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Shen D, Li Y, Zhang Y, Chang X, Zhao X, Li J, Zhang X, Guo G. Seminoma arising in splenogonadal fusion: a case report and literature review. Diagn Pathol 2023; 18:42. [PMID: 36998078 PMCID: PMC10064669 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-023-01332-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Splenogonadal fusion (SGF) is a rare congenital malformation in which the spleen is abnormally connected to the gonads or to the mesonephric derivatives. There is no obvious causality between SGF and testicular neoplasm. However, cryptorchidism, which is a well-known risk factor of testicular germ cell tumors, are the most frequent malformations associated with SGF. To our knowledge, there are only four reported cases of SGF associated with testicular neoplasm so far. Herein, we reported a patient of this condition, and briefly reviewed the related literature. CASE PRESENTATION A 48-year-old man was diagnosed with bilateral cryptorchidism 30 years prior, and only underwent a right orchiopexy for the left testicle could not be explored during the operation. At that time, doctors failed to realize the possibility of SGF due to the lack of sufficient knowledge of this condition. This time, the patient was treated for a left abdomen mass that was diagnosed as stage III metastatic seminoma. Then, a right orchiectomy, robot-assisted laparoscopic left retroperitoneal tumor resection, and left retroperitoneal lymph node dissection was performed after four cycles of BEP (bleomycin + etoposide + cisplatin) systemic chemotherapy in our center. The final diagnosis of SGF was made by postoperative pathology. The patient was re-examined in our center at 3 months and 6 months after the operation, and no obvious abnormalities were found. CONCLUSIONS Surgeons should always bear in mind the possibility of association between bilateral cryptorchidism and splenogonadal fusion to avoid malignant transformation caused by delayed treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglai Shen
- Department of Urology, The Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, 69 Yong Ding Rd, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Yuzhu Li
- Department of Urology, The Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, 69 Yong Ding Rd, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, 69 Yong Ding Rd, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xiao Chang
- Department of Urology, The Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, 69 Yong Ding Rd, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xupeng Zhao
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital/PLA Medical School, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Jiabin Li
- Department of Urology, The Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, 69 Yong Ding Rd, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, 69 Yong Ding Rd, Beijing, 100039, China.
| | - Gang Guo
- Department of Urology, The Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, 69 Yong Ding Rd, Beijing, 100039, China.
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Delaney A, Volochayev R, Meader B, Lee J, Almpani K, Noukelak GY, Henkind J, Chalmers L, Law JR, Williamson KA, Jacobsen CM, Buitrago TP, Perez O, Cho CH, Kaindl A, Rauch A, Steindl K, Garcia JE, Russell BE, Prasad R, Mondal UK, Reigstad HM, Clements S, Kim S, Inoue K, Arora G, Salnikov KB, DiOrio NP, Prada R, Capri Y, Morioka K, Mizota M, Zechi-Ceide RM, Kokitsu-Nakata NM, Tonello C, Vendramini-Pittoli S, da Silva Dalben G, Balasubramanian R, Dwyer AA, Seminara SB, Crowley WF, Plummer L, Hall JE, Graham JM, Lin AE, Shaw ND. Insight Into the Ontogeny of GnRH Neurons From Patients Born Without a Nose. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:dgaa065. [PMID: 32034419 PMCID: PMC7108682 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The reproductive axis is controlled by a network of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons born in the primitive nose that migrate to the hypothalamus alongside axons of the olfactory system. The observation that congenital anosmia (inability to smell) is often associated with GnRH deficiency in humans led to the prevailing view that GnRH neurons depend on olfactory structures to reach the brain, but this hypothesis has not been confirmed. OBJECTIVE The objective of this work is to determine the potential for normal reproductive function in the setting of completely absent internal and external olfactory structures. METHODS We conducted comprehensive phenotyping studies in 11 patients with congenital arhinia. These studies were augmented by review of medical records and study questionnaires in another 40 international patients. RESULTS All male patients demonstrated clinical and/or biochemical signs of GnRH deficiency, and the 5 men studied in person had no luteinizing hormone (LH) pulses, suggesting absent GnRH activity. The 6 women studied in person also had apulsatile LH profiles, yet 3 had spontaneous breast development and 2 women (studied from afar) had normal breast development and menstrual cycles, suggesting a fully intact reproductive axis. Administration of pulsatile GnRH to 2 GnRH-deficient patients revealed normal pituitary responsiveness but gonadal failure in the male patient. CONCLUSIONS Patients with arhinia teach us that the GnRH neuron, a key gatekeeper of the reproductive axis, is associated with but may not depend on olfactory structures for normal migration and function, and more broadly, illustrate the power of extreme human phenotypes in answering fundamental questions about human embryology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Delaney
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Rita Volochayev
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Brooke Meader
