the systemic glucose and lipid metabolism, regarding gut-brain axis. Our strategy suggests a potential for a treatment of minimally invasive bariatric and metabolic therapy if accompanied by detailed clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghee Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Department of Biomedical-Chemical Engineering, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea.
| | - Moon Jae Chung
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei-ro 50-1, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Minji Ahn
- Department of Biotechnology, Department of Biomedical-Chemical Engineering, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Park
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei-ro 50-1, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Wang
- Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei-ro 50-1, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeeun Guon
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei-ro 50-1, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei-ro 50-1, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Ryong Ku
- Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei-ro 50-1, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kun Na
- Department of Biotechnology, Department of Biomedical-Chemical Engineering, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Lu X, Ma R, Zhan J, Tian Y. Structural changes of thermally treated starch during digestion and the impact on postprandial glucose homeostasis. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 318:121105. [PMID: 37479434 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Intake of foods upon thermal treatment is typically associated with an elevated postprandial glycemic response, which is one of the risk factors for type 2 diabetes development and progression. In this study, rice starch was thermally treated using aqueous phase (boil), air phase (bake), and lipid phase (fry). Peak blood glucose levels in C57 mice increased by 16.94 %, 12.60 %, and 8.1 % after ingestion of thermally treated starch (20.23, 19.48, and 18.70 mmol/L), compared with raw starch (17.30 mmol/L). The insulin response to the intake of thermally treated starch increased (4.73 %-6.83 % higher than the control), whereas the concentration of GLP-1, a hormone used to promote insulin secretion, decreased (1.54 %-8.56 % lower than the control). Furthermore, thermally treated starch accelerated food absorption by enhancing gastrointestinal digestion, exacerbating postprandial glucose fluctuation at the next meal. Structural characterization showed thermal treatment reduced starch branching density and degree of structure order, which were not conducive to preventing the attack of enzymes. During digestion, they were highly hydrolyzed into low-molecular-weight fragments, and the proportion of ultrashort chains substantially increased. These findings provide a better understanding of the fine structure of starch that promotes hypoglycemia and initially explain how diets high in thermally treated starch impair glucose balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Rongrong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jinling Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yaoqi Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China.
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4
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Gerstenberg MK, Andersen DB, Torz L, Castorena CM, Bookout AL, Hartmann B, Rehfeld JF, Petersen N, Holst JJ, Kuhre RE. Weight loss by calorie restriction does not alter appetite-regulating gut hormone responses from perfused rat small intestine. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2023; 238:e13947. [PMID: 36755506 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
AIM Postprandial secretion of the appetite-inhibiting hormones, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and peptide YY are reduced with obesity. It is unclear if the reduced secretion persists following weight loss (WL), if other appetite-inhibiting hormones are also reduced, and if so whether reduced secretion results from intrinsic changes in the gut. METHODS To address whether WL may restore secretion of GLP-1 and other appetite-inhibiting hormones, we performed a gut perfusion study of the small intestine in diet-induced obese (DIO) rats after WL. A 20% weight loss (means ± SEM (g): 916 ± 53 vs. 703 ± 35, p < 0.01, n = 7) was induced by calorie restriction, and maintained stable for ≥7 days prior to gut perfusion to allow for complete renewal of enteroendocrine cells. Age-matched DIO rats were used as comparator. Several gut hormones were analyzed from the venous effluent, and gene expression was performed on gut tissue along the entire length of the intestine. RESULTS Secretion of cholecystokinin, gastrin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, GLP-1, neurotensin, and somatostatin was not affected by WL during basal conditions (p ≥ 0.25) or in response to macronutrients and bile acids (p ≥ 0.14). Glucose absorption was indistinguishable following WL. The expression of genes encoding the studied peptides, macronutrient transporters (glucose, fructose, and di-/tripeptides) and bile acid receptors did also not differ between DIO and WL groups. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the attenuated postprandial responses of GLP-1, as well as reduced responses of other appetite-inhibiting gut hormones, in people living with obesity may persist after weight loss and may contribute to their susceptibility for weight regain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel B Andersen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lola Torz
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | | | - Angie L Bookout
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rune E Kuhre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
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5
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Nie L, Yan Q, Zhang S, Cao Y, Zhou X. Duodenal Mucosa: A New Target for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. Endocr Pract 2023; 29:53-59. [PMID: 36309189 DOI: 10.1016/j.eprac.2022.10.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE After a high-fat and high-sugar diet, the duodenal mucosa of rodents proliferate and trigger the signal of insulin resistance, which may be the cause of type 2 diabetes (T2D). In response to this phenomenon, researchers have designed the duodenal mucosal resurfacing (DMR) procedure, mainly through the hydrothermal ablation procedure, to restore the normal mucosal surface, thereby correcting this abnormal metabolic signal. This article aims to understand the changes in duodenum before and after the onset or treatment of T2D, and the potential mechanisms of DMR procedure. METHODS A literature search of PubMed and Web of Science was conducted using appropriate keywords. RESULTS Both animal and clinical studies have shown that the villus thickness, intestinal cells, glucose transporters, enteric nerves, and gut microbiota and their metabolites in the duodenum undergo corresponding changes before and after the onset or treatment of T2D. These changes may be related to the pathogenesis of T2D. DMR procedure may produce beneficial glycemic and hepatic metabolic effects by regulating these changes. CONCLUSION The duodenum is an important metabolic signaling center, and limiting nutrient exposure to this critical region will have powerful metabolic benefits. The DMR procedure may regulate glycemic and hepatic parameters through various mechanisms, which needs to be further confirmed by a large number of animal and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- LiJuan Nie
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - QianHua Yan
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - YuTian Cao
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - XiQiao Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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6
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Min SH, Kwon J, Do EJ, Kim SH, Kim ES, Jeong JY, Bae SM, Kim SY, Park DH. Duodenal Dual-Wavelength Photobiomodulation Improves Hyperglycemia and Hepatic Parameters with Alteration of Gut Microbiome in Type 2 Diabetes Animal Model. Cells 2022; 11:3490. [PMID: 36359885 PMCID: PMC9654760 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, the duodenum has garnered interest for its role in treating metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Multiple sessions of external photobiomodulation (PBM) in previous animal studies suggested it resulted in improved hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance with a multifactorial mechanism of action, despite the target organ of PBM not being clearly proven. This study aimed to determine whether a single session of a duodenal light-emitting diode (LED) PBM may impact the T2DM treatment in an animal model. METHODS Goto-Kakizaki rats as T2DM models were subjected to PBM through duodenal lumen irradiation, sham procedure, or control in 1-week pilot (630 nm, 850 nm, or 630/850 nm) and 4-week follow-up (630 nm or 630/850 nm) studies. Oral glucose tolerance tests; serum glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, and insulin levels; liver chemistry and histology; and gut microbiome in the PBM, sham control, and control groups were evaluated. RESULTS In the 1-week study, duodenal dual-wavelength (D, 630/850 nm) LED PBM showed improved glucose intolerance, alkaline phosphatase and cholesterol levels, and weight gain than other groups. The D-LED PBM group in the 4-week study also showed improved hyperglycemia and liver enzyme levels, with relatively preserved pancreatic islets and increased serum insulin and GLP-1 levels. Five genera (Bacteroides, Escherichia, Parabacteroides, Allobaculum, and Faecalibaculum) were significantly enriched 1 week after the D-LED PBM. Bacteroides acidifaciens significantly increased, while Lachnospiraceae significantly decreased after 1 week. CONCLUSION A single session of D-LED PBM improved hyperglycemia and hepatic parameters through the change of serum insulin, insulin resistance, insulin expression in the pancreatic β-cells, and gut microbiome in T2DM animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Hee Min
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Jinhee Kwon
- Digestive Diseases Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Do
- Convergence Medicine Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - So Hee Kim
- Digestive Diseases Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Eun Sil Kim
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Jin-Yong Jeong
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Sang Mun Bae
- Convergence Medicine Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Sang-Yeob Kim
- Convergence Medicine Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Do Hyun Park
- Digestive Diseases Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea
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7
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Abstract
Modern changes in diet and lifestyle have led to an explosion of insulin resistance and metabolic diseases around the globe which, if left unchecked, will become a principal driver of morbidity and mortality in the 21st century. The nature of the metabolic homeostatic shift within the body has therefore become a topic of considerable interest. While the gut has long been recognized as an acute nutrient sensor with signaling mechanisms to the other metabolic organs of the body, its role in regulating the body's metabolic status over longer periods of time has been underappreciated. Recent insights from bariatric surgery and intestinal nutrient stimulation experiments provide a window into the adaptive role of the intestinal mucosa in a foregut/hindgut metabolic balance model that helps to define metabolic parameters within the body-informing the metabolic regulation of insulin resistance versus sensitivity, hunger versus satiety, energy utilization versus energy storage, and protection from hypoglycemia versus protection from hyperglycemia. This intestinal metabolic balance model provides an intellectual framework with which to understand the distinct roles of proximal and distal intestinal segments in metabolic regulation. The model may also aid in the development of novel disease-modifying therapies that can correct the dysregulated metabolic signals from the intestine and stem the tide of metabolic diseases in society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harith Rajagopalan
- Fractyl Health, Inc., Lexington,
MA, USA
- Harith Rajagopalan, M.D. PhD.,
Fractyl Health, Inc., 17 Hartwell Avenue, Lexington, MA 02421, USA.
