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Martinez M, Minetti R, La Marca EC, Montalto V, Rinaldi A, Costa E, Badalamenti F, Garaventa F, Mirto S, Ape F. The power of Posidonia oceanica meadows to retain microplastics and the consequences on associated macrofaunal benthic communities. Environ Pollut 2024; 348:123814. [PMID: 38499170 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
In the coastal environment, a large amount of microplastics (MPs) can accumulate in the sediments of seagrass beds. However, the potential impact these pollutants have on seagrasses and associated organisms is currently unknown. In this study, we investigated the differences in MPs abundance and composition (i.e., shape, colour and polymer type) in marine sediments collected at different depths (-5 m, -15 m, -20 m) at two sites characterized by the presence of Posidonia oceanica meadows and at one unvegetated site. In the vegetated sites, sediment samples were collected respectively above and below the upper and lower limits of the meadow (-5 m and -20 m), out of the P. oceanica meadow, and in the central portion of the meadow (-15 m). By focusing on the central part of the meadow, we investigated if the structural features (i.e. shoots density and leaf surface) can affect the amount of MPs retained within the underlying sediment and if these, in turn, can affect the associated benthic communities. Results showed that the number of MPs retained by P. oceanica meadows was higher than that found at the unvegetated site, showing also a different composition. In particular, at vegetated sites, we observed that MPs particles were more abundant within the meadow (at - 15 m), compared to the other depths, on unvegetated sediment, with a dominance of transparent fragments of polypropylene (PP). We observed that MPs entrapment by P. oceanica was accentuated by the higher shoots density, while the seagrass leaf surface did not appear to have any effect. Both the abundance and richness of macrofauna associated with P. oceanica rhizomes appear to be negatively influenced by the MPs abundance in the sediment. Overall, this study increases knowledge of the potential risks of MPs accumulation in important coastal habitats such as the Posidonia oceanica meadows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Martinez
- Institute of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment, National Research Council (IAS-CNR), Lungomare Cristoforo Colombo n. 4521 (ex complesso Roosevelt), Località Addaura, 90149, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Roberta Minetti
- Institute of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment, National Research Council (IAS-CNR), Via De Marini 16, 16149, Genova, Italy
| | - Emanuela Claudia La Marca
- Institute of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment, National Research Council (IAS-CNR), Lungomare Cristoforo Colombo n. 4521 (ex complesso Roosevelt), Località Addaura, 90149, Palermo, Italy; National Biodiversity Future Centre (NBFC), Piazza Marina 61, 90133, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valeria Montalto
- Institute of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment, National Research Council (IAS-CNR), Lungomare Cristoforo Colombo n. 4521 (ex complesso Roosevelt), Località Addaura, 90149, Palermo, Italy; National Biodiversity Future Centre (NBFC), Piazza Marina 61, 90133, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rinaldi
- Institute of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment, National Research Council (IAS-CNR), Lungomare Cristoforo Colombo n. 4521 (ex complesso Roosevelt), Località Addaura, 90149, Palermo, Italy; National Biodiversity Future Centre (NBFC), Piazza Marina 61, 90133, Palermo, Italy
| | - Elisa Costa
- Institute of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment, National Research Council (IAS-CNR), Via De Marini 16, 16149, Genova, Italy
| | - Fabio Badalamenti
- Institute of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment, National Research Council (IAS-CNR), Lungomare Cristoforo Colombo n. 4521 (ex complesso Roosevelt), Località Addaura, 90149, Palermo, Italy; National Biodiversity Future Centre (NBFC), Piazza Marina 61, 90133, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesca Garaventa
- Institute of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment, National Research Council (IAS-CNR), Via De Marini 16, 16149, Genova, Italy; National Biodiversity Future Centre (NBFC), Piazza Marina 61, 90133, Palermo, Italy
| | - Simone Mirto
- Institute of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment, National Research Council (IAS-CNR), Lungomare Cristoforo Colombo n. 4521 (ex complesso Roosevelt), Località Addaura, 90149, Palermo, Italy; National Biodiversity Future Centre (NBFC), Piazza Marina 61, 90133, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesca Ape
- Institute of Marine Sciences, National Research Council (ISMAR-CNR) Via Gobetti, 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy; National Biodiversity Future Centre (NBFC), Piazza Marina 61, 90133, Palermo, Italy
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Gambardella C, Miroglio R, Trenti F, Guella G, Panevska A, Sbrana F, Grunder M, Garaventa F, Sepčić K. Assessing the toxicity of aegerolysin-based bioinsecticidal complexes using the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus as model organism. Aquat Toxicol 2023; 264:106727. [PMID: 37866166 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The use of alternative solutions for pest management to replace pesticides in agriculture is of great interest. Proteinaceous complexes deriving from edible oyster mushrooms were recently proposed as environmentally friendly bioinsecticides. Such complexes, composed of ostreolysin A6 (OlyA6) and pleurotolysin B (PlyB), target invertebrate-specific membrane sphingolipids in insect's midgut, causing death through the formation of transmembrane pores. In this work, the potential impact of OlyA6/PlyB complexes was tested in the Mediterranean sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus, as an indicator of environmental quality. The ability of the fluorescently tagged OlyA6 to bind sea urchin gametes (sperm, eggs), the lipidome of sea urchin gametes, and the potential toxic effects and developmental anomalies caused by OlyA6/PlyB complexes on P. lividus early development (embryo, larvae) were investigated. The binding of the fluorescently tagged OlyA6 could be observed only in sea urchin eggs, which harbor OlyA6 sphingolipid membrane receptors, conversely to sperm. High protein concentrations affected sea urchin fertilization (>750 µg/L) and early development (> 375 µg/L in embryos; >100 µg/L in larvae), by causing toxicity and morphological anomalies in embryos and larvae. The main anomalies consisted in delayed embryos and incorrect migration of the primary mesenchyme cells that caused larval skeletal anomalies. The classification of these anomalies indicated a slight environmental impact of OlyA6/PlyB complexes at concentrations higher than 750 µg/L. Such impact should not persist in the marine environment, due to the reversible anomalies observed in sea urchin embryos and larvae that may promote defense strategies. However, before promoting the use of OlyA6/PlyB complexes as bio-pesticides at low concentrations, further studies on other marine coastal species are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Gambardella
- National Research Council-Institute for the Study of the Anthropic Impact and Sustainability in the Marine Environment (CNR-IAS), Genoa, Italy.
| | - Roberta Miroglio
- National Research Council-Institute for the Study of the Anthropic Impact and Sustainability in the Marine Environment (CNR-IAS), Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesco Trenti
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Graziano Guella
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Anastasija Panevska
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Francesca Sbrana
- National Research Council- Institute of Biophysics (CNR-IBF), Genoa, Italy
| | - Maja Grunder
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Francesca Garaventa
- National Research Council-Institute for the Study of the Anthropic Impact and Sustainability in the Marine Environment (CNR-IAS), Genoa, Italy
| | - Kristina Sepčić
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Costa E, Gambardella C, Miroglio R, Di Giannantonio M, Lavorano S, Minetti R, Sbrana F, Piazza V, Faimali M, Garaventa F. Nanoplastic uptake temporarily affects the pulsing behavior in ephyrae of the moon jellyfish Aurelia sp. Ecotoxicology 2023:10.1007/s10646-023-02669-0. [PMID: 37269410 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-023-02669-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate for the first time the uptake and ecotoxicological effects of nanoplastics (NPs) in a marine cnidarian. Ephyrae of the moon jellyfish Aurelia sp. of different ages (0 and 7 days old) were exposed to negatively charged polystyrene NPs for 24 h; then, the uptake was assessed through traditional and novel techniques, namely microscopy and three-dimensional (3D) holotomography. Immobility and behavioral responses (frequency of pulsations) of ephyrae were also investigated to clarify if NP toxicity differed along the first life stages. NP uptake was observed in ephyrae thanks to the 3D technique. Such internalization did not affect survival, but it temporarily impaired the pulsation mode only in 0 day old ephyrae. This may be ascribed to the negative charged NPs, contributing to jellyfish behavioral alteration. These findings promote 3D holotomography as a suitable tool to detect NPs in marine organisms. Moreover, this study recommends the use of cnidarians of different ages to better assess NP ecotoxicological effects in these organisms, key components of the marine food web.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Costa
- National Research Council (CNR) - Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment (IAS), Via De Marini 16, 16149, Genova, Italy
| | - Chiara Gambardella
- National Research Council (CNR) - Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment (IAS), Via De Marini 16, 16149, Genova, Italy.