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Janice Lee
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Germaine Y Noukelak
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Laura Chalmers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Tulsa, Oklahoma
| | - Jennifer R Law
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kathleen A Williamson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Christina M Jacobsen
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetic and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Orlando Perez
- Academia Nacional de Medicina de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Chie-Hee Cho
- Department of Radiology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Angela Kaindl
- Biology & Neurobiology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anita Rauch
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Radiz-Rare Disease Initiative Zurich, Clinical Research Priority Program for Rare Diseases, University of Zurich, Schlieren-Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Steindl
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Radiz-Rare Disease Initiative Zurich, Clinical Research Priority Program for Rare Diseases, University of Zurich, Schlieren-Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jose Elias Garcia
- División de Genética, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Bianca E Russell
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Rameshwar Prasad
- Department of Neonatology, IPGME&R and SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | - Uttam K Mondal
- Department of Neonatology, IPGME&R and SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | - Hallvard M Reigstad
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Scott Clements
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Susan Kim
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kaoru Inoue
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Gazal Arora
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kathryn B Salnikov
- Harvard Reproductive Endocrine Sciences Center and NICHD Center of Excellence in Translational Research in Fertility and Infertility, Reproductive Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nicole P DiOrio
- Harvard Reproductive Endocrine Sciences Center and NICHD Center of Excellence in Translational Research in Fertility and Infertility, Reproductive Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rolando Prada
- Department of Craniofacial Surgery, Children’s University Hospital of San Jose, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Yline Capri
- Service de Génétique Clinique, CHU Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - Kosuke Morioka
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kagoshima City Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Michiyo Mizota
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kagoshima Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Roseli M Zechi-Ceide
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies (HRCA), University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Nancy M Kokitsu-Nakata
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies (HRCA), University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | | | - Siulan Vendramini-Pittoli
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies (HRCA), University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | | | - Ravikumar Balasubramanian
- Harvard Reproductive Endocrine Sciences Center and NICHD Center of Excellence in Translational Research in Fertility and Infertility, Reproductive Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew A Dwyer
- Harvard Reproductive Endocrine Sciences Center and NICHD Center of Excellence in Translational Research in Fertility and Infertility, Reproductive Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- William F. Connell School of Nursing, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
| | - Stephanie B Seminara
- Harvard Reproductive Endocrine Sciences Center and NICHD Center of Excellence in Translational Research in Fertility and Infertility, Reproductive Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - William F Crowley
- Harvard Reproductive Endocrine Sciences Center and NICHD Center of Excellence in Translational Research in Fertility and Infertility, Reproductive Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lacey Plummer
- Harvard Reproductive Endocrine Sciences Center and NICHD Center of Excellence in Translational Research in Fertility and Infertility, Reproductive Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Janet E Hall
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina
- Harvard Reproductive Endocrine Sciences Center and NICHD Center of Excellence in Translational Research in Fertility and Infertility, Reproductive Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John M Graham
- Department of Pediatrics, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Angela E Lin
- Medical Genetics, MassGeneral Hospital for Children and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Natalie D Shaw
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina
- Harvard Reproductive Endocrine Sciences Center and NICHD Center of Excellence in Translational Research in Fertility and Infertility, Reproductive Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Cyrańska-Chyrek E, Szczepanek-Parulska E, Stajgis P, Czarnecka A, Karmelita-Katulska K, Ruchała M. Distinct clinical picture of Cushing's syndrome in a patient with Morris' syndrome - first literature report. Endokrynol Pol 2019; 71:96-97. [PMID: 31566248 DOI: 10.5603/ep.a2019.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Not required for Clinical Vignette.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Cyrańska-Chyrek
