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Kampmann U, Lauritzen ES, Grarup N, Jessen N, Hansen T, Møller N, Støy J. Acute metabolic effects of melatonin-A randomized crossover study in healthy young men. J Pineal Res 2021; 70:e12706. [PMID: 33220095 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin regulates circadian rhythm, but may also have effects on glucose homeostasis. A common G-allele in the MTNR1B locus has been associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). We aimed to examine acute effects of high doses of melatonin on glucose metabolism with attention to MTNR1B genotype. Twenty men were examined in a double-blinded, randomized crossover study on two nonconsecutive days with four doses of 10 mg oral melatonin or placebo. Insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion were assessed by an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) and a hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp (HEC). Blood samples were drawn to determine the metabolic profile and MTNR1B rs10830963 genotype. Indirect calorimetry and blood pressure measurements were also performed. Insulin sensitivity index was significantly reduced on the melatonin day (P = .028) in the whole group and in homozygous carriers of the rs10830963 C-allele (P = .041). Glucose during the IVGTT was unaffected, but there was a tendency towards lower insulin and C-peptide levels in the first minutes after glucose administration in G-allele carriers. Systolic blood pressure decreased and lipid oxidation increased significantly on the melatonin day in rs10830963 G-allele carriers. Overall, our study reports that acute administration of melatonin in supra-physiological doses may have a negative impact on insulin sensitivity. Clinical trial registration number (clinicaltrial.gov): NCT03204877.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulla Kampmann
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Esben S Lauritzen
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Niels Grarup
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Jessen
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Møller
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Julie Støy
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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2
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Hebbar P, Abubaker JA, Abu-Farha M, Alsmadi O, Elkum N, Alkayal F, John SE, Channanath A, Iqbal R, Pitkaniemi J, Tuomilehto J, Sladek R, Al-Mulla F, Thanaraj TA. Genome-wide landscape establishes novel association signals for metabolic traits in the Arab population. Hum Genet 2020; 140:505-528. [PMID: 32902719 PMCID: PMC7889551 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02222-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
While the Arabian population has a high prevalence of metabolic disorders, it has not been included in global studies that identify genetic risk loci for metabolic traits. Determining the transferability of such largely Euro-centric established risk loci is essential to transfer the research tools/resources, and drug targets generated by global studies to a broad range of ethnic populations. Further, consideration of populations such as Arabs, that are characterized by consanguinity and a high level of inbreeding, can lead to identification of novel risk loci. We imputed published GWAS data from two Kuwaiti Arab cohorts (n = 1434 and 1298) to the 1000 Genomes Project haplotypes and performed meta-analysis for associations with 13 metabolic traits. We compared the observed association signals with those established for metabolic traits. Our study highlighted 70 variants from 9 different genes, some of which have established links to metabolic disorders. By relaxing the genome-wide significance threshold, we identified ‘novel’ risk variants from 11 genes for metabolic traits. Many novel risk variant association signals were observed at or borderline to genome-wide significance. Furthermore, 349 previously established variants from 187 genes were validated in our study. Pleiotropic effect of risk variants on multiple metabolic traits were observed. Fine-mapping illuminated rs7838666/CSMD1 rs1864163/CETP and rs112861901/[INTS10,LPL] as candidate causal variants influencing fasting plasma glucose and high-density lipoprotein levels. Computational functional analysis identified a variety of gene regulatory signals around several variants. This study enlarges the population ancestry diversity of available GWAS and elucidates new variants in an ethnic group burdened with metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashantha Hebbar
- Dasman Diabetes Institute, P.O. Box 1180, 15462, Dasman, Kuwait.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Naser Elkum
- Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Fadi Alkayal
- Dasman Diabetes Institute, P.O. Box 1180, 15462, Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Sumi Elsa John
- Dasman Diabetes Institute, P.O. Box 1180, 15462, Dasman, Kuwait
| | | | - Rasheeba Iqbal
- Dasman Diabetes Institute, P.O. Box 1180, 15462, Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Janne Pitkaniemi
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Robert Sladek
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Dasman Diabetes Institute, P.O. Box 1180, 15462, Dasman, Kuwait.
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3
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Wu P, Rybin D, Bielak LF, Feitosa MF, Franceschini N, Li Y, Lu Y, Marten J, Musani SK, Noordam R, Raghavan S, Rose LM, Schwander K, Smith AV, Tajuddin SM, Vojinovic D, Amin N, Arnett DK, Bottinger EP, Demirkan A, Florez JC, Ghanbari M, Harris TB, Launer LJ, Liu J, Liu J, Mook-Kanamori DO, Murray AD, Nalls MA, Peyser PA, Uitterlinden AG, Voortman T, Bouchard C, Chasman D, Correa A, de Mutsert R, Evans MK, Gudnason V, Hayward C, Kao L, Kardia SLR, Kooperberg C, Loos RJF, Province MM, Rankinen T, Redline S, Ridker PM, Rotter JI, Siscovick D, Smith BH, van Duijn C, Zonderman AB, Rao DC, Wilson JG, Dupuis J, Meigs JB, Liu CT, Vassy JL. Smoking-by-genotype interaction in type 2 diabetes risk and fasting glucose. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230815. [PMID: 32379818 PMCID: PMC7205201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Smoking is a potentially causal behavioral risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2D), but not all smokers develop T2D. It is unknown whether genetic factors partially explain this variation. We performed genome-environment-wide interaction studies to identify loci exhibiting potential interaction with baseline smoking status (ever vs. never) on incident T2D and fasting glucose (FG). Analyses were performed in participants of European (EA) and African ancestry (AA) separately. Discovery analyses were conducted using genotype data from the 50,000-single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) ITMAT-Broad-CARe (IBC) array in 5 cohorts from from the Candidate Gene Association Resource Consortium (n = 23,189). Replication was performed in up to 16 studies from the Cohorts for Heart Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology Consortium (n = 74,584). In meta-analysis of discovery and replication estimates, 5 SNPs met at least one criterion for potential interaction with smoking on incident T2D at p<1x10-7 (adjusted for multiple hypothesis-testing with the IBC array). Two SNPs had significant joint effects in the overall model and significant main effects only in one smoking stratum: rs140637 (FBN1) in AA individuals had a significant main effect only among smokers, and rs1444261 (closest gene C2orf63) in EA individuals had a significant main effect only among nonsmokers. Three additional SNPs were identified as having potential interaction by exhibiting a significant main effects only in smokers: rs1801232 (CUBN) in AA individuals, rs12243326 (TCF7L2) in EA individuals, and rs4132670 (TCF7L2) in EA individuals. No SNP met significance for potential interaction with smoking on baseline FG. The identification of these loci provides evidence for genetic interactions with smoking exposure that may explain some of the heterogeneity in the association between smoking and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peitao Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, MA, United States of America
| | - Denis Rybin
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, MA, United States of America
| | - Lawrence F. Bielak
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Mary F. Feitosa
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Nora Franceschini
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Yize Li
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Yingchang Lu
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Marten
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Solomon K. Musani
- Jackson Heart Study, University of Mississippi Medical Center, MS, United States of America
| | - Raymond Noordam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sridharan Raghavan
- Section of Hospital Medicine, Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Healthcare System, Denver, CO, United States of America