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC) S.c.a.r.l., Piazza Marina 61 (c/o palazzo Steri), Palermo, Italy.
| | - Roberta Miroglio
- National Research Council (CNR) - Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment (IAS), Via De Marini 16, 16149, Genova, Italy
| | - Michela Di Giannantonio
- National Research Council (CNR) - Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment (IAS), Via De Marini 16, 16149, Genova, Italy
- Early PostDoc Mobility Grant - Swiss National Science Foundation, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Lavorano
- Costa Edutainment SpA - Acquario di Genova, Area Porto Antico, Ponte Spinola, 16128, Genova, Italy
| | - Roberta Minetti
- National Research Council (CNR) - Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment (IAS), Via De Marini 16, 16149, Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Sbrana
- National Research Council (CNR) - Institute of Biophysics (IBF), Via De Marini 16, 16149, Genova, Italy
- Schaefer SEE srl, Via delle Genziane 96, 16148, Genova, Italy
| | - Veronica Piazza
- National Research Council (CNR) - Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment (IAS), Via De Marini 16, 16149, Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Faimali
- National Research Council (CNR) - Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment (IAS), Via De Marini 16, 16149, Genova, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC) S.c.a.r.l., Piazza Marina 61 (c/o palazzo Steri), Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesca Garaventa
- National Research Council (CNR) - Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment (IAS), Via De Marini 16, 16149, Genova, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC) S.c.a.r.l., Piazza Marina 61 (c/o palazzo Steri), Palermo, Italy
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Piazza V, Gambardella C, Costa E, Miroglio R, Faimali M, Garaventa F. Cold storage effects on lethal and sublethal responses of Amphibalanus amphitrite Nauplii. Ecotoxicology 2022; 31:1078-1086. [PMID: 35838933 PMCID: PMC9458687 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-022-02571-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bioassays are extensively used in ecotoxicology and there is a constant need for even more sensitive, reliable and easy to rear and obtain model organisms. Larvae of the crustacean Amphibalanus amphitrite are a good ecotoxicological model, for their high sensitivity to a wide range of toxicants and emerging contaminants. A standardized protocol for this toxicity bioassay has been recently proposed. Nevertheless, a limit of this model organism is the lack of resting stages and the need to use larvae immediately after their release from adults, thus increasing laboratory efforts related to the maintenance of adults. The aim of this work is to verify if short-term cold storage of A. amphitrite larvae prior to use in ecotoxicological tests may affect the ecotoxicological responses of these organisms. Three end-points (mortality, immobilization and swimming speed alteration) were measured on nauplii after storing them at 4 ± 1 °C for different times (24, 72 and 120 h) before bioassay set-up. Bioassays were set up using: (i) clean filtered natural sea water (0.22 µm FNSW), (ii) a reference toxicant (Cadmium Nitrate) and (iii) an environmental matrix (sediment elutriate). Results show that mortality, differently from the other two endpoints, was not affected by cold-storage. Even after 5 days of larvae storage at 4 ± 1 °C before bioassay set up, mortality data were comparable to those obtained for non-cold-stored organisms. Moreover, larval sensitivity to the reference toxicant and sediment elutriate did not change. Regarding the other two end points, low cadmium concentrations significantly changed immobility and swimming activity in cold-stored nauplii compared to larvae used immediately after larval release. In conclusion, short-term cold storage of A. amphitrite nauplii before bioassay set up is an appropriate procedure in ecotoxicological testing if mortality is the endpoint to be considered for final evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Piazza
- National Research Council, Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impact and Sustainability in the marine environment (CNR-IAS), via de Marini 16, 16140, Genova, Italy.
| | - Chiara Gambardella
- National Research Council, Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impact and Sustainability in the marine environment (CNR-IAS), via de Marini 16, 16140, Genova, Italy
| | - Elisa Costa
- National Research Council, Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impact and Sustainability in the marine environment (CNR-IAS), via de Marini 16, 16140, Genova, Italy
| | - Roberta Miroglio
- National Research Council, Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impact and Sustainability in the marine environment (CNR-IAS), via de Marini 16, 16140, Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Faimali
- National Research Council, Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impact and Sustainability in the marine environment (CNR-IAS), via de Marini 16, 16140, Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Garaventa
- National Research Council, Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impact and Sustainability in the marine environment (CNR-IAS), via de Marini 16, 16140, Genova, Italy
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Di Giannantonio M, Gambardella C, Miroglio R, Costa E, Sbrana F, Smerieri M, Carraro G, Utzeri R, Faimali M, Garaventa F. Ecotoxicity of Polyvinylidene Difluoride (PVDF) and Polylactic Acid (PLA) Microplastics in Marine Zooplankton. Toxics 2022; 10:toxics10080479. [PMID: 36006158 PMCID: PMC9416274 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10080479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the ecotoxicity of polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) and polylactic acid (PLA) microplastics (MPs) in two marine zooplankton: the crustacean Artemia franciscana and the cnidarian Aurelia sp. (common jellyfish). To achieve this goal, (i) MP uptake, (ii) immobility, and (iii) behavior (swimming speed, pulsation mode) of crustacean larval stages and jellyfish ephyrae exposed to MPs concentrations (1, 10, 100 mg/L) were assessed for 24 h. Using traditional and novel techniques, i.e., epifluorescence microscopy and 3D holotomography (HT), PVDF and PLA MPs were found in the digestive systems of the crustaceans and in the gelatinous tissue of jellyfish. Immobility was not affected in either organism, while a significant behavioral alteration in terms of pulsation mode was found in jellyfish after exposure to both PVDF and PLA MPs. Moreover, PLA MPs exposure in jellyfish induced a toxic effect (EC50: 77.43 mg/L) on the behavioral response. This study provides new insights into PLA and PVDF toxicity with the potential for a large impact on the marine ecosystem, since jellyfish play a key role in the marine food chain. However, further investigations incorporating additional species belonging to other trophic levels are paramount to better understand and clarify the impact of such polymers at micro scale in the marine environment. These findings suggest that although PVDF and PLA have been recently proposed as innovative and, in the case of PLA, biodegradable polymers, their effects on marine biota should not be underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Di Giannantonio
- Early PostDoc Mobility Grant—Swiss National Science Foundation, 3000 Bern, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (M.D.G.); (C.G.); Tel.: +39-0106476429 (C.G.)
| | - Chiara Gambardella
- Institute for the Study of the Anthropic Impact and Sustainability in the Marine Environment (CNR-IAS), National Research Council, Via de Marini 16, 16149 Genova, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.D.G.); (C.G.); Tel.: +39-0106476429 (C.G.)
| | - Roberta Miroglio
- Institute for the Study of the Anthropic Impact and Sustainability in the Marine Environment (CNR-IAS), National Research Council, Via de Marini 16, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Elisa Costa
- Institute for the Study of the Anthropic Impact and Sustainability in the Marine Environment (CNR-IAS), National Research Council, Via de Marini 16, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Sbrana
- Institute of Biophysics (CNR-IBF), National Research Council, Via de Marini 16, 16149 Genova, Italy
- Schaefer SEE srl, Via Luigi Einaudi 23, 45100 Rovigo, Italy
| | - Marco Smerieri
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism (CNR-IMEM), National Research Council, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Carraro
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism (CNR-IMEM), National Research Council, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Roberto Utzeri
- Institute of Molecular Science and Technologies (CNR-SCITEC), National Research Council, Via de Marini 16, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Faimali
- Institute for the Study of the Anthropic Impact and Sustainability in the Marine Environment (CNR-IAS), National Research Council, Via de Marini 16, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Garaventa
- Early PostDoc Mobility Grant—Swiss National Science Foundation, 3000 Bern, Switzerland
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Pittura L, Garaventa F, Costa E, Minetti R, Nardi A, Ventura L, Morgana S, Capello M, Ungherese G, Regoli F, Gorbi S. Microplastics in seawater and marine organisms: Site-specific variations over two-year study in Giglio Island (North Tyrrhenian Sea). Mar Pollut Bull 2022; 181:113916. [PMID: 35810651 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Geographical and temporal differences of microplastic occurrence were documented in water and fish collected in 2017 and 2019 from the Giglio Island (North Tyrrhenian Sea) close to the area where the Costa Concordia sank in January 2012. Results on water samples showed a site-dependent difference, suggesting the role of surface current dynamics in the microplastic local distribution, while tested Neuston nets (200 μm and 330 μm mesh size) did not influence microplastic retention efficiency. Fish exhibited in 2019 a higher frequency of specimens positive to microplastic ingestion with respect to 2017, with an occurrence higher than those typically observed in other Mediterranean areas. Both in water and fish, fragments were the dominating shape, polypropylene and polyethylene were the prevalent polymers, without particular difference between sites and years. This study highlights the importance of applying microplastic investigation in biotic and abiotic matrices for an effective monitoring of this pollution in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Pittura
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Garaventa
- Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment, Italian National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Costa
- Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment, Italian National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Minetti
- Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment, Italian National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Nardi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Lucia Ventura
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Silvia Morgana
- Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment, Italian National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Capello
- Department for the Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genova, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Regoli
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Stefania Gorbi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.
