Short-term hepatic effects of depleted uranium on xenobiotic and bile acid metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes in the rat

Black rice bran improved lipid metabolism in hyperlipidemia mice via steroid hormone biosynthesis and PPAR signaling pathway

This study was aimed to explore the alleviating effect of black rice (BR), black peeled rice (BPR), and black rice bran (BRB) on lipid metabolism disorders in hyperlipidemia mice caused by high fat and cholesterol diet (HFCD). Combined untargeted metabolomics and RNA-seq transcriptomics analysis was used to demonstrate the potential mechanism regulated by BR, BPR and BRB. The untargeted metabolomics analysis indicated that BR especially BRB significantly increased Deoxycholic acid, 5-Dehydroavenasterol, scyllo-Inositol, Phloretin, 5-KETE, Lipoxin B4, 3,4-Dihydroxybenzeneacetic acid levels, while BRB significantly regulated PPAR signaling pathway, Arachidonic acid metabolism, Regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes, Steroid biosynthesis, and Sphingolipid signaling pathway, which closely linked to lipid metabolism. Furthermore, RNA-seq transcriptomics analysis showed that BRB obviously regulated Steroid hormone biosynthesis (Cyp2b9, Cyp2b13 and Cyp2c38) and PPAR signaling pathway (Pparg, Fabp4, Cd36 and Plin4), which were closely associated with inflammation and lipid metabolism. Moreover, quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis validated this. The obtaining results were hoping to reveal the detailed mechanism of BRB in alleviating hyperlipidemia and provide some insights for developing a new kind of natural anti-hyperlipidemia drug.

Soybean Extract Ameliorates Lung Injury induced by Uranium Inhalation: An integrated strategy of network pharmacology, metabolomics, and transcriptomics

AIM

This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of soybean extract (SE) against uranium-induced lung injury in rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A rat lung injury model was established through nebulized inhalation of uranyl nitrate. Pretreatment with SE or sterile water (control group) by gavage for seven days before uranium exposure and until the experiment endpoints. The levels of uranium in lung tissues were detected by ICP-MS. Paraffin embedding-based hematoxylin & eosin staining and Masson's staining for the lung tissue were performed to observe the histopathological imaging features. A public database was utilized to analyze the network pharmacological association between SE and lung injury. The expression levels of proteins indicating fibrosis were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RNA-seq transcriptomic and LC-MS/MS targeted metabolomics were conducted in lung tissues.

RESULTS

Uranium levels in the lung tissues were lower in SE-pretreated rats than in the uranium-treated group. Inflammatory cell infiltration and the deposition of extracellular matrix were attenuated, and the levels of alpha-smooth muscle actin, transforming growth factor beta1, and hydroxyproline decreased in SE-pretreated rats compared to the uranium-treated group. Active ingredients of SE were related to inflammation, oxidative stress, and drug metabolism. A total of 67 differentially expressed genes and 39 differential metabolites were identified in the SE-pretreated group compared to the uranium-treated group, focusing on the drug metabolism-cytochrome P450, glutathione metabolism, IL-17 signaling pathway, complement, and coagulation cascades.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that SE may ameliorate uranium-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis by regulating glutathione metabolism, chronic inflammation, and immune regulation.

Integration of transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis for unveiling the toxicological profile in the liver of mice exposed to uranium in drinking water

Uranium is a contaminate in the underground water in many regions of the world, which poses health risks to the local populations through drinking water. Although the health hazards of natural uranium have been concerned for decades, the controversies about its detrimental effects continue at present since it is still unclear how uranium interacts with molecular regulatory networks to generate toxicity. Here, we integrate transcriptomic and metabolomic methods to unveil the molecular mechanism of lipid metabolism disorder induced by uranium. Following exposure to uranium in drinking water for twenty-eight days, aberrant lipid metabolism and lipogenesis were found in the liver, accompanied with aggravated lipid peroxidation and an increase in dead cells. Multi-omics analysis reveals that uranium can promote the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids through dysregulating the metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA), linoleic acid, and glycerophospholipid. Most notably, the disordered metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) like AA may contribute to lipid peroxidation induced by uranium, which in turn triggers ferroptosis in hepatocytes. Our findings highlight disorder of lipid metabolism as an essential toxicological mechanism of uranium in the liver, offering insight into the health risks of uranium in drinking water.