| | | | - David C. Klonoff
- Diabetes Research Institute,
Mills-Peninsula Medical Center, San Mateo, California
| | - Alan D. Cherrington
- Department of Molecular
Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine,
Nashville, TN, USA
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8
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Les approches thérapeutiques non invasives de l’obésité : hier, aujourd’hui et demain. NUTR CLIN METAB 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nupar.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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Breier NC, Paranjape SY, Scudder S, Mehr SE, Diedrich A, Flynn CR, Okamoto LE, Hartmann B, Gasbjerg LS, Shibao CA. Worsening Postural Tachycardia Syndrome Is Associated With Increased Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide Secretion. Hypertension 2022; 79:e89-e99. [PMID: 35232225 PMCID: PMC9010371 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.17852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is characterized by excessive upright tachycardia and disabling presyncopal symptoms, which are exacerbated after consuming a high-carbohydrate meal; it is unknown, however, what is the precise underlying mechanism. We seek to investigate the effect of glucose intake on orthostatic hemodynamic changes and gastrointestinal hormone secretion in POTS. METHODS Prospective, case-control study, 12 women with POTS who reported a postprandial worsening of their POTS symptoms and 13 age-matched female controls received 75-g oral glucose and 20 mg/kg acetaminophen to assess nutrient absorption. Hemodynamic, gastrointestinal hormone and acetaminophen levels were measured for up to 120 minutes postingestion while supine and standing. RESULTS Patients with POTS had significant orthostatic tachycardia, 48.7±11.2 versus 23.3±8.1 bpm, P=0.012 and elevated upright norepinephrine levels, 835.2±368.4 versus 356.9±156.7 pg/mL, P=0.004. After oral glucose, upright heart rate significantly increased in POTS, 21.2±11.9% versus 6.0±19.9%, P=0.033 with a concomitant decline in upright stroke volume, -10.3±11.90% versus 3.3±13.7%, P=0.027; total peripheral resistance, blood pressure and cardiac output remained unaltered. Acetaminophen rate of appearance was similar between groups (P=0.707), indicating comparable nutrient absorption rates. POTS had increased plasma levels of C-peptide (P=0.001), GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide; P=0.001), peptide YY (P=0.016), and pancreatic polypeptide (P=0.04) following glucose consumption, but only GIP had a time-dependent association with the worsening upright tachycardia and stroke volume fall. CONCLUSIONS The glucose-induced worsening orthostatic tachycardia in POTS was associated with a decline in SV; these changes occurred while GIP, a splanchnic vasodilator, was maximally elevated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Breier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology (N.C.B., S.Y.P., S.S., S.E.M., A.D., L.E.O., C.A.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Sachin Y Paranjape
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology (N.C.B., S.Y.P., S.S., S.E.M., A.D., L.E.O., C.A.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Shea Scudder
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology (N.C.B., S.Y.P., S.S., S.E.M., A.D., L.E.O., C.A.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Shahram E Mehr
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology (N.C.B., S.Y.P., S.S., S.E.M., A.D., L.E.O., C.A.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Andre' Diedrich
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology (N.C.B., S.Y.P., S.S., S.E.M., A.D., L.E.O., C.A.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Charles R Flynn
- Department of Surgery (C.R.F.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Luis E Okamoto
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology (N.C.B., S.Y.P., S.S., S.E.M., A.D., L.E.O., C.A.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (B.H.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lærke Smidt Gasbjerg
- Department of Biomedical Science (B.H., L.S.G.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cyndya A Shibao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology (N.C.B., S.Y.P., S.S., S.E.M., A.D., L.E.O., C.A.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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10
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Abstract
The enteroendocrine system coordinates the physiological response to food intake by regulating rates of digestion, nutrient absorption, insulin secretion, satiation and satiety. Gut hormones with important anorexigenic and/or insulinotropic roles include glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY3-36), cholecystokinin (CCK) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP). High BMI or obesogenic diets do not markedly disrupt this enteroendocrine system, which represents a critical target for inducing weight loss and treating co-morbidities in individuals with obesity.
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11
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Král J, Machytka E, Horká V, Selucká J, Doleček F, Špičák J, Kovářová V, Haluzík M, Bužga M. Endoscopic Treatment of Obesity and Nutritional Aspects of Bariatric Endoscopy. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124268. [PMID: 34959819 PMCID: PMC8703836 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a significant problem worldwide. Several serious diseases that decrease patient quality of life and increase mortality (high blood pressure, dyslipidaemia, type 2 diabetes etc.) are associated with obesity. Obesity treatment is a multidisciplinary and complex process that requires maximum patient compliance. Change of lifestyle is fundamental in the treatment of obesity. While pharmacotherapeutic options are available, their efficacy is limited. Surgical treatment though highly effective, carries the risk of complications and is thus indicated mostly in advanced stages of obesity. Endoscopic treatments of obesity are less invasive than surgical options, and are associated with fewer complications and nutritional deficits. Currently, there is a large spectrum of endoscopic methods based on the principles of gastric volume reduction, size restriction and gastric or small bowel bypass being explored with only few available in routine practice. The aim of this publication is to present an up-to-date summary of available endoscopic methods for the treatment of obesity focusing on their efficacy, safety and nutritional aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Král
- Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Vídeňská 1958/9, 14021 Prague, Czech Republic; (E.M.); (J.S.); (J.Š.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Evžen Machytka
- Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Vídeňská 1958/9, 14021 Prague, Czech Republic; (E.M.); (J.S.); (J.Š.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, 77147 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology and Geriatrics, University Hospital Olomouc, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Horká
- Research Obesity Centre, Department of Human Movement Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 70300 Ostrava, Czech Republic;
| | - Jana Selucká
- Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Vídeňská 1958/9, 14021 Prague, Czech Republic; (E.M.); (J.S.); (J.Š.)
| | - Filip Doleček
- Department of Surgical Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 70300 Ostrava, Czech Republic;
| | - Julius Špičák
- Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Vídeňská 1958/9, 14021 Prague, Czech Republic; (E.M.); (J.S.); (J.Š.)
| | - Viktorie Kovářová
- Department of Diabetology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Vídeňská 1958/9, 14021 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.K.); (M.H.)
| | - Martin Haluzík
- Department of Diabetology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Vídeňská 1958/9, 14021 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.K.); (M.H.)
| | - Marek Bužga
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 70103 Ostrava, Czech Republic;
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Ostrava, 70800 Ostrava, Czech Republic
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12
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Development of Radiofrequency Ablation Generator and Balloon-Based Catheter for Microendoluminal Thin-Layer Ablation Therapy Using the Rat Duodenum as a Model of Low-Impedance Tissue. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2021; 2021:9986874. [PMID: 34603652 PMCID: PMC8486529 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9986874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a routinely used, safe, and effective method for the tissue destruction. Often, in case of its application in malignant conditions, the extent of tissue destruction is insufficient due to the size of the target lesion, as well as due to the risk of heat-induced damage to the surrounding organs. Nevertheless, there are conditions requiring superficial precise-depth ablation with preservation of deeper layers. These are represented, for example, by mucosal resurfacing in case of Barrett's esophagus or treatment of recurrent mucosal bleeding in case of chronic radiation proctitis. Recently, new indications for intraluminal RFA use emerged, especially in the pancreatobiliary tract. In the case of intraductal use of RFA (e.g., biliary and pancreatic tract), there are currently available rigid and needle tip catheters. An expandable balloon-based RFA catheter suitable for use in such small-diameter tubular organs could be of benefit due to possible increase of contact between the probe and the target tissue; however, to prevent excessive tissue damage, a compatible generator suitable for low-impedance catheter/tissue is essential. This project aimed to develop a radiofrequency ablation generator and bipolar balloon-based catheter optimized for the application in the conditions of low-impedance tissue and (micro)endoluminal environment. Subsequent evaluation of biological effect in vivo was performed using duodenal mucosa in Wistar rat representing conditions of endoluminal radiofrequency ablation of low-impedance tissue. Experiments confirming the safety and feasibility of RFA with our prototype devices were conducted.
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Lee CY. A Combination of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist and Dietary Intervention Could Be a Promising Approach for Obesity Treatment. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:748477. [PMID: 34616367 PMCID: PMC8489573 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.748477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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14
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Le Gall M, Thenet S, Aguanno D, Jarry AC, Genser L, Ribeiro-Parenti L, Joly F, Ledoux S, Bado A, Le Beyec J. Intestinal plasticity in response to nutrition and gastrointestinal surgery. Nutr Rev 2020; 77:129-143. [PMID: 30517714 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuy064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasticity of a material corresponds to its capacity to change its feature under the effect of an external action. Intestinal plasticity could be defined as the ability of the intestine to modify its size or thickness and intestinal cells to modulate their absorption and secretion functions in response to external or internal cues/signals. This review will focus on intestinal adaptation mechanisms in response to diet and nutritional status. These physiological mechanisms allow a fine and rapid adaptation of the gut to promote absorption of ingested food, but they can also lead to obesity in response to overnutrition. This plasticity could thus become a therapeutic target to treat not only undernutrition but also obesity. How the intestine adapts in response to 2 types of surgical remodeling of the digestive tract-extensive bowel resection leading to intestinal failure and surgical treatment of pathological obesity (ie, bariatric surgeries)-will also be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maude Le Gall
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Inserm UMRS _1149, Université Paris Diderot, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Thenet
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, PSL University, Sorbonne Cités, UPD Univ Paris 05, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Doriane Aguanno
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, PSL University, Sorbonne Cités, UPD Univ Paris 05, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Charlotte Jarry
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Inserm UMRS _1149, Université Paris Diderot, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Genser
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutriomics Team, Paris, France, and the Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Hepato-Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Liver Transplantation, Paris, France
| | - Lara Ribeiro-Parenti
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Inserm UMRS _1149, Université Paris Diderot, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Department of General and Digestive Surgery, University Hospital Bichat-Claude-Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Francisca Joly
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Inserm UMRS _1149, Université Paris Diderot, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Department of Gastroenterology, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Nutritional Support and Intestinal Transplantation, Paris, France
| | - Séverine Ledoux
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Inserm UMRS _1149, Université Paris Diderot, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Service des Explorations Fonctionnelles, Centre de référence de prise en charge de l'obésité, GHUPNVS, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Colombes, France
| | - André Bado
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Inserm UMRS _1149, Université Paris Diderot, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Johanne Le Beyec
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Inserm UMRS _1149, Université Paris Diderot, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Biochimie Endocrinienne et Oncologique, Paris, France
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15