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Gambardella C, Leggio O, Montarsolo A, Harriague AC, Del Core M, Faimali M, Garaventa F. An integrated approach to characterize deep sediment toxicity in Genoa submarine canyons (NW Mediterranean). Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:2883-2893. [PMID: 34382166 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15807-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate deep sediment toxicity in Genoa submarine canyons (Northwestern Mediterranean), for the first time, by using an integrated approach that combined chemistry and ecotoxicology. Sediments were collected from the main submarine canyons in the Gulf of Genoa (Polcevera and Bisagno) and along the adjacent Western Open Slope. A multi-endpoint ecotoxicological approach was taken by exposing two crustacean larvae (Amphibalanus amphitrite and Artemia sp.). Lethal and sub-lethal responses (mortality, swimming behavior) were investigated. Chemical analysis showed that this area is characterized by metal enrichment, including lead, cadmium, chromium, and nickel. Ecotoxicological tests highlighted that elutriates from the different submarine canyons were toxic only for A. amphitrite nauplii: Polcevera Canyon and Western Open Slope sediments induced stronger lethal and sub-lethal ecotoxicological effects than those from Bisagno Canyon. No direct correlation was found between the outcome of chemical and ecotoxicological characterization. However, barnacle was the most prone species to metal contamination: lethal and sub-lethal responses found in this species may be linked to an increase in the concentration of some metals (i.e., Cr, Ni) from offshore to coastal waters, probably due to anthropogenic activity. These findings suggest that the proposed approach can be a suitable tool for deep-sea sediment contamination monitoring; however, the use of a battery of bioassays involving multiple species and endpoints is recommended to better clarify the dynamics of contaminants in marine sediments at very high depths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Gambardella
- National Research Council (CNR) - Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment (IAS), Via De Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy.
| | - Oriana Leggio
- National Research Council (CNR) - Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment (IAS), Via De Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy
| | - Alessio Montarsolo
- National Research Council (CNR) - Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment (IAS), Via De Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy
| | - Anabella Covazzi Harriague
- Department for the Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DiSTAV), University of Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Marianna Del Core
- National Research Council (CNR) - Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment (IAS), Via del Mare 3, 91021, Torretta Granitola, Italy
| | - Marco Faimali
- National Research Council (CNR) - Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment (IAS), Via De Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Garaventa
- National Research Council (CNR) - Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment (IAS), Via De Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy
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Piazza V, Greco G, Gambardella C, Garaventa F, Massanisso P, Chiavarini S, Faimali M. Corrigendum to "A new approach to testing potential leaching toxicity of fouling release coatings (FRCs)". [Mar. Environ. Res. (2018) 141 305-312]. Mar Environ Res 2021; 168:105293. [PMID: 33819871 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Piazza
- Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment (IAS), National Research Council (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy
| | - Giuliano Greco
- Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment (IAS), National Research Council (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy
| | - Chiara Gambardella
- Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment (IAS), National Research Council (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Garaventa
- Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment (IAS), National Research Council (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy
| | | | | | - Marco Faimali
- Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment (IAS), National Research Council (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy
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Cormier B, Gambardella C, Tato T, Perdriat Q, Costa E, Veclin C, Le Bihanic F, Grassl B, Dubocq F, Kärrman A, Van Arkel K, Lemoine S, Lagarde F, Morin B, Garaventa F, Faimali M, Cousin X, Bégout ML, Beiras R, Cachot J. Chemicals sorbed to environmental microplastics are toxic to early life stages of aquatic organisms. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2021; 208:111665. [PMID: 33396175 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics are ubiquitous in aquatic ecosystems, but little information is currently available on the dangers and risks to living organisms. In order to assess the ecotoxicity of environmental microplastics (MPs), samples were collected from the beaches of two islands in the Guadeloupe archipelago, Petit-Bourg (PB) located on the main island of Guadeloupe and Marie-Galante (MG) on the second island of the archipelago. These samples have a similar polymer composition with mainly polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP). However, these two samples are very dissimilar with regard to their contamination profile and their toxicity. MPs from MG contain more lead, cadmium and organochlorine compounds while those from PB have higher levels of copper, zinc and hydrocarbons. The leachates of these two samples of MPs induced sublethal effects on the growth of sea urchins and on the pulsation frequency of jellyfish ephyrae but not on the development of zebrafish embryos. The toxic effects are much more marked for samples from the PB site than those from the MG site. This work demonstrates that MPs can contain high levels of potentially bioavailable toxic substances that may represent a significant ecotoxicological risk, particularly for the early life stages of aquatic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettie Cormier
- Bordeaux University, EPOC, UMR CNRS University of Bordeaux EPHE 5805, Avenue des Facultés, 33400 Talence, France; Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Chiara Gambardella
- Institute for the study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment - National Research Council (CNR-IAS), Genova, Italy
| | - Tania Tato
- Faculty of Marine Sciences, University of Vigo, E-36310 Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - Quentin Perdriat
- Bordeaux University, EPOC, UMR CNRS University of Bordeaux EPHE 5805, Avenue des Facultés, 33400 Talence, France
| | - Elisa Costa
- Institute for the study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment - National Research Council (CNR-IAS), Genova, Italy
| | - Cloé Veclin
- CNRS/University of Pau & Pays Adour/E2S UPPA, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physicochimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254, 64000, Pau, France
| | - Florane Le Bihanic
- Bordeaux University, EPOC, UMR CNRS University of Bordeaux EPHE 5805, Avenue des Facultés, 33400 Talence, France
| | - Bruno Grassl
- CNRS/University of Pau & Pays Adour/E2S UPPA, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physicochimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254, 64000, Pau, France
| | - Florian Dubocq
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Anna Kärrman
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Kim Van Arkel
- Race for Water Foundation, Lausanne 1007, Switzerland
| | - Soazig Lemoine
- Laboratoire de biologie marine, Université des Antilles, French West Indies, Campus de Fouillole, BP 592, 97117, Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Fabienne Lagarde
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM, UMR CNRS 6283), Université du Maine, Avenu Olivier Messiaen, F-72085 Le Mans, France
| | - Bénédicte Morin
- Bordeaux University, EPOC, UMR CNRS University of Bordeaux EPHE 5805, Avenue des Facultés, 33400 Talence, France
| | - Francesca Garaventa
- Institute for the study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment - National Research Council (CNR-IAS), Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Faimali
- Institute for the study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment - National Research Council (CNR-IAS), Genova, Italy
| | - Xavier Cousin
- MARBEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, IRD, 34250 Palavas-les-Flots, France; University of Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, GABI, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Marie-Laure Bégout
- MARBEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, IRD, 34250 Palavas-les-Flots, France
| | - Ricardo Beiras
- Faculty of Marine Sciences, University of Vigo, E-36310 Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - Jérôme Cachot
- Bordeaux University, EPOC, UMR CNRS University of Bordeaux EPHE 5805, Avenue des Facultés, 33400 Talence, France.
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10
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Costa E, Gambardella C, Piazza V, Vassalli M, Sbrana F, Lavorano S, Garaventa F, Faimali M. Microplastics ingestion in the ephyra stage of Aurelia sp. triggers acute and behavioral responses. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2020; 189:109983. [PMID: 31785944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, we report a correspondence between microplastics (MP) ingestion and ecotoxicological effects in gelatinous zooplankton (Cnidarian jellyfish). The ephyra stage of the jellyfish Aurelia sp. was exposed to both environmental and high concentrations of fluorescent 1-4 μm polyethylene MP (0.01-10 mg/L). After 24 and 48 h, MP accumulation, acute (Immobility) and behavioral (Frequency pulsation) endpoints were investigated. MP were detected by confocal and tomographic investigations on gelatinous body and mouth, either attached on the surface or ingested. This interaction was responsible for impairing ephyrae survival and behavior at all tested concentrations after 24 h. Acute and behavioral effects were also related to mechanical disturbance, caused by MP, triggering a loss of radial symmetry. Contaminated ephyrae exposed to clean seawater showed full recovery after 72 h highlighting the organisms without the microspheres, attached on body jellyfish surface around the mouth and lappets. In conclusion, short-term exposure to MP affects ephyrae jellyfish health, impairing both their survival and behavior. Polyethylene MP temporarily affect both Immobility and Frequency of pulsation of Aurelia sp. jellyfish. This study provides a first step towards understanding and clarifying the potential impacts of MP contamination in gelatinous zooplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Costa
- National Research Council, Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impact and Sustainability in the Marine Environment (CNR-IAS), Via de Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy.
| | - Chiara Gambardella
- National Research Council, Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impact and Sustainability in the Marine Environment (CNR-IAS), Via de Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy.
| | - Veronica Piazza
- National Research Council, Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impact and Sustainability in the Marine Environment (CNR-IAS), Via de Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy.
| | - Massimo Vassalli
- National Research Council, Institute of Biophysics (CNR-IBF), Via de Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy.
| | | | - Silvia Lavorano
- Costa Edutainment SpA - Acquario di Genova, Area Porto Antico, Ponte Spinola, 16128, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Francesca Garaventa
- National Research Council, Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impact and Sustainability in the Marine Environment (CNR-IAS), Via de Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy.
| | - Marco Faimali
- National Research Council, Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impact and Sustainability in the Marine Environment (CNR-IAS), Via de Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy.