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- Colorado Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Consortium, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Lynda M. Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Karen Schwander
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Albert V. Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Salman M. Tajuddin
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Dina Vojinovic
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Donna K. Arnett
- Dean's Office, University of Kentucky College of Public Health, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Erwin P. Bottinger
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Ayse Demirkan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jose C. Florez
- Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Programs in Metabolism and Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Mohsen Ghanbari
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Tamara B. Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Lenore J. Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Jingmin Liu
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis O. Mook-Kanamori
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alison D. Murray
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, Aberdeen Biomedical Imaging Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Mike A. Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- Data Tecnica International LLC, Glen Echo, MD, United States of America
| | - Patricia A. Peyser
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Trudy Voortman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| | - Daniel Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Adolfo Correa
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States of America
| | - Renée de Mutsert
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michele K. Evans
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Linda Kao
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Sharon L. R. Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Ruth J. F. Loos
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Michael M. Province
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Tuomo Rankinen
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| | - Susan Redline
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Paul M. Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Jerome I. Rotter
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America
| | - David Siscovick
- The New York Academy of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Blair H. Smith
- Division of Population Health and Genomics, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Cornelia van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alan B. Zonderman
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - D. C. Rao
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - James G. Wilson
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States of America
| | - Josée Dupuis
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, MA, United States of America
- The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, United States of America
| | - James B. Meigs
- Programs in Metabolism and Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- Division of General Internal Medicine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Ching-Ti Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, MA, United States of America
| | - Jason L. Vassy
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States of America
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4
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Abstract
Despite considerable advances in the past few years, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remain two major challenges for public health systems globally. In the past 9 years, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have established a major role for genetic variation within the MTNR1B locus in regulating fasting plasma levels of glucose and in affecting the risk of T2DM. This discovery generated a major interest in the melatonergic system, in particular the melatonin MT2 receptor (which is encoded by MTNR1B). In this Review, we discuss the effect of melatonin and its receptors on glucose homeostasis, obesity and T2DM. Preclinical and clinical post-GWAS evidence of frequent and rare variants of the MTNR1B locus confirmed its importance in regulating glucose homeostasis and T2DM risk with minor effects on obesity. However, these studies did not solve the question of whether melatonin is beneficial or detrimental, an issue that will be discussed in the context of the peculiarities of the melatonergic system. Melatonin receptors might have therapeutic potential as they belong to the highly druggable G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. Clarifying the precise role of melatonin and its receptors on glucose homeostasis is urgent, as melatonin is widely used for other indications, either as a prescribed medication or as a supplement without medical prescription, in many countries in Europe and in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Karamitri
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Ralf Jockers
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.
- CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.
- Université Paris Descartes, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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5
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Bien SA, Pankow JS, Haessler J, Lu Y, Pankratz N, Rohde RR, Tamuno A, Carlson CS, Schumacher FR, Bůžková P, Daviglus ML, Lim U, Fornage M, Fernandez-Rhodes L, Avilés-Santa L, Buyske S, Gross MD, Graff M, Isasi CR, Kuller LH, Manson JE, Matise TC, Prentice RL, Wilkens LR, Yoneyama S, Loos RJF, Hindorff LA, Le Marchand L, North KE, Haiman CA, Peters U, Kooperberg C. Transethnic insight into the genetics of glycaemic traits: fine-mapping results from the Population Architecture using Genomics and Epidemiology (PAGE) consortium. Diabetologia 2017; 60:2384-2398. [PMID: 28905132 PMCID: PMC5918310 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4405-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Elevated levels of fasting glucose and fasting insulin in non-diabetic individuals are markers of dysregulation of glucose metabolism and are strong risk factors for type 2 diabetes. Genome-wide association studies have discovered over 50 SNPs associated with these traits. Most of these loci were discovered in European populations and have not been tested in a well-powered multi-ethnic study. We hypothesised that a large, ancestrally diverse, fine-mapping genetic study of glycaemic traits would identify novel and population-specific associations that were previously undetectable by European-centric studies. METHODS A multiethnic study of up to 26,760 unrelated individuals without diabetes, of predominantly Hispanic/Latino and African ancestries, were genotyped using the Metabochip. Transethnic meta-analysis of racial/ethnic-specific linear regression analyses were performed for fasting glucose and fasting insulin. We attempted to replicate 39 fasting glucose and 17 fasting insulin loci. Genetic fine-mapping was performed through sequential conditional analyses in 15 regions that included both the initially reported SNP association(s) and denser coverage of SNP markers. In addition, Metabochip-wide analyses were performed to discover novel fasting glucose and fasting insulin loci. The most significant SNP associations were further examined using bioinformatic functional annotation. RESULTS Previously reported SNP associations were significantly replicated (p ≤ 0.05) in 31/39 fasting glucose loci and 14/17 fasting insulin loci. Eleven glycaemic trait loci were refined to a smaller list of potentially causal variants through transethnic meta-analysis. Stepwise conditional analysis identified two loci with independent secondary signals (G6PC2-rs477224 and GCK-rs2908290), which had not previously been reported. Population-specific conditional analyses identified an independent signal in G6PC2 tagged by the rare variant rs77719485 in African ancestry. Further Metabochip-wide analysis uncovered one novel fasting insulin locus at SLC17A2-rs75862513. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These findings suggest that while glycaemic trait loci often have generalisable effects across the studied populations, transethnic genetic studies help to prioritise likely functional SNPs, identify novel associations that may be population-specific and in turn have the potential to influence screening efforts or therapeutic discoveries. DATA AVAILABILITY The summary statistics from each of the ancestry-specific and transethnic (combined ancestry) results can be found under the PAGE study on dbGaP here: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/gap/cgi-bin/study.cgi?study_id=phs000356.v1.p1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Bien
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N., Seattle, WA, 98109-1024, USA.