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Albillos A, de Gottardi A, Rescigno M. The gut-liver axis in liver disease: Pathophysiological basis for therapy. J Hepatol 2020; 72:558-577. [PMID: 31622696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 871] [Impact Index Per Article: 217.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The gut-liver axis refers to the bidirectional relationship between the gut and its microbiota, and the liver, resulting from the integration of signals generated by dietary, genetic and environmental factors. This reciprocal interaction is established by the portal vein which enables transport of gut-derived products directly to the liver, and the liver feedback route of bile and antibody secretion to the intestine. The intestinal mucosal and vascular barrier is the functional and anatomical structure that serves as a playground for the interactions between the gut and the liver, limiting the systemic dissemination of microbes and toxins while allowing nutrients to access the circulation and to reach the liver. The control of microbial communities is critical to maintaining homeostasis of the gut-liver axis, and as part of this bidirectional communication the liver shapes intestinal microbial communities. Alcohol disrupts the gut-liver axis at multiple interconnected levels, including the gut microbiome, mucus barrier, epithelial barrier and at the level of antimicrobial peptide production, which increases microbial exposure and the proinflammatory environment of the liver. Growing evidence indicates the pathogenetic role of microbe-derived metabolites, such as trimethylamine, secondary bile acids, short-chain fatty acids and ethanol, in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Cirrhosis by itself is associated with profound alterations in gut microbiota and damage at the different levels of defence of the intestinal barrier, including the epithelial, vascular and immune barriers. The relevance of the severe disturbance of the intestinal barrier in cirrhosis has been linked to translocation of live bacteria, bacterial infections and disease progression. The identification of the elements of the gut-liver axis primarily damaged in each chronic liver disease offers possibilities for intervention. Beyond antibiotics, upcoming therapies centred on the gut include new generations of probiotics, bacterial metabolites (postbiotics), faecal microbial transplantation, and carbon nanoparticles. FXR-agonists target both the gut and the liver and are currently being tested in different liver diseases. Finally, synthetic biotic medicines, phages that target specific bacteria or therapies that create physical barriers between the gut and the liver offer new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Albillos
- Servicio de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Universidad de Alcalá, IRYCIS, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Andrea de Gottardi
- Hepatology, Inselspital and Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland; Servizio di Gastroenterología e Epatologia, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - María Rescigno
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20090 Pieve Emanuele (Mi), Italy; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, 20089 Rozzano (Mi), Italy
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16
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Handgraaf S, Dusaulcy R, Visentin F, Philippe J, Gosmain Y. Let-7e-5p Regulates GLP-1 Content and Basal Release From Enteroendocrine L Cells From DIO Male Mice. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5697307. [PMID: 31905402 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqz037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of enteroendocrine L cells in diabetes is critical for better understanding of the role of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in physiology and diabetes. We studied L-cell transcriptome changes including microRNA (miRNA) dysregulation in obesity and diabetes. We evaluated the regulation of miRNAs through microarray analyses on sorted enteroendocrine L cells from control and obese glucose-intolerant (I-HFD) and hyperglycemic (H-HFD) mice after 16 weeks of respectively low-fat diet (LFD) or high-fat diet (HFD) feeding. The identified altered miRNAs were studied in vitro using the mouse GLUTag cell line to investigate their regulation and potential biological functions. We identified that let-7e-5p, miR-126a-3p, and miR-125a-5p were differentially regulated in L cells of obese HFD mice compared with control LFD mice. While downregulation of let-7e-5p expression was observed in both I-HFD and H-HFD mice, levels of miR-126a-3p increased and of miR-125a-5p decreased significantly only in I-HFD mice compared with controls. Using miRNA inhibitors and mimics we observed that modulation of let-7e-5p expression affected specifically GLP-1 cellular content and basal release, whereas Gcg gene expression and acute GLP-1 secretion and cell proliferation were not affected. In addition, palmitate treatment resulted in a decrease of let-7e-5p expression along with an increase in GLP-1 content and release, suggesting that palmitate acts on GLP-1 through let-7e-5p. By contrast, modulation of miR-125a-5p and miR-126a-3p in the same conditions did not affect content or secretion of GLP-1. We conclude that decrease of let-7e-5p expression in response to palmitate may constitute a compensatory mechanism contributing to maintaining constant glycemia in obese mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Handgraaf
- Molecular Diabetes Laboratory, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition, University Hospital/Diabetes Center/University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rodolphe Dusaulcy
- Molecular Diabetes Laboratory, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition, University Hospital/Diabetes Center/University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Florian Visentin
- Molecular Diabetes Laboratory, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition, University Hospital/Diabetes Center/University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Philippe
- Molecular Diabetes Laboratory, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition, University Hospital/Diabetes Center/University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yvan Gosmain
- Molecular Diabetes Laboratory, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition, University Hospital/Diabetes Center/University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
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17
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Hira T, Pinyo J, Hara H. What Is GLP-1 Really Doing in Obesity? Trends Endocrinol Metab 2020; 31:71-80. [PMID: 31636017 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a gastrointestinal hormone released in response to meal ingestion and enhances insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells. In several human studies, GLP-1 secretory responses to oral glucose load or a meal were decreased in subjects with obesity, glucose intolerance, or diabetes compared with those in healthy subjects. However, the results of meta-analysis and cohort studies do not necessarily support this concept. Results from animal studies are also inconsistent; in multiple studies, GLP-1 secretory responses to a meal were repeatedly higher in diet-induced obese rats than in control rats. Thus, the postprandial GLP-1 response is not necessarily decreased but rather enhanced during obesity development, which is likely to play a protective role against glucose intolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Hira
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Jukkrapong Pinyo
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hara
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Fuji Women's University, Ishikari, Hokkaido, Japan
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18
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Yanagimachi T, Fujita Y, Takeda Y, Honjo J, Yokoyama H, Haneda M. Receptor-Mediated Bioassay Reflects Dynamic Change of Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide by Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitor Treatment in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:214. [PMID: 32390941 PMCID: PMC7193081 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: We recently observed a greater increase in plasma levels of bioactive glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) than glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) using the receptor-mediated bioassays in the subjects with normal glycemic tolerance (NGT) treated with dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, which may be unappreciated using conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) during oral glucose tolerance test. Thus, we determined incretin levels in addition to glucagon level using the bioassays in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) subjects with or without treatment of DPP-4 inhibitor, to evaluate whether these assays can accurately measure bioactivity of these peptides. Methods: We performed single meal tolerance test (MTT) by using a cookie meal (carbohydrate 75.0 g, protein 8.0 g, fat 28.5 g) in the subjects with NGT (n = 9), the subjects with T2DM treated without DPP-4 inhibitor (n = 7) and the subjects with T2DM treated with DPP-4 inhibitor (n = 10). All subjects fasted for 10-12 h before the MTT, and blood samples were collected at 0, 30, 60, and 120 min. We used the cell lines stably cotransfected with human-form GIP, GLP-1 or glucagon receptor, and a cyclic adenosine monophosphate-inducible luciferase expression construct for the bioassays. We measured active GIP, active GLP-1, and glucagon by the bioassays. To evaluate the efficacy of bioassay, we measured identical samples via ELISA kits. Results: During the single MTT study, postprandial active GIP bioassay levels of T2DM with DPP-4 inhibitor treatment were drastically higher than those of NGT and T2DM without DPP-4 inhibitor, although the DPP-4 inhibitor-treated group showed moderate increase of active GIPELISA and active GLP-1 bioassay , while active GLP-1 bioassay levels of T2DM subjects without DPP-4 inhibitor were comparable to those of NGT subjects. During the serial MTT, administration of DPP-4 inhibitor significantly increased active GIP bioassay levels, but not active GLP-1 bioassay . Conclusions: In comparison to conventional ELISA, receptor-mediated bioassay reflects dynamic change of GIP polypeptide by DPP-4 inhibitor treatment in subjects with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Yanagimachi
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Fujita
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
- Department of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yukihiro Fujita
| | - Yasutaka Takeda
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Jun Honjo
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
- Jiyugaoka Medical Clinic, Internal Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | | | - Masakazu Haneda
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
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19
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van Baar ACG, Beuers U, Wong K, Haidry R, Costamagna G, Hafedi A, Deviere J, Ghosh SS, Lopez-Talavera JC, Rodriguez L, Galvao Neto MP, Sanyal A, Bergman JJGHM. Endoscopic duodenal mucosal resurfacing improves glycaemic and hepatic indices in type 2 diabetes: 6-month multicentre results. JHEP Rep 2019; 1:429-437. [PMID: 32039394 PMCID: PMC7005649 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a core pathophysiological defect underscoring type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Both conditions improve with duodenal exclusion surgery. Duodenal mucosal resurfacing (DMR) is an endoscopic intervention developed to treat metabolic disease which has been shown to improve glycaemia in patients with poorly controlled T2DM. Herein, we aimed to further analyse the effects of DMR on hepatic and metabolic parameters in this patient cohort. Methods Eighty-five patients with T2DM who received endoscopic DMR treatment were enrolled from 5 centres and followed up for 6 months. We assessed safety in all patients. Efficacy was evaluated in patients who received at least 9 cm of duodenal ablation (n = 67). Endpoints included HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose, weight and aminotransferase levels. Metabolomic analysis was conducted in a subgroup (n = 14). Data were analysed using paired t test or ANOVA for repeated measures with Bonferroni correction and correction for initial weight loss if applicable. Results The DMR procedure was completed with no intraprocedural complications in the entire cohort. HbA1c was lower 6 months after DMR than at baseline (7.9 ± 0.2% vs. 9.0 ± 0.2% [mean ± SE], p ≪0.001). Fasting plasma glucose was also significantly lower 6 months after DMR compared to baseline (161 ± 7 mg/dl vs. 189 ± 6 mg/dl, p = 0.005). Body weight decreased slightly. At 6 months, alanine aminotransferase had decreased from 41 ± 3 IU/L to 29 ± 2 IU/L (p ≪0.001) and aspartate aminotransferase had decreased from 30 ± 2 IU/L to 23 ± 1 IU/L (p ≪0.001). Metabolomic analysis demonstrated that DMR had key lipid-lowering, insulin-sensitizing and anti-inflammatory effects, as well as increasing antioxidant capacity. Mean FIB-4 was also markedly decreased. Conclusion Hydrothermal ablation of the duodenum by DMR elicits a beneficial metabolic response in patients with T2DM. DMR also improves hepatic indices, potentially through an insulin-sensitizing mechanism. These encouraging data deserve further evaluation in randomized controlled trials. Lay summary Hydrothermal duodenal mucosal resurfacing (DMR) is an endoscopic technique designed to treat metabolic disease through ablation of the duodenal mucosa. DMR is a safe procedure which improves glycaemia and hepatic indices in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. DMR is an insulin-sensitizing intervention which can be complementary to lifestyle intervention approaches and pharmacological treatments aimed at preserving the pancreas and liver from failure. DMR is a potential therapeutic solution for patients with type 2 diabetes and fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annieke C G van Baar
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ulrich Beuers
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kari Wong
- Metabolon, Inc., Morrisville, NC, United States
| | - Rehan Haidry
- Department of Gastroenterology, University College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Guido Costamagna
- Digestive Endoscopy Unit. Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli - IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Alia Hafedi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Erasme University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jacques Deviere
- Department of Gastroenterology, Erasme University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | - Arun Sanyal
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Jacques J G H M Bergman
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Enhanced postprandial glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion during obesity development has a protective role against glucose intolerance induction in rats. Br J Nutr 2019; 122:411-422. [PMID: 31352909 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114519001223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone that regulates postprandial glycaemic response by enhancing insulin secretion. We previously demonstrated that the postprandial GLP-1 response was enhanced during the development of diet-induced obesity in rats. However, the physiological relevance of the enhanced GLP-1 response remained unclear. We aimed to determine the role of endogenous GLP-1 during obesity development. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given either a control diet or a high-fat/high-sucrose (HFS, 30 % fat and 40 % sucrose, weight basis) diet with or without continuous administration of the GLP-1 receptor antagonist, exendin (9-39) (Ex9, 100 µg/d), for 5 weeks. Meal tolerance tests (MTT) were performed to assess postprandial glucose, insulin and GLP-1 responses to a liquid diet administration (15 kcal (63 kJ)/10 ml per kg body weight) every 2 weeks. The AUC of postprandial glucose in the HFS group was similar to the control group in both MTT (P = 0·9665 and P = 0·3475, respectively), whereas AUC of postprandial GLP-1 (after 4 weeks,P = 0·0457) and of insulin (after 2 and 4 weeks, P = 0·0486 and P = 0·0110) was higher in the HFS group compared with the control group. In the Ex9 group, AUC of postprandial glucose (P = 0·0297 and P = 0·0486) was higher along with a lower insulin response compared with the HFS group (P = 0·0564 and P = 0·0281). These results suggest that enhancement of the postprandial GLP-1 response during obesity development has a role in maintaining a normal postprandial glycaemic response. Hence, enhancing endogenous GLP-1 secretion by certain materials could be a potential target for prevention of glucose intolerance.
