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Heat-Shock Proteins in Leukemia and Lymphoma: Multitargets for Innovative Therapeutic Approaches. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030984. [PMID: 36765939 PMCID: PMC9913431 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat-shock proteins (HSPs) are powerful chaperones that provide support for cellular functions under stress conditions but also for the homeostasis of basic cellular machinery. All cancer cells strongly rely on HSPs, as they must continuously adapt to internal but also microenvironmental stresses to survive. In solid tumors, HSPs have been described as helping to correct the folding of misfolded proteins, sustain oncogenic pathways, and prevent apoptosis. Leukemias and lymphomas also overexpress HSPs, which are frequently associated with resistance to therapy. HSPs have therefore been proposed as new therapeutic targets. Given the specific biology of hematological malignancies, it is essential to revise their role in this field, providing a more adaptable and comprehensive picture that would help design future clinical trials. To that end, this review will describe the different pathways and functions regulated by HSP27, HSP70, HSP90, and, not least, HSP110 in leukemias and lymphomas.
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2
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Association of Alpha B-Crystallin Expression with Tumor Differentiation Grade in Colorectal Cancer Patients. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11050896. [PMID: 34069924 PMCID: PMC8157605 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11050896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha B-crystallin (CRYAB, HSPB5) belongs to the small heat shock protein (HSP) family and is highly expressed in various human cancers, suggesting a crucial role in tumor progression. However, few studies have examined CRYAB expression in colorectal cancer (CRC). In the present study, we investigated the relationship between CRYAB expression and the clinicopathological features of CRC samples. We comparatively analyzed CRYAB protein expression in 111 CRC tissues and normal adjacent colonic tissue, observing that it was significantly lower in CRC tissues than in corresponding non-cancerous tissues. Moreover, immunohistochemical analysis showed a significant correlation between CRYAB expression and high histological grade G3 (p = 0.033). In summary, our results point to its possible application as a prognostic biomarker in CRC patients.
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HMGN5 promotes IL-6-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition of bladder cancer by interacting with Hsp27. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:7282-7298. [PMID: 32315283 PMCID: PMC7202510 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide, with a high rate of recurrence and poor outcomes. High-mobility group nucleosome-binding domain 5 (HMGN5) is overexpressed in many cancers and could cause carcinogenesis in BC. By protein-protein-interaction (PPI) analysis, we found that heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27), also a crucial functional factor in BC carcinogenesis, is significantly related to HMGN5. Hsp27 is required for IL-6-mediated EMT via STAT3/Twist signaling in prostate cancer. Here, we hypothesize that HMGN5 may interact with Hsp27 to affect IL-6-induced EMT and invasion in BC via STAT3 signaling. In the present study, we found that HMGN5 and Hsp27 are highly expressed in BC tissues and positively correlated with each other. HMGN5 interacts with Hsp27 in vitro, to modulate the cell invasion and EMT in BC. Moreover, HMGN5 could modulate IL-6-Hsp27-induced EMT and invasion in BC cells by regulating STAT3 phosphorylation and STAT3 targeting of the Twist promoter. HMGN5 interacts with Hsp27 to promote tumor growth in a human BC xenograft model in nude mice. In summary, HMGN5 interacts with Hsp27 to promote IL-6-induced EMT, therefore promoting invasion in BC and contributing to the progression of BC.
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4
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Bellmunt J, Eigl BJ, Senkus E, Loriot Y, Twardowski P, Castellano D, Blais N, Sridhar SS, Sternberg CN, Retz M, Pal S, Blumenstein B, Jacobs C, Stewart PS, Petrylak DP. Borealis-1: a randomized, first-line, placebo-controlled, phase II study evaluating apatorsen and chemotherapy for patients with advanced urothelial cancer. Ann Oncol 2018; 28:2481-2488. [PMID: 28961845 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Five-year survival of patients with inoperable, advanced urothelial carcinoma treated with the first-line chemotherapy is 5%-15%. We assessed whether the Hsp27 inhibitor apatorsen combined with gemcitabine plus cisplatin (GC) could improve overall survival (OS) in these patients. Patients and methods This placebo-controlled, double-blind, phase II trial randomized 183 untreated urothelial carcinoma patients (North America and Europe) to receive GC plus either placebo (N = 62), 600 mg apatorsen (N = 60), or 1000 mg apatorsen (N = 61). In the experimental arm, treatment included loading doses of apatorsen followed by up to six cycles of apatorsen plus GC. Patients receiving at least four cycles could continue apatorsen monotherapy as maintenance until progression or unacceptable toxicity. The primary end point was OS. Results OS was not significantly improved in the single or combined 600- or 1000-mg apatorsen arms versus placebo [hazard ratio (HR), 0.86 and 0.90, respectively]. Exploratory study of specific statistical modeling showed a trend for improved survival in patients with baseline poor prognostic features treated with 600 mg apatorsen compared with placebo (HR = 0.72). Landmark analysis of serum Hsp27 (sHsp27) levels showed a trend toward survival benefit for poor-prognosis patients in 600- and 1000-mg apatorsen arms who achieved lower area under the curve sHsp27 levels, compared with the placebo arm (HR = 0.45 and 0.62, respectively). Higher baseline circulating tumor cells (≥5 cells/7.5 ml) was observed in patients with poor prognosis in correlation with poor survival. Treatment-emergent adverse events were manageable and more common in both apatorsen-treatment arms. Conclusions Even though apatorsen combined with standard chemotherapy did not demonstrate a survival benefit in the overall study population, patients with poor prognostic features might benefit from this combination. Serum Hsp27 levels may act as a biomarker to predict treatment outcome. Further exploration of apatorsen in poor-risk patients is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bellmunt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Barcelona, Spain; and Dana Farber Cancer Institute/Harvard Medical School, Boston.
| | - B J Eigl
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
| | - E Senkus
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Y Loriot
- Medical Oncolgy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - P Twardowski
- Medical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, USA
| | - D Castellano
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (CiberOnc), Madrid, Spain
| | - N Blais
- Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montréal, Hospital Notre-Dame, Montreal
| | - S S Sridhar
- Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - C N Sternberg
- Department of Medical Oncology, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - M Retz
- Department of Urology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - S Pal
- Medical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, USA
| | | | - C Jacobs
- OncoGenex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Bothell
| | | | - D P Petrylak
- Department of Medical Oncology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
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5
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Ponzio G, Rezzonico R, Bourget I, Allan R, Nottet N, Popa A, Magnone V, Rios G, Mari B, Barbry P. A new long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) is induced in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and down-regulates several anticancer and cell differentiation genes in mouse. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:12483-12495. [PMID: 28596382 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.776260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Keratinocyte-derived cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the most common metastatic skin cancer. Although some of the early events involved in this pathology have been identified, the subsequent steps leading to tumor development are poorly defined. We demonstrate here that the development of mouse tumors induced by the concomitant application of a carcinogen and a tumor promoter (7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), respectively) is associated with the up-regulation of a previously uncharacterized long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), termed AK144841. We found that AK144841 expression was absent from normal skin and was specifically stimulated in tumors and highly tumorigenic cells. We also found that AK144841 exists in two variants, one consisting of a large 2-kb transcript composed of four exons and one consisting of a 1.8-kb transcript lacking the second exon. Gain- and loss-of-function studies indicated that AK144841 mainly inhibited gene expression, specifically down-regulating the expression of genes of the late cornified envelope-1 (Lce1) family involved in epidermal terminal differentiation and of anticancer genes such as Cgref1, Brsk1, Basp1, Dusp5, Btg2, Anpep, Dhrs9, Stfa2, Tpm1, SerpinB2, Cpa4, Crct1, Cryab, Il24, Csf2, and Rgs16 Interestingly, the lack of the second exon significantly decreased AK144841's inhibitory effect on gene expression. We also noted that high AK144841 expression correlated with a low expression of the aforementioned genes and with the tumorigenic potential of cell lines. These findings suggest that AK144841 could contribute to the dedifferentiation program of tumor-forming keratinocytes and to molecular cascades leading to tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Ponzio
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France and.