| | - James S Pankow
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jeffrey Haessler
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N., Seattle, WA, 98109-1024, USA
| | - Yinchang Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Nathan Pankratz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Rebecca R Rohde
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alfred Tamuno
- The Department of Preventive Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christopher S Carlson
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N., Seattle, WA, 98109-1024, USA
| | - Fredrick R Schumacher
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Petra Bůžková
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Martha L Daviglus
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Minority Health Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Unhee Lim
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lindsay Fernandez-Rhodes
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Larissa Avilés-Santa
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Steven Buyske
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Department of Statistics, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Myron D Gross
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mariaelisa Graff
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Carmen R Isasi
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Lewis H Kuller
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - JoAnn E Manson
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tara C Matise
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Ross L Prentice
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N., Seattle, WA, 98109-1024, USA
| | - Lynne R Wilkens
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Sachiko Yoneyama
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- The Department of Preventive Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lucia A Hindorff
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Kari E North
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Christopher A Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ulrike Peters
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N., Seattle, WA, 98109-1024, USA
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N., Seattle, WA, 98109-1024, USA
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6
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Wheeler E, Marenne G, Barroso I. Genetic aetiology of glycaemic traits: approaches and insights. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:R172-R184. [PMID: 28977447 PMCID: PMC5886471 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycaemic traits such as fasting and post-challenge glucose and insulin measures, as well as glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), are used to diagnose and monitor diabetes. These traits are risk factors for cardiovascular disease even below the diabetic threshold, and their study can additionally yield insights into the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. To date, a diverse set of genetic approaches have led to the discovery of over 97 loci influencing glycaemic traits. In this review, we will focus on recent advances in the genetic aetiology of glycaemic traits, and the resulting biological insights. We will provide a brief overview of results ranging from common, to low- and rare-frequency variant-trait association studies, studies leveraging the diversity across populations, and studies harnessing the power of genetic and genomic approaches to gain insights into the biological underpinnings of these traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Wheeler
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Gaëlle Marenne
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Inês Barroso
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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7
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Liu CT, Raghavan S, Maruthur N, Kabagambe EK, Hong J, Ng MCY, Hivert MF, Lu Y, An P, Bentley AR, Drolet AM, Gaulton KJ, Guo X, Armstrong LL, Irvin MR, Li M, Lipovich L, Rybin DV, Taylor KD, Agyemang C, Palmer ND, Cade BE, Chen WM, Dauriz M, Delaney JAC, Edwards TL, Evans DS, Evans MK, Lange LA, Leong A, Liu J, Liu Y, Nayak U, Patel SR, Porneala BC, Rasmussen-Torvik LJ, Snijder MB, Stallings SC, Tanaka T, Yanek LR, Zhao W, Becker DM, Bielak LF, Biggs ML, Bottinger EP, Bowden DW, Chen G, Correa A, Couper DJ, Crawford DC, Cushman M, Eicher JD, Fornage M, Franceschini N, Fu YP, Goodarzi MO, Gottesman O, Hara K, Harris TB, Jensen RA, Johnson AD, Jhun MA, Karter AJ, Keller MF, Kho AN, Kizer JR, Krauss RM, Langefeld CD, Li X, Liang J, Liu S, Lowe WL, Mosley TH, North KE, Pacheco JA, Peyser PA, Patrick AL, Rice KM, Selvin E, Sims M, Smith JA, Tajuddin SM, Vaidya D, Wren MP, Yao J, Zhu X, Ziegler JT, Zmuda JM, Zonderman AB, Zwinderman AH, Adeyemo A, Boerwinkle E, Ferrucci L, Hayes MG, Kardia SLR, Miljkovic I, Pankow JS, Rotimi CN, Sale MM, Wagenknecht LE, Arnett DK, Chen YDI, Nalls MA, Province MA, Kao WHL, Siscovick DS, Psaty BM, Wilson JG, Loos RJF, Dupuis J, Rich SS, Florez JC, Rotter JI, Morris AP, Meigs JB. Trans-ethnic Meta-analysis and Functional Annotation Illuminates the Genetic Architecture of Fasting Glucose and Insulin. Am J Hum Genet 2016; 99:56-75. [PMID: 27321945 PMCID: PMC5005440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the genetic basis of the type 2 diabetes (T2D)-related quantitative traits fasting glucose (FG) and insulin (FI) in African ancestry (AA) individuals has been limited. In non-diabetic subjects of AA (n = 20,209) and European ancestry (EA; n = 57,292), we performed trans-ethnic (AA+EA) fine-mapping of 54 established EA FG or FI loci with detailed functional annotation, assessed their relevance in AA individuals, and sought previously undescribed loci through trans-ethnic (AA+EA) meta-analysis. We narrowed credible sets of variants driving association signals for 22/54 EA-associated loci; 18/22 credible sets overlapped with active islet-specific enhancers or transcription factor (TF) binding sites, and 21/22 contained at least one TF motif. Of the 54 EA-associated loci, 23 were shared between EA and AA. Replication with an additional 10,096 AA individuals identified two previously undescribed FI loci, chrX FAM133A (rs213676) and chr5 PELO (rs6450057). Trans-ethnic analyses with regulatory annotation illuminate the genetic architecture of glycemic traits and suggest gene regulation as a target to advance precision medicine for T2D. Our approach to utilize state-of-the-art functional annotation and implement trans-ethnic association analysis for discovery and fine-mapping offers a framework for further follow-up and characterization of GWAS signals of complex trait loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Ti Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Sridharan Raghavan
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver, CO 80220, USA; Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80220, USA
| | - Nisa Maruthur
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Edmond Kato Kabagambe
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Jaeyoung Hong
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Maggie C Y Ng
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Marie-France Hivert
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Universite de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1G 0A2, Canada
| | - Yingchang Lu
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ping An
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Amy R Bentley
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anne M Drolet
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Kyle J Gaulton
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Loren L Armstrong
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Marguerite R Irvin
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama - Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Man Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Leonard Lipovich