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Regulation of microbiota-GLP1 axis by sennoside A in diet-induced obese mice. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:758-768. [PMID: 31384536 PMCID: PMC6663941 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sennoside A (SA) is a bioactive component of Chinese herbal medicines with an activity of irritant laxative, which is often used in the treatment of constipation and obesity. However, its activity remains unknown in the regulation of insulin sensitivity. In this study, the impact of SA on insulin sensitivity was tested in high fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice through dietary supplementation. At a dosage of 30 mg/kg/day, SA improved insulin sensitivity in the mice after 8-week treatment as indicated by HOMA-IR (homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance) and glucose tolerance test (GTT). SA restored plasma level of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) by 90% and mRNA expression of Glp1 by 80% in the large intestine of HFD mice. In the mechanism, SA restored the gut microbiota profile, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and mucosal structure in the colon. A mitochondrial stress was observed in the enterocytes of HFD mice with ATP elevation, structural damage, and complex dysfunction. The mitochondrial response was induced in enterocytes by the dietary fat as the same responses were induced by palmitic acid in the cell culture. The mitochondrial response was inhibited in HFD mice by SA treatment. These data suggest that SA may restore the function of microbiota–GLP1 axis to improve glucose metabolism in the obese mice.
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Pinyo J, Hira T, Hara H. Continuous feeding of a combined high-fat and high-sucrose diet, rather than an individual high-fat or high-sucrose diet, rapidly enhances the glucagon-like peptide-1 secretory response to meal ingestion in diet-induced obese rats. Nutrition 2019; 62:122-130. [PMID: 30878816 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is secreted by enteroendocrine L-cells in response to nutrient ingestion. To date, GLP-1 secretion in diet-induced obesity is not well characterized. We aimed to examine GLP-1 secretion in response to meal ingestion during the progression of diet-induced obesity and determinewhether a combined high-fat and high-sucrose (HFS) diet, an individual high-fat (HiFat), or a high-sucrose (HiSuc) diet affect adaptive changes in the postprandial GLP-1 response. METHODS Rats were fed a control, HiFat diet (30% weight), HiSuc diet (40% weight), or HFS (30% fat and 40% sucrose) diet for 5 wk. Meal tolerance tests were conducted to determine postprandial glucose, insulin, and GLP-1 responses to standard (control) diet ingestion every 2 wk. RESULTS After 5 wk, body weight gain of the HiFat (232.3 ± 7.8 g; P = 0.021) and HFS groups (228.0 ± 7.8; P = 0.039), but not the HiSuc group (220.3 ± 7.9; P = 0.244), were significantly higher than that of the control group (200.7 ± 5.4 g). In meal tolerance tests after 2 wk, GLP-1 concentration was significantly elevated in the HFS group only (17.2 ± 2.6 pM; P < 0.001) in response to meal ingestions, but the HiFat group (16.6 ± 3.7 pM; P = 0.156) had a similar response as the HFS group. After 4 wk, GLP-1 concentrations were similarly elevated at 15min in the HFS (14.1 ± 4.4; P = 0.010), HiFat (13.2 ± 2.0; P < 0.001), and HiSuc (13.0 ± 3.3; P = 0.016) groups, but the HFS (9.8 ± 1.0; P = 0.019) and HiFat (8.3 ± 1.5; P = 0.010) groups also had significant elevation at 30min. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that the continuous ingestion of excessive fat and sucrose rapidly enhances the GLP-1 secretory response to luminal nutrients, and the HiFat diet may have a potent effect compared with the HiSuc diet on GLP-1 secretory responses. The increment of postprandial GLP-1 and insulinsecretion may have a role in normalizing postprandial glycaemia and slowing the establishment of glucose intolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jukkrapong Pinyo
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tohru Hira
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Hara
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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23
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Sinagoga KL, McCauley HA, Múnera JO, Reynolds NA, Enriquez JR, Watson C, Yang HC, Helmrath MA, Wells JM. Deriving functional human enteroendocrine cells from pluripotent stem cells. Development 2018; 145:dev.165795. [PMID: 30143540 DOI: 10.1242/dev.165795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) are a minor cell population in the intestine yet they play a major role in digestion, satiety and nutrient homeostasis. Recently developed human intestinal organoid models include EECs, but their rarity makes it difficult to study their formation and function. Here, we used the EEC-inducing property of the transcription factor NEUROG3 in human pluripotent stem cell-derived human intestinal organoids and colonic organoids to promote EEC development in vitro An 8-h pulse of NEUROG3 expression induced expression of known target transcription factors and after 7 days organoids contained up to 25% EECs in the epithelium. EECs expressed a broad array of human hormones at the mRNA and/or protein level, including motilin, somatostatin, neurotensin, secretin, substance P, serotonin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, oxyntomodulin, GLP-1 and INSL5. EECs secreted several hormones including gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), ghrelin, GLP-1 and oxyntomodulin. Injection of glucose into the lumen of organoids caused an increase in both GIP secretion and K-cell number. Lastly, we observed formation of all known small intestinal EEC subtypes following transplantation and growth of human intestinal organoids in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Sinagoga
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
| | - Heather A McCauley
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
| | - Jorge O Múnera
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
| | - Nichole A Reynolds
- Endocrine/Cardiovascular Division, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Jacob R Enriquez
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
| | - Carey Watson
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
| | - Hsiu-Chiung Yang
- Endocrine/Cardiovascular Division, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Michael A Helmrath
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA.,Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
| | - James M Wells
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA .,Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
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24
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Sun Y, Jin C, Zhang X, Jia W, Le J, Ye J. Restoration of GLP-1 secretion by Berberine is associated with protection of colon enterocytes from mitochondrial overheating in diet-induced obese mice. Nutr Diabetes 2018; 8:53. [PMID: 30250193 PMCID: PMC6155143 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-018-0061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective L-cell dysfunction is reported for GLP-1 reduction in type 2 diabetes. However, the mechanism of dysfunction remains unknown. In this study, we examined mitochondrial function in the mechanistic study in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. Subjects C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 16 weeks to establish the DIO model for GLP-1 reduction. The mice were then treated with berberine (BBR) (100 mg/kg/day) for 8 weeks to test the impact on GLP-1 expression. Mitochondrial activities of the colon enterocytes were compared among three groups of mice (lean, DIO, and DIO + BBR) at the end of treatment. Gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were examined to understand the mitochondrial responses. A cellular model treated with palmitic acid (PA) was used in the mechanism study. Results A reduction in GLP-1 expression was observed in DIO mice with mitochondrial stress responses in the colon enterocytes. The mitochondria exhibited cristae loss, membrane rupture, and mitochondrial swelling, which was observed with an increase in ATP abundance, complex I activity, and deficiency in the activities of complexes II and IV. Those changes were associated with dysbiosis and a reduction in SCFAs in the colon of DIO mice. In the cellular model, an increase in ATP abundance, loss of mitochondrial potential, and elevation of apoptosis were induced by PA. All of the alterations in DIO mice and the cellular model were attenuated by BBR. Conclusion The mitochondrial stress responses were observed in the colon enterocytes of DIO mice for GLP-1 reduction. The stress was prevented by BBR in the restoration of GLP-1 expression, in which BBR may act through direct and indirect mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongning Sun
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Chenxi Jin
- Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, 330031, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital East, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Weiping Jia
- Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Jiamei Le
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Jianping Ye
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital East, Shanghai, 201306, China. .,Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China. .,Antioxidant and Gene Regulation Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, LSU, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA.