| | - Roger Rezzonico
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France and
| | - Isabelle Bourget
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Richard Allan
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France and
| | - Nicolas Nottet
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France and
| | - Alexandra Popa
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France and
| | - Virginie Magnone
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France and
| | - Géraldine Rios
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France and
| | - Bernard Mari
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France and
| | - Pascal Barbry
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France and
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Liu J, Luo Z, Zhang L, Wang L, Nie Q, Wang ZF, Huang Z, Hu X, Gong L, Arrigo AP, Tang X, Xiang JW, Liu F, Deng M, Ji W, Hu W, Zhu JY, Chen B, Bridge J, Hollingsworth MA, Gigantelli J, Liu Y, Nguyen QD, Li DWC. The small heat shock protein αA-crystallin negatively regulates pancreatic tumorigenesis. Oncotarget 2016; 7:65808-65824. [PMID: 27588467 PMCID: PMC5323194 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Our recent study has shown that αA-crystallin appears to act as a tumor suppressor in pancreas. Here, we analyzed expression patterns of αA-crystallin in the pancreatic tumor tissue and the neighbor normal tissue from 74 pancreatic cancer patients and also pancreatic cancer cell lines. Immunocytochemistry revealed that αA-crystallin was highly expressed in the normal tissue from 56 patients, but barely detectable in the pancreatic tumor tissue. Moreover, a low level of αA-crystallin predicts poor prognosis for patients with pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma (PDAC). In the 12 pancreatic cell lines analyzed, except for Capan-1 and Miapaca-2 where the level of αA-crystallin was about 80% and 65% of that in the control cell line, HPNE, the remaining pancreatic cancer cells have much lower αA-crystallin levels. Overexpression of αA-crystallin in MiaPaca-1 cells lacking endogenous αA-crystallin significantly decreased its tumorigenicity ability as shown in the colony formation and wound healing assays. In contrast, knockdown of αA-crystallin in the Capan-1 cells significantly increased its tumorigenicity ability as demonstrated in the above assays. Together, our results further demonstrate that αA-crystallin negatively regulates pancreatic tumorigenesis and appears to be a prognosis biomarker for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
- Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, China
| | - Zhongwen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Truhlsen Eye Institute, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Qian Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Zheng-Feng Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Truhlsen Eye Institute, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Center of Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Zhaoxia Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Truhlsen Eye Institute, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Xiaohui Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Truhlsen Eye Institute, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Lili Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Andre-Patrick Arrigo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Xiangcheng Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Jia-Wen Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Fangyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Mi Deng
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Truhlsen Eye Institute, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Weike Ji
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Truhlsen Eye Institute, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Wenfeng Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Truhlsen Eye Institute, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Ji-Ye Zhu
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Center of Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Baojiang Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Julia Bridge
- Department of Microbiology and Pathology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Michael A Hollingsworth
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - James Gigantelli
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Truhlsen Eye Institute, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Yizhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Quan D Nguyen
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Truhlsen Eye Institute, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - David Wan-Cheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Truhlsen Eye Institute, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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7
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Martelli C, Iavarone F, D'Angelo L, Arba M, Vincenzoni F, Inserra I, Delfino D, Rossetti DV, Caretto M, Massimi L, Tamburrini G, Di Rocco C, Caldarelli M, Messana I, Castagnola M, Sanna MT, Desiderio C. Integrated proteomic platforms for the comparative characterization of medulloblastoma and pilocytic astrocytoma pediatric brain tumors: a preliminary study. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 11:1668-83. [PMID: 25909245 DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00076a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A top-down/bottom-up integrated proteomic approach based on LC-MS and 2-DE analysis was applied for comparative characterization of medulloblastoma and pilocytic astrocytoma posterior cranial fossa pediatric brain tumor tissues. Although rare, primary brain tumors are the most frequent solid tumors in the pediatric age. Among them the medulloblastoma is the prevalent malignant tumor in childhood while pilocytic astrocytoma is the most common, rarely showing a malignant progression. Due to the limited availability of this kind of sample, the study was applied to pooled tumor tissues for a preliminary investigation. The results showed different proteomic profiles of the two tumors and evidenced interesting differential expression of several proteins and peptides. Top-down proteomics of acid-soluble fractions of brain tumor homogenates ascribed a potential biomarker role of malignancy to β- and α-thymosins and their truncated proteoforms and to C-terminal truncated (des-GG) ubiquitin, resulting exclusively detected or over-expressed in the highly malignant medulloblastoma. The bottom-up proteomics of the acid-soluble fraction identified several proteins, some of them in common with 2-DE analysis of acid-insoluble pellets. Peroxiredoxin-1, peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A, triosephosphate isomerase, pyruvate kinase PKM, tubulin beta and alpha chains, heat shock protein HSP-90-beta and different histones characterized the medulloblastoma while the Ig kappa chain C region, serotransferrin, tubulin beta 2A chain and vimentin the pilocytic astrocytoma. The two proteomic strategies, with their pros and cons, well complemented each other in characterizing the proteome of brain tumor tissues and in disclosing potential disease biomarkers to be validated in a future study on individual samples of both tumor histotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Martelli
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Facoltà di Medicina, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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8
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Carneiro BA, Meeks JJ, Kuzel TM, Scaranti M, Abdulkadir SA, Giles FJ. Emerging therapeutic targets in bladder cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2015; 41:170-8. [PMID: 25498841 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of muscle invasive urothelial bladder carcinoma (BCa) remains a major challenge. Comprehensive genomic profiling of tumors and identification of driver mutations may reveal new therapeutic targets. This manuscript discusses relevant molecular drivers of the malignant phenotype and agents with therapeutic potential in BCa. Small molecule pan-FGFR inhibitors have shown encouraging efficacy and safety results especially among patients with activating FGFR mutations or translocations. mTOR inhibitors for patients with TSC1 mutations and concomitant targeting of PI3K and MEK represent strategies to block PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Encouraging preclinical results with ado-trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) exemplifies a new potential treatment for HER2-positive BCa along with innovative bispecific antibodies. Inhibitors of cell cycle regulators (aurora kinase, polo-like kinase 1, and cyclin-dependent kinase 4) are being investigated in combination with chemotherapy. Early results of clinical studies with anti-CTLA4 and anti-PDL1 are propelling immune modulating drugs to the forefront of emerging treatments for BCa. Collectively, these novel therapeutic targets and treatment strategies hold promise to improve the outcome of patients afflicted with this malignancy.
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MESH Headings
- Ado-Trastuzumab Emtansine
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Aurora Kinases/metabolism
- B7-H1 Antigen/antagonists & inhibitors
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- CTLA-4 Antigen/antagonists & inhibitors
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/pathology
- Cell Cycle Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Cyclin D1/metabolism
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/metabolism
- Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Maytansine/analogs & derivatives
- Maytansine/pharmacology
- Molecular Targeted Therapy/methods
- Mutation
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/genetics
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Translocation, Genetic
- Trastuzumab
- Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 1 Protein
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/metabolism
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology
- Polo-Like Kinase 1
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedito A Carneiro
- Northwestern Medicine Developmental Therapeutics Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, United States; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, United States; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, United States.