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Ewelina Szczepanek-Parulska
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Piotr Stajgis
- Department of General Radiology and Neuroradiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Czarnecka
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Marek Ruchała
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Grosu S, Rübenthaler J, Knösel T, Trottmann M, Marcon J, Clevert DA. Splenogonadal fusion evaluation using Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound and Elastography. A case report. Med Ultrason 2019; 21:356-358. [PMID: 31476218 DOI: 10.11152/mu-1897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We present the case of splenogonadal fusion in a 53-year-old male patient assessed by ultrasound and MRI, confirmed by pathologic examination. In addition to B-mode and colour-coded Doppler ultrasound, shear wave elastography and CEUS were performed and are presented in detail. Splenogonadal fusion is a rare congenital anomaly presumably caused by an abnormal attachment of splenic tissue to the gonad during gestation. Diagnosis is challenging for clinicians and in unclear cases splenogonadal fusion might cause unnecessary orchiectomies with benign pathologic results. Ultrasound is the first-line imaging modality in the diagnosis of testicular pathologies. This case report summarizes all available modern ultrasound imagingtechnologies and highlights the possibilities for the diagnosis of splenogonadal fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Grosu
- Department of Radiology, Interdisciplinary Ultrasound-Center, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Johannes Rübenthaler
- Department of Radiology, Interdisciplinary Ultrasound-Center, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Thomas Knösel
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Matthias Trottmann
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Julian Marcon
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Dirk-Andre Clevert
- Department of Radiology, Interdisciplinary Ultrasound-Center, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Tamschick S, Rozenblut-Kościsty B, Ogielska M, Kekenj D, Gajewski F, Krüger A, Kloas W, Stöck M. The plasticizer bisphenol A affects somatic and sexual development, but differently in pipid, hylid and bufonid anurans. Environ Pollut 2016; 216:282-291. [PMID: 27285164 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.05.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Due to their terrestrial habitats and aquatic reproduction, many amphibians are both very vulnerable and highly suitable bioindicators. The plasticizer bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the most produced chemical substances worldwide, and knowledge on its impacts on humans and animals is mounting. BPA is used for the industrial production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins and found in a multitude of consumer products. Studies on BPA have involved mammals, fish and the fully aquatic anuran model Xenopus laevis. However, our knowledge about the sexual development of non-model, often semi-terrestrial anuran amphibians remains poor. Using a recently developed experimental design, we simultaneously applied BPA to two non-model species (Hyla arborea, Hylidae; Bufo viridis, Bufonidae) and the model X. laevis (Pipidae), compared their genetic and phenotypic sex for detection of sex reversals, and studied sexual development, focusing on anatomical and histological features of gonads. We compared three concentrations of BPA (0.023, 2.28 and 228 μg/L) to control groups in a high-standard flow-through-system, and tested whether conclusions, drawn from the model species, can be extrapolated to non-model anurans. In contrast to previous studies on fish and Xenopus, often involving dosages much higher than most environmental pollution data, we show that BPA causes neither the development of mixed sex nor of sex-reversed individuals (few, seemingly BPA-independent sex reversals) in all focal species. However, environmentally relevant concentrations, as low as 0.023 μg/L, were sufficient to provoke species-specific anatomically and histologically detectable impairments of gonads, and affected morphological traits of metamorphs. As the intensity of these effects differed between the three species, our data imply that BPA diversely affects amphibians with different evolutionary history, sex determination systems and larval ecologies. These results highlight the role of amphibians as a sensitive group that is responsive to environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Tamschick
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 301 & 310, D-12587 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Beata Rozenblut-Kościsty
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Conservation of Vertebrates, Wroclaw University, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Maria Ogielska
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Conservation of Vertebrates, Wroclaw University, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - David Kekenj
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 301 & 310, D-12587 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Franz Gajewski
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 301 & 310, D-12587 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Angela Krüger
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 301 & 310, D-12587 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Werner Kloas
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 301 & 310, D-12587 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Matthias Stöck
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 301 & 310, D-12587 Berlin, Germany.