Independent and combined associations of urinary metals exposure with markers of liver injury: Results from the NHANES 2013-2016

BACKGROUND

Heavy metals entering the human body could cause damage to a variety of organs. However, the combined harmful effects of exposure to various metals on liver function are not well understood. The purpose of the study was to investigate the independent and joint relationships between heavy metal exposure and liver function in adults.

METHODS

The study involved 3589 adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Concentrations of urinary metals, including arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), barium (Ba), thallium (Tl), tungsten (W), uranium (U), were determined in urine using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Data for liver function biomarkers included alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transaminase (GGT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Survey-weighted linear regression and quantile g-computation (qgcomp) were employed to evaluate the relationship of urinary metals with the markers of liver injury.

RESULTS

Cd, U and Ba were found to have positive correlations with ALT, AST, GGT, and ALP in the survey-weighted linear regression analyses. According to the qgcomp analyses, the total metal mixture was positively correlated with ALT (percent change: 8.15; 95% CI: 3.84, 12.64), AST (percent change: 5.55; 95% CI: 2.39, 8.82), GGT (percent change: 14.30; 95% CI: 7.81, 21.18), and ALP (percent change: 5.59; 95% CI: 2.65, 8.62), and Cd, U, and Ba were the main contributors to the combined effects. Positive joint effects were observed between Cd and U on ALT, AST, GGT and ALP, and U and Ba had positive joint effects on ALT, AST and GGT.

CONCLUSION

Exposures to Cd, U, and Ba were individually associated with multiple markers of liver injury. Mixed metal exposure might be adversely correlated with markers of liver function. The findings indicated the potential harmful effect of metal exposure on liver function.

Chelating Agents in Assisting Phytoremediation of Uranium-Contaminated Soils: A Review

Massive stockpiles of uranium (U) mine tailings have resulted in soil contamination with U. Plants for soil remediation have low extraction efficiency of U. Chelating agents can mobilize U in soils and, hence, enhance phytoextraction of U from the soil. However, the rapid mobilization rate of soil U by chelating agents in a short period than plant uptake rate could increase the risk of groundwater contamination with soluble U leaching down the soil profile. This review summarizes recent progresses in synthesis and application of chelating agents for assisting phytoremediation of U-contaminated soils. In detail, the interactions between chelating agents and U ions are initially elucidated. Subsequently, the mechanisms of phytoextraction and effectiveness of different chelating agents for phytoremediation of U-contaminated soils are given. Moreover, the potential risks associated with chelating agents are discussed. Finally, the synthesis and application of slow-release chelating agents for slowing down metal mobilization in soils are presented. The application of slow-release chelating agents for enhancing phytoextraction of soil U is still scarce. Hence, we propose the preparation of slow-release biodegradable chelating agents, which can control the release speed of chelating agent into the soil in order to match the mobilization rate of soil U with plant uptake rate, while diminishing the risk of residual chelating agent leaching to groundwater.

Review of Knowledge of Uranium-Induced Kidney Toxicity for the Development of an Adverse Outcome Pathway to Renal Impairment

An adverse outcome pathway (AOP) is a conceptual construct of causally and sequentially linked events, which occur during exposure to stressors, with an adverse outcome relevant to risk assessment. The development of an AOP is a means of identifying knowledge gaps in order to prioritize research assessing the health risks associated with exposure to physical or chemical stressors. In this paper, a review of knowledge was proposed, examining experimental and epidemiological data, in order to identify relevant key events and potential key event relationships in an AOP for renal impairment, relevant to stressors such as uranium (U). Other stressors may promote similar pathways, and this review is a necessary step to compare and combine knowledge reported for nephrotoxicants. U metal ions are filtered through the glomerular membrane of the kidneys, then concentrate in the cortical and juxtaglomerular areas, and bind to the brush border membrane of the proximal convoluted tubules. U uptake by epithelial cells occurs through endocytosis and the sodium-dependent phosphate co-transporter (NaPi-IIa). The identified key events start with the inhibition of the mitochondria electron transfer chain and the collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential, due to cytochrome b5/cytochrome c disruption. In the nucleus, U directly interacts with negatively charged DNA phosphate, thereby inducing an adduct formation, and possibly DNA strand breaks or cross-links. U also compromises DNA repair by inhibiting zing finger proteins. Thereafter, U triggers the Nrf2, NF-κB, or endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways. The resulting cellular key events include oxidative stress, DNA strand breaks and chromosomal aberrations, apoptosis, and pro-inflammatory effects. Finally, the main adverse outcome is tubular damage of the S2 and S3 segments of the kidneys, leading to tubular cell death, and then kidney failure. The attribution of renal carcinogenesis due to U is controversial, and specific experimental or epidemiological studies must be conducted. A tentative construction of an AOP for uranium-induced kidney toxicity and failure was proposed.