| | - Joshua J Meeks
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, United States; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, United States
| | - Timothy M Kuzel
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, United States; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, United States
| | - Mariana Scaranti
- Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sarki A Abdulkadir
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, United States; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, United States
| | - Francis J Giles
- Northwestern Medicine Developmental Therapeutics Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, United States; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, United States; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, United States
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9
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Koletsa T, Stavridi F, Bobos M, Kostopoulos I, Kotoula V, Eleftheraki AG, Konstantopoulou I, Papadimitriou C, Batistatou A, Gogas H, Koutras A, Skarlos DV, Pentheroudakis G, Efstratiou I, Pectasides D, Fountzilas G. alphaB-crystallin is a marker of aggressive breast cancer behavior but does not independently predict for patient outcome: a combined analysis of two randomized studies. BMC Clin Pathol 2014; 14:28. [PMID: 24987308 PMCID: PMC4077639 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6890-14-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND alphaB-crystallin is a small heat shock protein that has recently been characterized as an oncoprotein correlating with the basal core phenotype and with negative prognostic factors in breast carcinomas. The purpose of this study was to evaluate alphaB-crystallin with respect to clinicopathological parameters and the outcome of patients with operable high-risk breast cancer. METHODS A total of 940 tumors were examined, derived from an equal number of patients who had participated in two randomized clinical trials (paclitaxel-containing regimen in 793 cases). Immunohistochemistry for ER, PgR, HER2, Ki67, CK5, CK14, CK17, EGFR, alphaB-crystallin, BRCA1 and p53 was performed. BRCA1 mutation data were available in 89 cases. RESULTS alphaβ-crystallin was expressed in 170 cases (18.1%) and more frequently in triple-negative breast carcinomas (TNBC) (45% vs. 14.5% non-TNBC, p < 0.001). alphaB-crystallin protein expression was significantly associated with high Ki67 (Pearson chi-square test, p < 0.001), p53 (p = 0.002) and basal cytokeratin protein expression (p < 0.001), BRCA1 mutations (p = 0.045) and negative ER (p < 0.001) and PgR (p < 0.001). Its overexpression, defined as >30% positive neoplastic cells, was associated with adverse overall survival (Wald's p = 0.046). However, alphaB-crystallin was not an independent prognostic factor upon multivariate analysis. No interaction between taxane-based therapy and aβ-crystallin expression was observed. CONCLUSIONS In operable high-risk breast cancer, alphaB-crystallin protein expression is associated with poor prognostic features indicating aggressive tumor behavior, but it does not seem to have an independent impact on patient survival or to interfere with taxane-based therapy. TRIAL REGISTRATIONS ACTRN12611000506998 (HE10/97 trial) and ACTRN12609001036202 (HE10/00 trial).
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Affiliation(s)
- Triantafyllia Koletsa
- Department of Pathology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Flora Stavridi
- Third Department of Medical Oncology, "Hygeia" Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Mattheos Bobos
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Kostopoulos
- Department of Pathology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vassiliki Kotoula
- Department of Pathology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece ; Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Irene Konstantopoulou
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, IRRP, National Centre for Scientific Research NCSR Demokritos, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Papadimitriou
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, "Alexandra" Hospital, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Anna Batistatou
- Department of Pathology, Ioannina University Hospital, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Helen Gogas
- First Department of Medicine, "Laiko" General Hospital, University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Angelos Koutras
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, University Hospital, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece
| | | | | | | | - Dimitrios Pectasides
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Oncology Section, "Hippokration" Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - George Fountzilas
- Department of Medical Oncology, "Papageorgiou" Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Arrigo AP, Gibert B. HspB1, HspB5 and HspB4 in Human Cancers: Potent Oncogenic Role of Some of Their Client Proteins. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:333-65. [PMID: 24514166 PMCID: PMC3980596 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6010333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human small heat shock proteins are molecular chaperones that regulate fundamental cellular processes in normal unstressed cells as well as in many cancer cells where they are over-expressed. These proteins are characterized by cell physiology dependent changes in their oligomerization and phosphorylation status. These structural changes allow them to interact with many different client proteins that subsequently display modified activity and/or half-life. Nowdays, the protein interactomes of small Hsps are under intense investigations and will represent, when completed, key parameters to elaborate therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating the functions of these chaperones. Here, we have analyzed the potential pro-cancerous roles of several client proteins that have been described so far to interact with HspB1 (Hsp27) and its close members HspB5 (αB-crystallin) and HspB4 (αA-crystallin).
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Affiliation(s)
- André-Patrick Arrigo
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory, Lyon Cancer Research Center, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, Lyon 69008, France.
| | - Benjamin Gibert
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory, Lyon Cancer Research Center, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, Lyon 69008, France.
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11
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Dubińska-Magiera M, Jabłońska J, Saczko J, Kulbacka J, Jagla T, Daczewska M. Contribution of small heat shock proteins to muscle development and function. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:517-30. [PMID: 24440355 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Investigations undertaken over the past years have led scientists to introduce the concept of protein quality control (PQC) systems, which are responsible for polypeptide processing. The PQC system monitors proteostasis and involves activity of different chaperones such as small heat shock proteins (sHSPs). These proteins act during normal conditions as housekeeping proteins regulating cellular processes, and during stress conditions. They also mediate the removal of toxic misfolded polypeptides and thereby prevent development of pathogenic states. It is postulated that sHSPs are involved in muscle development. They could act via modulation of myogenesis or by maintenance of the structural integrity of signaling complexes. Moreover, mutations in genes coding for sHSPs lead to pathological states affecting muscular tissue functioning. This review focuses on the question how sHSPs, still relatively poorly understood proteins, contribute to the development and function of three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac and smooth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Dubińska-Magiera
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, University of Wroclaw, 21 Sienkiewicza Street, 50-335 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Jabłońska
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, University of Wroclaw, 21 Sienkiewicza Street, 50-335 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jolanta Saczko
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University, Chalubinskiego 10, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Julita Kulbacka
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University, Chalubinskiego 10, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Teresa Jagla
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U384, Faculté de Medecine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Małgorzata Daczewska
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, University of Wroclaw, 21 Sienkiewicza Street, 50-335 Wroclaw, Poland.
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12
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13
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Lee JS, Kim HY, Jeong NY, Lee SY, Yoon YG, Choi YH, Yan C, Chu IS, Koh H, Park HT, Yoo YH. Expression of αB-crystallin overrides the anti-apoptotic activity of XIAP. Neuro Oncol 2012; 14:1332-45. [PMID: 23074197 PMCID: PMC3480270 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nos247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although crystallins are major structural proteins in the lens, α-crystallins perform non-lens functions, and αB-crystallin has been shown to act as an anti-apoptotic mediator in various cells. The present study was undertaken to examine whether αB-crystallin expressed in human malignant glioma cells exerts anti-apoptotic activity. In addition, we sought to elucidate the mechanism underlying any observed anti-apoptotic function of αB-crystallin in these cells. Three glioma cell lines, U373MG, U118MG, and T98G, were used. We observed that only the U373MG cell line expresses αB-crystallin, whereas the other 2 glioma cell lines, U118MG and T98G, demonstrated no endogenous expression of αB-crystallin. We next observed that the silencing of αB-crystallin sensitized U373MG cells to suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA)-induced apoptosis and that αB-crystallin associates with caspase-3 and XIAP. Because XIAP is the most potent suppressor of mammalian apoptosis through the direct binding with caspases, we assessed whether XIAP also plays an anti-apoptotic role in SAHA-induced apoptosis in αB-crystallin-expressing U373MG cells. Of note, the silencing of XIAP did not alter the amount of cell death induced by SAHA, indicating that XIAP does not exert an anti-apoptotic activity in U373MG cells. We then determined whether the ectopic expression of αB-crystallin in glioma cells caused a loss of the anti-apoptotic activity of XIAP. Accordingly, we established 2 αB-crystallin over-expressing glioma cell lines, U118MG and T98G, and found that the silencing of XIAP did not sensitize these cells to SAHA-induced apoptosis. These findings suggest that αB-crystallin expressed in glioma cells overrides the anti-apoptotic activity exerted by XIAP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Young Hyun Yoo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Mitochondria Hub Regulation Center, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea (J.S.L., H.Y.K., N.Y.J, Y.G.Y., Y.H.Y.); Department of Rheumatology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic ofKorea (S.Y.L.); Department of Biochemistry and Research Institute of Oriental Medicine, Dongeui University College of Oriental Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea (Y.H.C.); Department of Toxicology, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (C.Y.); Korean Bioinformation Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic ofKorea (I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Mitochondria Hub Regulation Center, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea (H.K.); Department of Physiology, Medical Science Research Institute, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea (H.T.P.)