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25
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Ikeguchi E, Harada N, Kanemaru Y, Sankoda A, Yamane S, Iwasaki K, Imajo M, Murata Y, Suzuki K, Joo E, Inagaki N. Transcriptional factor Pdx1 is involved in age-related GIP hypersecretion in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 315:G272-G282. [PMID: 29723041 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00054.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Fat accumulation with aging is a serious problem; glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide/gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) is an incretin that plays an important role in fat accumulation. GIP receptor knockout mice show reduced fat mass and improved insulin sensitivity associated with aging. Therefore, GIP is involved in fat accumulation and insulin resistance with aging. However, age-related changes of GIP secretion remain unclear. The present study aimed to elucidate age-related changes of GIP secretion and enteroendocrine K cells using GIP reporter [GIP-green fluorescent protein (GFP) knock-in heterozygous (GIPgfp/+)] mice. Aged 1-yr-old GIPgfp/+ mice exhibited a phenotype of fat accumulation, insulin resistance, and GIP hypersecretion compared with young (3-4 mo old) GIPgfp/+ mice. In aged mice, K-cell number in the small intestine and the mRNA expression levels of GIP and transcriptional factor pancreatic and duodenal homeobox-1 (Pdx1) in K cells were increased. K-cell number, GIP mRNA expression and content in small intestine, and GIP secretion were decreased after posteriori suppression of Pdx1 using intestine-specific gene transfer. Thus, Pdx1 positively regulates GIP mRNA and K-cell number in small intestine. Increased Pdx1 expression might be involved in GIP hypersecretion with aging. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Age-related changes of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide/gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) secretion and K cells were investigated. We found that K-cell number and GIP and pancreatic and duodenal homeobox-1 (Pdx1) expression in K cells were increased in aged mice, which showed greater GIP secretion compared with young mice. In addition, we have succeeded in posteriori suppression of Pdx1 in small intestine using the method of intestine-specific gene transfer, and showed that K-cell number, GIP expression, and GIP secretion were decreased in the Pdx1-knockdown intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Ikeguchi
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Norio Harada
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kanemaru
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Akiko Sankoda
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yamane
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Kanako Iwasaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Masamichi Imajo
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Yuki Murata
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Kazuyo Suzuki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Erina Joo
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Nobuya Inagaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
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Martinic A, Barouei J, Bendiks Z, Mishchuk D, Heeney DD, Martin R, Marco ML, Slupsky CM. Supplementation of Lactobacillus plantarum Improves Markers of Metabolic Dysfunction Induced by a High Fat Diet. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:2790-2802. [PMID: 29931981 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a prevalent chronic condition in many developed and developing nations that raises the risk for developing heart disease, stroke, and diabetes. Previous studies have shown that consuming particular probiotic strains of Lactobacillus is associated with improvement in the obese and diabetic phenotype; however, the mechanisms of these beneficial effects are not well understood. In this study, C57BL/6J male mice were fed a lard-based high fat diet for 15 weeks with Lactobacillus plantarum supplementation NCIMB8826 (Lp) between weeks 10 and 15 ( n = 10 per group). Systemic metabolic effects of supplementation were analyzed by NMR metabolomics, protein expression assays, gene transcript quantification, and 16S rRNA marker gene sequencing. Body and organ weights were not significantly different with Lp supplementation, and no microbiota community structure changes were observed in the cecum; however, L. plantarum numbers were increased in the treatment group according to culture-based and 16S rRNA gene quantification. Significant differences in metabolite and protein concentrations (serum, liver, and colon), gene expression (ileum and adipose), and cytokines (colon) were observed between groups with increases in the gene expression of tight junction proteins in the ileum and cecum and improvement of some markers of glucose homeostasis in blood and tissue with Lp supplementation. These results indicate Lp supplementation impacts systemic metabolism and immune signaling before phenotypic changes and without large-scale changes to the microbiome. This study supports the notion that Lp is a beneficial probiotic, even in the context of a high fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Roy Martin
- Western Human Nutrition Research Center , USDA , Davis , California 95616 , United States
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27
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Maekawa R, Ogata H, Murase M, Harada N, Suzuki K, Joo E, Sankoda A, Iida A, Izumoto T, Tsunekawa S, Hamada Y, Oiso Y, Inagaki N, Arima H, Hayashi Y, Seino Y. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide is required for moderate high-fat diet- but not high-carbohydrate diet-induced weight gain. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 314:E572-E583. [PMID: 29406782 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00352.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Both high-fat (HFD) and high-carbohydrate (ST) diets are known to induce weight gain. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is secreted mainly from intestinal K cells upon stimuli by nutrients such as fat and glucose, and it potentiates glucose-induced insulin secretion. GIP is well known to contribute to HFD-induced obesity. In this study, we analyzed the effect of ST feeding on GIP secretion and metabolic parameters to explore the role of GIP in ST-induced weight gain. Both wild-type (WT) and GIP receptor deficient ( GiprKO) mice were fed normal chow (NC), ST, or moderate (m)HFD for 22 wk. Body weight was measured, and then glucose tolerance tests were performed. Insulin secretion from isolated islets also was analyzed. WT mice fed ST or mHFD displayed weight gain concomitant with increased plasma GIP levels compared with WT mice fed NC. WT mice fed mHFD showed improved glucose tolerance due to enhanced insulin secretion during oral glucose tolerance tests compared with WT mice fed NC or ST. GiprKO mice fed mHFD did not display weight gain. On the other hand, GiprKO mice fed ST showed weight gain and did not display obvious glucose intolerance. Glucose-induced insulin secretion was enhanced during intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests and from isolated islets in both WT and GiprKO mice fed ST compared with those fed NC. In conclusion, enhanced GIP secretion induced by mHFD-feeding contributes to increased insulin secretion and body weight gain, whereas GIP is marginally involved in weight gain induced by ST-feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuya Maekawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Hidetada Ogata
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Masatoshi Murase
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Norio Harada
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Kazuyo Suzuki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Erina Joo
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Akiko Sankoda
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Atsushi Iida
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Takako Izumoto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Shin Tsunekawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Yoji Hamada
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine , Nagoya , Japan
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Yutaka Oiso
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Nobuya Inagaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Arima
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hayashi
- Department of Genetics, Division of Stress Adaptation and Protection, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Yusuke Seino
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine , Nagoya , Japan
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine , Nagoya , Japan
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28
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Haluzík M, Kratochvílová H, Haluzíková D, Mráz M. Gut as an emerging organ for the treatment of diabetes: focus on mechanism of action of bariatric and endoscopic interventions. J Endocrinol 2018; 237:R1-R17. [PMID: 29378901 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Increasing worldwide prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its accompanying pathologies such as obesity, arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia represents one of the most important challenges of current medicine. Despite intensive efforts, high percentage of patients with type 2 diabetes does not achieve treatment goals and struggle with increasing body weight and poor glucose control. While novel classes of antidiabetic medications such as incretin-based therapies and gliflozins have some favorable characteristics compared to older antidiabetics, the only therapeutic option shown to substantially modify the progression of diabetes or to achieve its remission is bariatric surgery. Its efficacy in the treatment of diabetes is well established, but the exact underlying modes of action are still only partially described. They include restriction of food amount, enhanced passage of chymus into distal part of small intestine with subsequent modification of gastrointestinal hormones and bile acids secretion, neural mechanisms, changes in gut microbiota and many other possible mechanisms underscoring the importance of the gut in the regulation of glucose metabolism. In addition to bariatric surgery, less-invasive endoscopic methods based on the principles of bariatric surgery were introduced and showed promising results. This review highlights the role of the intestine in the regulation of glucose homeostasis focusing on the mechanisms of action of bariatric and especially endoscopic methods of the treatment of diabetes. A better understanding of these mechanisms may lead to less invasive endoscopic treatments of diabetes and obesity that may complement and widen current therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Haluzík
- Centre for Experimental MedicineInstitute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
- Diabetes CentreInstitute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory DiagnosticsGeneral University Hospital, Charles University in Prague, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Kratochvílová
- Centre for Experimental MedicineInstitute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory DiagnosticsGeneral University Hospital, Charles University in Prague, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Denisa Haluzíková
- Department of Sports MedicineGeneral University Hospital, Charles University in Prague, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Mráz
- Diabetes CentreInstitute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory DiagnosticsGeneral University Hospital, Charles University in Prague, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
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van Baar ACG, Nieuwdorp M, Holleman F, Soeters MR, Groen AK, Bergman JJGHM. The Duodenum harbors a Broad Untapped Therapeutic Potential. Gastroenterology 2018; 154:773-777. [PMID: 29428335 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Academic Medical Center and VUMC Free University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands and University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | - Albert K Groen
- Academic Medical Center Amsterdam and University Medical Center Groningen, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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30
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Sun EWL, Martin AM, Young RL, Keating DJ. The Regulation of Peripheral Metabolism by Gut-Derived Hormones. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:754. [PMID: 30662430 PMCID: PMC6328484 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells lining the gut epithelium constitute the largest endocrine organ in the body and secrete over 20 different hormones in response to cues from ingested foods and changes in nutritional status. Not only do these hormones convey signals from the gut to the brain via the gut-brain axis, they also act directly on metabolically important peripheral targets in a highly concerted fashion to maintain energy balance and glucose homeostasis. Gut-derived hormones released during fasting tend to be orexigenic and have hyperglycaemic potential. Conversely, gut hormones secreted postprandially generally promote satiety and facilitate glucose clearance. Although some of the metabolic benefits conferred by bariatric surgeries have been ascribed to changes in the secretory profiles of various gut hormones, the therapeutic potential of the enteroendocrine system as a viable target against metabolic diseases remain largely underexploited, except for incretin-mimetics. This review provides a brief overview of the physiological importance and highlights the therapeutic potential of the following gut hormones: serotonin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, glucagon-like peptide 1, oxyntomodulin, peptide YY, insulin-like peptide 5, and ghrelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily W. L. Sun
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Alyce M. Martin
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Richard L. Young
- Nutrition and Metabolism, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Damien J. Keating
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Nutrition and Metabolism, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Damien J. Keating
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31
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Abstract
IN BRIEF Several new endoscopic bariatric therapies have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of obesity, with many more devices and procedures undergoing investigational studies. This article describes these devices and procedures and special considerations for their use in patients with diabetes.