Emerging health risks and underlying toxicological mechanisms of uranium contamination: Lessons from the past two decades

Uranium contamination is a global health concern. Regarding natural or anthropogenic uranium contamination, the major sources of concern are groundwater, mining, phosphate fertilizers, nuclear facilities, and military activities. Many epidemiological and laboratory studies have demonstrated that environmental and occupational uranium exposure can induce multifarious health problems. Uranium exposure may cause health risks because of its chemotoxicity and radiotoxicity in natural or anthropogenic scenarios: the former is generally thought to play a more significant role with regard to the natural uranium exposure, and the latter is more relevant to enriched uranium exposure. The understanding of the health risks and underlying toxicological mechanisms of uranium remains at a preliminary stage, and many controversial findings require further research. In order to present state-of-the-art status in this field, this review will primarily focus on the chemotoxicity of uranium, rather than its radiotoxicity, as well as the involved toxicological mechanisms. First, the natural or anthropogenic uranium contamination scenarios will be briefly summarized. Second, the health risks upon natural uranium exposure, for example, nephrotoxicity, bone toxicity, reproductive toxicity, hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and pulmonary toxicity, will be discussed based on the reported epidemiological cases and laboratory studies. Third, the recent advances regarding the toxicological mechanisms of uranium-induced chemotoxicity will be highlighted, including oxidative stress, genetic damage, protein impairment, inflammation, and metabolic disorder. Finally, the gaps and challenges in the knowledge of uranium-induced chemotoxicity and underlying mechanisms will be discussed.

Mechanisms of NADPH - cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase induction by dexamethasone in the H4IIE rat hepatoma cell line

Expression of NADPH - cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR), electron donor for microsomal P450s, is induced in rat liver by dexamethasone (DEX), an activator of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and the pregnane X receptor (PXR). DEX induction of POR in rat liver is primarily PXR-mediated, although GR may contribute to mRNA effects. We examined the role of GR and PXR in the DEX induction of POR mRNA and protein in the H4IIE rat hepatoma cell line. The DEX EC₅₀ for a PXR target, CYP3A23, exceeded that for the GR targets tyrosine aminotransferase and PXR as well as POR itself. POR protein levels were induced 3- and 4-fold, respectively, by DEX concentrations activating GR selectively (100 nM) or both GR and PXR (10 μM). POR was induced by triamcinolone acetonide, a selective GR agonist, but not pregnenolone-16α-carbonitrile, a selective PXR agonist. POR induction was blocked by the GR antagonist RU486 but minimally influenced by the PXR antagonist FLB-12. The half-life for POR mRNA was prolonged by DEX at both 100 nM and 10 μM. GR is more important in DEX-induced POR expression in H4IIE cells compared to rat liver in vivo, calling into question the suitability of this cell model for mechanistic studies.

Effects of Radiation on Drug Metabolism: A Review

BACKGROUND

Radiation is the fourth most prevalent type of pollution following the water, air and noise pollution. It can adversely affect normal bodily functions. Radiation alters the protein and mRNA expression of drugmetabolizing enzymes and drug transporters and the pharmacokinetic characteristics of drugs, thereby affecting drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Therefore, it is important to study the pharmacokinetic changes in drugs under radiation.

METHODS

To update data on the effects of ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation caused by environmental pollution or clinical treatments on the protein and mRNA expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters. Data and information on pharmacokinetic changes in drugs under radiation were analyzed and summarized.

