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You J, Gao JM, Fu PT, LeBlanc GA, Guo JS, Zhang LX, Li MQ. Organotins in a food web from the Three Gorges Reservoir, China: Trophic enrichment and potential health risk. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 845:157276. [PMID: 35835194 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Triphenyltin (TPhT) and tributyltin (TBT) remain widely present in various aquatic environments despite restrictions on their use in many countries for many years. The biomagnification of these compounds in the aquatic food web remains controversial. This study reports the bioaccumulation of TPhT and TBT in aquatic animals in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), a deep-water river channel-type reservoir and the largest reservoir in China. We measured TPhT, TBT and their metabolites in 2 invertebrates, 27 fish and the aquatic environment. The logarithmic bioaccumulation factors of TPhT and TBT were 4.37 and 3.77, respectively, indicating that TPhT and TBT were enriched in organisms of the TGR. Both TPhT and TBT concentrations were significantly and positively correlated with trophic level, with trophic magnification factors of 3.71 and 3.63, respectively, indicating that TPhT and TBT exhibited similar trophic enrichment in the freshwater food web of the TGR. The results of health risk assessment showed that although all hazard index (HI) values were <1, more attention should be paid to the health risk to children associated with consumption of aquatic products (HI = 0.67). This study provides powerful evidence of trophic enrichment of TPhT and TBT in a freshwater food web in a deep-water river channel-type reservoir and provides valuable data regarding organotins in aquatic animals in the TGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia You
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Jun-Min Gao
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
| | - Ping-Ting Fu
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Gerald A LeBlanc
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Jin-Song Guo
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Li-Xia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Mao-Qiu Li
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
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Sham RCT, Ho KKY, Hui TTY, Zhou GJ, Chan JKY, Leung KMY. Tissue distribution of triphenyltin compounds in marine teleost fishes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 401:123426. [PMID: 32763711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Continuous release of the highly toxic triphenyltin compounds (TPT) from antifouling paints and fungicides has caused serious pollution to urbanized coastal marine environments worldwide since the 1960s. Using gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry (GC-MS), this study investigated the distribution profile of TPT in 15 types of tissues of four marine teleost fish species collected from Hong Kong waters. Concentrations of TPT in various tissues had a significant positive correlation with protein contents in the tissues (r = 0.346, p < 0.001) and, to a lesser extent with lipid contents (r = 0.169, p = 0.020). Highest concentrations of TPT were consistently found in liver, ranging from 1074.9 to 3443.7 ng/g wet weight; whereas fish scales always contained the least concentration of TPT in all species, ranging from 10.4 to 48.5 ng/g wet weight. Through mass balance models and regression analyses, muscle tissues were found to contribute most to the total TPT body burden, and the average TPT concentration of both dorsal and ventral muscles was identified as the best predictor for estimating TPT burden in the entire fish. Hence, further investigations of bioaccumulation and biomagnification of TPT in fishes should adopt this modelling approach in estimating its total body burden in individual fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronia Chung-Tin Sham
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kevin K Y Ho
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tommy T Y Hui
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guang-Jie Zhou
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Janet K Y Chan
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kenneth M Y Leung
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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Sham RCT, Ho KKY, Zhou GJ, Li Y, Wang X, Leung KMY. Occurrence, ecological and human health risks of phenyltin compounds in the marine environment of Hong Kong. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 154:111093. [PMID: 32319922 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Triphenyltin (TPT) has been known as one of the most toxic compounds being released into the marine environment by anthropogenic means. This study assessed the contamination statuses of TPT and its two major degradants, i.e., monophenyltin and diphenyltin, in seawater, sediment and biota samples from marine environments of Hong Kong, a highly urbanized and densely populated city, and evaluated their ecological and human health risks. The results showed that the Hong Kong's marine environments were heavily contaminated with these chemicals, especially for TPT. Concentration ranges of TPT in seawater, sediment and biota samples were 3.8-11.7 ng/L, 71.8-91.7 ng/g d.w., and 9.6-1079.9 ng/g w.w., respectively. As reflected by high hazard quotients (1.7-5.3 for seawaters; 46.1-59.0 for sediments), TPT exhibited high ecological and human health risks. Our results are essential for the future management and control of anthropogenic TPT use in antifouling paints and as biocides in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronia Chung-Tin Sham
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kevin King Yan Ho
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guang-Jie Zhou
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yongyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xinhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Kenneth Mei Yee Leung
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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4
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Park MS, Kim YD, Kim BM, Kim YJ, Kim JK, Rhee JS. Effects of Antifouling Biocides on Molecular and Biochemical Defense System in the Gill of the Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168978. [PMID: 28006823 PMCID: PMC5179263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antifouling biocides such as organotin compounds and their alternatives are potent toxicants in marine ecosystems. In this study, we employed several molecular and biochemical response systems of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas to understand a potential mode of action of antifouling biocides (i.e. tributyltin (TBT), diuron and irgarol) after exposure to different concentrations (0.01, 0.1, and 1 μg L-1) for 96 h. As a result, all the three antifouling biocides strongly induced the antioxidant defense system. TBT reduced both enzymatic activity and mRNA expression of Na+/K+-ATPase and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Lower levels of both Na+/K+-ATPase activity and AChE mRNA expression were observed in the diuron-exposed oysters compared to the control, while the irgarol treatment reduced only the transcriptional expression of AChE gene. We also analyzed transcript profile of heat shock protein (Hsp) superfamily in same experimental conditions. All antifouling biocides tested in this study significantly modulated mRNA expression of Hsp superfamily with strong induction of Hsp70 family. Taken together, overall results indicate that representative organotin TBT and alternatives have potential hazardous effects on the gill of C. gigas within relatively short time period. Our results also suggest that analyzing a series of molecular and biochemical parameters can be a way of understanding and uncovering the mode of action of emerging antifouling biocides. In particular, it was revealed that Pacific oysters have different sensitivities depend on the antifouling biocides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Seon Park
- Southeast Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Tongyeong, South Korea
| | - Young Dae Kim
- Southeast Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Tongyeong, South Korea
| | - Bo-Mi Kim
- Unit of Polar Genomics, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Youn-Jung Kim
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jang Kyun Kim
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
- Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
- * E-mail: (JSR); (JKK)
| | - Jae-Sung Rhee
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
- Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
- Institute of Green Environmental Research Center, 169, Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsugu, Incheon, South Korea
- * E-mail: (JSR); (JKK)
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Filipkowska A, Lubecki L. Endocrine disruptors in blue mussels and sediments from the Gulf of Gdańsk (Southern Baltic). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:13864-76. [PMID: 27032637 PMCID: PMC4943992 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6524-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Samples of blue mussel (Mytilus trossulus) and sediment were collected in the Gulf of Gdańsk (Southern Baltic Sea) to assess the extent of their contamination with two groups of endocrine disruptors: 4-nonylphenols and organotins (butyl- and phenyltins). Five sampling stations were chosen along the coastline of the Tricity Agglomeration (Gdańsk, Sopot, Gdynia) in 2008, 2012, and 2013. No evident differences between the three campaigns were found in either the mussel or the sediment samples. The mussels were moderately contaminated with 4-nonylphenols (30-111 ng g(-1) d.w.), whereas the levels of these compounds in the sediment samples were very low (0.8-2.7 ng g(-1) d.w.). Total concentrations of butyltin compounds in the mussels and sediments ranged between 41 and 164 ng Sn g(-1) d.w., and from below the limit of detection to 22 ng Sn g(-1) d.w., respectively, whereas phenyltins were not detected in any of the samples. Butyltin degradation indices indicate an old tributyltin input into the coastal environment, which is characterized by intense maritime activity. The results obtained from this work demonstrate that 5 years after the total ban on using organotin-based antifouling paints was imposed, butyltins are still present in mussels and sediments of the Gulf of Gdańsk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Filipkowska
- Marine Pollution Laboratory, Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712, Sopot, Poland.