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32
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Muscogiuri G, Balercia G, Barrea L, Cignarelli A, Giorgino F, Holst JJ, Laudisio D, Orio F, Tirabassi G, Colao A. Gut: A key player in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:1294-1309. [PMID: 27892685 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1252712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The gut regulates glucose and energy homeostasis; thus, the presence of ingested nutrients into the gut activates sensing mechanisms that affect both glucose homeostasis and regulate food intake. Increasing evidence suggest that gut may also play a key role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes which may be related to both the intestinal microbiological profile and patterns of gut hormones secretion. Intestinal microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms but its composition and function may be adversely affected in type 2 diabetes. The intestinal microbiota may be responsible of the secretion of molecules that may impair insulin secretion/action. At the same time, intestinal milieu regulates the secretion of hormones such as GLP-1, GIP, ghrelin, gastrin, somatostatin, CCK, serotonin, peptide YY, GLP-2, all of which importantly influence metabolism in general and in particular glucose metabolism. Thus, the aim of this paper is to review the current evidence on the role of the gut in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, taking into account both hormonal and microbiological aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giancarlo Balercia
- b Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences , Umberto I Hospital, Polytechnic University of Marche , Ancona , Italy
| | | | - Angelo Cignarelli
- c Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology, and Metabolic Diseases , University of Bari Aldo Moro , Bari , Italy
| | - Francesco Giorgino
- c Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology, and Metabolic Diseases , University of Bari Aldo Moro , Bari , Italy
| | - Jens J Holst
- d NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences , Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen , Denmark
| | | | - Francesco Orio
- e Endocrinology, Department of Sports Science and Wellness , "Parthenope" University Naples , Naples , Italy
| | - Giacomo Tirabassi
- b Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences , Umberto I Hospital, Polytechnic University of Marche , Ancona , Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- f Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery , "Federico II" University of Naples , Naples , Italy
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Cherrington AD, Rajagopalan H, Maggs D, Devière J. Hydrothermal Duodenal Mucosal Resurfacing: Role in the Treatment of Metabolic Disease. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2017; 27:299-311. [PMID: 28292408 DOI: 10.1016/j.giec.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The duodenum has become recognized as a metabolic signaling center that is involved in regulating insulin action and, therefore, insulin resistance states such as type 2 diabetes. Bariatric surgery and other manipulations of the upper intestine, in particular the duodenum, have shown that limiting nutrient exposure or contact in this key region exerts powerful metabolic effects. Early human clinical trial data suggest that endoscopic hydrothermal duodenal mucosal resurfacing is well tolerated in human subjects and has an acceptable safety profile. This article describes the rationale for this endoscopic approach and its early human use, including safety, tolerability, and early efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan D Cherrington
- Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 704A/710 Robinson Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232-0615, USA.
| | | | - David Maggs
- Fractyl Laboratories, Inc, 17 Hartwell Avenue, Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - Jacques Devière
- Medical-Surgical Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatopancreatology and Digestive Oncology, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, Brussels 1070, Belgium
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Zheng J, Xiao KL, Chen L, Wu C, Hu X, Zeng T, Chen XQ, Li WJ, Deng X, Li H, Li YM. Insulin sensitizers improve the GLP-1 secretion and the amount of intestinal L cells on high-fat-diet-induced catch-up growth. Nutrition 2017; 39-40:82-91. [PMID: 28606576 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate whether insulin resistance can result in impaired glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 secretion and to determine whether insulin-sensitizing drugs could improve the secretion of GLP-1 in catch-up growth rats. METHODS Male Sprague Dawley rats were used to establish a catch-up growth model. At the end of weeks 6 and 14, these rats were euthanized to measure energy intake, body weight, plasma triacylglycerol, and nonesterified fatty acid. Fat mass percentage was analyzed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan. The GLP-1 concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the glucose infusion rates were measured by hyperinsulinemic-glucose clamp experiment. Quantification of the GLP-1 positive cells in distal ileum was done by immunohistochemical staining method. The L cell line NCI-H716 cells were treated in vitro with palmitate acid, the cells' viability, the carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1, and the insulin signaling pathway were detected. RESULTS Rats fed a high-fat diet rats had rapidly developed insulin resistance, impaired incretin effect, and a reduction in the number of intestinal L cells. The insulin sensitizers, metformin and pioglitazone, improved insulin resistance and the concentration of circulating GLP-1, increased the relative number of intestinal L cells to a certain degree. In vitro, the NCI-H716 cell viability was decreased and impaired insulin signaling pathway with palmitate acid treatment, metformin treatment could reverse these effects, whereas pioglitazone could not. CONCLUSIONS Insulin resistance caused by a high-fat diet could result in reduced GLP-1 secretion; the insulin sensitizing drugs were able to improve the incretin effect in catch-up growth rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kang-Li Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lulu Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chaodong Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Xiang Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianshu Zeng
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Qian Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Juan Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Endocrinology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiuling Deng
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huiqing Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu-Ming Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Rajagopalan H, Cherrington AD, Thompson CC, Kaplan LM, Rubino F, Mingrone G, Becerra P, Rodriguez P, Vignolo P, Caplan J, Rodriguez L, Galvao Neto MP. Endoscopic Duodenal Mucosal Resurfacing for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes: 6-Month Interim Analysis From the First-in-Human Proof-of-Concept Study. Diabetes Care 2016; 39:2254-2261. [PMID: 27519448 DOI: 10.2337/dc16-0383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess procedural safety and glycemic indices at 6 months in a first-in-human study of duodenal mucosal resurfacing (DMR), a novel, minimally invasive, upper endoscopic procedure involving hydrothermal ablation of the duodenal mucosa, in patients with type 2 diabetes and HbA1c ≥7.5% (58 mmol/mol) on one or more oral antidiabetic agents. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Using novel balloon catheters, DMR was conducted on varying lengths of duodenum in anesthetized patients at a single medical center. RESULTS A total of 39 patients with type 2 diabetes (screening HbA1c 9.5% [80 mmol/mol]; BMI 31 kg/m2) were treated and included in the interim efficacy analysis: 28 had a long duodenal segment ablated (LS; ∼9.3 cm treated) and 11 had a short segment ablated (SS; ∼3.4 cm treated). Overall, DMR was well tolerated with minimal gastrointestinal symptoms postprocedure. Three patients experienced duodenal stenosis treated successfully by balloon dilation. HbA1c was reduced by 1.2% at 6 months in the full cohort (P < 0.001). More potent glycemic effects were observed among the LS cohort, who experienced a 2.5% reduction in mean HbA1c at 3 months postprocedure vs. 1.2% in the SS group (P < 0.05) and a 1.4% reduction at 6 months vs. 0.7% in the SS group (P = 0.3). This occurred despite net medication reductions in the LS cohort between 0 and 6 months. Among LS patients with a screening HbA1c of 7.5-10% (58-86 mmol/mol) and on stable antidiabetic medications postprocedure, HbA1c was reduced by 1.8% at 6 months (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Single-procedure DMR elicits a clinically significant improvement in hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes in the short-term, with acceptable safety and tolerability. Long-term safety, efficacy, and durability and possible mechanisms of action require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Pablo Becerra
- CCO Clinical Center for Diabetes, Obesity and Reflux, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Paulina Vignolo
- CCO Clinical Center for Diabetes, Obesity and Reflux, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | - Manoel P Galvao Neto
- Gastro Obeso Center, São Paulo, Brazil.,Florida International University, Miami, FL
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Chameroy KA, Frank N, Elliott SB, Boston RC. Comparison of Plasma Active Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Concentrations in Normal Horses and Those With Equine Metabolic Syndrome and in Horses Placed on a High-Grain Diet. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wang F, Yoder SM, Yang Q, Kohan AB, Kindel TL, Wang J, Tso P. Chronic high-fat feeding increases GIP and GLP-1 secretion without altering body weight. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 309:G807-15. [PMID: 26336929 PMCID: PMC4652142 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00351.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The incretin hormones, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), enhance postprandial insulin secretion, promote adipogenesis, and regulate gastrointestinal motility and food intake. To date, a consensus on how the incretin response is altered in obesity is lacking. We investigated the effects of chronic high-fat (HF) feeding on incretin secretion in the lymph fistula rat model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (8 wk) were provided a semipurified AIN93M HF or low-fat (LF) diet ad libitum for 3 or 13 wk; a HF pair-fed (HF-PF) group was included as a control during the 3-wk feeding trial. Energy intake, body weight, and body composition were regularly monitored. At the culmination of the feeding period, an intestinal lymphatic duct cannula and duodenal infusion tube were installed. All animals were challenged with a 3-ml Ensure bolus (3.125 kcal/animal) to measure lymphatic incretin secretion. Despite a significantly higher energy intake, both the 3-wk and 13-wk HF-fed animals did not have an increase in body weight and only a slight increase in body fat compared with LF-fed rats. Following the duodenal Ensure challenge, the 3-wk and 13-wk HF-fed rats had significantly greater lymphatic GIP and GLP-1 secretion than the LF-fed animals. Additionally, the HF-PF group displayed a secretion profile similar to the HF-fed animals for GIP but a similar pattern to the LF-fed animals for GLP-1. The HF-PF data suggest that the increased GIP secretion is driven by the greater percentage of fat intake, whereas the increased GLP-1 secretion is driven by the excess caloric intake.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Patrick Tso
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Lipid-rich diet enhances L-cell density in obese subjects and in mice through improved L-cell differentiation. J Nutr Sci 2015; 4:e22. [PMID: 26157580 PMCID: PMC4459237 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2015.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The enterohormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is required to amplify glucose-induced
insulin secretion that facilitates peripheral glucose utilisation. Alteration in GLP-1
secretion during obesity has been reported but is still controversial. Due to the high
adaptability of intestinal cells to environmental changes, we hypothesised that the
density of GLP-1-producing cells could be modified by nutritional factors to prevent the
deterioration of metabolic condition in obesity. We quantified L-cell density in jejunum
samples collected during Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in forty-nine severely obese subjects
analysed according to their fat consumption. In mice, we deciphered the mechanisms by
which a high-fat diet (HFD) makes an impact on enteroendocrine cell density and function.
L-cell density in the jejunum was higher in obese subjects consuming >30 % fat
compared with low fat eaters. Mice fed a HFD for 8 weeks displayed an increase in
GLP-1-positive cells in the jejunum and colon accordingly to GLP-1 secretion. The
regulation by the HFD appears specific to GLP-1-producing cells, as the number of PYY
(peptide YY)-positive cells remained unchanged. Moreover, genetically obese
ob/ob mice did not show alteration of GLP-1-positive cell density in the
jejunum or colon, suggesting that obesity per se is not sufficient to
trigger the mechanism. The higher L-cell density in HFD-fed mice involved a rise in L-cell
terminal differentiation as witnessed by the increased expression of transcription factors
downstream of neurogenin3 (Ngn3). We suggest that the observed increase
in GLP-1-positive cell density triggered by high fat consumption in humans and mice might
favour insulin secretion and therefore constitute an adaptive response of the intestine to
balance diet-induced insulin resistance.