RESULTS

The effect of radiation on cytochrome P450 is still a subject of debate. The widespread belief is that higherdose radiation increased the expression of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 of rat, zebrafish or human, CYP1A2, CYP2B1, and CYP3A1 of rat, and CYP2E1 of mouse or rat, and decreased that of rat's CYP2C11 and CYP2D1. Radiation increased the expression of multidrug resistance protein, multidrug resistance-associated protein, and breast cancer resistance protein. The metabolism of some drugs, as well as the clearance, increased during concurrent chemoradiation therapy, whereas the half-life, mean residence time, and area under the curve decreased. Changes in the expression of cytochrome P450 and drug transporters were consistent with the changes in the pharmacokinetics of some drugs under radiation.

CONCLUSION

The findings of this review indicated that radiation caused by environmental pollution or clinical treatments can alter the pharmacokinetic characteristics of drugs. Thus, the pharmacokinetics of drugs should be rechecked and the optimal dose should be re-evaluated after radiation.

Hydrogen sulfide alleviates uranium-induced rat hepatocyte cytotoxicity via inhibiting Nox4/ROS/p38 MAPK pathway

As a gasotransmitter, hydrogen sulfide (H₂ S) plays a crucial role in regulating the signaling pathway mediated by oxidative stress. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effects of H ₂ S on uranium-induced rat hepatocyte cytotoxicity. Primary hepatocytes were isolated and cultured from Sprague Dawley rat liver tissues. After pretreating with sodium hydrosulfide (an H ₂ S donor) for 1 hour (or GKT-136901 for 30 minutes), hepatocytes were treated by uranyl acetate for 24 hours. Cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) phosphorylation were respectively determined. The effects of direct inhibition of Nox4 expression by GKT-136901 (a Nox4 inhibitor) on ROS and phospho-p38 MAPK levels were examined in uranium-treated hepatocytes. The results implicate that H ₂ S can afford protection of rat hepatocytes against uranium-induced adverse effects through attenuating oxidative stress via prohibiting Nox4/ROS/p38 MAPK signaling.

Environmental Metals and Cardiovascular Disease in Adults: A Systematic Review Beyond Lead and Cadmium

Published systematic reviews concluded that there is moderate to strong evidence to infer a potential role of lead and cadmium, widespread environmental metals, as cardiovascular risk factors. For other non-essential metals, the evidence has not been appraised systematically. Our objective was to systematically review epidemiologic studies on the association between cardiovascular disease in adults and the environmental metals antimony, barium, chromium, nickel, tungsten, uranium, and vanadium. We identified a total of 4 articles on antimony, 1 on barium, 5 on chromium, 1 on nickel, 4 on tungsten, 1 on uranium, and 0 on vanadium. We concluded that the current evidence is not sufficient to inform on the cardiovascular role of these metals because of the small number of studies. Few experimental studies have also evaluated the role of these metals in cardiovascular outcomes. Additional epidemiologic and experimental studies, including prospective cohort studies, are needed to understand the role of metals, including exposure to metal mixtures, in cardiovascular disease development.

Hydrogen sulfide alleviates uranium-induced acute hepatotoxicity in rats: Role of antioxidant and antiapoptotic signaling

As an endogenous gaseous mediator, H₂ S exerts antioxidative, antiapoptotic, and cytoprotective effects in livers. This study was designed to investigate the protective role of H₂ S against uranium-induced hepatotoxicity in adult SD male rats after in vivo effect of uranium on endogenous H₂ S production was determined in livers. The levels of endogenous H₂ S and H₂ S-producing enzymes (CBS and CSE) were measured in liver homogenates from uranium -intoxicated rats. In rats injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with uranyl acetate or NaHS (an H₂ S donor) alone or in combination, we examined biochemical parameters to assess liver function, revealed hepatic histopathological alteration, investigated oxidative stress markers, and explored apoptotic signaling in liver homogenates. The results suggest that uranium-intoxication in rats decreased CBS and CSE protein expression, H₂ S synthesis capacity, and endogenous H₂ S generation. NaHS administration in uranium-intoxicated rats produced amelioration in liver biochemical indices and histopathological effects, decreased MDA content, and increased GSH level and antioxidative enzymes activities like SOD, CAT, GPx, and GST. NaHS administration in uranium-intoxicated rats attenuated uranium-activated phosphorylation state of JNK. NaHS treatment in uranium-intoxicated rats increased antiapoptotic Bcl-2 but decreased pro-apoptotic Bax, resulting in the rise of Bcl-2/Bax ratio. NaHS treatment in uranium-intoxicated rats reduced the apoptosis mediator caspase-3 and cytochrome c release and elevated ATP contents. Taken together, these data implicate that H₂ S can afford protection to rat livers against uranium-induced adverse effects mediated by up-regulation of antioxidant and antiapoptotic signaling. The anti-apoptotic property of H₂ S may be involved, at least in part, in inhibiting JNK signaling. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 581-593, 2017.