| | - Ludwik Lubecki
- Marine Pollution Laboratory, Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712, Sopot, Poland
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Whitfield AK, Becker A. Impacts of recreational motorboats on fishes: a review. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 83:24-31. [PMID: 24759512 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A considerable amount of research has been conducted on the impacts of recreational boating activities on fishes but little or no synthesis of the information has been undertaken. This review shows that motor boats impact on the biology and ecology of fishes but the effects vary according to the species and even particular size classes. Direct hits on fishes by propellers are an obvious impact but this aspect has been poorly documented. Alterations in the wave climate and water turbidity may also influence fishes and their habitats, especially submerged and emergent plant beds. Sound generated by boat motors can also influence the communication and behaviour of certain species. Pollution arising from fuel spillages, exhaust emissions and antifouling paints all have detrimental effects on fishes. Finally, the use of recreational boats as vectors of aquatic invasive organisms is very real and has created major problems to the ecology of aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Whitfield
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB), Private Bag 1015, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
| | - A Becker
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB), Private Bag 1015, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia; Institute for Environmental Studies, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
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7
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Sant'Anna BS, Santos DM, Marchi MRR, Zara FJ, Turra A. Surface-sediment and hermit-crab contamination by butyltins in southeastern Atlantic estuaries after ban of TBT-based antifouling paints. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:6516-6524. [PMID: 24488552 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2521-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Butyltin (BT) contamination was evaluated in hermit crabs from 25 estuaries and in sediments from 13 of these estuaries along about 2,000 km of the Brazilian coast. BT contamination in hermit crabs ranged from 2.22 to 1,746 ng Sn g(-1) of DBT and 1.32 to 318 ng Sn g(-1) of TBT. In sediment samples, the concentration also varied widely, from 25 to 1,304 ng Sn g(-1) of MBT, from 7 to 158 ng Sn g(-1) of DBT, and from 8 to 565 ng Sn g(-1) of TBT. BTs are still being found in surface sediments and biota of the estuaries after the international and Brazilian bans, showing heterogeneous distribution among and within estuaries. Although hermit crabs were previously tested as an indicator of recent BT contamination, the results indicate the presence of contamination, probably from resuspension of BTs from deeper water of the estuary.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Sant'Anna
- Curso de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, área de zoologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Campus de Rio Claro, 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil,
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8
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Assessing the Continuous Impact of Tributyltin from Antifouling Paints in a Brazilian Mangrove Area Using Intersex in Littoraria angulifera (Lamarck, 1822) as Biomarker. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/769415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Intersex is a sensitive biomarker of TBT exposure and effects in littorinid gastropods and described for the mangrove periwinkle Littoraria angulifera for the first time in this study. The objective was to describe the occurrence of intersex in L. angulifera, to propose the species as a sentinel organism to assess TBT contamination, and to characterize the contamination in mangroves. The study was carried out in 2009 by sampling at 20 stations near harbors and marinas and at a reference station on the coast of Espírito Santo Estate, Brazil. At the reference station, no intersex specimens were found, while at 20 sampling stations 51% of the females exhibited different degrees of intersex development, including the occurrence of functionally sterilized females. The highest incidence of intersex and greatest intersex intensities was found in areas close to marinas and shipyards indicating that vessel-related activities are still the main source of TBT contamination. L. angulifera collected from stations in areas with well-preserved mangroves was larger than specimens collected from other areas. These differences are attributed to environmental quality and not to occurrence of intersex. The results indicate that this region is still affected by TBT contamination and that L. angulifera has the required sensitivity to be used as a bioindicator.
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Yi AX, Leung KMY, Lam MHW, Lee JS, Giesy JP. Review of measured concentrations of triphenyltin compounds in marine ecosystems and meta-analysis of their risks to humans and the environment. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 89:1015-1025. [PMID: 22704212 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The state of scientific knowledge regarding analytical methods, environmental fate, ecotoxicity and ecological risk of triphenyltin (TPT) compounds in marine ecosystems as well as their exposure and health hazard to humans was reviewed. Since the 1960s, TPT compounds have been commonly applied as biocides for diverse industrial and agricultural purposes. For instance, they are used as active ingredients in antifouling systems on marine vessels and mariculture facilities, and as fungicides in agriculture. Due to their intensive use, contamination of coastal waters by TPT and its products of transformation has become a worldwide problem. The proportion of quantified TPT to total phenyltin compounds in the marine environment provides evidence that TPT is photodegradable in water and sediment but resistant to biotransformation. Concentrations of TPT in marine biota are consistently greater than concentrations in water and sediment, which implies potential of TPT to bioaccumulate. TPT is toxic to both marine plants and animals. The predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) for TPT, as determined by use of the species sensitivity distribution approach, is 0.64 ng L(-1). In some parts of the world, concentrations of TPT in seawater exceed the PNEC, indicating that TPT can pose risks to marine life. Although there is negligible risk of TPT to average human consumers, TPT has been detected in blood of Finnish people and the concentration was greater in fishermen who ate more seafood. It is, therefore, advocated to initiate regular monitoring of TPT in blood and breast milk of populations that consume greater amounts of seafood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Xianliang Yi
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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Ozdemir A, Duran M, Kivanc Akyildiz G, Sen A. EROD and metallothionein inLimnodrilus profundicola(Oligochaeta: Tubifi cidae) as an indicator of pollution exposure in the Curuksu stream of Menderes river, Denizli–Turkey. DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT 2012. [DOI: 10.5004/dwt.2011.2116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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Gosz E, Horbowy J, Ruczyńska W. Testes specific accumulation of tributyltin in turbot Scophthalmus maximus from the southern Baltic Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2011; 62:2563-2567. [PMID: 21906760 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of tributyltin (TBT) and its breakdown products, dibutyltin (DBT) and monobutyltin (MTB), were measured in tissues of male turbot Scophthalmus maximus from the Gulf of Gdańsk (GDA) and the Pomeranian Bay (POM) in the southern Baltic Sea. The fish (n=206) were collected during the spawning seasons of 2008-2009. All specimens were at the same maturity stage and in full breeding condition. The ripe testes of the turbot appeared to be a target tissue for TBT accumulation. We report that TBT is extensively eliminated at the specific whole-body level and that the males from TBT-contaminated location (GDA) reach this specific level at 23-24 cm in total length.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gosz
- Department of Fishery Resources, National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kołłątaja 1, 81-332, Gdynia, Poland.
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Li B, Wang C, Yu A, Chen Y, Zuo Z. Identification of differentially expressed genes in the brain of Sebastiscus marmoratus in response to tributyltin exposure. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2010; 99:248-255. [PMID: 20617544 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Tributyltin (TBT), a ubiquitous marine environmental contaminant, has been reported to affect functioning of the central nervous system. However, the mechanism of its neurotoxicity remains unknown. In this study, an Anneal Control Primer-differential display Reverse Transcription-PCR method was employed to investigate differentially expressed genes in the brain of Sebastiscus marmoratus in response to acute TBT exposure. A total of 18 gene sequences were identified as having the potential for being differentially expressed, of which 9 could be identified with homologous database sequences. The expression profiles of 4 genes, namely cytochrome c oxidase subunit II, GRB2-associated binding protein 2, adaptor-related protein complex 2, and guanine nucleotide exchange factor p532, were analyzed in the brain using real time fluorescence quantitative PCR after treatment with 10, 100 and 1000 ng/L of TBT for 50 days. The results showed that chronic exposure to TBT induced down-regulation of these genes in a dose dependent manner. The present study provided a basis for studying the response of fish to TBT exposure and allowed the characterization of new potential neurotoxic biomarkers of TBT contamination in seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coast and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
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Zanon F, Rado N, Centanni E, Zharova N, Pavoni B. Time trend of butyl- and phenyl-tin contamination in organisms of the Lagoon of Venice (1999-2003). ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2009; 152:35-45. [PMID: 18581247 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-008-0294-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Accepted: 04/09/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In the period 1999-2003 a monitoring study on the accumulation of organotin compounds in edible organisms in the Lagoon of Venice was conducted. Butyl and Phenyl derivatives were determined in pooled samples of Mytilus galloprovincialis and Tapes spp. with the aims of assessing organotin contamination in the Lagoon of Venice in the period just preceding their ban in Europe, monitoring the concentrations in organisms with a high commercial use, evaluating a potential hazard for human health due to seafood and identifying the possible contamination sources. Sampling stations (up to 20) were distributed around the Lagoon and particularly concentrated in the area close to the town of Chioggia. Significantly higher (analysis of variance (ANOVA), p < 0.05) tributyltin (TBT) concentrations were found in mussels (from 38 +/- 8 to 6,666 +/- 1,333 microg kg(-1) d.w., as TBT(+)), than in clams (from 6 +/- 1 to 2,256 +/- 451 microg kg(-1) d.w., as TBT(+)). During the 3 years of the survey no increase in average concentrations of the butyltin compounds (tributyltin (TBT) + dibutyltin (DBT) + monobutyltin (MBT)) was observed (ANOVA, p > 0.05) in either species. Furthermore, by analyzing the entire data set, it is evident that most stations show analogous concentrations in the 3 years for both species, whereas few have anomalously higher concentrations. If organotin concentrations in specimens from some sites are compared with the Tolerable Average Residue Level, a possible risk for human health must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zanon
- Analytical Department of Venice, Regional Agency for Environmental Protection and Prevention in the Veneto, Via Lissa 6, Mestre, Venice, Italy.