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Denis V Rybin
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Kent D Taylor
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Charles Agyemang
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nicholette D Palmer
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Brian E Cade
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wei-Min Chen
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Marco Dauriz
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy
| | - Joseph A C Delaney
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Todd L Edwards
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Daniel S Evans
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
| | - Michele K Evans
- Health Disparities Research Section, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Leslie A Lange
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27607, USA
| | - Aaron Leong
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jingmin Liu
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Center for Human Genetics, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Uma Nayak
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Sanjay R Patel
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Bianca C Porneala
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Laura J Rasmussen-Torvik
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Marieke B Snijder
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sarah C Stallings
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute of Aging at Harbor Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21225, USA
| | - Lisa R Yanek
- GeneSTAR Research Program, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Diane M Becker
- GeneSTAR Research Program, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Lawrence F Bielak
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Mary L Biggs
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Erwin P Bottinger
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Donald W Bowden
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Guanjie Chen
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Adolfo Correa
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - David J Couper
- Collaborative Studies Coordinating Center, Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Dana C Crawford
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Mary Cushman
- Department of Medicine and Pathology, University of Vermont, College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - John D Eicher
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702, USA; Population Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Framingham, MA 01702, USA
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nora Franceschini
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Yi-Ping Fu
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Human Genomics Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Framingham, MA 01702, USA
| | - Mark O Goodarzi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Omri Gottesman
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kazuo Hara
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 163-0023, Japan
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard A Jensen
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Andrew D Johnson
- Population Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Framingham, MA 01702, USA
| | - Min A Jhun
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Andrew J Karter
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Northern California Region, Oakland, CA 94612, USA
| | - Margaux F Keller
- Department of Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Abel N Kho
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jorge R Kizer
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Ronald M Krauss
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
| | - Carl D Langefeld
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Jingling Liang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Simin Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; Department of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - William L Lowe
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Thomas H Mosley
- Division of Geriatrics/Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Kari E North
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Jennifer A Pacheco
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Patricia A Peyser
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alan L Patrick
- Tobago Health Studies Office, Scarborough, Tobago, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Kenneth M Rice
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Elizabeth Selvin
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Mario Sims
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Jennifer A Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Salman M Tajuddin
- Health Disparities Research Section, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Dhananjay Vaidya
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; GeneSTAR Research Program, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Mary P Wren
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Jie Yao
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Julie T Ziegler
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Joseph M Zmuda
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Alan B Zonderman
- Behavioral Epidemiology Section, Laboratory of Epidemiology & Population Science, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, US
| | - Aeilko H Zwinderman
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Adebowale Adeyemo
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute of Aging at Harbor Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21225, USA
| | - M Geoffrey Hayes
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Sharon L R Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Iva Miljkovic
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - James S Pankow
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Charles N Rotimi
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michele M Sale
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Lynne E Wagenknecht
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Donna K Arnett
- University of Kentucky College of Public Health, Lexington, KY 40563, USA
| | - Yii-Der Ida Chen
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Michael A Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael A Province
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - W H Linda Kao
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - David S Siscovick
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; The New York Academy of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - James G Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Josée Dupuis
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702, USA
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Jose C Florez
- Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Programs in Metabolism and Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - James B Meigs
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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8