Urinary heavy metals and associated medical conditions in the US adult population

Health effects of heavy metals have been widely investigated, but further evaluation is required to comprehensively delineate their toxicity. Using data from the 2007-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed on 1,857 adults to examine the relationship between urinary heavy metals and various medical conditions. Cardiovascular diseases were correlated to cadmium (OR: 4.94, 95% CI: 1.48-16.56) and lead (OR: 5.32, 95% CI: 1.08-26.21). Asthma was related to tungsten (OR: 1.72, 95% CI: 1.15-2.59) and uranium (OR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.01-2.28). Hepatotoxicity was associated with molybdenum (OR: 3.09, 95% CI: 1.24-7.73) and uranium (OR: 4.79, 95% CI: 1.74-13.19). Surprising inverse relationships occurred for excessive weight with lead (OR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.52-0.98), reduced visual acuity with cobalt (OR: 0.65, 95% CI: 0.44-0.95) and cesium (OR: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.35-0.77). This study supports some previous evidence of potential relationships and provides insights for future research.

Cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) activity is modified after chronic ingestion of depleted uranium in the rat

Depleted uranium (DU) is a radioactive heavy metal derived from the nuclear energy production. Its wide use in civilian and military items increases the risk of its environmental dissemination, and thus the risk of internal contamination of populations living in such contaminated territories. Previous studies have shown that vitamin D and cerebral cholesterol metabolisms were affected following chronic ingestion of DU. Even more than the brain, the liver is a crucial organ in cholesterol homeostasis since it regulates cholesterol distribution and elimination at body level. The aim of this work was to assess the impact of a low-level chronic ingestion of DU on hepatic cholesterol metabolism. Rats were contaminated with DU in their drinking water at a concentration of 40mg/l for 9 months. The major effect induced by DU was a decrease of CYP7A1 specific activity (-60%) correlated with a matching decrease of its product 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol in the plasma. Hepatic gene expression of transporters ABC A1, ABC G5, ABC G8 and of nuclear receptor RXR was increased, whereas that of catabolism enzyme CYP7B1 was decreased. Thus, after a chronic ingestion of DU, rats experience a modulation of cholesterol catabolism but overcome it, since their cholesterolemia is preserved and no pathology is declared.

Vitamin E decreases endogenous cholesterol synthesis and apo-AI-mediated cholesterol secretion in Caco-2 cells

Intestine is the gateway for newly absorbed tocopherols. This organ also plays a crucial role in cholesterol metabolism. Because tocopherols are known to impact cholesterol metabolism in the liver, we hypothesized that tocopherols could also modulate cholesterol metabolism in the intestine. This study aimed to verify this hypothesis and to unveil the mechanisms involved, using Caco-2 cells as a model of the human intestinal cell. Both α- and γ-tocopherol significantly (P<.05) decreased endogenous cholesterol synthesis and apo-AI-mediated cholesterol secretion in Caco-2 cells. Tocopherols down-regulated (P<.05) up to half of the genes involved in the cholesterol synthesis pathway, together with CYP27A1, which is involved in oxysterol production. The activity of this enzyme, as well as the levels of intracellular oxysterols, was significantly diminished by tocopherols. Finally, tocopherols significantly reduced ABCA1 mRNA levels in Caco-2 cells. We conclude that tocopherols impair the endogenous synthesis and apo-AI-mediated secretion of cholesterol in Caco-2 cells. This effect involves a down-regulation of genes involved in the cholesterol synthesis pathway, resulting in down-regulation of CYP27A1 which, in turn, diminishes oxysterol concentrations. The outcome is a decrease of LXR activity, resulting in down-regulation of ABCA1. These data reinforce the effect of α- and γ-tocopherol on cholesterol metabolism via gene expression regulation.