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14
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Zuo Z, Cai J, Wang X, Li B, Wang C, Chen Y. Acute administration of tributyltin and trimethyltin modulate glutamate and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor signaling pathway in Sebastiscus marmoratus. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2009; 92:44-49. [PMID: 19223082 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Revised: 01/11/2009] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Tributyltin (TBT), widely used as an antifouling biocide, is the most abundant pesticide in coastal environments. Trimethyltin (TMT) is a potent neurotoxicant of a mechanism of action yet to be uncovered. The neurotoxicity of TBT and TMT on the brain of marine fish Sebastiscus marmoratus was investigated in this study. The results showed that TBT and TMT can modulate amino acid neurotransmitters and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) signaling pathway in the brain of marine fish in a different manner. TBT did not increase the content of the amino acid neurotransmitters except gamma-aminobutyricd acid (GABA). TMT increased the content of aspartate (Asp), glutamate (Glu) and GABA in a dose-dependent manner. The expression of NADAR and components on its signaling pathway, such as calmodulin, calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) and cAMP-response element-binding (CREB) protein was significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner after TBT exposure. However, the low dose of TMT exposure up-regulate rather than down-regulate the expression of NMDAR and other genes of its pathway. It is suggested that the Glu-NMDAR pathway plays a role in the mechanism for the brain injury in marine fish after TBT or TMT exposure. The alteration of expression of glutamatergic receptor NMDAR and components on its signaling pathway accompanied with the change of total brain transmitter level indicated the importance of glutamatergic system in organotin toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghong Zuo
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Cell Biology and Tumor Cell Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Siming South Road, Xiamen City 361005, PR China.
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C. Porte, M. Solé, V. Borghi, M. Ma. Chemical, biochemical and cellular responses in the digestive gland of the musselMytilus galloprovincialisfrom the Spanish Mediterranean coast. Biomarkers 2008; 6:335-50. [DOI: 10.1080/13547500110044771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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16
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Zhang J, Zuo Z, Chen R, Chen Y, Wang C. Tributyltin exposure causes brain damage in Sebastiscus marmoratus. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 73:337-343. [PMID: 18644613 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.05.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2007] [Revised: 05/03/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Tributyltin (TBT) is a ubiquitous marine environmental contaminant characterized primarily by its reproductive toxicity. However, the neurotoxic effect of TBT has not been extensively described, especially in fishes which have a high number of species in the marine environment. This study was conducted to investigate the neurotoxic effects of TBT at environmental levels (1, 10, and 100ngl(-1)) on female Sebastiscus marmoratus. The results showed that TBT exposure induced apoptosis in brain cells of three regions including the pallial areas of the telencephalon, the granular layer of the optic tectum, and the cerebellum. In addition, the increase of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide levels, and the decrease of Na+/K+-ATPase activity were found in the brain. The results strongly indicated neurotoxicity of TBT to fishes. According to the regions in which apoptosis was found in the brain, TBT exposure might influence the schooling, sensory and motorial functions of fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiliang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Cell Biology and Tumor Cell Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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17
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Zhang J, Zuo Z, Chen Y, Zhao Y, Hu S, Wang C. Effect of tributyltin on the development of ovary in female cuvier (Sebastiscus marmoratus). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2007; 83:174-9. [PMID: 17512063 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2007] [Revised: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 03/24/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Organotin compounds, such as tributyltin (TBT) used as an antifouling biocide, can induce masculinization in female mollusks. However, few studies addressing the effect of TBT in fish have been reported. This study was conducted to investigate effects of TBT at environmental levels (1, 10, 100ng/L) on the development of ovary in female cuvier. TBT exposure elevated testosterone levels, increased the ratio of testosterone to 17beta-estradiol and decreased 17beta-estradiol levels in ovaries after 50 days compared to the control. Three stages of follicles (primary growth stage, yolk vesicle stage, vitellogenic stage) were observed in the ovaries of cuvier at the control and 1ng/L TBT group. The ovaries at the 10ng/L TBT group were characterized by the lack of vitellogenic stage follicles and instead had higher proportions of primary growth stage follicles. 100ng/L TBT resulted in follicles that were entirely at the earliest (primary growth stage) stages of development. There was a significant increase in apoptotic ovarian follicular cells judged by TUNEL-positive cell at the 10ng/L TBT group. The TUNEL-positive follicles were observed at the 100ng/L TBT group. The result in the present study showed that TBT at environmentally realistic concentrations can inhibit the ovarian development in fish. Besides the changes of sex hormone induced by TBT, apoptosis appears to be one mechanism affecting ovarian development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiliang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Cell Biology and Tumor Cell Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, China
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18
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Garaventa F, Centanni E, Pellizzato F, Faimali M, Terlizzi A, Pavoni B. Imposex and accumulation of organotin compounds in populations of Hexaplex trunculus (Gastropoda, Muricidae) from the Lagoon of Venice (Italy) and Istrian Coast (Croatia). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2007; 54:615-22. [PMID: 17254612 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2006] [Revised: 11/28/2006] [Accepted: 11/29/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Garaventa
- CNR - Institute of Marine Sciences, Department of Marine Technologies, Via de Marini, 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
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19
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Wang C, Zhao Y, Zheng R, Ding X, Wei W, Zuo Z, Chen Y. Effects of tributyltin, benzo[a]pyrene, and their mixture on antioxidant defense systems in Sebastiscus marmoratus. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2006; 65:381-7. [PMID: 16197995 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2005.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2004] [Revised: 08/03/2005] [Accepted: 08/18/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that there is a metabolic interaction between tributyltin (TBT), an organometal used as an antifouling biocide, and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a widespread carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. This study was therefore designed to examine the potential in vivo influence of TBT, BaP, and their mixture on hepatic antioxidant defense systems of Sebastiscus marmoratus, which were given a single ip injection of TBT (0.5, 1, 5, and 10mg/kg), BaP (0.5, 1, 5, and 10mg/kg), or both in combination (0.5, 1, 5, and 10mg/kg); control fish received olive oil vehicle only. Samples were collected for biochemical analysis after injection for 7 days. Cotreatment with BaP caused a significant inhibition of TBT-mediated malondialdehyde contents elevation. Cotreatment with TBT decreased BaP-mediated glutathione peroxidase activity induction. Cotreatment with TBT and BaP did not significantly alter the reduced glutathione levels, which were significantly induced by TBT or BaP alone. TBT-induced suppression of BaP bioactivation or BaP-induced stimulation of the phase II metabolism of TBT and its biliary excretion, both of which have been reported previously, could explain the observed antagonism. The results suggest that combined exposure of TBT and BaP increases the vulnerability of the fish to oxidative stress. BaP cotreatment decreased the induction of glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity by the lower dose of TBT, while cotreatment with TBT and BaP at the highest dose (10mg/kg) resulted in inhibition of the GST activity by 4.8-fold. The results suggest that these biomarkers should be interpreted with caution in biomonitoring studies. Combined effects of TBT and BaP exposure at environmental levels on these biomarkers should be further researched.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chonggang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Provinc, PR China.