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14
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Acunzo J, Katsogiannou M, Rocchi P. Small heat shock proteins HSP27 (HspB1), αB-crystallin (HspB5) and HSP22 (HspB8) as regulators of cell death. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:1622-31. [PMID: 22521623 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Hsp27, αB-crystallin and HSP22 are ubiquitous small heat shock proteins (sHsp) whose expression is induced in response to a wide variety of unfavorable physiological and environmental conditions. These sHsp protect cells from otherwise lethal conditions mainly by their involvement in cell death pathways such as necrosis, apoptosis or autophagy. At a molecular level, the mechanisms accounting for sHsp functions in cell death are (1) prevention of denatured proteins aggregation, (2) regulation of caspase activity, (3) regulation of the intracellular redox state, (4) function in actin polymerization and cytoskeleton integrity and (5) proteasome-mediated degradation of selected proteins. In cancer cells, these sHsp are often overexpressed and associated with increased tumorigenicity, cancer cells metastatic potential and resistance to chemotherapy. Altogether, these properties suggest that Hsp27, αB-crystallin and Hsp22 are appropriate targets for modulating cell death pathways. In the present, we briefly review recent reports showing molecular evidence of cell death regulation by these sHsp and co-chaperones. This article is part of a Directed Issue entitled: Small HSPs in physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Acunzo
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, UMR1068 Inserm, Institut Paoli-Calmette, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
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15
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Guvenc T, Gulbahar MY, Yarim M, Kabak YB, Karayigit O, Sozmen M. Alpha basic crystallin expression in canine mammary tumors. J Vet Sci 2012; 13:39-42. [PMID: 22437534 PMCID: PMC3317455 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2012.13.1.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate prognostic and/or diagnostic factors of canine mammary tumors by immunohistochemically analyzing the expression of alpha basic crystallin (αB-c). For this, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded blocks of 51 naturally-occurring canine mammary tumors (11 benign and 40 malignant) were used. Tissue from eight normal canine mammary glands were served as a control. Immunohistochemically, in the control mammary tissues, a few luminal epithelial cells were αB-c positive but myoepithelial cells were negative. In benign or simple type malignant tumors, αB-c expression was observed in luminal epithelial cells while the myoepithelial basal cells were negative. In benign or complex type malign tumors, positive staining was predominantly found in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells. Immunoreactivity of αB-c was also observed in neoplastic myoepithelial cells. Statistically, the number of cells immunolabeled with αB-c was found to be significantly different among tissues from normal canine mammary glands, benign lesions, and malignant tumors (p < 0.05). αB-c immunoreactivity was higher in malignant tumors than the control mammary tissues (p < 0.001). Data obtained in the current study revealed a strong association between high expression levels of αB-c and primary mammary gland tumors in canines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolga Guvenc
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Kurupelit, Samsun 55139, Turkey.
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16
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Ho PY, Chueh SC, Chiou SH, Wang SM, Lin WC, Lee IL, Yang HY, Peng HC, Lai MK. ΑB-crystallin in clear cell renal cell carcinoma: tumor progression and prognostic significance. Urol Oncol 2012; 31:1367-77. [PMID: 22417627 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2012.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES AlphaB-crystallin (αB-crystallin), a small heat shock protein, has been reported to be involved in the growth, antiapoptosis, migration, and chemoresistance of human malignancies. MATERIALS AND METHODS αB-crystallin expression in normal renal and clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) tissues was examined with two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis assays. Immunohistochemistry was conducted to determine the presence of αB-crystallin-positive tumor cells and staining intensity in 50 cases of ccRCC tissue samples. The association of αB-crystallin protein expression, clinicopathogic parameters and prognosis of ccRCC patients was also analyzed with Student's t-test and Kaplan-Meier analysis. Moreover, Western blot assays were performed to detect the protein expression of αB-crystallin in normal and tumor tissues and the alteration of cell cycle regulators in αB-crystallin-overexpressing cells. MTT (3-[4,5-dimethythiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide), BrdU, and transwell assays were performed to demonstrate the effects of αB-crystallin overexpression on cell growth, DNA synthesis and cell migration of ccRCC cells, respectively. RESULTS The results showed the up-regulation of αB-crystallin expression in ccRCC tissues. Overall survival of ccRCC patients was significantly correlated with αB-crystallin expression in tumor tissues. We found that αB-crystallin overexpression increased the expression of cyclin A and the incorporation of BrdU, which may be related to the enhancement of cell growth. Transwell analyses demonstrated that presence of αB-crystallin overexpression enhanced cell migration in ccRCC cells. Furthermore, rapamycin-resistance of tumor cells was induced when αB-crystallin was overexpressed. CONCLUSIONS Our experimental findings highlight the importance of αB-crystallin in the tumor growth, migration, and target therapy-resistance of ccRCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yin Ho
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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17
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Huang Z, Cheng Y, Chiu PM, Cheung FMF, Nicholls JM, Kwong DLW, Lee AWM, Zabarovsky ER, Stanbridge EJ, Lung HL, Lung ML. Tumor suppressor Alpha B-crystallin (CRYAB) associates with the cadherin/catenin adherens junction and impairs NPC progression-associated properties. Oncogene 2011; 31:3709-20. [PMID: 22158051 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Alpha B-crystallin (CRYAB) maps within the nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) tumor-suppressive critical region 11q22-23 and its downregulation is significantly associated with the progression of NPC. However, little is known about the functional impact of CRYAB on NPC progression. In this study we evaluated the NPC tumor-suppressive and progression-associated functions of CRYAB. Activation of CRYAB suppressed NPC tumor formation in nude mice. Overexpression of CRYAB affected NPC progression-associated phenotypes such as loss of cell adhesion, invasion, interaction with the tumor microenvironment, invasive protrusion formation in three dimensional Matrigel culture, as well as expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition-associated markers. CRYAB mediates this ability to suppress cancer progression by inhibition of E-cadherin cytoplasmic internalization and maintenance of β-catenin in the membrane that subsequently reduces the levels of expression of critical downstream targets such as cyclin-D1 and c-myc. Both ectopically expressed and recombinant CRYAB proteins were associated with endogenous E-cadherin and β-catenin, and, thus, the cadherin/catenin adherens junction. The CRYAB α-crystallin core domain is responsible for the interaction of CRYAB with both E-cadherin and β-catenin. Taken together, these results indicate that CRYAB functions to suppress NPC progression by associating with the cadherin/catenin adherens junction and modulating the β-catenin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Huang
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Center for Cancer Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), PR China
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18
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Deciphering the molecular genetic basis of NPC through functional approaches. Semin Cancer Biol 2011; 22:87-95. [PMID: 22154888 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The identification of cancer genes in sporadic cancers has been recognized as a major challenge in the field. It is clear that deletion mapping, genomic sequencing, comparative genomic hybridization, or global gene expression profiling alone would not have easily identified candidate tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) from the huge array of lost regions or genes observed in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). In addition, the epigenetically silenced genes would not have been recognized by the mapping of deleted regions. In this review, we describe how functional approaches using monochromosome transfer may be used to circumvent the above problems and identify TSGs in NPC. A few examples of selected NPC TSGs and their functional roles are reviewed. They regulate a variety of gene functions including cell growth and proliferation, adhesion, migration, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, metastasis, and angiogenesis. These studies show the advantages of using functional approaches for identification of TSGs.