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Papoulias DM, Schwarz MS, Mena L. Gonadal abnormalities in frogs (Lithobates spp.) collected from managed wetlands in an agricultural region of Nebraska, USA. Environ Pollut 2013; 172:1-8. [PMID: 22982548 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Nebraska's Rainwater Basin (RWB) provides important wetland habitat for North American migratory birds. Concern exists that pesticide and nutrient runoff from surrounding row-crops enters wetlands degrading water quality and adversely affecting birds and wildlife. Frogs may be especially vulnerable. Plains leopard (Lithobates blairi) metamorphs from RWB wetlands with varying concentrations of pesticides were evaluated for a suite of biomarkers of exposure to endocrine active chemicals. Froglets had ovarian dysgenesis, high rates of testicular oocytes, and female-biased sex ratios however, there was no clear statistical association between pesticide concentrations and biomarkers. Data interpretation was hindered because timing and duration of exposures were unknown and due to an incomplete understanding of L. blairi sexual development. Emphasis is on describing the complex developmental biology of closely-related leopard frogs, how this understanding can explain RWB L. blairi anomalies, and the need for sampling at the appropriate life stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Papoulias
- Columbia Environmental Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 4200 New Haven Rd., Columbia, MO 65201, USA.
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Quadroni S, Galassi S, Capoccioni F, Ciccotti E, Grandi G, De Leo GA, Bettinetti R. Contamination, parasitism and condition of Anguilla anguilla in three Italian stocks. Ecotoxicology 2013; 22:94-108. [PMID: 23076840 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-012-1006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In conjunction with habitat loss and overfishing, pollution and parasitism are believed to be relevant causes of collapse of Anguilla, as these can affect eel swimming ability and the development of gonads and embryos. The present study investigated Persistent Organic Pollutant (POP) concentrations, infection levels of Anguillicoloides crassus, lipid content and gonad abnormalities in eels sampled in 2007-2008 in three Italian water bodies (Caprolace Lake, Lesina Lagoon and Tevere River) that vary in salinity, trophic condition, contamination level and fishing pressure. Our analysis revealed that low-to-moderate levels of contamination and parasitism were not associated with gonad abnormalities in Caprolace Lake and Lesina Lagoon. On the contrary, POP concentrations and abundances of swim bladder nematodes were remarkably high in eels from the heavily urbanized Tevere River and were associated with significant gonad and swim bladder alterations. Contamination and infestation levels were so high to potentially impair spawner successful migration and reproduction. POP concentrations in Tevere eels also exceeded levels considered safe for food consumption. Though marginally contaminated, eels from the oligotrophic Caprolace Lake were in critical health condition: their lipid reserve was so low as to be considered insufficient to sustain the energetic costs of the transoceanic migration. Lesina eel stock was the only one displaying relatively good quality but here spawner abundance is likely limited by overfishing. Our results suggest that multiple stressors may potentially affect eel reproductive success. More definitive studies are needed to assess whether health effects caused by these multiple stressors are additive, compensatory or synergistic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Quadroni
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences (Environmental Section), University of Insubria, Via Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy.