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20
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Lavado R, Sugni M, Candia Carnevali MD, Porte C. Triphenyltin alters androgen metabolism in the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2006; 79:247-56. [PMID: 16846652 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2006.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2006] [Revised: 06/13/2006] [Accepted: 06/14/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Androgen metabolism (androstenedione and testosterone) has been assessed in the digestive tube and gonads of the echinoderm Paracentrotus lividus exposed to different concentrations of the biocide triphenyltin (TPT) in a semi-static water regime for 4 weeks. Key enzymatic activities involved in both synthesis and metabolism of androgens, namely 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17beta-HSDs), 3beta-HSDs, 5alpha-reductases, P450-aromatase, palmitoyl-CoA:testosterone acyltransferases (ATAT) and testosterone sulfotransferases (SULT), were investigated in digestive tube and/or gonads of control and TPT-exposed specimens in an attempt to see whether androgen metabolism was altered by exposure. In agreement with previous data for vertebrates, exposure to TPT led to a concentration dependent decrease of P450-aromatase that was statistically significant at the highest TPT concentration tested (225ng/L). Additionally, increased metabolism of testosterone to form dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and 5alpha-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol was observed, suggesting increased 5alpha-reductase activity in the gonads of TPT-exposed individuals. Interestingly, exposure to TPT induced testosterone conjugating activities in organisms exposed to medium (SULT) and high (ATAT and SULT) TPT concentrations. Despite the changes of androgen metabolizing enzymes, testosterone levels in gonads remained rather stable. In contrast, an increase in testosterone and a concomitant decrease in estradiol were observed in the coelomic fluid of TPT-exposed organisms. Overall, the data indicate the ability of TPT to modulate androgen metabolism and circulating steroid levels in P. lividus and suggest the existence of regulatory mechanisms to maintain stable endogenous levels of testosterone in gonads. This study also contributes to a better knowledge of echinoderm endocrinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Lavado
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IIQAB-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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21
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Gómez-Ariza JL, Santos MM, Morales E, Giráldez I, Sánchez-Rodas D, Vieira N, Kemp JF, Boon JP, Ten-Hallers-Tjabbes CC. Organotin contamination in the Atlantic Ocean off the Iberian Peninsula in relation to shipping. CHEMOSPHERE 2006; 64:1100-8. [PMID: 16427682 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2004] [Revised: 11/29/2005] [Accepted: 11/30/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Imposex in female snails, a bioindicator of TBT contamination, and the presence of organotins in snails' tissue and sediments were studied at nine sites off the western Iberian Peninsula. The study was part of a European project (acronym HIC-TBT) co-financed by the EU-LIFE programme, intending to investigate and communicate the impact of organotins from ships in marine ecosystems. Snails and sediments were sampled during two cruises in May/June 1999 and in January 2000 in areas of high, intermediate and low-shipping density. Imposex was found in female snails from several sampling sites, some of which had an imposex incidence of 100%. Differences in sensitivity were found between species; hence comparison of imposex levels between locations where different species were collected was not straightforward. Total organotin concentrations in sediments (sum of butyl and phenyltin compounds) ranged from 21 to 185 ng Sn g(-1) with higher values for most sites sampled in the vicinity of shipping lanes. Organotin concentration in snails' tissue ranged from <5 to 196 ng Sn g(-1), which are similar to those found in snails from other offshore areas contaminated by TBT. Overall, these results give further support to the recent ban on the use of organotin based antifouling paints to all ship size.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Gómez-Ariza
- Department of Chemistry and Material Science, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007 Huelva, Spain.
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22
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Lavado R, Barbaglio A, Carnevali MDC, Porte C. Steroid levels in crinoid echinoderms are altered by exposure to model endocrine disruptors. Steroids 2006; 71:489-97. [PMID: 16549082 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2006.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2005] [Revised: 01/10/2006] [Accepted: 01/25/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Sexual steroids (testosterone and estradiol) were measured in the whole body of wild specimens of the crinoid Antedon mediterranea collected from the Tyrrhenian Sea (Italy). Testosterone levels (274-1,488 pg/g wet weight (w.w.)) were higher than those of estradiol (60-442 pg/g w.w.) and no significant differences between males and females were observed. No clear seasonal trend was either detected - individuals from February, June and October 2004 analyzed - apart from a peak of estradiol in males in autumn. Nonetheless, dramatic changes on tissue steroid levels were observed when individuals were exposed to model androgenic and anti-androgenic compounds for 2 and 4 weeks. The selected compounds were 17 alpha-methyltestosterone (17 alpha-MT), triphenyltin (TPT), fenarimol (FEN), cyproterone acetate (CPA), and p,p'-DDE. Endogenous testosterone levels were significantly increased after exposure to 17 alpha-MT, TPT and FEN, while different responses were observed for estradiol; 17 alpha-MT and FEN increased endogenous estradiol (up to seven-fold), and TPT lead to a significant decrease. Concerning the anti-androgenic compounds, CPA significantly reduced testosterone in a dose-dependent manner without altering estradiol levels, whereas specimens exposed to p,p'-DDE at a low dose (24 ng/L) for 4 weeks showed a four-fold increase in T levels. Overall, the data show the ability of the selected compounds to alter endogenous steroid concentrations in A. mediterranea, and suggest the existence in this echinoderm species of vertebrate-like mechanisms that can be affected by exposure to androgenic and anti-androgenic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Lavado
- Environmental Chemistry Department IIQAB-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Santos MM, Reis-Henriques MA, Vieira MN, Solé M. Triphenyltin and tributyltin, single and in combination, promote imposex in the gastropod Bolinus brandaris. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2006; 64:155-62. [PMID: 16406593 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2005.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2004] [Revised: 02/07/2005] [Accepted: 02/13/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Specimens of Bolinus brandaris (neogastropod) were injected with a single dose of 500 ng/g body weight (b.w.) of tributyltin chloride (TBTCl) or triphenyltin chloride (TPTCl), or a mixture of both compounds (250 ng TBT/g b.w.+250 ng TPT/g b.w.), for a period of up to 31 days. At the end of 4 weeks, significant increases in the female penis size of those gastropods injected with TBT (P<0.05), TPT (P<0.05), or the mixture TBT+TPT (P<0.01) were recorded. In parallel, a group of animals was injected with the neuropeptide APGWamide but this compound failed to promote imposex, suggesting that APGWamide is not involved in imposex promotion in B. brandaris. Acetylcholinesterase activity, a biomarker of neurotoxicity, was determined in the neuroganglia at the end of the experiment, but no significant differences among treatments were found. Overall, these results support the hypothesis that TPT also acts as an endocrine disrupter in this neogastropod species. Our observations also highlight, for the first time, synergistic effects of organotin mixtures having imposex promotion as an endpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Machado Santos
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
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24
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Martin-Skilton R, Lavado R, Thibaut R, Minier C, Porte C. Evidence of endocrine alteration in the red mullet, Mullus barbatus from the NW Mediterranean. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2006; 141:60-8. [PMID: 16203071 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2005.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2005] [Accepted: 08/05/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Red mullet (Mullus barbatus) were collected from different sampling sites (NW Mediterranean) in spring and autumn, with the aim of assessing potential alterations of the endocrine system. Alkylphenols were measured in fish bile as an indicator of estrogenic exposure. Key enzymatic activities involved in both synthesis (ovarian 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases and P450 aromatase) and metabolism of steroids were assessed together with histological alterations of the gonads. During the spring sampling, delayed gamete maturation, intersexuality, fibrosis, and depressed ovarian P450 aromatase activity were observed in organisms from the most polluted sites. During the autumn sampling, those effects were less evident, indicating that fish might be more susceptible to endocrine disrupting chemicals during the reproductive period. Nonetheless, enhanced glucuronidation of testosterone and estradiol was observed. Overall, this work provides first evidences of significant alterations in the endocrine system of red mullet from highly impacted areas in the NW Mediterranean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Martin-Skilton