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19
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AP-2β enhances p53-mediated transcription of the αB-crystallin gene through stabilizing p53. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:209-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-0727-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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20
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Deng M, Chen PC, Xie S, Zhao J, Gong L, Liu J, Zhang L, Sun S, Liu J, Ma H, Batra SK, Li DWC. The small heat shock protein alphaA-crystallin is expressed in pancreas and acts as a negative regulator of carcinogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2010; 1802:621-31. [PMID: 20434541 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The small heat shock protein alphaA-crystallin is a structural protein in the ocular lens. In addition, recent studies have also revealed that it is a molecular chaperone, an autokinase and a strong anti-apoptotic regulator. Besides its lenticular distribution, a previous study demonstrates that a detectable level of alphaA-crystallin is found in other tissues including thymus and spleen. In the present study, we have re-examined the distribution of alphaA-crystallin in various normal human and mouse tissues and found that the normal pancreas expresses a moderate level of alphaA-crystallin. Moreover, alphaA-crystallin is found significantly downregulated in 60 cases of pancreatic carcinoma of different types than it is in 11 normal human pancreas samples. In addition, we demonstrate that alphaA-crystallin can enhance the activity of the activating protein-1 (AP-1) through modulating the function of the MAP kinase, and also upregulates components of TGFbeta pathway. Finally, expression of alphaA-crystallin in a pancreatic cancer cell line, MiaPaCa, results in retarded cell migration. Together, these results suggest that alphaA-crystallin seems to negatively regulate pancreatic carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
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Matsui Y, Hadaschik BA, Fazli L, Andersen RJ, Gleave ME, So AI. Intravesical combination treatment with antisense oligonucleotides targeting heat shock protein-27 and HTI-286 as a novel strategy for high-grade bladder cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:2402-11. [PMID: 19625496 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Clinical results of current intravesical chemotherapeutics are insufficient, and novel and safe intravesical options for high-risk bladder cancer are required to prevent both recurrence and progression. In this study, we show promising efficacy of intravesical combination treatment using antisense oligonucleotides targeting heat shock protein-27 (Hsp27; OGX427) with HTI-286, a synthetic analogue of the marine sponge product hemiasterlin. The expression of Hsp27 in bladder cancer was examined using tissue microarray analysis. Then, four bladder cancer cell lines were screened for combination effects of OGX427 with HTI-286, and the molecular mechanisms underlying the synergic effect were analyzed. Chemosensitivity against HTI-286 was also compared between mock-transfected T24 (T24 mock) cells and Hsp27-overexpressing T24 (T24 Hsp27) cells. Furthermore, in vivo data were obtained in a bioluminescent orthotopic murine model of high-grade disease. Hsp27 is expressed at higher levels in bladder cancers compared with normal bladder epithelium. OGX427 significantly enhanced cytotoxicity of HTI-286. Combination treatment induced Akt inactivation and Bcl-2 down-regulation. T24 Hsp27 cells were more resistant to HTI-286 than T24 mock cells and showed stronger Akt activation after HTI-286 treatment. The protective effect of Hsp27 against HTI-286 was suppressed by LY294002, a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor, indicating that Hsp27-Akt interactions are key mechanisms to enhance chemosensitivity via OGX427. Intravesical combination therapy effectively inhibited orthotopic tumor growth without toxic side effects. Our results suggest that OGX427 enhances cytotoxicity of HTI-286 through Akt inactivation and provide strong preclinical proof-of-principle for intravesical administration of OGX427 in combination with HTI-286 for high-grade bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Matsui
- The Prostate Centre at Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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22
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Vecchione A, Fassan M, Anesti V, Morrione A, Goldoni S, Baldassarre G, Byrne D, D'Arca D, Palazzo JP, Lloyd J, Scorrano L, Gomella LG, Iozzo RV, Baffa R. MITOSTATIN, a putative tumor suppressor on chromosome 12q24.1, is downregulated in human bladder and breast cancer. Oncogene 2008; 28:257-69. [PMID: 18931701 PMCID: PMC2628456 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Allelic deletions on human chromosome 12q24 are frequently reported in a variety of malignant neoplasms, indicating the presence of a tumor suppressor gene(s) in this chromosomal region. However, no reasonable candidate has been identified so far. In this study, we report the cloning and functional characterization of a novel mitochondrial protein with tumor suppressor activity, henceforth designated MITOSTATIN. Human MITOSTATIN was found within a 3.2-kb transcript which encoded a ~62 kDa, ubiquitously-expressed protein with little homology to any known protein. We found homozygous deletions and mutations of MITOSTATIN gene in ~5% and ~11% of various cancer-derived cells and solid tumors, respectively. When transiently over-expressed, MITOSTATIN inhibited colony formation, tumor cell growth and was pro-apoptotic, all features shared by established tumor suppressor genes. We discovered a specific link between MITOSTATIN over-expression and down-regulation of Hsp27. Conversely MITOSTATIN knock-down cells showed an increase in cell growth and cell survival rates. Finally, MITOSTATIN expression was significantly reduced in primary bladder and breast tumors, and its reduction was associated with advanced tumor stages. Our findings support the hypothesis that MITOSTATIN has many hallmarks of a classical tumor suppressor in solid tumors and may play an important role in cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vecchione
- Department of Urology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Hadaschik BA, Jackson J, Fazli L, Zoubeidi A, Burt HM, Gleave ME, So AI. Intravesically administered antisense oligonucleotides targeting heat-shock protein-27 inhibit the growth of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. BJU Int 2008; 102:610-6. [PMID: 18384625 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2008.07669.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the inhibitory effects of a second-generation antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) targeting the cytoprotective chaperone heat-shock protein (HSP)-27 (OGX-427, OncoGeneX Technologies, Vancouver, Canada) on human bladder cancer growth both in vitro and in vivo as an intravesical agent in an orthotopic murine model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human KU-7 bladder tumour cells were treated with OGX-427 or a mismatch (MM) control oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) in vitro and were assessed for HSP27 expression, proliferation and apoptosis. KU-7-luc cells that stably express luciferase were inoculated in female nude mice by intravesical instillation and tumour size was measured using bioluminescence imaging. Mice with established KU-7-luc tumours were administered uncomplexed 'naked' OGX-427 or MM ODN as well as controlled-release microparticulate chitosan/oligonucleotide formulations intravesically. Tumour growth was monitored over time and tumours were analysed after death using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. RESULTS In vitro, OGX-427 significantly decreased HSP27 protein levels and cellular viability. While naked OGX-427 showed only a trend in tumour suppression compared with MM ODN, OGX-427 complexed with chitosan significantly inhibited orthotopic tumour growth. The chitosan preparation induced some haematuria compared to naked ASO, but this formulation had superior tissue uptake of oligonucleotides and suppressed HSP27 tissue levels by 75%. CONCLUSION Intravesical OGX-427 instillation therapy showed promising antitumour activity and minimal toxicity in an orthotopic mouse model of high-grade bladder cancer. These findings provide pre-clinical proof-of-principle for the use of ASO as intravesical agents for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, and warrant further evaluation of efficacy and safety in early-phase clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris A Hadaschik
- The Prostate Centre at Vancouver General Hospital, Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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24