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11
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Gambardella C, Piazza V, Albentosa M, Bebianno MJ, Cardoso C, Faimali M, Garaventa F, Garrido S, González S, Pérez S, Sendra M, Beiras R. Microplastics do not affect standard ecotoxicological endpoints in marine unicellular organisms. Mar Pollut Bull 2019; 143:140-143. [PMID: 31789149 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the acute toxicity of microplastics (MPs) on unicellular organisms as marine decomposers and microalgae was assessed, by evaluating standards endpoints included in International Standard Organization (ISO) protocols. The bacteria Vibrio fischeri and the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum were exposed to different sizes (1-500 μm) of polyethylene MPs in order to evaluate bioluminescence inhibition and microalgal growth. No acute toxicity was found on bacteria or microalgae in an order of magnitude above environmentally relevant concentrations, suggesting that tested MPs did not affect the investigated biological processes. In conclusion, standard ecotoxicological endpoints are not sufficiently sensitive to assess the potential effects of MPs on decomposers and primary producers, conversely to nanoplastics. These findings highlight that the current approach for MP risk assessment in unicellular species should be revised, by providing alternative endpoints to be included in standardized protocols, able to monitor the fate and biological effects of MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Gambardella
- Institute for the study of Anthropic impacts and Sustainability in marine environment - National research Council (CNR-IAS), Via de Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy.
| | - Veronica Piazza
- Institute for the study of Anthropic impacts and Sustainability in marine environment - National research Council (CNR-IAS), Via de Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Marina Albentosa
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Oceanograhic Center of Murcia, Varadero 1, E-30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Cátia Cardoso
- CIMA, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8000-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Marco Faimali
- Institute for the study of Anthropic impacts and Sustainability in marine environment - National research Council (CNR-IAS), Via de Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Garaventa
- Institute for the study of Anthropic impacts and Sustainability in marine environment - National research Council (CNR-IAS), Via de Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Soledad Garrido
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Oceanograhic Center of Murcia, Varadero 1, E-30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Sergio González
- ECIMAT, University of Vigo, Illa de Toralla, E-36331 Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - Sara Pérez
- ECIMAT, University of Vigo, Illa de Toralla, E-36331 Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - Marta Sendra
- CIMA, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8000-139 Faro, Portugal; Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), Campus Río San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Ricardo Beiras
- ECIMAT, University of Vigo, Illa de Toralla, E-36331 Vigo, Galicia, Spain
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12
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Morgana S, Ghigliotti L, Estévez-Calvar N, Stifanese R, Wieckzorek A, Doyle T, Christiansen JS, Faimali M, Garaventa F. Microplastics in the Arctic: A case study with sub-surface water and fish samples off Northeast Greenland. Environ Pollut 2018; 242:1078-1086. [PMID: 30096546 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The Arctic is a unique and fragile ecosystem that needs to be preserved and protected. Despite its remoteness, plastic pollution has been documented in this region. In the coming years, it is likely to worsen since, with climate changes and the opening of new shipping routes, the human presence is going to increase in the whole area. Here, we investigated the presence of microplastics (MPs) in sub-surface water and in two mid-trophic level Arctic fishes collected off Northeast Greenland: the demersal bigeye sculpin, Triglops nybelini, and the pelagic polar cod, Boreogadus saida. Plastics debris were found in the water samples at a concentration of 2.4 items/m3 ±0.8 SD which is higher than in most seas at lower latitudes. Both fish species had eaten MPs with different proportion among the species, 34% for T. nybelini (n = 71) and 18% for B. saida (n = 85). The significant difference in the occurrence of MPs between the two species is likely a consequence of their feeding behavior and habitat. Polyethylene was the main plastic polymer for water samples (41%, n = 17) and polyester (34%, n = 156) for fish samples as analyzed by Fourier Transformed Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Our data underscore that the Arctic regions are turning into a hotspot for plastic pollution, and this calls urgently for precautionary measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Morgana
- Istituto di Scienze Marine, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR-ISMAR), Via De Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy.
| | - Laura Ghigliotti
- Istituto di Scienze Marine, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR-ISMAR), Via De Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy
| | - Noelia Estévez-Calvar
- Istituto di Scienze Marine, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR-ISMAR), Via De Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy
| | - Roberto Stifanese
- Istituto di Scienze Marine, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR-ISMAR), Via De Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy
| | - Alina Wieckzorek
- Ryan Institute, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Tom Doyle
- Ryan Institute, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Jørgen S Christiansen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT - the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, NO-9037, Norway
| | - Marco Faimali
- Istituto di Scienze Marine, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR-ISMAR), Via De Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Garaventa
- Istituto di Scienze Marine, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR-ISMAR), Via De Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy
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13
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Beiras R, Bellas J, Cachot J, Cormier B, Cousin X, Engwall M, Gambardella C, Garaventa F, Keiter S, Le Bihanic F, López-Ibáñez S, Piazza V, Rial D, Tato T, Vidal-Liñán L. Ingestion and contact with polyethylene microplastics does not cause acute toxicity on marine zooplankton. J Hazard Mater 2018; 360:452-460. [PMID: 30142596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.07.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity of polyethylene microplastics (PE-MP) of size ranges similar to their natural food to zooplanktonic organisms representative of the main taxa present in marine plankton, including rotifers, copepods, bivalves, echinoderms and fish, was evaluated. Early life stages (ELS) were prioritized as testing models in order to maximize sensitivity. Treatments included particles spiked with benzophenone-3 (BP-3), a hydrophobic organic chemical used in cosmetics with direct input in coastal areas. Despite documented ingestion of both virgin and BP-3 spiked microplastics no acute toxicity was found at loads orders of magnitude above environmentally relevant concentrations on any of the invertebrate models. In fish tests some effects, including premature or reduced hatching, were observed after 12 d exposure at 10 mg L-1 of BP-3 spiked PE-MP. The results obtained do not support environmentally relevant risk of microplastics on marine zooplankton. Similar approaches testing more hydrophobic chemicals with higher acute toxicity are needed before these conclusions could be extended to other organic pollutants common in marine ecosystems. Therefore, the replacement of these polymers in consumer products must be carefully considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Beiras
- ECIMAT, University of Vigo, Illa de Toralla E-36331, Vigo, Galicia, Spain.