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Hong J, Lunetta KL, Cupples LA, Dupuis J, Liu CT. Evaluation of a Two-Stage Approach in Trans-Ethnic Meta-Analysis in Genome-Wide Association Studies. Genet Epidemiol 2016; 40:284-92. [PMID: 27061095 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.21963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) has achieved great success in detecting loci underlying human diseases. Incorporating GWAS results from diverse ethnic populations for meta-analysis, however, remains challenging because of the possible heterogeneity across studies. Conventional fixed-effects (FE) or random-effects (RE) methods may not be most suitable to aggregate multiethnic GWAS results because of violation of the homogeneous effect assumption across studies (FE) or low power to detect signals (RE). Three recently proposed methods, modified RE (RE-HE) model, binary-effects (BE) model and a Bayesian approach (Meta-analysis of Transethnic Association [MANTRA]), show increased power over FE and RE methods while incorporating heterogeneity of effects when meta-analyzing trans-ethnic GWAS results. We propose a two-stage approach to account for heterogeneity in trans-ethnic meta-analysis in which we clustered studies with cohort-specific ancestry information prior to meta-analysis. We compare this to a no-prior-clustering (crude) approach, evaluating type I error and power of these two strategies, in an extensive simulation study to investigate whether the two-stage approach offers any improvements over the crude approach. We find that the two-stage approach and the crude approach for all five methods (FE, RE, RE-HE, BE, MANTRA) provide well-controlled type I error. However, the two-stage approach shows increased power for BE and RE-HE, and similar power for MANTRA and FE compared to their corresponding crude approach, especially when there is heterogeneity across the multiethnic GWAS results. These results suggest that prior clustering in the two-stage approach can be an effective and efficient intermediate step in meta-analysis to account for the multiethnic heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeyoung Hong
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kathryn L Lunetta
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - L Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.,National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Josée Dupuis
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.,National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ching-Ti Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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9
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Lee JE, Sung JH, Barnett ME, Norris K. User-Friendly Data-Sharing Practices for Fostering Collaboration within a Research Network: Roles of a Vanguard Center for a Community-Based Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 13:ijerph13010034. [PMID: 26703645 PMCID: PMC4730425 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Although various attempts have been made to build collaborative cultures for data sharing, their effectiveness is still questionable. The Jackson Heart Study (JHS) Vanguard Center (JHSVC) at the NIH-funded Research Centers in Minority Institutions (RCMI) Translational Research Network (RTRN) Data Coordinating Center (DCC) may be a new concept in that the data are being shared with a research network where a plethora of scientists/researchers are working together to achieve their common goal. This study describes the current practices to share the JHS data through the mechanism of JHSVC. The JHS is the largest single-site cohort study to prospectively investigate the determinants of cardiovascular disease among African-Americans. It has adopted a formal screened access method through a formalized JHSVC mechanism, in which only a qualified scientist(s) can access the data. The role of the DCC was to help RTRN researchers explore hypothesis-driven ideas to enhance the output and impact of JHS data through customized services, such as feasibility tests, data querying, manuscript proposal development and data analyses for publication. DCC has implemented these various programs to facilitate data utility. A total of 300 investigators attended workshops and/or received training booklets. DCC provided two online and five onsite workshops and developed/distributed more than 250 copies of the booklet to help potential data users understand the structure of and access to the data. Information on data use was also provided through the RTRN website. The DCC efforts led to the production of five active manuscript proposals, seven completed publications, 11 presentations and four NIH grant proposals. These outcomes resulted from activities during the first four years; over the last couple of years, there were few new requests. Our study suggested that DCC-customized services enhanced the accessibility of JHS data and their utility by RTRN researchers and helped to achieve the principal goal of JHSVC of scientific productivity. In order to achieve long-term success, the following, but not limited to these, should be addressed in the current data sharing practices: preparation of new promotional strategies in response to changes in technology and users’ needs, collaboration with the Network statisticians, harmonization of the JHS data with the other local-based heart datasets to meet the needs of the potential users from the broader geographical areas, adoption of the RTRN comprehensive data-sharing policy to broaden the variety of research topics and implementation of an ongoing monitoring program to evaluate its success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Eun Lee
- Research Centers in Minority Institutions Translational Research Network Data Coordinating Center, Mississippi e-Center, Jackson State University, 1230 Raymond Rd., Jackson, MS 39204, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jackson State University, 350 W. Woodrow Wilson Drive Jackson Medical Mall, Jackson, MS 39213, USA.
| | - Jung Hye Sung
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jackson State University, 350 W. Woodrow Wilson Drive Jackson Medical Mall, Jackson, MS 39213, USA.
| | - M Edwina Barnett
- Research Centers in Minority Institutions Translational Research Network Data Coordinating Center, Mississippi e-Center, Jackson State University, 1230 Raymond Rd., Jackson, MS 39204, USA.
| | - Keith Norris
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, 911 Broxton Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA.
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10
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Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a global health problem showing substantial ethnic disparity in disease prevalence. African Americans have one of the highest prevalence of T2D in the USA but little is known about their genetic risks. This review summarizes the findings of genetic regions and loci associated with T2D and related glycemic traits using linkage, admixture, and association approaches in populations of African ancestry. In particular, findings from genome-wide association and exome chip studies suggest the presence of both ancestry-specific and shared loci for T2D and glycemic traits. Among the European-identified loci that are transferable to individuals of African ancestry, allelic heterogeneity as well as differential linkage disequilibrium and risk allele frequencies pose challenges and opportunities for fine mapping and identification of causal variant(s) by trans-ancestry meta-analysis. More genetic research is needed in African ancestry populations including the next-generation sequencing to improve the understanding of genetic architecture of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie C Y Ng
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA,
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11
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Boerwinkle E, Heckbert SR. Following-up genome-wide association study signals: lessons learned from Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) Consortium Targeted Sequencing Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 7:332-4. [PMID: 24951658 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.113.000078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Boerwinkle
- From the Human Genetics Center and Division of Epidemiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (E.B.); Human Genome Sequencing Center at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (E.B.); and Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle (S.R.H.).
| | - Susan R Heckbert
- From the Human Genetics Center and Division of Epidemiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (E.B.); Human Genome Sequencing Center at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (E.B.); and Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle (S.R.H.)