Hepatic cholesterol metabolism following a chronic ingestion of cesium-137 starting at fetal stage in rats

The Chernobyl accident released many radionuclides in the environment. Some are still contaminating the ground and thus the people through dietary intake. The long-term sanitary consequences of this disaster are still unclear and several biological systems remain to be investigated. Cholesterol metabolism is of particular interest, with regard to the link established between atherosclerosis and exposure to high-dose ionizing radiations. This study assesses the effect of cesium-137 on cholesterol metabolism in rats, after a chronic exposure since fetal life. To achieve this, rat dams were contaminated with cesium-137-supplemented water from two weeks before mating until the weaning of the pups. Thereafter, the weaned rats were given direct access to the contaminated drinking water until the age of 9 months. After the sacrifice, cholesterol metabolism was investigated in the liver at gene expression and protein level. The cholesterolemia was preserved, as well as the cholesterol concentration in the liver. At molecular level, the gene expressions of ACAT 2 (a cholesterol storage enzyme), of Apolipoprotein A-I and of RXR (a nuclear receptor involved in cholesterol metabolism) were significantly decreased. In addition, the enzymatic activity of CYP27A1, which catabolizes cholesterol, was increased. The results indicate that the rats seem to adapt to the cesium-137 contamination and display modifications of hepatic cholesterol metabolism only at molecular level and within physiological range.

Acetaminophen induces xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in rat: Impact of a uranium chronic exposure

The extensive use of uranium in civilian and military applications increases the risk of human chronic exposure. Uranium is a slightly radioactive heavy metal with a predominantly chemical toxicity, especially in kidney but also in liver. Few studies have previously shown some effects of uranium on xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (XME) that might disturb drug pharmacokinetic. The aim of this study was to determine whether a chronic (9 months) non-nephrotoxic low dose exposure to depleted uranium (DU, 1mg/rat/day) could modify the liver XME, using a single non-hepatotoxic acetaminophen (APAP) treatment (50mg/kg). Most of XME analysed were induced by APAP treatment at the gene expression level but at the protein level only CYP3A2 was significantly increased 3h after APAP treatment in DU-exposed rats whereas it remained at a basal level in unexposed rats. In conclusion, these results showed that a chronic non-nephrotoxic DU exposure specially modify CYP3A2 after a single therapeutic APAP treatment.

Desferrithiocin analogue uranium decorporation agents

PURPOSE

Previous systematic structure-activity studies of the desferrithiocin (DFT) platform have allowed the design and synthesis of analogues and derivatives of DFT that retain the exceptional iron-clearing activity of the parent, while eliminating its adverse effects. We hypothesized that a similar approach could be adopted to identify DFT-related analogues that could effectively decorporate uranium.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The decorporation properties of nine DFT-related analogues were determined in a bile duct-cannulated rat model. Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) served as a positive control. Selected ligands also underwent multiple and delayed dosing regimens. Uranium excretion in urine and bile or stool was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS); tissue levels of uranium were also assessed.

RESULTS

The two best clinical candidates are (S)-4,5-dihydro-2-[2-hydroxy-4-(3,6,9-trioxadecyloxy)phenyl]-4-methyl-4-thiazolecarboxylic acid [(S)-4'-(HO)-DADFT-PE (9)], with a 57% reduction in kidney uranium levels on oral (p.o.) administration and (S)-4,5-dihydro-2-[2-hydroxy-3-(3,6,9-trioxadecyloxy)phenyl]-4-methyl-4-thiazolecarboxylic acid [(S)-3'-(HO)-DADFT-PE (10)], with a 62% renal reduction on p.o. administration. The majority of the metal excretion promoted by these analogues is in the bile, thus further reducing kidney actinide exposure.

CONCLUSIONS

While 9 administered p.o. or subcutaneously (s.c.) immediately post-metal is an effective decorporation agent, withholding the dose (s.c.) until 4 h reduced the activity of the compound. Conversion of 9 to its isopropyl ester may circumvent this issue.