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Key Words
- BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine
- CD, control diet
- Enteroendocrine cells
- GIP, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide
- GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1
- Gut hormones
- HFD, high-fat diet
- High-fat diet
- Intestine
- PYY, peptide YY
- foxa1, forkhead box protein A1
- foxa2, forkhead box protein A2
- isl1, insulin gene enhancer protein-1
- ngn3, neurogenin3
- pax6, paired box protein-6
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Postprandial glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion is increased during the progression of glucose intolerance and obesity in high-fat/high-sucrose diet-fed rats. Br J Nutr 2015; 113:1477-88. [PMID: 25827219 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515000550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is secreted by distal enteroendocrine cells in response to luminal nutrients, and exerts insulinotropic and anorexigenic effects. Although GLP-1 secretory responses under established obese or diabetic conditions have been studied, it has not been investigated whether or how postprandial GLP-1 responses were affected during the progression of diet-induced obesity. In the present study, a meal tolerance test was performed every week in rats fed a high-fat and high-sucrose (HF/HS) diet to evaluate postprandial glycaemic, insulin and GLP-1 responses. In addition, gastric emptying was assessed by the acetaminophen method. After 8 weeks of HF/HS treatment, portal vein and intestinal mucosa were collected to examine GLP-1 production. Postprandial glucose in response to normal meal ingestion was increased in the HF/HS group within 2 weeks, and its elevation gradually returned close to that of the control group until day 50. Slower postprandial gastric emptying was observed in the HF/HS group on days 6, 13 and 34. Postprandial GLP-1 and insulin responses were increased in the HF/HS group at 7 weeks. Higher portal GLP-1 and insulin levels were observed in the HF/HS group, but mucosal gut hormone mRNA levels were unchanged. These results revealed that the postprandial GLP-1 response to meal ingestion is enhanced during the progression of diet-induced glucose intolerance and obesity in rats. The boosted postprandial GLP-1 secretion by chronic HF/HS diet treatment suggests increased sensitivity to luminal nutrients in the gut, and this may slow the establishment of glucose intolerance and obesity.
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Chen S, Okahara F, Osaki N, Shimotoyodome A. Increased GIP signaling induces adipose inflammation via a HIF-1α-dependent pathway and impairs insulin sensitivity in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 308:E414-25. [PMID: 25537494 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00418.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is a gut hormone secreted in response to dietary fat and glucose. The blood GIP level is elevated in obesity and diabetes. GIP stimulates proinflammatory gene expression and impairs insulin sensitivity in cultured adipocytes. In obesity, hypoxia within adipose tissue can induce inflammation. The aims of this study were 1) to examine the proinflammatory effect of increased GIP signaling in adipose tissues in vivo and 2) to clarify the association between GIP and hypoxic signaling in adipose tissue inflammation. We administered GIP intraperitoneally to misty (lean) and db/db (obese) mice and examined adipose tissue inflammation and insulin sensitivity. We also examined the effects of GIP and hypoxia on expression of the GIP receptor (GIPR) gene and proinflammatory genes in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. GIP administration increased monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression and macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue and increased blood glucose in db/db mice. GIPR and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) expressions were positively correlated in the adipose tissue in mice. GIPR expression increased dramatically in differentiated adipocytes. GIP treatment of adipocytes increased MCP-1 and interleukin-6 (IL-6) production. Adipocytes cultured either with RAW 264 macrophages or under hypoxia expressed more GIPR and HIF-1α, and GIP treatment increased gene expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 and IL-6. HIF-1α gene silencing diminished both macrophage- and hypoxia-induced GIPR expression and GIP-induced IL-6 expression in adipocytes. Thus, increased GIP signaling plays a significant role in adipose tissue inflammation and thereby insulin resistance in obese mice, and HIF-1α may contribute to this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Chen
- Biological Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Okahara
- Biological Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Noriko Osaki
- Biological Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan
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Andres SF, Santoro MA, Mah AT, Keku JA, Bortvedt AE, Blue RE, Lund PK. Deletion of intestinal epithelial insulin receptor attenuates high-fat diet-induced elevations in cholesterol and stem, enteroendocrine, and Paneth cell mRNAs. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 308:G100-11. [PMID: 25394660 PMCID: PMC4297856 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00287.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The insulin receptor (IR) regulates nutrient uptake and utilization in multiple organs, but its role in the intestinal epithelium is not defined. This study developed a mouse model with villin-Cre (VC) recombinase-mediated intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)-specific IR deletion (VC-IR(Δ/Δ)) and littermate controls with floxed, but intact, IR (IR(fl/fl)) to define in vivo roles of IEC-IR in mice fed chow or high-fat diet (HFD). We hypothesized that loss of IEC-IR would alter intestinal growth, biomarkers of intestinal epithelial stem cells (IESC) or other lineages, body weight, adiposity, and glucose or lipid handling. In lean, chow-fed mice, IEC-IR deletion did not affect body or fat mass, plasma glucose, or IEC proliferation. In chow-fed VC-IR(Δ/Δ) mice, mRNA levels of the Paneth cell marker lysozyme (Lyz) were decreased, but markers of other differentiated lineages were unchanged. During HFD-induced obesity, IR(fl/fl) and VC-IR(Δ/Δ) mice exhibited similar increases in body and fat mass, plasma insulin, mRNAs encoding several lipid-handling proteins, a decrease in Paneth cell number, and impaired glucose tolerance. In IR(fl/fl) mice, HFD-induced obesity increased circulating cholesterol; numbers of chromogranin A (CHGA)-positive enteroendocrine cells (EEC); and mRNAs encoding Chga, glucose-dependent insulinotrophic peptide (Gip), glucagon (Gcg), Lyz, IESC biomarkers, and the enterocyte cholesterol transporter Scarb1. All these effects were attenuated or lost in VC-IR(Δ/Δ) mice. These results demonstrate that IEC-IR is not required for normal growth of the intestinal epithelium in lean adult mice. However, our findings provide novel evidence that, during HFD-induced obesity, IEC-IR contributes to increases in EEC, plasma cholesterol, and increased expression of Scarb1 or IESC-, EEC-, and Paneth cell-derived mRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F. Andres
- 1Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and
| | - M. Agostina Santoro
- 1Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and
| | - Amanda T. Mah
- 2Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - J. Adeola Keku
- 1Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and
| | - Amy E. Bortvedt
- 1Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and
| | - R. Eric Blue
- 1Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and
| | - P. Kay Lund
- 1Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and
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De Toro-Martín J, Fernández-Millán E, Lizárraga-Mollinedo E, López-Oliva E, Serradas P, Escrivá F, Alvarez C. Predominant role of GIP in the development of a metabolic syndrome-like phenotype in female Wistar rats submitted to forced catch-up growth. Endocrinology 2014; 155:3769-80. [PMID: 25032669 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-2043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Catch-up growth has been associated with the appearance of metabolic dysfunctions such as obesity and type 2 diabetes in adulthood. Because the entero-insular axis is critical to glucose homeostasis control, we explored the relevance of the incretins glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in the development of these pathologies. Offspring of rat dams fed ad libitum (control [C]) or 65% food-restricted during pregnancy and suckling time (undernourished [U]) were weaned onto a high-fat (HF) diet (CHF and UHF, respectively) to drive catch-up growth. Both male and female UHF rats showed an obese phenotype characterized by hyperphagy, visceral fat accumulation, and adipocyte hypertrophy. High-fat diet induced deterioration of glucose tolerance in a sex-dependent manner. Female UHF rats experienced much more severe glucose intolerance than males, which was not compensated by insulin hypersecretion, suggesting insulin resistance, as shown by homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance values. Moreover, female, but not male, UHF rats displayed enhanced GIP but not GLP-1 secretion during oral glucose tolerance test. Administration of the GIP receptor antagonist (Pro3)GIP to UHF female rats over 21 days markedly reduced visceral fat mass and adipocyte hypertrophy without variations in food intake or body weight. These changes were accompanied by improvement of glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. In conclusion, the exacerbated production and secretion of GIP after the catch-up growth seems to represent the stimulus for insulin hypersecretion and insulin resistance, ultimately resulting in derangement of glucose homeostasis. Overall, these data evidence the role of GIP as a critical link between catch-up growth and the development of metabolic disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- J De Toro-Martín
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II (J.D.T.-M., E.L.-M., F.E., C.A.) and Physiology (E.L.-O.), Faculty of Pharmacy, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (E.F.-M., E.L.-M., F.E., C.A.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; and Inserm Unité Mixte de Recherche S 1138 (P.S.), Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, F-75006 Paris, France
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Mah AT, Van Landeghem L, Gavin HE, Magness ST, Lund PK. Impact of diet-induced obesity on intestinal stem cells: hyperproliferation but impaired intrinsic function that requires insulin/IGF1. Endocrinology 2014; 155:3302-14. [PMID: 24914941 PMCID: PMC4138564 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nutrient intake regulates intestinal epithelial mass and crypt proliferation. Recent findings in model organisms and rodents indicate nutrient restriction impacts intestinal stem cells (ISC). Little is known about the impact of diet-induced obesity (DIO), a model of excess nutrient intake on ISC. We used a Sox9-EGFP reporter mouse to test the hypothesis that an adaptive response to DIO or associated hyperinsulinemia involves expansion and hyperproliferation of ISC. The Sox9-EGFP reporter mouse allows study and isolation of ISC, progenitors, and differentiated lineages based on different Sox9-EGFP expression levels. Sox9-EGFP mice were fed a high-fat diet for 20 weeks to induce DIO and compared with littermates fed low-fat rodent chow. Histology, fluorescence activated cell sorting, and mRNA analyses measured impact of DIO on jejunal crypt-villus morphometry, numbers, and proliferation of different Sox9-EGFP cell populations and gene expression. An in vitro culture assay directly assessed functional capacity of isolated ISC. DIO mice exhibited significant increases in body weight, plasma glucose, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) levels and intestinal Igf1 mRNA. DIO mice had increased villus height and crypt density but decreased intestinal length and decreased numbers of Paneth and goblet cells. In vivo, DIO resulted in a selective expansion of Sox9-EGFP(Low) ISC and percentage of ISC in S-phase. ISC expansion significantly correlated with plasma insulin levels. In vitro, isolated ISC from DIO mice formed fewer enteroids in standard 3D Matrigel culture compared to controls, indicating impaired ISC function. This decreased enteroid formation in isolated ISC from DIO mice was rescued by exogenous insulin, IGF1, or both. We conclude that DIO induces specific increases in ISC and ISC hyperproliferation in vivo. However, isolated ISC from DIO mice have impaired intrinsic survival and growth in vitro that can be rescued by exogenous insulin or IGF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda T Mah