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Liu CT, Buchkovich ML, Winkler TW, Heid IM, Borecki IB, Fox CS, Mohlke KL, North KE, Adrienne Cupples L. Multi-ethnic fine-mapping of 14 central adiposity loci. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:4738-44. [PMID: 24760767 PMCID: PMC4119415 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Genetic Investigation of Anthropometric Traits (GIANT) consortium identified 14 loci in European Ancestry (EA) individuals associated with waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) adjusted for body mass index. These loci are wide and narrowing the signals remains necessary. Twelve of 14 loci identified in GIANT EA samples retained strong associations with WHR in our joint EA/individuals of African Ancestry (AA) analysis (log-Bayes factor >6.1). Trans-ethnic analyses at five loci (TBX15-WARS2, LYPLAL1, ADAMTS9, LY86 and ITPR2-SSPN) substantially narrowed the signals to smaller sets of variants, some of which are in regions that have evidence of regulatory activity. By leveraging varying linkage disequilibrium structures across different populations, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with strong signals and narrower credible sets from trans-ethnic meta-analysis of central obesity provide more precise localizations of potential functional variants and suggest a possible regulatory role. Meta-analysis results for WHR were obtained from 77 167 EA participants from GIANT and 23 564 AA participants from the African Ancestry Anthropometry Genetics Consortium. For fine mapping we interrogated SNPs within ± 250 kb flanking regions of 14 previously reported index SNPs from loci discovered in EA populations by performing trans-ethnic meta-analysis of results from the EA and AA meta-analyses. We applied a Bayesian approach that leverages allelic heterogeneity across populations to combine meta-analysis results and aids in fine-mapping shared variants at these locations. We annotated variants using information from the ENCODE Consortium and Roadmap Epigenomics Project to prioritize variants for possible functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Ti Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martin L Buchkovich
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Thomas W Winkler
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Iris M Heid
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz ZentrumMuenchen-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ingrid B Borecki
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kari E North
- Department of Epidemiology and Carolina Population Center, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - L Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA NHLBI Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
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13
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Meigs JB, Grant RW, Piccolo R, López L, Florez JC, Porneala B, Marceau L, McKinlay JB. Association of African genetic ancestry with fasting glucose and HbA1c levels in non-diabetic individuals: the Boston Area Community Health (BACH) Prediabetes Study. Diabetologia 2014; 57:1850-8. [PMID: 24942103 PMCID: PMC5424892 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3301-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS To test among diabetes-free urban community-dwelling adults the hypothesis that the proportion of African genetic ancestry is positively associated with glycaemia, after accounting for other continental ancestry proportions, BMI and socioeconomic status (SES). METHODS The Boston Area Community Health cohort is a multi-stage 1:1:1 stratified random sample of self-identified African-American, Hispanic and white adults from three Boston inner city areas. We measured 62 ancestry informative markers, fasting glucose (FG), HbA1c, BMI and SES (income, education, occupation and insurance status) and analysed 1,387 eligible individuals (379 African-American, 411 Hispanic, 597 white) without clinical or biochemical evidence of diabetes. We used three-heritage multinomial linear regression models to test the association of FG or HbA1c with genetic ancestry proportion adjusted for: (1) age and sex; (2) age, sex and BMI; and (3) age, sex, BMI and SES. RESULTS Mean age- and sex-adjusted FG levels were 5.73 and 5.54 mmol/l among those with 100% African or European ancestry, respectively. Using per cent European ancestry as the referent, each 1% increase in African ancestry proportion was associated with an age- and sex-adjusted FG increase of 0.0019 mmol/l (p = 0.01). In the BMI- and SES-adjusted model the slope was 0.0019 (p = 0.02). Analysis of HbA1c gave similar results. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION A greater proportion of African genetic ancestry is independently associated with higher FG levels in a non-diabetic community-based cohort, even accounting for other ancestry proportions, obesity and SES. The results suggest that differences between African-Americans and whites in type 2 diabetes risk may include genetically mediated differences in glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Meigs
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Staniford St, 9th Floor, Boston, MA, 02114, USA,
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14
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Senapati S, Gutierrez-Achury J, Sood A, Midha V, Szperl A, Romanos J, Zhernakova A, Franke L, Alonso S, Thelma BK, Wijmenga C, Trynka G. Evaluation of European coeliac disease risk variants in a north Indian population. Eur J Hum Genet 2014; 23:530-5. [PMID: 25052311 PMCID: PMC4666579 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies in European populations have contributed to a better understanding of the genetics of complex diseases, for example, in coeliac disease (CeD), studies of over 23 000 European samples have reported association to the HLA locus and another 39 loci. However, these associations have not been evaluated in detail in other ethnicities. We sought to better understand how disease-associated loci that have been mapped in Europeans translate to a disease risk for a population with a different ethnic background. We therefore performed a validation of European risk loci for CeD in 497 cases and 736 controls of north Indian origin. Using a dense-genotyping platform (Immunochip), we confirmed the strong association to the HLA region (rs2854275, P=8.2 × 10−49). Three loci showed suggestive association (rs4948256, P=9.3 × 10−7, rs4758538, P=8.6 × 10−5 and rs17080877, P=2.7 × 10−5). We directly replicated five previously reported European variants (P<0.05; mapping to loci harbouring FASLG/TNFSF18, SCHIP1/IL12A, PFKFB3/PRKCQ, ZMIZ1 and ICOSLG). Using a transferability test, we further confirmed association at PFKFB3/PRKCQ (rs2387397, P=2.8 × 10−4) and PTPRK/THEMIS (rs55743914, P=3.4 × 10−4). The north Indian population has a higher degree of consanguinity than Europeans and we therefore explored the role of recessively acting variants, which replicated the HLA locus (rs9271850, P=3.7 × 10−23) and suggested a role of additional four loci. To our knowledge, this is the first replication study of CeD variants in a non-European population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javier Gutierrez-Achury
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ajit Sood
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, India
| | - Vandana Midha
- Department of Medicine, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, India
| | - Agata Szperl
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jihane Romanos
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandra Zhernakova
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Santos Alonso
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - B K Thelma
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gosia Trynka
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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15