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IIQAB-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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25
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D'Agati P, Mansueto C, Mansueto V, Pellerito C, Cangialosi MV, Fiore T, Scopelliti M, Pellerito L. Effects of sublethal levels of tributyltin chloride on a new toxicity test organism,Liza saliens (osteichthyes, mugilidae): a histological study. Appl Organomet Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.1065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Zheng R, Wang C, Zhao Y, Zuo Z, Chen Y. Effect of tributyltin, benzo(a)pyrene and their mixture exposure on the sex hormone levels in gonads of cuvier (Sebastiscus marmoratus). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2005; 20:361-367. [PMID: 21783612 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2005.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2004] [Accepted: 03/20/2005] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Tributyltin (TBT), an organometal used as an antifouling biocide, has been reported to induce masculinization of fish. Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), a widespread carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, has been reported that its microsomal metabolites can produce an estrogenic response when tested in vitro. This study was therefore designed to examine the potential in vivo influence of TBT, BaP and their mixture on sex hormone levels in gonads of Sebastiscus marmoratus, which were given eight separate i.p. injections (a single injection every 7 days) of TBT (0.5, 1, 5 and 10mg/kg), BaP (0.5, 1, 5 and 10mg/kg), or both in combination (0.5, 1, 5 and 10mg/kg); control fish received olive oil vehicle only. Six days after the first (week 1), second (week 2), fourth (week 4) and eighth (week 8) injection, gonads samples were collected and analyzed for sex hormone levels. TBT treatment alone was found to be ineffective at week 1, but significantly elevated the testosterone level in testicle of the male fish at week 4 compared to the corresponding controls. TBT treatment significantly reduced the ovarian testosterone level of the female fish at week 2 in dose-dependent manner. It was observed that TBT, BaP and their mixture significantly reduced the ovarian 17β-estradiol level of the female fish at weeks 2 and 8 in dose-dependent manner, however, the ratios of testosterone to 17β-estradiol in the ovary were elevated. This change of sex hormones levels would be one of the reasons to interpret the masculinization of fish by TBT. The present study demonstrates that BaP could influence in vivo ovarian sex hormone level of the female fish. The elevation of the ratios of testosterone to 17β-estradiol in the female fish exposed to BaP implies that BaP would have an androgenic effect on the fish in vivo, which should be deserving of further study. The joint effect of TBT and BaP at 1:1 concentration ratio on the level of 17β-estradiol in S. marmoratus was antagonism. TBT can antagonize bioactivation of BaP, and BaP can stimulate the Phase II metabolism of TBT and/or its biliary excretion, which were reported in previous studies, would be one of the causes that TBT and BaP had a antagonism on the level of ovarian 17β-estradiol in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghui Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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27
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Lee CC, Wang T, Hsieh CY, Tien CJ. Organotin contamination in fishes with different living patterns and its implications for human health risk in Taiwan. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2005; 137:198-208. [PMID: 15963366 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2005.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2004] [Accepted: 02/21/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Contaminated levels of butyl- and phenyltin compounds, tributyltin (TBT), dibutyltin (DBT), monobutyltin (MBT), triphenyltin (TPT), diphenlytin (DPT), and monophenyltin (MPT), were investigated in pelagic, demersal and cultured fish species from different seasons and locations in Taiwan. Seasonal variations were found in fishes from Wuchi and Hsingta fishing harbors for their butyltin levels (winter>summer) with the opposite trend for phenyltins in fishes from Patoutzu fishing harbor and demersal fishes from four fishing harbors (summer>winter). Fish liver contained the lowest percentage of TBT and the highest percentage of TPT among six organotin compounds. Consumption of contaminated pelagic species and fishes from Hsingta fishing harbor had the highest hazard index. However, the hazard quotients and hazard indices were all less than 1, suggesting a daily exposure at these levels of TBT, DBT and TPT may not be likely to cause any deleterious effects during lifetime in human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-C Lee
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng Li Road, Tainan 704, Taiwan, ROC
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28
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Huang Z, Chen Y, Zhao Y, Zuo Z, Chen M, Wang C. Antioxidant responses in Meretrix meretrix exposed to environmentally relevant doses of tributyltin. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2005; 20:107-111. [PMID: 21783576 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2004.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2004] [Accepted: 11/11/2004] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The effects on reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, glutathione-S-transferases (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities of digestive gland in Meretrix meretrix exposed to tributyltin (TBT) at environmental levels (0.1, 1, 10ng/L as Sn), in experimental condition, were evaluated. The GST activities in 0.1ng/L groups were significantly elevated after exposure for 2 days, and were significantly inhibited after exposure to 10ng/L TBT for 8 and 20 days. The GPx activities were mainly induced by TBT exposure, except the GPx activities in 10ng/L groups were significantly inhibited after exposure for 2 days. The GSH content was significantly decreased with prolonged exposure. The GSH content, GST and GPx activities in all exposure groups, transferred to clean recovery tanks for 20 days, were recovered to the level corresponding to that of the control group. Taken together, our present studies indicate that exposure to TBT may induce strong production of reactive oxygen species in the clams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouying Huang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for cell Biology and Tumor cell Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen City 361005, Fujian Provinc, PR China; Department of Biology, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou City 362000, Fujian Province, PR China
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29
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Ohji M, Arai T, Miyazaki N. Chronic effects of tributyltin on the caprellid amphipod Caprella danilevskii. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2003; 46:1263-1272. [PMID: 14550339 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-326x(03)00169-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In order to examine the biological effects by TBT exposure, experiments involving the exposure of five levels of TBT concentrations (0, 10, 100, 1000 and 10,000 ngl(-1)) were conducted on the caprellid amphipod Caprella danilevskii, over a generation after hatching. Marked delays in growth and molting during the early developmental stage and maturation were found in both 100 and 1000 ng TBTCl l(-1) concentrations in spite of the sex. All specimens died in 10,000 ng TBTCl l(-1) within 4 days after hatching. Inhibition of maturation and reproduction such as delaying in the achievement of maturity and a decrease in the number of juveniles hatched was apparent in 10 and 100 ng TBTCl l(-1) concentrations. Furthermore, brood loss, and failure in egg formation and hatching were observed as the TBT concentration became higher. No significant changes in sex ratio were seen at any of the TBT exposure levels during hatching and maturation in the present study. This phenomenon was different from a previous study in which the proportion of females was increased with an increase in TBT concentrations in the embryonic exposure experiment. This suggests that sex disturbance is induced during the embryonic stage of the species. A drastic decrease in survival rate was observed at 10 ng TBTCl l(-1) (25%) which corresponds to the mean level in coastal waters. Therefore, the present encountering ambient TBT concentration may influence populations of C. danilevskii in the coastal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madoka Ohji
- Otsuchi Marine Research Center, Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 2-106-1, Akahama, Otsuchi, Iwate 028-1102, Japan.