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NELSON WO. SECTION OF BIOLOGY: CHROMATIN SEX DETERMINATION: I. APPLICATION OF THE SEX-CHROMATIN TEST TO CONDITIONS OF SEXUAL DYSGENESIS*. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 20:493-9. [PMID: 13556855 DOI: 10.1111/j.2164-0947.1958.tb00612.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ren Y, Yang S, Tan G, Ye W, Liu D, Qian X, Ding Z, Zhong Y, Zhang J, Jiang D, Zhao Y, Lu J. Reduction of mitoferrin results in abnormal development and extended lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29666. [PMID: 22253756 PMCID: PMC3256167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is essential for organisms. It is mainly utilized in mitochondria for biosynthesis of iron-sulfur clusters, hemes and other cofactors. Mitoferrin 1 and mitoferrin 2, two homologues proteins belonging to the mitochondrial solute carrier family, are required for iron delivery into mitochondria. Mitoferrin 1 is highly expressed in developing erythrocytes which consume a large amount of iron during hemoglobinization. Mitoferrin 2 is ubiquitously expressed, whose functions are less known. Zebrafish with mitoferrin 1 mutation show profound hypochromic anaemia and erythroid maturation arrests, and yeast with defects in MRS3/4, the counterparts of mitoferrin 1/2, has low mitochondrial iron levels and grows poorly by iron depletion. Mitoferrin 1 expression is up-regulated in yeast and mouse models of Fiedreich's ataxia disease and in human cell culture models of Parkinson disease, suggesting its involvement in the pathogenesis of diseases with mitochondrial iron accumulation. In this study we found that reduced mitoferrin levels in C. elegans by RNAi treatment causes pleiotropic phenotypes such as small body size, reduced fecundity, slow movement and increased sensitivity to paraquat. Despite these abnormities, lifespan was increased by 50% to 80% in N2 wild type strain, and in further studies using the RNAi sensitive strain eri-1, more than doubled lifespan was observed. The pathways or mechanisms responsible for the lifespan extension and other phenotypes of mitoferrin RNAi worms are worth further study, which may contribute to our understanding of aging mechanisms and the pathogenesis of iron disorder related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaguang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Su Yang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guoqiang Tan
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Ye
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Danhui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xu Qian
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhongying Ding
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuhong Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingrui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dandan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuhong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianxin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail:
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Vidal-Dorsch DE, Bay SM, Mays MA, Greenstein DJ, Young D, Wolf JC, Pham D, Loguinov AV, Vulpe C. Using gene expression to assess the status of fish from anthropogenically influenced estuarine wetlands. Environ Sci Technol 2012; 46:69-77. [PMID: 21793489 DOI: 10.1021/es2011308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The diverse mixture of contaminants frequently present in estuaries complicates their assessment by routine chemical or biological analyses. We investigated the use of gene expression to assess contaminant exposure and the condition of southern California estuarine fish. Liver gene expression, plasma estradiol concentrations, and gonad histopathology were used to study biological condition in longjaw mudsuckers (Gillichthys mirabilis). Metals, legacy organochlorine pesticides, PCBs, and contaminants of emerging concern were detected in sediments and whole fish. Overall gene expression patterns were characteristic to each of four sites investigated in this study. Differentially expressed genes belonged to several functional categories including xenobiotic metabolism, detoxification, disease, and stress responses. In general, plasma estradiol concentrations were similar among fish from all areas. Some fish gonads had pathologic changes (e.g., infection, inflammation) that could indicate weakened immune systems and chronic stress. The differential expression of some genes involved in stress responses correlated with the prevalence of histologic gonad lesions. This study indicates that gene expression is a promising tool for assessing the biological condition of fish exposed to environmental contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris E Vidal-Dorsch
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa, California, United States.