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Vassy JL, Hivert MF, Porneala B, Dauriz M, Florez JC, Dupuis J, Siscovick DS, Fornage M, Rasmussen-Torvik LJ, Bouchard C, Meigs JB. Polygenic type 2 diabetes prediction at the limit of common variant detection. Diabetes 2014; 63:2172-82. [PMID: 24520119 PMCID: PMC4030114 DOI: 10.2337/db13-1663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) may have reached their limit of detecting common type 2 diabetes (T2D)-associated genetic variation. We evaluated the performance of current polygenic T2D prediction. Using data from the Framingham Offspring (FOS) and the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) studies, we tested three hypotheses: 1) a 62-locus genotype risk score (GRSt) improves T2D prediction compared with previous less inclusive GRSt; 2) separate GRS for β-cell (GRSβ) and insulin resistance (GRSIR) independently predict T2D; and 3) the relationships between T2D and GRSt, GRSβ, or GRSIR do not differ between blacks and whites. Among 1,650 young white adults in CARDIA, 820 young black adults in CARDIA, and 3,471 white middle-aged adults in FOS, cumulative T2D incidence was 5.9%, 14.4%, and 12.9%, respectively, over 25 years. The 62-locus GRSt was significantly associated with incident T2D in all three groups. In FOS but not CARDIA, the 62-locus GRSt improved the model C statistic (0.698 and 0.726 for models without and with GRSt, respectively; P < 0.001) but did not materially improve risk reclassification in either study. Results were similar among blacks compared with whites. The GRSβ but not GRSIR predicted incident T2D among FOS and CARDIA whites. At the end of the era of common variant discovery for T2D, polygenic scores can predict T2D in whites and blacks but do not outperform clinical models. Further optimization of polygenic prediction may require novel analytic methods, including less common as well as functional variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Vassy
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MASection of General Internal Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MADivision of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Marie-France Hivert
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MADepartment of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MADivision of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bianca Porneala
- General Medicine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Marco Dauriz
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MAGeneral Medicine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MADivision of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Verona Medical School and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Jose C Florez
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MADiabetes Research Center (Diabetes Unit), and Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MAProgram in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Josée Dupuis
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MANational Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA
| | - David S Siscovick
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Center for Human Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Laura J Rasmussen-Torvik
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - James B Meigs
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MAGeneral Medicine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
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16
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Kuo JZ, Wong TY, Rotter JI. Challenges in elucidating the genetics of diabetic retinopathy. JAMA Ophthalmol 2014; 132:96-107. [PMID: 24201651 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.5024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE In the past decade, significant progress in genomic medicine and technologic developments has revolutionized our approach to common complex disorders in many areas of medicine, including ophthalmology. A disorder that still needs major genetic progress is diabetic retinopathy (DR), one of the leading causes of blindness in adults. OBJECTIVE To perform a literature review, present the current findings, and highlight some key challenges in DR genetics. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We performed a thorough literature review of the genetic factors for DR, including heritability scores, twin studies, family studies, candidate gene studies, linkage studies, and genome-wide association studies (GWASs). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Environmental and genetic factors for DR. RESULTS Although there is clear demonstration of a genetic contribution in the development and progression of DR, the identification of susceptibility loci through candidate gene approaches, linkage studies, and GWASs is still in its infancy. The greatest obstacles remain a lack of power because of small sample size of available studies and a lack of phenotype standardization. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The field of DR genetics is still in its infancy and is a challenge because of the complexity of the disease. This review outlines some strategies and lessons for future investigation to improve our understanding of this complex genetic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Z Kuo
- Medical Genetics Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California2Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla3Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and
| | - Tien Y Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore5Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Medical Genetics Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California6Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Bio Medical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, To
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17
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Fesinmeyer MD, Meigs JB, North KE, Schumacher FR, Bůžková P, Franceschini N, Haessler J, Goodloe R, Spencer KL, Voruganti VS, Howard BV, Jackson R, Kolonel LN, Liu S, Manson JE, Monroe KR, Mukamal K, Dilks HH, Pendergrass SA, Nato A, Wan P, Wilkens LR, Le Marchand L, Ambite JL, Buyske S, Florez JC, Crawford DC, Hindorff LA, Haiman CA, Peters U, Pankow JS. Genetic variants associated with fasting glucose and insulin concentrations in an ethnically diverse population: results from the Population Architecture using Genomics and Epidemiology (PAGE) study. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2013; 14:98. [PMID: 24063630 PMCID: PMC3849560 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-14-98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple genome-wide association studies (GWAS) within European populations have implicated common genetic variants associated with insulin and glucose concentrations. In contrast, few studies have been conducted within minority groups, which carry the highest burden of impaired glucose homeostasis and type 2 diabetes in the U.S. METHODS As part of the 'Population Architecture using Genomics and Epidemiology (PAGE) Consortium, we investigated the association of up to 10 GWAS-identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 8 genetic regions with glucose or insulin concentrations in up to 36,579 non-diabetic subjects including 23,323 European Americans (EA) and 7,526 African Americans (AA), 3,140 Hispanics, 1,779 American Indians (AI), and 811 Asians. We estimated the association between each SNP and fasting glucose or log-transformed fasting insulin, followed by meta-analysis to combine results across PAGE sites. RESULTS Overall, our results show that 9/9 GWAS SNPs are associated with glucose in EA (p = 0.04 to 9 × 10-15), versus 3/9 in AA (p= 0.03 to 6 × 10-5), 3/4 SNPs in Hispanics, 2/4 SNPs in AI, and 1/2 SNPs in Asians. For insulin we observed a significant association with rs780094/GCKR in EA, Hispanics and AI only. CONCLUSIONS Generalization of results across multiple racial/ethnic groups helps confirm the relevance of some of these loci for glucose and insulin metabolism. Lack of association in non-EA groups may be due to insufficient power, or to unique patterns of linkage disequilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan D Fesinmeyer
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis MN, USA.