Heavy metal uranium affects the brain cholinergic system in rat following sub-chronic and chronic exposure

Uranium is a heavy metal naturally present in the environment that may be chronically ingested by the population. Previous studies have shown that uranium is present in the brain and alters behaviour, notably locomotor activity, sensorimotor ability, sleep/wake cycle and the memory process, but also metabolism of neurotransmitters. The cholinergic system mediates many cognitive systems, including those disturbed after chronic exposure to uranium i.e., spatial memory, sleep/wake cycle and locomotor activity. The objective of this study was to assess whether these disorders follow uranium-induced alteration of the cholinergic system. In comparison with 40 control rats, 40 rats drank 40 mg/L uranyl nitrate for 1.5 or 9 months. Cortex and hippocampus were removed and gene expression and protein level were analysed to determine potential changes in cholinergic receptors and acetylcholine levels. The expression of genes showed various alterations in the two brain areas after short- and long-term exposure. Nevertheless, protein levels of the choline acetyltransferase enzyme (ChAT), the vesicular transporter of acetylcholine (VAChT) and the nicotinic receptor beta2 sub-unit (nAChRbeta2) were unmodified in all cases of the experiment and muscarinic receptor type 1 (m1AChR) protein level was disturbed only after 9 months of exposure in the cortex (-30%). Acetylcholine levels were unchanged in the hippocampus after 1.5 and 9 months, but were decreased in the cortex after 1.5 months only (-22%). Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was also unchanged in the hippocampus but decreased in the cortex after 1.5 and 9 months (-16% and -18%, respectively). Taken together, these data indicate that the cholinergic system is a target of uranium exposure in a structure-dependent and time-dependent manner. These cholinergic alterations could participate in behavioural impairments.

Chronic contamination with 137cesium in rat: effect on liver cholesterol metabolism

After the Chernobyl nuclear accident, epidemiological studies on human populations living in 137Cs-contaminated areas revealed the increase frequencies of thyroid cancer and evoked the apparition of cardiovascular diseases, hormonal effect, liver alteration, and lipid disorder. Actually, it raises a problem of public safety for the populations living on these territories that are exposed to low levels of 137Cs during a long period through food. Then it is necessary to study potential effect of this chronic contamination. To mimic this situation, the authors investigate the potential biological effects of chronic exposure to 137Cs at a postaccidental dose (150 Bq/rat/day) on hepatic metabolism of cholesterol in rat. Plasma lipid level, gene expression and activity were analyzed. It was observed that in 137Cs-exposed rats, gene expression of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr), apolipoprotein B (apoB), and liver X receptor alpha (LXRalpha) are increased (95%, p < .05; 34%, p < .05; 20%, p < 0.05, respectively), whereas transporter adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter G5 (ABCG5) is decreased (42%, p < .05). In addition, cytochrome P450 27A1 (CYP27A1) activity is increased (34%, p < .05) in contaminated rat liver. In conclusion, the results suggest that 137Cs contamination at low-level induces molecular modifications of the liver cholesterol metabolism without leading to a dysregulation of its homeostasis. These results suggest that chronic long term exposure at low-level of 137Cs may evolve to lipid disorder.

Effect of acetaminophen administration to rats chronically exposed to depleted uranium

The extensive use of depleted uranium (DU) in both civilian and military applications results in the increase of the number of human beings exposed to this compound. We previously found that DU chronic exposure induces the expression of CYP enzymes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics (drugs). In order to evaluate the consequences of these changes on the metabolism of a drug, rats chronically exposed to DU (40mg/l) were treated by acetaminophen (APAP, 400mg/kg) at the end of the 9-month contamination. Acetaminophen is considered as a safe drug within the therapeutic range but in the case of overdose or in sensitive animals, hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity could occur. In the present work, plasma concentration of APAP was higher in the DU group compared to the non-contaminated group. In addition, administration of APAP to the DU-exposed rats increased plasma ALT (p<0.01) and AST (p<0.05) more rapidly than in the control group. Nevertheless, no histological alteration of the liver was observed but renal injury characterized by incomplete proximal tubular cell necrosis was higher for the DU-exposed rats. Moreover, in the kidney, CYP2E1 gene expression, an important CYP responsible for APAP bioactivation and toxicity, is increased (p<0.01) in the DU-exposed group compared to the control group. In the liver, CYP's activities were decreased between control and DU-exposed rats. These results could explain the worse elimination of APAP in the plasma and confirm our hypothesis of a modification of the drug metabolism following a DU chronic contamination.