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31
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Forsyth DS, Casey V. Butyltin compounds in retail mollusc products. FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS 2003; 20:445-52. [PMID: 12775463 DOI: 10.1080/0265203031000093321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Butyltin was found in 62 of 74 mollusc products purchased from major supermarket outlets in seven cities across Canada. Tribuyltin was detected in 41 samples, with levels up to 233 ng g(-1). Dibutyltin and monobutyltin levels ranged up to 88 and 53 ng g(-1), respectively. Products originating from East and South East Asia generally contained the highest levels. Gastropods contained lower levels than other molluscs. Enzymatically hydrolysed samples were extracted with 0.05% tropolone in hexane-diethyl ether (1 : 1). Ethyl derivatives were made by Grignard reaction and analysed by gas chromatography coupled to an atomic emission detector. Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry confirmed the presence of butyltins in the mollusc samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Forsyth
- Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food BRanch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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32
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de Mora SJ, Fowler SW, Cassi R, Tolosa I. Assessment of organotin contamination in marine sediments and biota from the Gulf and adjacent region. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2003; 46:401-409. [PMID: 12705912 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-326x(02)00481-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Butyltin species were measured in sediments from coastal locations in the Gulf and Gulf of Oman. Both butyltin and phenyltin species were measured in biota samples from four countries in this region. With tributyltin (TBT) concentrations up to 60 ngSng(-1), some sediments could be classified as contaminated (i.e. TBT>1.3 ngSng(-1)), namely Dukhan (Qatar), the BAPCO industrial complex and Askar (Bahrain), and Hilf and the Raysut Port Area (Oman). Higher concentrations of total butyltins were found in oysters relative to fish, but ranging from 6.5 to 488 ngSng(-1) dry weight they are nonetheless relatively low. Diphenyltin and triphenyltin were found in some fish and bivalves from the Gulf, but not in biota from the Gulf of Oman. The environmental levels of organotin species are comparatively low by global standards and pose no immediate public health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J de Mora
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Marine Environment Laboratory 4, Quai Antoine 1er BP 800, Monaco, MC 98012, Monaco.
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Gagné F, Blaise C, Pellerin J, Pelletier E, Douville M, Gauthier-Clerc S, Viglino L. Sex alteration in soft-shell clams (Mya arenaria) in an intertidal zone of the Saint Lawrence river (Quebec, Canada). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2003; 134:189-98. [PMID: 12600678 DOI: 10.1016/s1532-0456(02)00248-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to verify whether any changes in sex ratio might occur in soft-shell clams (Mya arenaria) located in an intertidal harbor zone located at the mouth of the Saguenay Fjord in the Saint Lawrence estuary (Baie Sainte-Catherine (BSC), Québec, Canada) likely to be contaminated by organotin compounds. Bivalves were harvested at the BSC harbor site and from two reference sites. Condition index (weight to length ratio), gonado-somatic index, sex ratio, vitellin-like proteins, organotin concentrations in gonad tissue, maturation stages of the gonads, the number of estradiol-17beta binding sites and the capacity of female gonad extracts to produce estradiol-17beta were determined in collected animals. Results showed that sex ratio in clams was significantly skewed toward males. Moreover, the condition and gonad-somatic indices, vitellin-like proteins in female gonads and the capacity of female gonads to produce estradiol-17beta were significantly reduced at the harbor site with respect to the reference sites. Maturation status of male gonads was clearly delayed at the harbor site. Additionally, gonad tissue contained tributyltin (TBT) at an average level of 109+/-18 ngSn/gdry wt. at the harbor site while organotins were not detected from the reference sites. Finally, female gonads had a higher number of unoccupied estradiol binding sites at the harbor site indicating low levels of this steroid in this tissue. Overall, this paper is first to report that clams collected in the vicinity of a TBT contaminated harbor are subject to masculinizing effects which seems to be consistent with biological effects that organotins are known to exert toward some other marine invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gagné
- Centre Saint-Laurent, Environnement Canada, 105 Mc Gill, Montreal, Que, Canada H2Y 2E7.
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Dimitriou P, Castritsi-Catharios J, Miliou H. Acute toxicity effects of tributyltin chloride and triphenyltin chloride on gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata L., embryos. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2003; 54:30-35. [PMID: 12547632 DOI: 10.1016/s0147-6513(02)00008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Acute toxicity studies, using two organotin compounds, tributyltin chloride (TBTCl) and triphenyltin chloride (TPhTCl), were performed on gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata, fertilized eggs. The tests were static and run for 24 h (temperature = 19 +/- 1 degrees C, salinity = 39.5 g/L). Three replicate egg groups were incubated in solutions containing different concentrations of the toxicants. The (24h)LC(50) value for TBTCl was 28.3 microg/L and for TPhTCl was 34.2 microg/L, when the embryos were at the morula and late blastula stage at the start of the experiment. The value for TBTCl was 38.6 microg/L, when the embryos were at the gastrula stage at the start of the experiment. The results reconfirm the expected toxicity of TBT to this euryhaline fish species and introduce TPhT as a toxicant of potentially similar impact on teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Dimitriou
- Section of Zoology-Marine Biology, University of Athens, Athens 15784, Greece
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Borghi V, Porte C. Organotin pollution in deep-sea fish from the northwestern Mediterranean. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2002; 36:4224-4228. [PMID: 12387391 DOI: 10.1021/es025725c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic pollution resulting from extensive usage of organotin compounds has been of great concern due to their deleterious effects in nontarget organisms. However, organotin contamination in deep-sea ecosystems has been rarely studied. The presentwork attempted to determine butyltin and phenyltin compounds in deep-sea fish collected between 1000 and 1800 m depth in the NW Mediterranean. The concentration of tributyltin (TBT) and its degradation products, mono- (MBT) and dibutyltin (DBT), aswell astriphenyltin (TPT),and mono- anddiphenyltin (MPT, DPT) was determined in different tissues (liver, gills, digestive tube, and muscle) of several fish species. Total butyltin residues were up to 175 ng/g wet wt, and they were comparable to levels found in coastal fish collected along the Catalan coast. In contrast, deep-sea fish contained much higher levels of phenyltins (up to 1700 ng/g wet wt), and particularly TPT (up to 1430 ng/g wet wt), than previously reported concentrations in shallow-water organisms. The obtained results confirm the long-range transport of organotin compounds to the deep-sea environment, and the subsequent exposure of fish inhabiting nonpoint source areas. The use of TPT in agriculture or as an antifouling agent, its transport to the deep-sea environment associated to particulate matter, and its nonbiodegradable nature in the food chain may account for the high residue levels detected in deep-sea organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Borghi
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IIQAB-CSIC C/Jordi Girona, Barcelona, Spain
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Albalat A, Potrykus J, Pempkowiak J, Porte C. Assessment of organotin pollution along the Polish coast (Baltic Sea) by using mussels and fish as sentinel organisms. CHEMOSPHERE 2002; 47:165-171. [PMID: 11993632 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(01)00294-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Levels of tributyltin (TBT) and its degradation products, mono- (MBT) and dibutyltin (DBT), as well as triphenyltin (TPT), were monitored in 10 stations along the Polish coast (Baltic Sea). Mussel-Mytilus edulis-and fish-Platichthys flesus-were used as sentinel organisms. The bioaccumulation patterns of butyltin and phenyltin compounds varied substantially. Butyltins were detected in mussel tissue from all the sampled stations. Among them, organisms from the Gulf of Gdansk showed the highest residues (68 ng/g w.w. as Sn) in conjunction with elevated TBT/DBT ratios, which suggest recent inputs of TBT in the area. Additionally, flatfish were sampled in the Gulf of Gdansk, and different tissues (liver, digestive tube and gills) were analyzed separately. TPT, although undetected in mussels, was always present in fish. The highest organotin concentration was observed in the liver (369 ng/g w.w. as Sn) of fish caught near Gdansk port. Relatively high concentrations were observed in digestive tube, which points out the ingestion of organotin contaminated food as an important uptake route of those compounds in P. flesus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaya Albalat