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18
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Liu CT, Monda KL, Taylor KC, Lange L, Demerath EW, Palmas W, Wojczynski MK, Ellis JC, Vitolins MZ, Liu S, Papanicolaou GJ, Irvin MR, Xue L, Griffin PJ, Nalls MA, Adeyemo A, Liu J, Li G, Ruiz-Narvaez EA, Chen WM, Chen F, Henderson BE, Millikan RC, Ambrosone CB, Strom SS, Guo X, Andrews JS, Sun YV, Mosley TH, Yanek LR, Shriner D, Haritunians T, Rotter JI, Speliotes EK, Smith M, Rosenberg L, Mychaleckyj J, Nayak U, Spruill I, Garvey WT, Pettaway C, Nyante S, Bandera EV, Britton AF, Zonderman AB, Rasmussen-Torvik LJ, Chen YDI, Ding J, Lohman K, Kritchevsky SB, Zhao W, Peyser PA, Kardia SLR, Kabagambe E, Broeckel U, Chen G, Zhou J, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Neuhouser ML, Rampersaud E, Psaty B, Kooperberg C, Manson JE, Kuller LH, Ochs-Balcom HM, Johnson KC, Sucheston L, Ordovas JM, Palmer JR, Haiman CA, McKnight B, Howard BV, Becker DM, Bielak LF, Liu Y, Allison MA, Grant SFA, Burke GL, Patel SR, Schreiner PJ, Borecki IB, Evans MK, Taylor H, Sale MM, Howard V, Carlson CS, Rotimi CN, Cushman M, Harris TB, Reiner AP, Cupples LA, North KE, Fox CS. Genome-wide association of body fat distribution in African ancestry populations suggests new loci. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003681. [PMID: 23966867 PMCID: PMC3744443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Central obesity, measured by waist circumference (WC) or waist-hip ratio (WHR), is a marker of body fat distribution. Although obesity disproportionately affects minority populations, few studies have conducted genome-wide association study (GWAS) of fat distribution among those of predominantly African ancestry (AA). We performed GWAS of WC and WHR, adjusted and unadjusted for BMI, in up to 33,591 and 27,350 AA individuals, respectively. We identified loci associated with fat distribution in AA individuals using meta-analyses of GWA results for WC and WHR (stage 1). Overall, 25 SNPs with single genomic control (GC)-corrected p-values<5.0 × 10(-6) were followed-up (stage 2) in AA with WC and with WHR. Additionally, we interrogated genomic regions of previously identified European ancestry (EA) WHR loci among AA. In joint analysis of association results including both Stage 1 and 2 cohorts, 2 SNPs demonstrated association, rs2075064 at LHX2, p = 2.24×10(-8) for WC-adjusted-for-BMI, and rs6931262 at RREB1, p = 2.48×10(-8) for WHR-adjusted-for-BMI. However, neither signal was genome-wide significant after double GC-correction (LHX2: p = 6.5 × 10(-8); RREB1: p = 5.7 × 10(-8)). Six of fourteen previously reported loci for waist in EA populations were significant (p<0.05 divided by the number of independent SNPs within the region) in AA studied here (TBX15-WARS2, GRB14, ADAMTS9, LY86, RSPO3, ITPR2-SSPN). Further, we observed associations with metabolic traits: rs13389219 at GRB14 associated with HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and fasting insulin, and rs13060013 at ADAMTS9 with HDL-cholesterol and fasting insulin. Finally, we observed nominal evidence for sexual dimorphism, with stronger results in AA women at the GRB14 locus (p for interaction = 0.02). In conclusion, we identified two suggestive loci associated with fat distribution in AA populations in addition to confirming 6 loci previously identified in populations of EA. These findings reinforce the concept that there are fat distribution loci that are independent of generalized adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Ti Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Keri L. Monda
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kira C. Taylor
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Leslie Lange
- Department of Genetics, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ellen W. Demerath
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Walter Palmas
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mary K. Wojczynski
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jaclyn C. Ellis
- Department of Genetics, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mara Z. Vitolins
- Department of Epidemiology & Prevention, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Simin Liu
- Departments of Epidemiology, Medicine, and Obstetrics and Gynecology and Center for Metabolic Disease Prevention, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - George J. Papanicolaou
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Prevention and Population Sciences Program, National Heart, Lung, & Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marguerite R. Irvin
- Department of Epidemiology, UAB, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Luting Xue
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Paula J. Griffin
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Adebowale Adeyemo
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jiankang Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Guo Li
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Edward A. Ruiz-Narvaez
- Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Wei-Min Chen
- Center for Public Health and Genomics and Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Fang Chen
- Center for Public Health and Genomics and Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Brian E. Henderson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Robert C. Millikan
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Christine B. Ambrosone
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Sara S. Strom
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jeanette S. Andrews
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yan V. Sun
- Department of Epidemiolgy, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Thomas H. Mosley
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Lisa R. Yanek
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Daniel Shriner
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Talin Haritunians
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jerome I. Rotter
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | | | - Megan Smith
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lynn Rosenberg
- Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Josyf Mychaleckyj
- Center for Public Health and Genomics and Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Uma Nayak
- Center for Public Health and Genomics and Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Ida Spruill
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - W. Timothy Garvey
- Department of Epidemiology, UAB School of Public Health, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Curtis Pettaway
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sarah Nyante
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Elisa V. Bandera
- The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Angela F. Britton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alan B. Zonderman
- Laboratory of Personality and Cognition, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, NIH Biomedical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Laura J. Rasmussen-Torvik
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yii-Der Ida Chen
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jingzhong Ding
- Department of Internal Medicine/Geriatrics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kurt Lohman
- Department of Epidemiology & Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Stephen B. Kritchevsky
- Department of Internal Medicine/Geriatrics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Epidemiolgy, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Patricia A. Peyser
- Department of Epidemiolgy, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sharon L. R. Kardia
- Department of Epidemiolgy, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Edmond Kabagambe
- Department of Epidemiology, UAB, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Ulrich Broeckel
- Department of Pediatrics, Medicine and Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Guanjie Chen
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jie Zhou
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sylvia Wassertheil-Smoller
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Marian L. Neuhouser
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Evadnie Rampersaud
- Miami Institute for Human Genomics, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- John T. McDonald Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Bruce Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Services and Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - JoAnn E. Manson
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lewis H. Kuller
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Heather M. Ochs-Balcom
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Karen C. Johnson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Lara Sucheston
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Buffalo School of Public Health and Health Professions, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Jose M. Ordovas
- Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Julie R. Palmer
- Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christopher A. Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Barbara McKnight
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Barbara V. Howard
- MedStar Health Research Institute and Georgetown University, Hyattsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Diane M. Becker
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lawrence F. Bielak
- Department of Epidemiolgy, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Matthew A. Allison
- University of California at San Diego Department of Preventive Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Struan F. A. Grant
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gregory L. Burke
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sanjay R. Patel
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Pamela J. Schreiner
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ingrid B. Borecki
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michele K. Evans
- Health Disparities Research Section, Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, NIH Biomedical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Herman Taylor
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Michele M. Sale
- Center for Public Genomics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Virginia Howard
- Department of Epidemiology, UAB School of Public Health, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Christopher S. Carlson
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Charles N. Rotimi
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mary Cushman
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Colchester, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Tamara B. Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, NIA, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alexander P. Reiner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - L. Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kari E. North
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KEN); (CSF)
| | - Caroline S. Fox
- NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- NHLBI's Center for Population Studies, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Endocrinology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KEN); (CSF)
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