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Lung HL, Lo CC, Wong CCL, Cheung AKL, Cheong KF, Wong N, Kwong FM, Chan KC, Law EWL, Tsao SW, Chua D, Sham JS, Cheng Y, Stanbridge EJ, Robertson GP, Lung ML. Identification of tumor suppressive activity by irradiation microcell-mediated chromosome transfer and involvement of alpha B-crystallin in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:1288-96. [PMID: 18027848 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In previous studies, we successfully refined nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) critical regions (CRs) mapping to chromosome 11q13 and 11q22-23. The chromosome 11 fragment containing the 1.8 Mb NPC CR at 11q13 (CR1), the CR at 11q22.3 mapped near D11S2000 (CR2), part of the CR at 11q23.1-11q23.2 overlapping with D11S1300 and D11S1391 (CR3), and the CR at cell adhesion molecule 1 (CADM1) locus (CR4), was chosen as the chromosome 11 donor cell line for the present study. Gamma irradiation was applied to cleave this truncated chromosome into smaller fragments and a new panel of donor cells containing further deleted fragments was produced. Subclones XMCH3.2 and XMCH3.4 were chosen for subsequent transfer to HONE1 cells; each contains a single copy of deleted chromosome 11 fragment with or without CR2 and the THY1 locus, previously shown to be involved in NPC. Both resultant chromosome 11 fragments in XMCH3.2 and XMCH3.4 caused tumor suppression. The association of alpha B-crystallin (CRYAB), a gene identified as being differentially expressed by gene profiling of NPC and an immortalized nasopharyngeal epithelial cell line, and which is located near CR3, was found to be associated with tumor suppression in all the tumor-suppressive hybrids. In addition, the expression level of this gene was down-regulated in the 7 NPC cell lines and in 5 out of 14 normal/tumor tissue pairs in the present study. Both promoter hypermethylation and allelic loss may be involved in the inactivation of this gene, suggesting its possible role in NPC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lok Lung
- Department of Biology and Center for Cancer Research, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
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Sitterding SM, Wiseman WR, Schiller CL, Luan C, Chen F, Moyano JV, Watkin WG, Wiley EL, Cryns VL, Diaz LK. AlphaB-crystallin: a novel marker of invasive basal-like and metaplastic breast carcinomas. Ann Diagn Pathol 2007; 12:33-40. [PMID: 18164413 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2007.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Basal-like tumors are a newly recognized estrogen receptor (ER) negative and HER2 negative breast cancer subtype that express basal epithelial genes and are associated with poor survival. Metaplastic carcinomas are thought to belong within the basal-like group. We have recently demonstrated that the small heat shock protein alphaB-crystallin is commonly expressed in basal-like tumors and contributes to their aggressive phenotype. The current study examined the rates and patterns of alphaB-crystallin expression in whole tissue sections of human breast, including normal tissue, proliferative lesions, in situ and invasive carcinomas (ER positive, HER2 positive, basal-like, and metaplastic cancers). In normal breast tissue, proliferative lesions and in situ carcinomas, alphaB-crystallin expression was restricted to the myoepithelial cell compartment of ductal and lobular units. Most basal-like and metaplastic carcinomas demonstrated cytoplasmic expression of alphaB-crystallin (81% and 86%, respectively). Conversely, no staining for alphaB-crystallin was observed in nonbasal-like (ie, ER positive or HER2 positive) breast carcinomas. Taken together, our results indicate that alphaB-crystallin is a sensitive (81%) and specific (100%) marker for basal-like breast carcinomas. Moreover, the high rates of expression of alphaB-crystallin in metaplastic breast carcinomas (86%) suggest that these tumors may represent a histologically distinctive subset of basal-like breast tumors with a similar underlying molecular etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Sitterding
- Department of Pathology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Jang TJ, Jung KH, Choi EA. Id-1 gene downregulation by sulindac sulfide and its upregulation during tumor development in gastric cancer. Int J Cancer 2007; 118:1356-63. [PMID: 16184548 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying the chemopreventive effects of NSAIDs are not well understood and remain the subject of debate. One of the mechanistic possibilities involves alterations in gene expression. We examined gene expression profiles in SNU601 gastric cancer cells treated with sulindac sulfide (50 microM) for 24 hr. Microarray analysis showed that 1.3% (105/8170) of genes were induced or repressed more than 3-fold in cells treated with sulindac sulfide. Seven genes were selected and confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Inhibitor of differentiation/DNA binding-1 (Id-1) was downregulated in SNU601 cells treated with sulindac sulfide. Id-1 expression level was decreased dose-dependently by sulindac sulfide. In addition, the expression pattern of Id-1 was inversely related to that of nm23. We also examined Id-1 expression in human gastric cancer tissues and compared it with clinicopathologic parameters to study its biologic role in the cancers. Id-1 was frequently and strongly expressed in gastric cancer tissues compared with that in adjacent nonmetaplastic mucosa. Its immunoreactivity scores were positively correlated to Ki67 labeling indices and tumor progression, and is higher in intestinal type than in diffuse type. In summary, a number of genes, both induced and repressed, could be important in mediating sulindac sulfide-induced cell death in gastric cancer cells. Id-1, one of the repressed genes, is upregulated in gastric cancers and has positive role in tumor progression and histogenesis of intestinal-type cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Jung Jang
- Department of Pathology, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Kyongju, Kyongbuk 780-714, South Korea.
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27
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Kamada M, So A, Muramaki M, Rocchi P, Beraldi E, Gleave M. Hsp27 knockdown using nucleotide-based therapies inhibit tumor growth and enhance chemotherapy in human bladder cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 6:299-308. [PMID: 17218637 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) is a cytoprotective chaperone that is phosphoactivated during cell stress that prevents aggregation and/or regulate activity and degradation of certain client proteins. Recent evidence suggests that Hsp27 may be involved in tumor progression and the development of treatment resistance in various tumors, including bladder cancer. The purpose of this study was to examine, both in vitro and in vivo, the effects of overexpression of Hsp27 and, correspondingly, the down-regulation of Hsp27 using small interfering (si) RNA and OGX-427, a second-generation antisense oligonucleotide targeting Hsp27. Hsp27 overexpression increased UMUC-3 cell growth and resistance to paclitaxel. Both OGX-427 and Hsp27 siRNA decreased Hsp27 protein and mRNA levels by >90% in a dose- and sequence-specific manner in human bladder cancer UMUC-3 cells. OGX-427 or Hsp27 siRNA treatment induced apoptosis and enhanced sensitivity to paclitaxel in UMUC-3 cells. In vivo, OGX-427 significantly inhibited tumor growth in mice, enhanced sensitivity to paclitaxel, and induced significantly higher levels of apoptosis compared with xenografts treated with control oligonucleotides. Collectively, these findings suggest that Hsp27 knockdown with OGX-427 and combined therapy with paclitaxel could be a novel strategy to inhibit the progression of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Kamada
- The Prostate Centre, University of Columbia, Vancouver Hospital, 2660-Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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28
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van den Bemd GJCM, Krijgsveld J, Luider TM, van Rijswijk AL, Demmers JAA, Jenster G. Mass Spectrometric Identification of Human Prostate Cancer-derived Proteins in Serum of Xenograft-bearing Mice. Mol Cell Proteomics 2006; 5:1830-9. [PMID: 16714762 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m500371-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lack of sensitivity and specificity of current tumor markers has intensified research efforts to find new biomarkers. The identification of potential tumor markers in human body fluids is hampered by large variability and complexity of both control and patient samples, laborious biochemical analyses, and the fact that the identified proteins are unlikely produced by the diseased cells but are due to secondary body defense mechanisms. In a new approach presented here, we eliminate these problems by performing proteomic analysis in a prostate cancer xenograft model in which human prostate cancer cells form a tumor in an immune-incompetent nude mouse. Using this concept, proteins present in mouse serum that can be identified as human will, by definition, originate from the human prostate cancer xenograft and might have potential diagnostic and prognostic value. Using one-dimensional gel electrophoresis, liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry, we identified tumor-derived human nm23/nucleoside-diphosphate kinase (NME) in the serum of a nude mouse bearing the androgen-independent human prostate cancer xenograft PC339. NME is known to be involved in the metastatic potential of several tumor cells, including prostate cancer cells. Furthermore we identified six human enzymes involved in glycolysis (fructose-bisphosphate aldolase A, triose-phosphate isomerase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, alpha enolase, and lactate dehydrogenases A and B) in the serum of the tumor-bearing mice. The presence of human NME and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in the serum of PC339-bearing mice was confirmed by Western blotting. Although the putative usefulness of these proteins in predicting prognosis of prostate cancer remains to be determined, the present data illustrate that our approach is a promising tool for the focused discovery of new prostate cancer biomarkers.