| | - J Bellas
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Cabo Estay, E-36390, Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - J Cachot
- Bordeaux University, EPOC, UMR CNRS 5805, Avenue des Facultés, 33400 Talence, France
| | - B Cormier
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - X Cousin
- IFREMER, Laboratoire Adaptation et Adaptabilités des Animaux et des Systèmes, UMR MARBEC, chemin de Maguelone, 34250 Palavas, France; UMR GABI INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - M Engwall
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | | | - F Garaventa
- CNR-ISMAR, Via de Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - S Keiter
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - F Le Bihanic
- Bordeaux University, EPOC, UMR CNRS 5805, Avenue des Facultés, 33400 Talence, France
| | - S López-Ibáñez
- ECIMAT, University of Vigo, Illa de Toralla E-36331, Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - V Piazza
- CNR-ISMAR, Via de Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - D Rial
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Cabo Estay, E-36390, Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - T Tato
- ECIMAT, University of Vigo, Illa de Toralla E-36331, Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - L Vidal-Liñán
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Cabo Estay, E-36390, Vigo, Galicia, Spain
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14
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Piazza V, Gambardella C, Garaventa F, Massanisso P, Chiavarini S, Faimali M. A new approach to testing potential leaching toxicity of fouling release coatings (FRCs). Mar Environ Res 2018; 141:305-312. [PMID: 30274719 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fouling release coatings (FRCs) are today the main environment-friendly alternative to traditional self-polishing coatings, that continuously release biocides and/or heavy metals into water. FRCs are available on the market as environmentally friendly AF paints and most of them do not contain bioactive agents, however no complete and reliable assessment of their environmental impact has yet been carried out. Only few literature data proving their AF efficacy combined with a demonstrated lack of toxicological effects are available. Ecotoxicological bioassays are commonly used to predict the potential environmental impact of traditional AF paints. Standardized methodologies to obtain leaching products from biocide-based paints are available, while few studies propose experimental methods to assess the potential effects of biocide-free FRCs leachates on non-target organisms. The aim of this work is to propose an experimental protocol to obtain leaching products from biocide-free FRCs in order to evaluate the potential release of substances having toxic effects, by means of an ecotoxicological bioassay. Two ecotoxicological end-points with different sensitivity levels were considered (multi-end-point approach). Five silicone-based commercial coatings were used: their leaching products were collected after different immersion times following the developed experimental method and then two ecotoxicological end-points were evaluated on II stage nauplii of the crustacean Amphibalanus amphitrite as model organism. Moreover, chemical analyses were performed on leachates collected after each immersion time, focusing on the presence of metals in leaching products. From the results obtained from the bioassay, even if not indicative of the real environmental impact of FRCs, a release of toxic substances was observed from tested coatings during early immersion stages, likely to affect the exposed model organism. The potential leaching toxicity of the five tested products was compared. No clear correspondence could be identified between the concentrations of metals detected in leachates and the obtained ecotoxicological data, thus suggesting that other active components might be released by FRCs responsible for the toxic effects pointed out on A. amphitrite larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Piazza
- Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment (IAS), National Research Council (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy.
| | - Chiara Gambardella
- Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment (IAS), National Research Council (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Garaventa
- Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment (IAS), National Research Council (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy
| | | | | | - Marco Faimali
- Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment (IAS), National Research Council (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy
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15
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Gambardella C, Morgana S, Bramini M, Rotini A, Manfra L, Migliore L, Piazza V, Garaventa F, Faimali M. Ecotoxicological effects of polystyrene microbeads in a battery of marine organisms belonging to different trophic levels. Mar Environ Res 2018; 141:313-321. [PMID: 30274720 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to detect ecotoxicological effects of 0.1 μm polystyrene microbeads in marine organisms belonging to different trophic levels. MP build up, lethal and sub-lethal responses were investigated in the bacterium Vibrio anguillarum (culturability), in the green microalga Dunaliella tertiolecta (growth inhibition), in the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis (mortality and swimming speed alteration) and in the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (immobility and swimming speed alteration) exposed to a wide range of microplastic (MP) concentrations (from 0.001 to 10 mg L-1). Survival was not affected in all organisms up to 10 mg L-1, while algal growth inhibition, rotifer and sea urchin larvae swimming behaviour alterations were observed after exposure to MPs. Ingestion was only observed in rotifers and it was directly correlated with sub-lethal effects. These results account for the ecotoxicological risk associated to the polystyrene microbeads, which are able to affect different endpoints in primary producers and consumers (rotifers and sea urchins) since no effects were observed in decomposers. This study points out the importance of using a battery of marine organisms belonging to different trophic levels by studying acute toxicity of MPs at low and high contamination levels, and investigating sub-lethal responses. Further investigations aimed at studying the transfer of these materials through the web are particularly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Gambardella
- Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment (IAS), National Council of Researches (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy.
| | - Silvia Morgana
- Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment (IAS), National Council of Researches (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy
| | - Mattia Bramini
- IIT, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Alice Rotini
- Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Via Vitaliano Brancati, 60, 00144, Rome, Italy; Department of Biology, Tor Vergata University, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Loredana Manfra
- Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Via Vitaliano Brancati, 60, 00144, Rome, Italy; Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Luciana Migliore
- Department of Biology, Tor Vergata University, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Piazza
- Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment (IAS), National Council of Researches (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Garaventa
- Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment (IAS), National Council of Researches (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Faimali
- Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment (IAS), National Council of Researches (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy
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16
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Morgana S, Estévez-Calvar N, Gambardella C, Faimali M, Garaventa F. A short-term swimming speed alteration test with nauplii of Artemia franciscana. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2018; 147:558-564. [PMID: 28918338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The presence of toxicant needs to be assessed within short time in order to effectively protect the aquatic environment from serious threat. Based on the observation that at high temperatures aquatic organisms become more vulnerable to stressors than those maintained at room temperature, a new test was developed. The proposed bioassay consisted in the evaluation of the swimming speed alteration (SSA) of nauplii of Artemia franciscana incubated at 39°C (± 1) for 6h, using a Swimming Behavior Recorder system (SBR). A comparative ecotoxicological study between the 6h SSA test and the 24h mortality test was carried out in order to validate the new method in terms of sensitivity by means of EC50 values. The bioassay was applied to screen different toxicants: K2Cr2O7, Cu(SO4)2, NaClO, SDS and Sertraline hydrochloride. The EC50s calculated for the short-term SSA test and those of the mortality test showed comparable values. For all toxicants, the 6h SSA test was proved to be as sensitive as the 24h mortality test. The method developed in this study is the first temperature-based toxicity test with nauplii of Artemia franciscana and it represents an attractive assay in ecotoxicology because of its convenience in terms of time and costs, feasibility and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Morgana
- Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), National Council of Researches (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy.
| | - Noelia Estévez-Calvar
- Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), National Council of Researches (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Chiara Gambardella
- Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), National Council of Researches (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Faimali
- Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), National Council of Researches (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Garaventa
- Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), National Council of Researches (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
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17
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Gambardella C, Morgana S, Ferrando S, Bramini M, Piazza V, Costa E, Garaventa F, Faimali M. Effects of polystyrene microbeads in marine planktonic crustaceans. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2017; 145:250-257. [PMID: 28750293 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plastic debris accumulates in the marine environment, fragmenting into microplastics (MP), causing concern about their potential toxic effects when ingested by marine organisms. The aim of this study was to verify whether 0.1µm polystyrene beads are likely to trigger lethal and sub-lethal responses in marine planktonic crustaceans. MP build-up, mortality, swimming speed alteration and enzyme activity (cholinesterases, catalase) were investigated in the larval stages of Amphibalanus amphitrite barnacle and of Artemia franciscana brine shrimp exposed to a wide range of MP concentrations (from 0.001 to 10mgL-1) for 24 and 48h. The results show that MP were accumulated in crustaceans, without affecting mortality. Swimming activity was significantly altered in crustaceans exposed to high MP concentrations (> 1mgL-1) after 48h. Enzyme activities were significantly affected in all organisms exposed to all the above MP concentrations, indicating that neurotoxic effects and oxidative stress were induced after MP treatment. These findings provide new insight into sub-lethal MP effects on marine crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Gambardella
- Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), National Council of Researches (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy.
| | - Silvia Morgana
- Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), National Council of Researches (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Sara Ferrando
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), Università di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 5, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Mattia Bramini
- IIT, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Veronica Piazza
- Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), National Council of Researches (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Elisa Costa
- Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), National Council of Researches (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Garaventa
- Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), National Council of Researches (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Faimali
- Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), National Council of Researches (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
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18
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Estévez-Calvar N, Canesi L, Montagna M, Faimali M, Piazza V, Garaventa F. Adverse effects of the SSRI antidepressant sertraline on early life stages of marine invertebrates. Mar Environ Res 2017; 128:88-97. [PMID: 27255123 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Widespread contamination of coastal environments by emerging compounds includes low concentrations of pharmaceuticals. These pollutants are not currently incorporated in monitoring programs despite their effects on non-target organisms are very little documented. Among the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants, sertraline (SRT) is one of the most prescribed globally. In this work, earlier life stages of Amphibalanus amphitrite, Brachionus plicatilis and Mytilus galloprovincialis were exposed to environmental concentrations of SRT in order to study both sub-lethal and lethal responses in 24/48 h-tests. Low concentrations of SRT altered significantly swimming behavior in A. amphitrite and B. plicatilis giving 48 h-EC50 (μg/L) of 113.88 and 282.23, respectively whereas higher values were observed for mortality and immobilization. EC50 embryotoxicity with M. galloprovincialis was 206.80 μg/L. This work add new data about SRT ecotoxicity on marine invertebrates and confirms the applicability of behavioral endpoints to evaluate the environmental impact of antidepressants in marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Estévez-Calvar
- Istituto di Scienze Marine, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISMAR-CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy.