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IIQAB-CSIC, Jordi Girona, Barcelona, Spain
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Coelho MR, Bebianno MJ, Langston WJ. Organotin levels in the Ria Formosa lagoon, Portugal. Appl Organomet Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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de Brito APX, Takahashi S, Ueno D, Iwata H, Tanabe S, Kubodera T. Organochlorine and butyltin residues in deep-sea organisms collected from the western North Pacific, off-Tohoku, Japan. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2002; 45:348-361. [PMID: 12398406 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-326x(02)00100-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine (OCs) and butyltin (BTs) residues were determined in deep-sea organisms collected from the western North Pacific, off-Tohoku, Japan. Among OCs, concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and DDTs (DDTs and its metabolites) were the highest in deep-sea organisms (maximum concentrations of 6,700 and 13,000 ng/g lipid wt, respectively). Chlordane compounds (CHLs) were the next most abundant OCs, and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were the lowest. BTs were also detected at maximum concentrations of 570 ng/g wet wt. Concentrations of PCBs, CHLs and BTs in deep-sea organisms collected from the western North Pacific, off-Tohoku, were generally lower than those in deep-sea and shallow water organisms from Japanese coastal waters. On the other hand, considerable variations in the concentrations of OCs were found among deep-sea organisms analyzed. Several carnivorous fishes such as snubnosed eel, lanternshark and grenadiers accumulated some OCs such as PCBs, DDTs and CHLs at high concentrations of up to a few microg/g levels. In addition, the residue pattern of OCs and BTs in fishes showed a specific trend according to the sampling depth; higher concentrations of PCBs, DDTs and CHLs and lower concentrations of HCHs, HCB and BTs were found in fishes collected from greater depth (approximately 1,000 m) compared to those from shallower waters. This trend is consistent with the results of our earlier study on mesopelagic myctophid fishes. Results of this study suggest vertical transport of hydrophobic OCs such as PCBs, DDTs and CHLs and its accumulation in benthic deep-sea organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P X de Brito
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
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de Brito APX, Ueno D, Takahashi S, Tanabe S. Organochlorine and butyltin residues in walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) from Bering Sea, Gulf of Alaska and Japan Sea. CHEMOSPHERE 2002; 46:401-411. [PMID: 11833489 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(01)00183-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organochlorine (OC) and toxic butyltin compounds (BTs) were determined in walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) collected from Gulf of Alaska, Bering Sea and Japan Sea, during 1991 and 1992. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDTs) and its metabolites were the most abundant compounds ranging up to 3200 and 2500 ng/g on lipid weight, respectively, followed by chlordane compounds (CHLs), hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in the liver of walleye pollock. Concentrations of HCHs and HCB in walleye pollock from these remote areas were higher than those in fishes from the western North Pacific and Japanese coastal waters, indicating atmospheric transport of these compounds to higher latitude regions such as Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska and/or local input around northern Japan Sea. The concentrations of other OCs were generally comparable to those in fishes from North Pacific Ocean and Japanese waters but significantly lower than in cod-like fishes from North Atlantic and European countries. Among sampling locations, walleye pollock from Japan Sea showed higher concentrations of DDTs and HCHs compared to fishes from Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska, suggesting greater input of these compounds around Japan Sea. Slower declining trend of DDTs and CHLs and an increasing pattern of PCBs concentrations were found in walleye pollock from Bering Sea during 1982-1992. This may imply a continuous input of these compounds by long-range transport and/or long-term persistency in these cold regions. Compared to the fishes from Japan Sea, walleye pollock from Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska showed higher proportions of alpha-HCH and p,p'-DDE in the composition of HCH isomers and DDT compounds, respectively. This suggests selective transportability of these compounds during long-range transport to higher latitude remote areas. Concentrations of tributyltin (TBT) in the muscle of walleye pollock ranged from 1.1 to 5.5 ng/g on wet weight. Concentrations of TBT in deep-sea walleye pollock from Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea were lower than those in Japan Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P X de Brito
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
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Ohji M, Takeuchi I, Takahashi S, Tanabe S, Miyazaki N. Differences in the acute toxicities of tributyltin between the Caprellidea and the Gammaridea (Crustacea: Amphipoda). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2002; 44:16-24. [PMID: 11883679 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-326x(01)00146-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Tests for the acute toxicity of tributyltin (TBT) were conducted on amphipod crustaceans collected from Otsuchi Bay, Japan. Five species of caprellids and three species of gammarids, which belong to a closely related ecological niche, were used for the exposure experiments at seven test concentrations (0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 microg TBTCl/l) for 48 h at 20 degrees C. The 48-h LC50 values of the caprellids were 1.2-6.6 microg TBTCl/l, and these were significantly lower than those of the gammarids (17.8-23.1 microg TBTCl/l). This suggests that caprellids are more sensitive to TBT than gammarids. Furthermore, the proportions of TBT and its derivatives, dibutyltin (DBT) and monobutyltin (MBT), were measured in the amphipods collected from Otsuchi Bay. In the caprellids, TBT was the predominant compound, accounting for 72% of the total butyltin which reflected the butyltin ratio in seawater, while in the gammarids, TBT's breakdown products (DBT and MBT) predominated, accounting for 75% of the total butyltin. This difference suggests that caprellids may have lower metabolic capacity to degrade TBT than gammarids. Therefore, the difference in sensitivity to TBT among the amphipods is thought to be related to the species-specific capacity to metabolize TBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madoka Ohji
- Otsuchi Marine Research Center, Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Iwate, Japan.
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Ramón M, Amor MJ. Increasing imposex in populations of Bolinus brandaris (Gastropoda: Muricidae) in the northwestern Mediterranean. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2001; 52:463-475. [PMID: 11763149 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-1136(01)00101-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The muricid gastropod Bolinus brandaris exhibited imposex, a phenomenon linked to the use of organotin biocides. Several stages of imposex development (1-5) could be distinguished and were documented with SEM-photographs for the first time in this species. Additional alterations of the genital tract in females (blocked vulva preventing copulation and deposition of egg capsules) and males (excrecences on the penis and vas deferens) were shown. Imposex intensity on the Catalan coast was very high. The frequency of imposex off Barcelona and Vilanova i la Geltrú was 100%, with all females showing stage 4. Imposex frequency off Sant Carles de la Ràpita was 99.7% and the VDS index scored 3.9. Despite regulations of TBT-containing antifouling paints in Spain since 1990, the present study revealed that frequency and intensity of imposex have increased on the Catalan coast, at least since 1997. However, at present, imposex does not apparently affect the population dynamics of B. brandaris in the studied area, since no serious consequences on female reproduction (only one case of female sterilization) were detected. Gonadal activity and oogenesis were not suppressed or supplanted by spermatogenesis. Sex ratios were not male-biased. Possible sources of organotin biocides are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ramón
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barcelometa, Barcelona, Spain.
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De Wolf H, De Coen W, Backeljau T, Blust R. Intersex and sterility in the periwinkle Littorina littorea (Mollusca: Gastropoda) along the Western Scheldt estuary, The Netherlands. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2001; 52:249-255. [PMID: 11570805 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-1136(01)00097-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study we present the results of an intersex survey of Littorina littorea along the heavily polluted Western Scheldt estuary (the Netherlands), and record for the first time the intersex phenomenon in L. littorea from Dutch waters. Intersex differed significantly between localities and was the highest in the vicinity of the harbours of Antwerp and Vlissingen, as reflected by the I
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Affiliation(s)
- H De Wolf
- University of Antwerp (RUCA), Department of Biology, Belgium.