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Ciocca DR, Calderwood SK. Heat shock proteins in cancer: diagnostic, prognostic, predictive, and treatment implications. Cell Stress Chaperones 2006; 10:86-103. [PMID: 16038406 PMCID: PMC1176476 DOI: 10.1379/csc-99r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 992] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are overexpressed in a wide range of human cancers and are implicated in tumor cell proliferation, differentiation, invasion, metastasis, death, and recognition by the immune system. We review the current status of the role of Hsp expression in cancer with special emphasis on the clinical setting. Although Hsp levels are not informative at the diagnostic level, they are useful biomarkers for carcinogenesis in some tissues and signal the degree of differentiation and the aggressiveness of some cancers. In addition, the circulating levels of Hsp and anti-Hsp antibodies in cancer patients may be useful in tumor diagnosis. Furthermore, several Hsp are implicated with the prognosis of specific cancers, most notably Hsp27, whose expression is associated with poor prognosis in gastric, liver, and prostate carcinoma, and osteosarcomas, and Hsp70, which is correlated with poor prognosis in breast, endometrial, uterine cervical, and bladder carcinomas. Increased Hsp expression may also predict the response to some anticancer treatments. For example, Hsp27 and Hsp70 are implicated in resistance to chemotherapy in breast cancer, Hsp27 predicts a poor response to chemotherapy in leukemia patients, whereas Hsp70 expression predicts a better response to chemotherapy in osteosarcomas. Implication of Hsp in tumor progression and response to therapy has led to its successful targeting in therapy by 2 main strategies, including: (1) pharmacological modification of Hsp expression or molecular chaperone activity and (2) use of Hsps in anticancer vaccines, exploiting their ability to act as immunological adjuvants. In conclusion, the present times are of importance for the field of Hsps in cancer, with great contributions to both basic and clinical cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Ciocca
- Oncology Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Medicine and Biology of Cuyo (CRICYT-CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
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30
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Moyano JV, Evans JR, Chen F, Lu M, Werner ME, Yehiely F, Diaz LK, Turbin D, Karaca G, Wiley E, Nielsen TO, Perou CM, Cryns VL. AlphaB-crystallin is a novel oncoprotein that predicts poor clinical outcome in breast cancer. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:261-70. [PMID: 16395408 PMCID: PMC1323258 DOI: 10.1172/jci25888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2005] [Accepted: 09/27/2005] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent gene profiling studies have identified a new breast cancer subtype, the basal-like group, which expresses genes characteristic of basal epithelial cells and is associated with poor clinical outcomes. However, the genes responsible for the aggressive behavior observed in this group are largely unknown. Here we report that the small heat shock protein alpha-basic-crystallin (alphaB-crystallin) was commonly expressed in basal-like tumors and predicted poor survival in breast cancer patients independently of other prognostic markers. We also demonstrate that overexpression of alphaB-crystallin transformed immortalized human mammary epithelial cells (MECs). In 3D basement membrane culture, alphaB-crystallin overexpression induced luminal filling and other neoplastic-like changes in mammary acini, while silencing alphaB-crystallin by RNA interference inhibited these abnormalities. alphaB-Crystallin overexpression also induced EGF- and anchorage-independent growth, increased cell migration and invasion, and constitutively activated the MAPK kinase/ERK (MEK/ERK) pathway. Moreover, the transformed phenotype conferred by alphaB-crystallin was suppressed by MEK inhibitors. In addition, immortalized human MECs overexpressing alphaB-crystallin formed invasive mammary carcinomas in nude mice that recapitulated aspects of human basal-like breast tumors. Collectively, our results indicate that alphaB-crystallin is a novel oncoprotein expressed in basal-like breast carcinomas that independently predicts shorter survival. Our data also implicate the MEK/ERK pathway as a potential therapeutic target for these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose V Moyano
- Cell Death Regulation Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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31
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this paper, we will review the recent advances in antisense oligonucleotide therapy in the treatment of superficial bladder cancer. Bladder cancer has an exciting potential as a model to study antisense oligonucleotide therapy because of the ease of accessibility of treatment, ease of diagnosis through biopsy and urine cytology, and direct observation of treatment efficacy through cystoscopy and posttreatment biopsy. RECENT FINDINGS We will elaborate on the recent developments in the delivery of antisense oligonucleotide and the implications of these results on the use of antisense oligonucleotide intravesically. We will also discuss recent preclinical in-vitro results of antisense oligonucleotide therapy in different bladder cancer cell lines. SUMMARY Recent developments of the in-vitro and animal in-vivo effectiveness of antisense treatment in bladder cancer provide the foundation to pursue future phase I clinical trials. Antisense oligonucleotide technology is a promising tool that may become an effective method of treating bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan So
- The Prostate Centre at Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Canada.
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Eto M, Harada M, Tatsugami K, Harano M, Koga H, Matsuzaki G, Naito S. Anti-tumour activity of heat-shock protein 60-recognizing CD4+ T cells against syngeneic murine renal cell carcinoma. BJU Int 2005; 95:421-4. [PMID: 15679807 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2005.05313.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether heat-shock protein (HSP) 60-recognizing CD4(+) T cells show antitumour activity against renal carcinoma (RENCA) cells, as HSP is highly expressed by tumour cells and induced in cells by various stresses, including transformation. MATERIALS AND METHODS RENCA, a renal cortical adenocarcinoma cell line of BALB/c origin, was used. Expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I, class II and HSP-60 on RENCA tumour cells was analysed by flow cytometry. BASL1.1, an autoreactive T-helper type 1 type CD4(+) T cell clone established by us, and that recognises HSP-60, was also used for a tumour-neutralising assay. RESULTS The RENCA cells were negative for MHC class II, but expressed intracellular HSP-60. In the tumour-neutralising assay, BASL1.1 cells significantly suppressed the in vivo growth of RENCA cells. Three of five mice rejected RENCA cells when co-inoculated with BASL1.1 cells. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that HSP-60-recognizing CD4(+) T cells have the potential to eliminate renal cell carcinoma in vivo and that the eliciting of an anti-self T cell response at the tumour site can lead to regression of renal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Eto
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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33
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Tremolada L, Magni F, Valsecchi C, Sarto C, Mocarelli P, Perego R, Cordani N, Favini P, Galli Kienle M, Sanchez JC, Hochstrasser DF, Corthals GL. Characterization of heat shock protein 27 phosphorylation sites in renal cell carcinoma. Proteomics 2005; 5:788-95. [PMID: 15682460 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200401134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The phosphorylation of heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) occurs differently in human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) compared to homologous normal kidney tissue. Two-dimensional electrophoresis was used to separate and visualize HSP27, via immunostaining with anti-HSP27 antibody, in tumor and normal renal samples, obtained after surgery resection from patients with RCC. The mean number of protein species was 21 in RCC and 15 in normal tissues. Selected spots were in-gel digested with trypsin, extracted and analyzed by microcapillary liquid chromatography (LC) electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry to confirm HSP27 protein identity and reveal phosphorylation sites. Loss of phosphopeptides due to extensive plumbing and/or metal components in automated LC-systems was limited by manual loading of samples directly onto the LC system using a homemade pressure vessel. Mass spectrometry (MS) analysis revealed that in three of the HSP27 protein species phosphorylation occurred at Serine 15 and in five at Serine 82 in a different pattern. The phosphorylation of Serine 15 and 82 was also investigated by immunohistochemistry on tissue sections. The data obtained using anti-HSP27Serine82phos-antibody are consistent with MS results, while the variance between results achieved by anti-HSP27Serine15phos-antibody and by MS is probably due to the low specificity of the antibody. Knowledge of the diversity and modulation of HSP27 phosphorylation protein species might represent useful markers involved in the differentiation of RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Tremolada
- Department of Experimental, Environmental Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
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34
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Kamradt MC, Lu M, Werner ME, Kwan T, Chen F, Strohecker A, Oshita S, Wilkinson JC, Yu C, Oliver PG, Duckett CS, Buchsbaum DJ, LoBuglio AF, Jordan VC, Cryns VL. The small heat shock protein alpha B-crystallin is a novel inhibitor of TRAIL-induced apoptosis that suppresses the activation of caspase-3. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:11059-66. [PMID: 15653686 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m413382200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor alpha family of cytokines that preferentially induces apoptosis in transformed cells, making it a promising cancer therapy. However, many neoplasms are resistant to TRAIL-induced apoptosis by mechanisms that are poorly understood. We demonstrate that the expression of the small heat shock protein alpha B-crystallin (but not other heat shock proteins or apoptosis-regulating proteins) correlates with TRAIL resistance in a panel of human cancer cell lines. Stable expression of wild-type alpha B-crystallin, but not a pseudophosphorylation mutant impaired in its assembly and chaperone function, protects cancer cells from TRAIL-induced caspase-3 activation and apoptosis in vitro. Furthermore, selective inhibition of alpha B-crystallin expression by RNA interference sensitizes cancer cells to TRAIL. In addition, wild-type alpha B-crystallin promotes xenograft tumor growth and inhibits TRAIL-induced apoptosis in vivo in nude mice, whereas a pseudophosphorylation alpha B-crystallin mutant impaired in its anti-apoptotic function inhibits xenograft tumor growth. Collectively, these findings indicate that alpha B-crystallin is a novel regulator of TRAIL-induced apoptosis and tumor growth. Moreover, these results demonstrate that targeted inhibition of alpha B-crystallin promotes TRAIL-induced apoptosis, thereby suggesting a novel strategy to overcome TRAIL resistance in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merideth C Kamradt