| | - Laura Canesi
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), Università degli Studi di Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Michele Montagna
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), Università degli Studi di Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Faimali
- Istituto di Scienze Marine, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISMAR-CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy
| | - Veronica Piazza
- Istituto di Scienze Marine, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISMAR-CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Garaventa
- Istituto di Scienze Marine, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISMAR-CNR), Arsenale Tesa 104, Castello 2737/F, 30122, Venezia, Italy
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19
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Faimali M, Gambardella C, Costa E, Piazza V, Morgana S, Estévez-Calvar N, Garaventa F. Old model organisms and new behavioral end-points: Swimming alteration as an ecotoxicological response. Mar Environ Res 2017; 128:36-45. [PMID: 27194191 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral responses of aquatic organisms have received much less attention than developmental or reproductive ones due to the scarce presence of user-friendly tools for their acquisition. The technological development of data acquisition systems for quantifying behavior in the aquatic environment and the increase of studies on the understanding the relationship between the behavior of aquatic organisms and the physiological/ecological activities have generated renewed interest in using behavioral responses also in marine ecotoxicology. Recent reviews on freshwater environment show that behavioral end-points are comparatively fast and sensitive, and warrant further attention as tools for assessing the toxicological effects of environmental contaminants. In this mini-review, we perform a systematic analysis of the most recent works that have used marine invertebrate swimming alteration as behavioral end-point in ecotoxicological studies by assessing the differences between behavioral and acute responses in a wide range of species, in order to compare their sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Faimali
- National Research Council - Institute of Marine Science (CNR-ISMAR), Via De Marini, 6, 16149 Genova, Italy.
| | - Chiara Gambardella
- National Research Council - Institute of Marine Science (CNR-ISMAR), Via De Marini, 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Elisa Costa
- National Research Council - Institute of Marine Science (CNR-ISMAR), Arsenale - Tesa 104, Castello 2737/F, 30122 Venezia, Italy
| | - Veronica Piazza
- National Research Council - Institute of Marine Science (CNR-ISMAR), Via De Marini, 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Silvia Morgana
- National Research Council - Institute of Marine Science (CNR-ISMAR), Via De Marini, 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Noelia Estévez-Calvar
- National Research Council - Institute of Marine Science (CNR-ISMAR), Arsenale - Tesa 104, Castello 2737/F, 30122 Venezia, Italy
| | - Francesca Garaventa
- National Research Council - Institute of Marine Science (CNR-ISMAR), Arsenale - Tesa 104, Castello 2737/F, 30122 Venezia, Italy
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20
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Giussani V, Costa E, Pecorino D, Berdalet E, De Giampaulis G, Gentile M, Fuentes V, Vila M, Penna A, Chiantore M, Garaventa F, Lavorano S, Faimali M. Effects of the harmful dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata on different life cycle stages of the common moon jellyfish Aurelia sp. Harmful Algae 2016; 57:49-58. [PMID: 30170721 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The frequency and geographic extension of microalgae and gelatinous zooplankton blooms seem to have been increasing worldwide over recent decades. In particular, the harmful dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata and the Schyphozoan jellyfish Aurelia sp. are two of the most frequent and long lasting species forming blooms in the Mediterranean Sea. A kind of interaction among any of their life cycle stages (i.e. planula-polyp-ephyrae vs Ostreopsis cells) can likely occur, although in this area there are no data available on the co-occurrence of these species. The aim of this study was to investigate, for the first time, the potential noxious effect of O. cf. ovata on different life stages of Aurelia sp. (polyps and ephyrae), testing several concentrations of whole algal culture. Rsults of toxicity bioassay highlighted that ephyrae, but not polyps, are affected by this harmful dinoflagellate and comparisons among other model organisms show that Aurelia sp. ephyrae are the most sensitive model organism tested so far (EC50-24h=10.5cells/mL). These findings suggest an interesting scenario on the interaction of these two bloom forming species in the natural marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisa Costa
- CNR - Institute of Marine Sciences (ISMAR), Arsenale-Tesa 104, Castello 2737/F, 30122 Venezia, Italy
| | - Danilo Pecorino
- DISTAV - University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Elisa Berdalet
- ICM-CSIC - Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Giulio De Giampaulis
- Department of Science and Biological and Environmental Technologies, University of Salento, S.P.6., Lecce - Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Miriam Gentile
- ICM-CSIC - Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Veronica Fuentes
- ICM-CSIC - Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Magda Vila
- ICM-CSIC - Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Antonella Penna
- DISB - University of Urbino, via Saffi 2, 61029 Urbino, Italy; CoNISMa - Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, P. le Flaminio 9, 00196 Roma, Italy; CNR - Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), Largo Fiera della Pesca, 60125 Ancona, Italy
| | - Mariachiara Chiantore
- DISTAV - University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genoa, Italy; CoNISMa - Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, P. le Flaminio 9, 00196 Roma, Italy
| | - Francesca Garaventa
- CNR - Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), Via De Marini, 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Silvia Lavorano
- Costa Edutainment S.p.A., Acquario di Genova, Area, Porto Antico, Ponte Spinola, 16128 Genoa, Italy; CoNISMa - Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, P. le Flaminio 9, 00196 Roma, Italy
| | - Marco Faimali
- CNR - Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), Via De Marini, 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
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21
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Costa E, Piazza V, Gambardella C, Moresco R, Prato E, Biandolino F, Cassin D, Botter M, Maurizio D, D'Adamo R, Fabbrocini A, Faimali M, Garaventa F. Ecotoxicological effects of sediments from Mar Piccolo, South Italy: toxicity testing with organisms from different trophic levels. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23:12755-12769. [PMID: 26423289 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5471-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The Mar Piccolo of Taranto (Ionian Sea, Southern Italy) is a semi-enclosed and strongly polluted basin. For decades, it has been subjected to different anthropogenic impacts. These stressors caused severe sediments contamination with high concentration of different pollutants (PAHs, PCB, heavy metals). In order to assess the current status of sediments contamination, an ecotoxicological investigation combined with chemical analysis (heavy metals, PAH, and PCB) has been performed. In order to derive ecologically relevant conclusions, a multiorganisms and multiend-points approach has been applied, exposing organisms from different trophic levels to elutriate and whole sediment. The battery of bioassays consists of a microalgal growth inhibition test (Dunaliella tertiolecta), acute and sublethal assays (end-points: mortality, immobilization and swimming speed alteration) on crustaceans larvae and juveniles, and rotifers (Amphibalanus amphitrite, Artemia salina, Corophium insidiosum and Brachionus plicatilis), and embryotoxicity test on echinoderms (Paracentrotus lividus). Considering the high levels of sediment contamination highlighted from chemical analysis, an unexpected very low toxic effect was observed, even considering the sublethal end-point (larval swimming speed alteration). The results of this study suggest a very complex contaminants dynamic in the Mar Piccolo sediments that, despite a strong level of contamination, seems to not affect in a proportional manner the biological compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Costa
- CNR- Institute of Marine Sciences (ISMAR), Arsenale-Tesa 104, Castello 2737/F, 30122, Venezia, VE, Italy
| | - Veronica Piazza
- CNR- Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), Via De Marini, 6, 16149, Genova, Italy
| | - Chiara Gambardella
- CNR- Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), Via De Marini, 6, 16149, Genova, Italy
| | - Roberto Moresco
- CNR- Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), Via De Marini, 6, 16149, Genova, Italy
- Costa Edutainment S.p.A., Acquario di Genova, Area Porto Antico Ponte Spinola, 16128, Genova, Italy
| | - Ermelinda Prato
- CNR - Institute for Coastal Marine Environment (IAMC), Via Roma 3, 74100, Taranto, Italy
| | - Francesca Biandolino
- CNR - Institute for Coastal Marine Environment (IAMC), Via Roma 3, 74100, Taranto, Italy
| | - Daniele Cassin
- CNR- Institute of Marine Sciences (ISMAR), Arsenale-Tesa 104, Castello 2737/F, 30122, Venezia, VE, Italy
| | - Margherita Botter
- CNR- Institute of Marine Sciences (ISMAR), Arsenale-Tesa 104, Castello 2737/F, 30122, Venezia, VE, Italy
| | - Daniela Maurizio
- CNR - Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), via Pola 4, 71010, Lesina, FG, Italy
| | - Raffaele D'Adamo
- CNR - Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), via Pola 4, 71010, Lesina, FG, Italy
| | - Adele Fabbrocini
- CNR - Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), via Pola 4, 71010, Lesina, FG, Italy
| | - Marco Faimali
- CNR- Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), Via De Marini, 6, 16149, Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Garaventa
- CNR- Institute of Marine Sciences (ISMAR), Arsenale-Tesa 104, Castello 2737/F, 30122, Venezia, VE, Italy.