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43
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Al-Ghais SM, Ahmad S, Ali B. Differential inhibition of xenobiotic-metabolizing carboxylesterases by organotins in marine fish. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2000; 46:258-264. [PMID: 10903822 DOI: 10.1006/eesa.2000.1928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The hydrolytic metabolism of xenobiotics in the liver of two tropical marine fish, Siganus canaliculatus and Acanthopagrus latus, was found to be catalyzed by both microsomal and cytosolic carboxylesterases; the latter forms were more active than the former. Remarkably greater efficiency of S. canaliculatus for p-nitrophenylacetate hydrolysis was attributed to manyfold higher V(max) and lower K(m) values of hepatic microsomal and cytosolic carboxylesterases of S. canaliculatus as compared with those of A. latus. Comparative characterization of the in vitro responses of hepatic microsomal and cytosolic carboxylesterases to the organotin group of marine pollutants-tributyltin (TBT), triphenyltin (TPT), and dibutyltin (DBT), a relatively persistent metabolite of TBT-revealed species-, isozymic form-, and organotin structure-related differences in the hydrolytic detoxication. In general, carboxylesterases of S. canaliculatus exhibited severalfold greater susceptibility to organotin inhibition and DBT was the most potent inhibitor (IC(50) in micromolar range). Notably, the IC(50) of SnCl(2), a metal present in all the compounds studied, was higher than 2 mM. Cytosolic forms in both species were more sensitive to organotin inhibition than microsomal counterparts. In line with these differences the nature of inhibition of cytosolic and microsomal carboxylesterases by organotins was competitive and noncompetitive, respectively. These results suggest that organotins may aggravate the toxicity of other environmental contaminants in fish and other aquatic organisms. Moreover, highly sensitive cytosolic carboxylesterases of S. canaliculatus liver may serve as molecular biomarkers of organotin pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Al-Ghais
- Marine Environment Research Center, Environmental Research and Wildlife Development Agency, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Cajaraville MP, Bebianno MJ, Blasco J, Porte C, Sarasquete C, Viarengo A. The use of biomarkers to assess the impact of pollution in coastal environments of the Iberian Peninsula: a practical approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2000; 247:295-311. [PMID: 10803557 DOI: 10.1016/s0048-9697(99)00499-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 558] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Within the frame of the 2nd Iberian Congress of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (University of the Basque Country, Leioa, June 1998) a workshop was held about the use of biomarkers in marine pollution monitoring. Among others, the following biomarkers received special attention: metallothionein induction, acetylcholinesterase inhibition, cytochrome P450 system induction, imposex, lysosomal enlargement and lysosomal membrane destabilisation, and peroxisome proliferation. These biomarkers can be used to evaluate exposure to and effect of different contaminants (metals, organic xenobiotics and organometallic compounds) and they can be measured using different methodological approaches (biochemistry, cytochemistry, immunochemical methods based on the use of biotechnology). Before the application of a set of biomarkers in pollution monitoring programmes, well-defined protocols of Quality Assurance have to be established to allow adequate comparison of results. It is also necessary to include analysis of standard reference materials and to obtain detailed knowledge of basal values and seasonal variations of the biomarkers in various species, as well as to integrate the information obtained with the different biomarkers. Marine bivalve molluscs such as mussels are appropriate sentinel species for most of the biomarkers proposed except for the induction of the cytochrome P450 system, which should be measured in fish, and the degree of imposex, which is a biomarker of exposure to TBT specifically measured in certain gastropod molluscs. As a result of the workshop, a battery of biomarkers of contaminant exposure and effects are proposed that could be incorporated into programmes monitoring the quality of the coastal environment in the Iberian Peninsula. These measures would be undertaken in conjunction with chemical measures of contaminant burdens in selected sentinel species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Cajaraville
- Biologia Zelularra Atala, Zoologia eta Animali Zelulen Dinamika Saila, Zientzi Fakultatea, Universidad del País Vasco/Eskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Bilbo, Basque Country, Spain.
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45
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Solé M. Effects of tributyltin on the MFO system of the clam Ruditapes decussata: a laboratory and field approach. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2000; 125:93-101. [PMID: 11790333 DOI: 10.1016/s0742-8413(99)00095-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The in vivo interaction of tributyltin (TBT) with the microsomal monooxygenase (MFO) system of the clam Ruditapes decussata was studied. For this purpose, two experiments were designed: (1) a laboratory exposure to increasing nominal doses of TBT (90, 454 and 2268 ng l(-1)) for 1 week and (2) a clam transplant from a clean area to an organotin polluted marina for periods of up to 5 weeks. Chemical analysis of organotins in clam tissue was used to relate TBT body burden to the MFO response. Neither the laboratory nor the field transplant experiment showed any significant TBT effect on the clam's digestive gland MFO components (cytochrome P450 and cytochrome b(5)). However, a significant elevation in the NADPH cytochrome (P450) reductases at the low and medium TBT doses in the laboratory and a significant decrease in NADH cytochrome (b(5)) reductases, 1 week after the field transplant, was observed with further recovery to control levels thereafter.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Solé
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IIQAB-CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
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Gallina A, Magno F, Tallandini L, Passaler T, Caravello GU, Pastore P. Simple and effective gas chromatographic mass spectrometric procedure for the speciation analysis of organotin compounds in specimens of marine mussels. An evaluation of the organotin pollution of the lagoon of venice. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2000; 14:373-378. [PMID: 10717645 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0231(20000331)14:6<373::aid-rcm877>3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a simple, effective analytical procedure, based on a gas chromatographic mass spectrometric technique, for the speciation analysis of organotin compounds (OTC) in mussel samples. The direct alkylation reaction of the organotin chlorides in the aqueous digestion solution by NaBEt(4) allowed a short analysis time and a good recovery. The evaluation of the yield of each step constituting the analytical procedure indicated that the alkylation step is the most critical one. The proposed method was advantageously utilised to monitor the level of OTC pollution of the Lagoon of Venice. All the sites examined, both near to and far from anthropogenic activities, revealed significant levels of OTC pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gallina
- Department of Inorganic, Metallorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
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Morcillo Y, Porte C. Evidence of endocrine disruption in clams--Ruditapes decussata--transplanted to a tributyltin-polluted environment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2000; 107:47-52. [PMID: 15093007 DOI: 10.1016/s0269-7491(99)00133-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/1998] [Accepted: 05/20/1999] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Clams--Ruditapes decussata--were transplanted to an organotin-polluted marina for a period up to 5 weeks. Tributyltin (TBT) was the major organotin compound detected in clams; TBT accumulation was extremely rapid, it reached a maximum tissue concentration of 290 ng/g wet weight 3 weeks after transplant, which represents a bioaccumulation factor of 12,000. Dibutyltin, monobutyltin and triphenyltin were also detected, although at a lesser extent (4-22 ng/g wet wt). Investigations on endogenous steroid content by radioimmunoassay revealed important changes in TBT-exposed clams. A 33% increase in testosterone titres was observed 5 weeks after transplant. Likewise, a time-dependent decrease in oestradiol levels was evidenced, viz. oestradiol titres decreased 2, 3.5 and 5-fold in clams sampled 1, 3 and 5 weeks after transplant, respectively. These observations together with previous data on TBT-exposure experiments suggest a potential masculinization of clam physiology as a consequence of TBT exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Morcillo
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IIQAB-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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48
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Marchetti F, Pettinari C, Cingolani A, Brocanelli L, Rossi M, Caruso F. Tin(IV) and organotin(IV) derivatives of novel β-diketones. J Organomet Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(98)01173-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Morcillo Y, Porte C. Monitoring of organotin compounds and their effects in marine molluscs. Trends Analyt Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0165-9936(97)00115-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Solé M, Morcillo Y, Porte C. Imposex in the commercial snail Bolinus brandaris in the northwestern Mediterranean. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 1998; 99:241-246. [PMID: 15093317 DOI: 10.1016/s0269-7491(97)00186-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/1997] [Accepted: 10/17/1997] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A survey of the degree of imposex in populations of the commercial muricid Bolinus brandaris (L.) was carried out at six locations along the Catalan Coast (NW Mediterranean). Imposex was found to be a widespread phenomenon; the occurrence of a penis was observed in all females studied with the exception of those from St. Carles (South of Catalunya) where only 37% were affected. Other indices such as Relative Penis Length (RPL) and Vas Deferens Sequence (VDS) were applied; RPL varied from 4.5% in St. Carles--the least affected area--to 29.8% in the vicinity of Barcelona; similar results were obtained for VDS. Tissue organotin residues ranged from 6 to 140 ng g(-1) w.w. as Sn. Despite legislation restricting the use of tributyltin (TBT) in antifouling paints, this paper evidences the occurrence of organotin pollution far from the source, with levels of both TBT and triphenyltin (TPhT) high enough to cause environmental concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Solé
- Environmental Chemistry Department, CID-CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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