- Departments of Nutrition (A.T.M.), Cell Biology and Physiology (L.V.L., S.T.M., P.K.L.), and Chemistry (H.E.G.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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Duca FA, Sakar Y, Covasa M. The modulatory role of high fat feeding on gastrointestinal signals in obesity. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 24:1663-77. [PMID: 24041374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a specialized sensory system that detects and responds to constant changes in nutrient- and bacterial-derived intestinal signals, thus contributing to controls of food intake. Chronic exposure to dietary fat causes morphological, physiological and metabolic changes leading to disruptions in the regulatory feeding pathways promoting more efficient fat absorption and utilization, blunted satiation signals and excess adiposity. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that impaired gastrointestinal signals following long-term high fat consumption are, at least partially, responsible for increased caloric intake. This review focuses on the role of dietary fat in modulating oral and post-oral chemosensory signaling elements responsible for lipid detection and responses, including changes in sensitivity to satiation signals, such as GLP-1, PYY and CCK and their impact on food intake and weight gain. Furthermore, the influence of the gut microbiota on mechanisms controlling energy regulation in the face of excessive fat exposure will be explored. The profound influence of dietary fats on altering complex regulatory feeding pathways can result in dysregulation of body weight and development of obesity, while restoration or manipulation of satiation signaling may prove an effective tool in prevention and treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A Duca
- INRA, UMR 1319 Micalis, F-78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France; AgroParis Tech, UMR 1319, F-78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France; University Pierre and Marie Curie, 75006 Paris, France
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González-Abuín N, Martínez-Micaelo N, Blay M, Ardévol A, Pinent M. Grape-seed procyanidins prevent the cafeteria-diet-induced decrease of glucagon-like peptide-1 production. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:1066-1072. [PMID: 24410268 DOI: 10.1021/jf405239p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Grape-seed procyanidin extract (GSPE) has been reported to improve insulin resistance in cafeteria rats. Because glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is involved in glucose homeostasis, the preventive effects of GSPE on GLP-1 production, secretion, and elimination were evaluated in a model of diet-induced insulin resistance. Rats were fed a cafeteria diet for 12 weeks, and 25 mg of GSPE/kg of body weight was administered concomitantly. Vehicle-treated cafeteria-fed rats and chow-fed rats were used as controls. The cafeteria diet decreased active GLP-1 plasma levels, which is attributed to a decreased intestinal GLP-1 production, linked to reduced colonic enteroendocrine cell populations. Such effects were prevented by GSPE. In the same context, GSPE avoided the decrease on intestinal dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP4) activity and modulated the gene expression of GLP-1 and its receptor in the hypothalamus. In conclusion, the preventive treatment with GSPE abrogates the effects of the cafeteria diet on intestinal GLP-1 production and DPP4 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi González-Abuín
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili , 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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Impact of high-fat feeding on basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors controlling enteroendocrine cell differentiation. Int J Obes (Lond) 2014; 38:1440-8. [PMID: 24480860 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Gut hormones secreted by enteroendocrine cells (EECs) play a major role in energy regulation. Differentiation of EEC is controlled by the expression of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors. High-fat (HF) feeding alters gut hormone levels; however, the impact of HF feeding on bHLH transcription factors in mediating EEC differentiation and subsequent gut hormone secretion and expression is not known. METHODS Outbred Sprague-Dawley rats were maintained on chow or HF diet for 12 weeks. Gene and protein expression of intestinal bHLH transcription factors, combined with immunofluorescence studies, were analyzed for both groups in the small intestine and colon. Gut permeability, intestinal lipid and carbohydrate transporters as well as circulating levels and intestinal protein expression of gut peptides were determined. RESULTS We showed that HF feeding resulted in hyperphagia and increased adiposity. HF-fed animals exhibited decreased expression of bHLH transcription factors controlling EEC differentiation (MATH1, NGN3, NEUROD1) and increased expression of bHLH factors modulating enterocyte expression. Furthermore, HF-fed animals had decreased number of total EECs and L-cells. This was accompanied by increased gut permeability and expression of lipid and carbohydrate transporters, and a decrease in circulating and intestinal gut hormone levels. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results demonstrate that HF feeding caused decreased secretory lineage (that is, EECs) differentiation through downregulation of bHLH transcription factors, resulting in reduced EEC number and gut hormone levels. Thus, impaired EEC differentiation pathways by HF feeding may promote hyperphagia and subsequent obesity.
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Gibbs M, Harrington D, Starkey S, Williams P, Hampton S. Diurnal postprandial responses to low and high glycaemic index mixed meals. Clin Nutr 2013; 33:889-94. [PMID: 24135087 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2013.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Glycaemic index testing is conducted in the morning, however postprandial glycaemia has a diurnal rhythm. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of glycaemic index on glucose tolerance at different times during the day. METHODS A randomised controlled crossover study was conducted in ten healthy participants after a standardised premeal and eight hour fast. Low (37) and high glycaemic index (73) meals, matched for energy, available carbohydrate, protein and fat, were consumed at 08:00 h and 20:00 h. Blood samples were taken for 2 h postprandially. RESULTS Postprandial glucose area under curve showed effect with time of day after both meals (Low p < 0.001, High p = 0.003), and a trend (p = 0.06) to higher glycaemic responses in the evening for low glycaemic index meal. No differences were observed in insulin responses. Despite the calculated difference in meal glycaemic index little difference was observed in morning responses, but differences were seen in the evening when insulin insensitivity is increasing, the glycaemic response increase was proportionally greater for low glycaemic index meals. CONCLUSIONS Low glycaemic index foods are of less value in glycaemic control in the evening than the morning. Consuming food late in the day has a detrimental metabolic impact irrespective of glycaemic index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Gibbs
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK.
| | - Dawn Harrington
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK
| | - Susan Starkey
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK; Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK
| | - Peter Williams
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK
| | - Shelagh Hampton
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK
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Glucose homeostasis and the enteroinsular axis in the horse: a possible role in equine metabolic syndrome. Vet J 2013; 199:11-8. [PMID: 24287206 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the principal components of equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) is hyperinsulinaemia combined with insulin resistance. It has long been known that hyperinsulinaemia occurs after the development of insulin resistance. But it is also known that hyperinsulinaemia itself can induce insulin resistance and obesity and might play a key role in the development of metabolic syndrome. This review focuses on the physiology of glucose and insulin metabolism and the pathophysiological mechanisms in glucose homeostasis in the horse (compared with what is already known in humans) in order to gain insight into the pathophysiological principles underlying EMS. The review summarizes new insights on the oral uptake of glucose by the gut and the enteroinsular axis, the role of diet in incretin hormone and postprandial insulin responses, the handling of glucose by the liver, muscle and fat tissue, and the production and secretion of insulin by the pancreas under healthy and disrupted glucose homeostatic conditions in horses.
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Suzuki K, Harada N, Yamane S, Nakamura Y, Sasaki K, Nasteska D, Joo E, Shibue K, Harada T, Hamasaki A, Toyoda K, Nagashima K, Inagaki N. Transcriptional regulatory factor X6 (Rfx6) increases gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) expression in enteroendocrine K-cells and is involved in GIP hypersecretion in high fat diet-induced obesity. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:1929-38. [PMID: 23192339 PMCID: PMC3548501 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.423137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) is an incretin released from enteroendocrine K-cells in response to nutrient ingestion. GIP potentiates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and induces energy accumulation into adipose tissue, resulting in obesity. Plasma GIP levels are reported to be increased in the obese state. However, the molecular mechanisms of GIP secretion and high fat diet (HFD)-induced GIP hypersecretion remain unclear, primarily due to difficulties in separating K-cells from other intestinal epithelial cells in vivo. In this study, GIP-GFP knock-in mice that enable us to visualize K-cells by enhanced GFP were established. Microarray analysis of isolated K-cells from these mice revealed that transcriptional regulatory factor X6 (Rfx6) is expressed exclusively in K-cells. In vitro experiments using the mouse intestinal cell line STC-1 showed that knockdown of Rfx6 decreased mRNA expression, cellular content, and secretion of GIP. Rfx6 bound to the region in the gip promoter that regulates gip promoter activity, and overexpression of Rfx6 increased GIP mRNA expression. HFD induced obesity and GIP hypersecretion in GIP-GFP heterozygous mice in vivo. Immunohistochemical and flow cytometry analysis showed no significant difference in K-cell number between control fat diet-fed (CFD) and HFD-fed mice. However, GIP content in the upper small intestine and GIP mRNA expression in K-cells were significantly increased in HFD-fed mice compared with those in CFD-fed mice. Furthermore, expression levels of Rfx6 mRNA were increased in K-cells of HFD-fed mice. These results suggest that Rfx6 increases GIP expression and content in K-cells and is involved in GIP hypersecretion in HFD-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyo Suzuki
- From the Department of Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Norio Harada
- From the Department of Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yamane
- From the Department of Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Nakamura
- From the Department of Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kazuki Sasaki
- From the Department of Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Daniela Nasteska
- From the Department of Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Erina Joo
- From the Department of Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kimitaka Shibue
- From the Department of Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takanari Harada
- From the Department of Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hamasaki
- From the Department of Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kentaro Toyoda
- From the Department of Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Nagashima
- From the Department of Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Nobuya Inagaki
- From the Department of Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Shimotoyodome A, Osaki N, Onizawa K, Mizuno T, Suzukamo C, Okahara F, Fukuoka D, Hase T. Dietary 1-monoolein decreases postprandial GIP release by reducing jejunal transport of glucose and fatty acid in rodents. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 303:G298-310. [PMID: 22651926 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00457.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Postprandial secretion of insulin and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is differentially regulated by not only dietary carbohydrate but also fat. Recent studies have shown that the ingestion of diacylglycerol (DAG) results in lower postprandial insulin and GIP release than that of triacylglycerol (TAG), suggesting a possible mechanism for the antiobesity effect of DAG. The structural and metabolic characteristics of DAG are believed to be responsible for its beneficial effects. This study was designed to clarify the effect of 1-monoacylglycerol [oleic acid-rich (1-MO)], the characteristic metabolite of DAG, on postprandial insulin and GIP secretion, and the underlying mechanism. Dietary 1-MO dose dependently stimulated whole body fat utilization, and reduced high-fat diet-induced body weight gain and visceral fat accumulation in mice, both of which are consistent with the physiological effect of dietary DAG. Although glucose-stimulated insulin and GIP release was augmented by the addition of fat, coingestion of 1-MO reduced the postprandial hormone release in a dose-dependent manner. Either glucose or fatty acid transport into the everted intestinal sacs and enteroendocrine HuTu-80 cells was also reduced by the addition of 1-MO. Reduction of either glucose or fatty acid transport or the nutrient-stimulated GIP release by 1-MO was nullified when the intestine was pretreated with sodium-glucose cotransporter-1 (SGLT-1) or fatty acid translocase (FAT)/CD36 inhibitor. We conclude that dietary 1-MO attenuates postprandial GIP and insulin secretion by reducing the intestinal transport of the GIP secretagogues, which may be mediated via SGLT-1 and FAT/CD36. Reduced secretion of these anabolic hormones by 1-MO may be related to the antiobesity effect of DAG.
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