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22
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Morgana S, Gambardella C, Falugi C, Pronzato R, Garaventa F, Faimali M. Swimming speed alteration in the early developmental stages of Paracentrotus lividus sea urchin as ecotoxicological endpoint. Mar Environ Res 2016; 115:11-19. [PMID: 26826671 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral endpoints have been used for decades to assess chemical impacts at concentrations unlikely to cause mortality. With recently developed techniques, it is possible to investigate the swimming behavior of several organisms under laboratory conditions. The aims of this study were: i) assessing for the first time the feasibility of swimming speed analysis of the early developmental stage sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus by an automatic recording system ii) investigating any Swimming Speed Alteration (SSA) on P. lividus early stages exposed to a chemical reference; iii) identifying the most suitable stage for SSA test. Results show that the swimming speed of all the developmental stages was easily recorded. The swimming speed was inhibited as a function of toxicant concentration. Pluteus were the most appropriate stage for evaluating SSA in P. lividus as ecotoxicological endpoint. Finally, swimming of sea urchin early stages represents a sensitive endpoint to be considered in ecotoxicological investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Morgana
- Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), National Council of Researches (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy.
| | - Chiara Gambardella
- Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), National Council of Researches (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Carla Falugi
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISVA), Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Roberto Pronzato
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), Università di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 5, 16136 Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Garaventa
- Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), National Council of Researches (CNR), Arsenale Tesa 104, Castello 2737/F, 30122 Venezia, Italy
| | - Marco Faimali
- Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), National Council of Researches (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
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23
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Piazza V, Gambardella C, Canepa S, Costa E, Faimali M, Garaventa F. Temperature and salinity effects on cadmium toxicity on lethal and sublethal responses of Amphibalanus amphitrite nauplii. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2016; 123:8-17. [PMID: 26410667 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The official protocol of an ecotoxicological assay employing larvae of the crustacean Amphibalanus amphitrite as a model organism has recently been published by the Italian regulatory authority UNICHIM. Such assay is now one of the applicable tests for water quality assessment under Italian law. While specific temperature and salinity values are recommended by ecotoxicology bioassay protocols for test set up, little information is available on response changes in case of parameter variations. In particular, information is totally lacking for this innovative model organism. Under the standard test protocol, 20°C and 37‰ temperature and salinity, respectively, are required to be set in A. amphitrite bioassay. In order to evaluate the environmental relevance of the test, laboratory experiments simulating the effect on larval responses due to variations of temperature and salinity expected in field collected samples were carried out. The effect of temperature and salinity changes on different end-points, involving increasing sensitivity levels, has been investigated, with and without the presence of cadmium nitrate, Cd(NO3)2, as a reference toxicant, to determine the possible interactions between pollutants and environmental parameters fluctuations. Three end-points - mortality, immobilization, and swimming speed alteration - were measured in order to evaluate the impact of a wide range of temperature (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40°C) and salinity values (10, 20, 30, 37, 40, 50, 60, 70‰) on response variation after 24 and 48h of exposure. For each parameter, a Non-Effect Range (NER) - namely the limit values within which no effect related to environmental parameter changes is observed - has been defined. For both parameters, NER resulted to be wider for the less sensitive end-points - such as mortality and immobilization - and for shorter exposure time (24h). Later, the same end-points have been evaluated by exposing the same organisms to a reference toxic compound, Cd(NO3)2 (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 3.2mg/L), within the detected NER both for temperature and salinity. LC50 and EC50 values have been calculated for each end-point after 24 and 48h. Cadmium toxicity was shown to decrease at higher salinity values and increase at higher temperatures. Obtained results offer a better bioassay characterization, and the possibility of a more realistic estimation of ecotoxicological assessments performed on field collected samples. Further studies are needed, especially to investigate the effects of simultaneous salinity and temperature changes on end-points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Piazza
- Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), CNR, via De Marini 6, 16149 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Chiara Gambardella
- Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), CNR, via De Marini 6, 16149 Genoa, Italy
| | - Sara Canepa
- Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), CNR, via De Marini 6, 16149 Genoa, Italy
| | - Elisa Costa
- Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), CNR, Arsenale-Tesa 104, 2737F Castello, Venice, Italy
| | - Marco Faimali
- Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), CNR, via De Marini 6, 16149 Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesca Garaventa
- Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), CNR, Arsenale-Tesa 104, 2737F Castello, Venice, Italy
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24
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Gambardella C, Costa E, Piazza V, Fabbrocini A, Magi E, Faimali M, Garaventa F. Effect of silver nanoparticles on marine organisms belonging to different trophic levels. Mar Environ Res 2015; 111:41-9. [PMID: 26065810 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) are increasingly used in a wide range of consumer products and such an extensive use raises questions about their safety and environmental toxicity. We investigated the potential toxicity of Ag-NPs in the marine ecosystem by analyzing the effects on several organisms belonging to different trophic levels. Algae (Dunaliella tertiolecta, Skeletonema costatum), cnidaria (Aurelia aurita jellyfish), crustaceans (Amphibalanus amphitrite and Artemia salina) and echinoderms (Paracentrotus lividus) were exposed to Ag-NPs and different end-points were evaluated: algal growth, ephyra jellyfish immobilization and frequency of pulsations, crustaceans mortality and swimming behavior, and sea urchin sperm motility. Results showed that all the end-points were able to underline a dose-dependent effect. Jellyfish were the most sensitive species, followed by barnacles, sea urchins, green algae, diatoms and brine shrimps. In conclusion, Ag-NPs exposure can influence different trophic levels within the marine ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisa Costa
- CNR - ISMAR, Arsenale - Tesa 104, Castello 2737/F, 30122 Venezia, Italy
| | | | | | - Emanuele Magi
- DCCI, University of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genova, Italy
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25
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Faimali M, Garaventa F, Piazza V, Costa E, Greco G, Mazzola V, Beltrandi M, Bongiovanni E, Lavorano S, Gnone G. Ephyra jellyfish as a new model for ecotoxicological bioassays. Mar Environ Res 2014; 93:93-101. [PMID: 23916371 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was a preliminary investigation on the possibility of using the ephyra of Scyphozoan jellyfish Aurelia aurita (Linnaeus, 1758), the common moon jellyfish, as an innovative model organism in marine ecotoxicology. A series of sequential experiments have been carried out in laboratory in order to investigate the influence of different culturing and methodological parameters (temperature, photoperiod, ephyrae density and age) on behavioural end-points (% of Frequency of Pulsations) and standardize a testing protocol. After that, the organisms have been exposed to two well known reference toxic compounds (Cadmium Nitrate and SDS) in order to analyse the acute and behavioural responses during static exposure. Results of this work indicate that the proposed behavioural end-point, frequency of pulsations (Fp), is an easily measurable one and can be used coupled with an acute one (immobilization) and that ephyrae of jellyfish are very promising model organisms for ecotoxicological investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Faimali
- CNR - Institute of Marine Sciences (ISMAR), Genoa, Italy
| | - F Garaventa
- CNR - Institute of Marine Sciences (ISMAR), Genoa, Italy
| | - V Piazza
- CNR - Institute of Marine Sciences (ISMAR), Genoa, Italy.
| | - E Costa
- CNR - Institute of Marine Sciences (ISMAR), Genoa, Italy; Acquario di Genova - Costa Edutainment S.p.A, Genova, Italy
| | - G Greco
- CNR - Institute of Marine Sciences (ISMAR), Genoa, Italy
| | - V Mazzola
- CNR - Institute of Marine Sciences (ISMAR), Genoa, Italy; Acquario di Genova - Costa Edutainment S.p.A, Genova, Italy
| | - M Beltrandi
- Acquario di Genova - Costa Edutainment S.p.A, Genova, Italy
| | - E Bongiovanni
- Acquario di Genova - Costa Edutainment S.p.A, Genova, Italy
| | - S Lavorano
- Acquario di Genova - Costa Edutainment S.p.A, Genova, Italy
| | - G Gnone
- Acquario di Genova - Costa Edutainment S.p.A, Genova, Italy
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26
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Faimali M, Giussani V, Piazza V, Garaventa F, Corrà C, Asnaghi V, Privitera D, Gallus L, Cattaneo-Vietti R, Mangialajo L, Chiantore M. Toxic effects of harmful benthic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis ovata on invertebrate and vertebrate marine organisms. Mar Environ Res 2012; 76:97-107. [PMID: 22000703 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2011.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Harmful benthic microalgae blooms are an emerging phenomenon causing health and economic concern, especially in tourist areas. This is the case of the Mediterranean Sea, where Ostreopsis ovata blooms occur in summer, with increasing regularity. Ostreopsis species produce palytoxin (PTX) and analogues, and a number of deaths directly associated with the ingestion of PTX contaminated seafood have been reported. PTX is considered one of the most toxic molecules occurring in nature and can provoke severe and sometimes lethal intoxications in humans. So far in temperate areas, O. ovata blooms were reported to cause intoxications of humans by inhalation and irritations by contact. In addition, invertebrate mass mortalities have been reported, possibly linked to O. ovata blooms, although other causes cannot be ruled out, such as oxygen depletion or high seawater temperature. In order to improve our knowledge about the direct toxicity of this species on invertebrate and vertebrate marine organisms, we performed an ecotoxicological screening to investigate the toxic effects of different concentrations of O. ovata (cultured in the laboratory and sampled in the field during blooms) on crustaceans and fish as model organisms. Artemia salina, Tigriopus fulvus, and Amphibalanus amphitrite larvae and juveniles of the sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax were used as model species. Toxic effects associated with cultured O. ovata cells were investigated using a crossed design: testing two different temperatures (20 and 25 °C), four different cell concentrations, and four treatments (untreated O. ovata culture, filtered and resuspended algal cells, growth medium devoid of algal cells, and sonicated algal cells). The results indicate that the toxicity of cultured O. ovata is related to the presence of living O. ovata cells, and that this effect is amplified by temperature. Furthermore, both tests with laboratory cultured algae and field sampled cells pointed out that A. salina is the most sensitive species even at concentrations below the Environmental Alarm Threshold set by the Italian Ministry of Health. Some possible explanations of such sensitivity are discussed, taking into account evidence of O. ovata cells ingestion and the activity of its toxins on the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Faimali
- CNR-Institute of Marine Sciences-ISMAR, Genoa, Italy.