- Cell Death Regulation Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Cell, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
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35
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Erkizan O, Kirkali G, Yörükoğlu K, Kirkali Z. Significance of heat shock protein-27 expression in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Urology 2004; 64:474-8. [PMID: 15351573 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2004.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2003] [Accepted: 04/16/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate heat shock protein (HSP)-27 expression in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and examine its biologic significance. HSPs were first defined as proteins induced by heat shock and other environmental and pathophysiologic stresses. They are implicated in protein-protein interactions and are thought to play an important role in cancer. The expression of HSP-27 has been demonstrated in some human tumors. METHODS The expression of HSP-27 was studied in tumor and normal parenchyma tissue specimens from 76 patients with RCC by immunohistochemistry. The findings were correlated with clinical stage, lymph node metastasis, histologic grade, and survival. RESULTS Of the 76 RCC tissue specimens studied, the presence of HSP-27 was demonstrated in 73 (96%). The expression was low in 10 patients (14%), intermediate in 38 (50%), and high in 25 (33%). HSP-27 expression was greater in RCC tissue compared with adjacent noncancerous renal tissue (P <0.001). An inverse relationship was found between tumor stage and HSP-27 expression (r = -0.281, P = 0.016). However, no statistically significant difference was observed in progression-free survival with respect to HSP-27 expression. No relationship was found between HSP-27 expression and tumor grade, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, or cause-specific survival. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that HSP-27 expression is not a powerful and statistically significant prognostic indicator for disease-free survival for patients with RCC.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/chemistry
- Adenocarcinoma/mortality
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Adenocarcinoma/surgery
- Adult
- Aged
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Carcinoma, Papillary/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Papillary/mortality
- Carcinoma, Papillary/pathology
- Carcinoma, Papillary/surgery
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/classification
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/mortality
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/surgery
- Disease-Free Survival
- Female
- HSP27 Heat-Shock Proteins
- Heat-Shock Proteins/analysis
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Kidney Neoplasms/chemistry
- Kidney Neoplasms/mortality
- Kidney Neoplasms/pathology
- Kidney Neoplasms/surgery
- Lymphatic Metastasis
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Chaperones
- Neoplasm Proteins/analysis
- Neoplasm Staging
- Nephrectomy
- Prognosis
- Sarcoma/chemistry
- Sarcoma/mortality
- Sarcoma/pathology
- Sarcoma/surgery
- Single-Blind Method
- Survival Analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- O Erkizan
- Department of Biochemistry, Social Security Teaching Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
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36
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Abstract
Heat shock proteins are ubiquitous molecules that are expressed in all living organisms in response to stress. They have two specific roles: protection against cell damage and modulation of the immune response. Recent studies have dramatically increased our knowledge and understanding of the role of heat shock proteins in the genitourinary system. This review uses a Medline approach to examine the current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- R William G Watson
- Department of Surgery, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, 47 Eccles Street, Ireland.
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37
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Abstract
PURPOSE Heat shock proteins are ubiquitous molecules that are expressed in response to stress in all living organisms. The 3 important roles in regard to cancer development that have also been described are the regulation of apoptosis, modulation of the immune response and drug resistance. MATERIALS AND METHODS Recent studies have dramatically increased our current knowledge and understanding of the role of heat shock protein in cancer. We used a MEDLINE approach to examine the past and current literature. RESULTS The roles of heat shock protein in relation to urological tumors, namely those of the prostate, bladder, kidney and testis, are diverse. There are possible sites for heat shock protein modifications that may lead to new therapeutic approaches to urological cancer. CONCLUSIONS The possibility of treating patients with vaccines earlier in the disease course may stimulate research.
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38
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39
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Ciocca DR, Vargas-Roig LM. Hsp27 as a prognostic and predictive factor in cancer. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2002; 28:205-18. [PMID: 11908061 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-56348-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Ciocca
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Lactation (LARLAC), Regional Center for Scientific and Technological Research (CRICYT), Casilla de Correo 855, Parque General San Martín, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina
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40
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Stacchiotti A, Rezzani R, Angoscini P, Rodella L, Bianchi R. Small heat shock proteins expression in rat kidneys treated with cyclosporine A alone and combined with melatonin. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2002; 34:305-12. [PMID: 12769262 DOI: 10.1023/a:1023378525471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) are cytoskeletal chaperones constitutively expressed in the normal kidney but enhanced with beneficial roles during adverse stimuli. Cyclosporine A is an immunosuppressive drug with major adverse side effect such as severe nephrotoxicity. Among possible mechanisms of cyclosporine A-induced renal damage, oxidative stress and cytoskeletal damage have been suggested. Melatonin has been successfully used as antioxidant against many renal diseases. This in vivo study was performed to shed light on the protective effect of melatonin against cyclosporine A-induced renal alterations. We treated rats with cyclosporine A alone, or combined with melatonin, and with melatonin alone (as controls) for 40 days and analysed the renal abundance and distribution of two sHSPs, HSP25 and alpha B-crystallin. These data were correlated with the histopathological effects of the treatments. Cyclosporine A induced insoluble isoforms that moved to soluble fractions after melatonin coadministration as in controls. After cyclosporine A treatment, an intense signal for sHSPs was found within the glomeruli, nucleus and cytoplasm of cortical tubules, collecting ducts and vascular wall. After melatonin supply, the staining was faint, limited to the cytoplasm of cortical tubules, similar to controls. Both fibrosis and tubular alterations significantly decreased after melatonin coadministration. In conclusion, HSP25 and alpha B-crystallin are overexpressed in the rat kidney treated with cyclosporine A but are similar to controls after combined melatonin. This could be a consequence of the cytoprotective effect of melatonin in this nephrotoxic model so that a beneficial sHSPs response is unnecessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Stacchiotti
- Division of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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41
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Lichtenfels R, Kellner R, Bukur J, Beck J, Brenner W, Ackermann A, Seliger B. Heat shock protein expression and anti-heat shock protein reactivity in renal cell carcinoma. Proteomics 2002; 2:561-70. [PMID: 11987130 DOI: 10.1002/1615-9861(200205)2:5<561::aid-prot561>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSP) are families of highly conserved proteins which are induced in cells and tissues upon exposure to extreme conditions causing acute or chronic stress. They exhibit distinct functions and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of diseases, including cancer. A causal relationship between HSP expression and immunogenicity has been demonstrated in murine and human tumors and is also associated with the immune response. In order to investigate the correlation of HSP expression and their immunogenic potential in renal cell carcinoma (RCC), we here analyzed (i) the protein expression profile of various members of the HSP family in untreated and interferon (IFN)-gamma treated RCC cell lines as well as normal kidney epithelium, and (ii) the anti-heat shock protein reactivity in sera derived from RCC patients and healthy controls using proteomics-based techniques. A heterogeneous expression pattern of members of the HSP families was demonstrated in RCC cell lines and in cells representing normal renal epithelium. In some cases the expression rate is moderately altered by IFN-gamma treatment. In addition, a distinct anti-heat shock protein reactivity could be detected in autologous and allogeneic sera from RCC patients and healthy controls. These data suggest that HSP play a role in the immunogenicity of RCC and thus might be used for the design of immunization strategies to induce a potent antitumor response in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Lichtenfels
- IIIrd Department of Internal Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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42
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Abstract
The elevated expression of stress proteins is considered to be a universal response to adverse conditions, representing a potential mechanism of cellular defense against disease and a potential target for novel therapeutics, including gene therapy and chaperone-modulating reagents. Recently, a single mutation in the small heat-shock protein human alphaB-crystallin was linked to desmin-related myopathy, which is characterized by abnormal intracellular aggregates of intermediate filaments in human muscle. New findings demonstrate that the high level of expression of stress proteins can contribute to an autoimmune response and can protect proteins that contribute to disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Clark
- 357420 Biological Structure and Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7420, USA.
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