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Garaventa F, Corrà C, Piazza V, Giacco E, Greco G, Pane L, Faimali M. Settlement of the alien mollusc Brachidontes pharaonis in a Mediterranean industrial plant: bioassays for antifouling treatment optimization and management. Mar Environ Res 2012; 76:90-96. [PMID: 22005010 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2011.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we investigated the efficacy of three new biocides (77351, 73532, 73503--NALCO®) as specific antifouling products against adult organisms of the bivalve Brachidontes pharaonis (Fischer P., 1870), a Lessepsian species introduced in the Mediterranean Sea by sea transport (ballast water), and which has recently shown invasive behaviour in an industrial plant in Southern Italy (Sicily). These biocides were tested to verify their efficacy, as well as their environmental compatibility at discharge point, using the crustacean belonging to the genus Artemia (Leach, 1819) as model organism, according to Government Decree (D. Lgs) No. 152/06. Biocides were also tested using alternative crustaceans, Amphibalanus amphitrite (Darwin, 1854), and Tigriopus fulvus (Fischer, 1860), in order to check whether their introduction as model species in the national regulation could affect discharge limit concentrations (DLC) due to their different sensitivity, with likely economic and technical repercussions in the industrial water treatment sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Garaventa
- CNR-Institute of Marine Science-ISMAR, Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genoa, Italy.
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Piazza V, Roussis V, Garaventa F, Greco G, Smyrniotopoulos V, Vagias C, Faimali M. Terpenes from the red alga Sphaerococcus coronopifolius inhibit the settlement of barnacles. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2011; 13:764-772. [PMID: 21181424 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-010-9337-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we screened eight terpenes isolated from the organic extract of Sphaerococcus coronopifolius for their antifouling activity in order to find possible new sources of non-toxic or less toxic bioactive antifoulants. The anti-settlement activity (EC₅₀) and the degree of toxicity (LC₅₀) of S. coronopifolius metabolites was evaluated using larvae of the cirriped crustacean Amphibalanus (Balanus) amphitrite (cyprids and nauplii) as model organism. For five of eight tested metabolites EC₅₀ was lower than 5 mg/L. The most promising results were observed for bromosphaerol (3), which expressed an EC₅₀ value of 0.23 mg/L, in combination with low toxicity levels (LC₅₀ > 100 mg/L). The therapeutic ratio--an index used to estimate whether settlement inhibition is due to toxicity or other mechanisms--is also calculated and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Piazza
- Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR) CNR, via De Marini 6, 16149 Genoa, Italy.
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Garaventa F, Gambardella C, Di Fino A, Pittore M, Faimali M. Swimming speed alteration of Artemia sp. and Brachionus plicatilis as a sub-lethal behavioural end-point for ecotoxicological surveys. Ecotoxicology 2010; 19:512-9. [PMID: 20099027 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-010-0461-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the possibility to improve a new behavioural bioassay (Swimming Speed Alteration test-SSA test) using larvae of marine cyst-forming organisms: e.g. the brine shrimp Artemia sp. and the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. Swimming speed was investigated as a behavioural end-point for application in ecotoxicology studies. A first experiment to analyse the linear swimming speed of the two organisms was performed to verify the applicability of the video-camera tracking system, here referred to as Swimming Behavioural Recorder (SBR). A second experiment was performed, exposing organisms to different toxic compounds (zinc pyrithione, Macrotrol MT-200, and Eserine). Swimming speed alteration was analyzed together with mortality. The results of the first experiment indicate that SBR is a suitable tool to detect linear swimming speed of the two organisms, since the values have been obtained in accordance with other studies using the same organisms (3.05 mm s(-1) for Artemia sp. and 0.62 mm s(-1) for B. plicatilis). Toxicity test results clearly indicate that swimming speed of Artemia sp. and B. plicatilis is a valid behavioural end-point to detect stress at sub-lethal toxic substance concentrations. Indeed, alterations in swimming speed have been detected at toxic compound concentrations as low as less then 0.1-5% of their LC(50) values. In conclusion, the SSA test with B. plicatilis and Artemia sp. can be a good behavioural integrated output for application in marine ecotoxicology and environmental monitoring programs.
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Garaventa F, Centanni E, Fiorini S, Noventa S, Terlizzi A, Faimali M, Pavoni B. New implications in the use of imposex as a suitable tool for tributyltin contamination: experimental induction in Hexaplex trunculus (Gastropoda, Muricidae) with different stressors. Cell Biol Toxicol 2008; 24:563-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s10565-008-9065-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2007] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Garaventa F, Centanni E, Pellizzato F, Faimali M, Terlizzi A, Pavoni B. Imposex and accumulation of organotin compounds in populations of Hexaplex trunculus (Gastropoda, Muricidae) from the Lagoon of Venice (Italy) and Istrian Coast (Croatia). Mar Pollut Bull 2007; 54:615-22. [PMID: 17254612 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2006] [Revised: 11/28/2006] [Accepted: 11/29/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Garaventa
- CNR - Institute of Marine Sciences, Department of Marine Technologies, Via de Marini, 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
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Garaventa F, Faimali M, Terlizzi A. Imposex in pre-pollution times. Is TBT to blame? Mar Pollut Bull 2006; 52:701-2. [PMID: 16678212 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2005] [Revised: 02/17/2006] [Accepted: 02/20/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F Garaventa
- CNR, Institute of Marine Sciences, Section of Marine Technologies, Via de Marini, 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
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Faimali M, Garaventa F, Mancini I, Sicurelli A, Guella G, Piazza V, Greco G. Antisettlement activity of synthetic analogues of polymeric 3-alkylpyridinium salts isolated from the sponge Reniera sarai. Biofouling 2005; 21:49-57. [PMID: 16019391 DOI: 10.1080/08927010500071040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Based on the high, non-toxic and reversible antifouling activity of the polymeric 3-alkylpyridinium salts isolated from the sponge Reniera sarai, the anti-settlement activity and toxicity of a series of synthetic analogues has been studied. All the test compounds were less efficient than the natural polymers, suggesting that the high and reversible anti-macrofouling activity of the natural polymers could derive from their detergent-like properties. The values obtained for EC50sett. of inhibition of cyprid settlement and EC50imm. as naupliar toxicity for the synthetic compounds indicate that the presence of single or multiple charges in the structure is not relevant for the antifouling activity which, conversely, is favoured by increasing the length of the alkyl chain, or by the presence of uncharged pyridine units. The compound 1,8-di(3-pyridyl)octane was the most efficient (EC50sett. = 0.44 microgml(-1)), although with a higher toxicity on naupliar stage of B. amphitrite than the natural polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Faimali
- CNR-Istituto di Scienze Marine ISMAR Sezione Tecnologie Marine, Genova, Italy
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Terlizzi A, Delos AL, Garaventa F, Faimali M, Geraci S. Limited effectiveness of marine protected areas: imposex in Hexaplex trunculus (Gastropoda, Muricidae) populations from Italian marine reserves. Mar Pollut Bull 2004; 48:188-192. [PMID: 14725891 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2003.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Terlizzi
- Laboratory of Zoology and Marine Biology, Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Lecce, CoNISMa, Strada Prov. le Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy.
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