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11
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Abstract
Splenogonadal fusion is a rare congenital malformation where an abnormal union occurs between the spleen and gonad or mesonephric derivatives. Although it occurs in females it is much less prevalent than in males (male:female ratio, 16:1), but this may partly be because of the inaccessibility of the female gonads leading to under-diagnosis. To our knowledge this is the first case of splenogonadal fusion associated with sex reversal reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Speare
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Sheffield Children's Foundation Trust Hospital, Sheffield, UK
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12
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Brodeur JC, Suarez RP, Natale GS, Ronco AE, Elena Zaccagnini M. Reduced body condition and enzymatic alterations in frogs inhabiting intensive crop production areas. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2011; 74:1370-1380. [PMID: 21550114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Parameters indicative of general condition and health were compared amongst adult frogs inhabiting uncultivated lands and fields subjected to agricultural practices typical of the humid pampas of Argentina. Whereas no significant differences existed in the parasite load and external malformations prevalence rate of adult frogs from either environments, a reduced condition factor was clearly demonstrated in frogs from agricultural lands. This conclusion was reached for four frog species of different life habits: the terrestrial fossorial Rhinella fernandezae, the terrestrial Leptodactylus latinasus, the semi-aquatic Leptodactylus ocellatus, and the arborescent Hypsiboas pulchellus. A distinct pattern of enzymatic modifications was furthermore observed in L. ocellatus and H. pulchellus from agricultural lands, including elevated hepatic activities of catalase and cholinesterase, and an inhibition of liver GST activity. Further studies should investigate the causes and consequences of the systematically low condition factor observed in frogs from agricultural fields of the humid pampas of Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C Brodeur
- Instituto de Recursos Biologicos, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (CNIA), Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA), B1712WAA Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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13
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Woodruff GC, Eke O, Baird SE, Félix MA, Haag ES. Insights into species divergence and the evolution of hermaphroditism from fertile interspecies hybrids of Caenorhabditis nematodes. Genetics 2010; 186:997-1012. [PMID: 20823339 PMCID: PMC2975280 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.110.120550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The architecture of both phenotypic variation and reproductive isolation are important problems in evolutionary genetics. The nematode genus Caenorhabditis includes both gonochoristic (male/female) and androdioecious (male/hermaprodite) species. However, the natural genetic variants distinguishing reproductive mode remain unknown, and nothing is known about the genetic basis of postzygotic isolation in the genus. Here we describe the hybrid genetics of the first Caenorhabditis species pair capable of producing fertile hybrid progeny, the gonochoristic Caenorhabditis sp. 9 and the androdioecious C. briggsae. Though many interspecies F(1) arrest during embryogenesis, a viable subset develops into fertile females and sterile males. Reciprocal parental crosses reveal asymmetry in male-specific viability, female fertility, and backcross viability. Selfing and spermatogenesis are extremely rare in XX F(1), and almost all hybrid self-progeny are inviable. Consistent with this, F(1) females do not express male-specific molecular germline markers. We also investigated three approaches to producing hybrid hermaphrodites. A dominant mutagenesis screen for self-fertile F(1) hybrids was unsuccessful. Polyploid F(1) hybrids with increased C. briggsae genomic material did show elevated rates of selfing, but selfed progeny were mostly inviable. Finally, the use of backcrosses to render the hybrid genome partial homozygous for C. briggsae alleles did not increase the incidence of selfing or spermatogenesis relative to the F(1) generation. These hybrid animals were genotyped at 23 loci, and significant segregation distortion (biased against C. briggsae) was detected at 13 loci. This, combined with an absence of productive hybrid selfing, prevents formulation of simple hypotheses about the genetic architecture of hermaphroditism. In the near future, this hybrid system will likely be fruitful for understanding the genetics of reproductive isolation in Caenorhabditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin C. Woodruff
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45435 and Institut Jacques Monod, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Onyinyechi Eke
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45435 and Institut Jacques Monod, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Scott E. Baird
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45435 and Institut Jacques Monod, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Marie-Anne Félix
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45435 and Institut Jacques Monod, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Eric S. Haag
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45435 and Institut Jacques Monod, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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14
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Ruksana S, Pandit NP, Nakamura M. Efficacy of exemestane, a new generation of aromatase inhibitor, on sex differentiation in a gonochoristic fish. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 152:69-74. [PMID: 20193775 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2010.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Revised: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We report the first use of exemestane (EM), a steroidal aromatase inhibitor (AI) commercially known as aromasin, in studies of sex differentiation in fish. The effectiveness of EM was examined in two different age groups of the gonochoristic fish, Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Untreated control fish (all female) showed normal ovarian differentiation through 120 days after hatching (dah), whereas fish treated with EM at 1000 and 2000 microg/g of feed from 9 dah through 35 dah, the critical period for sex differentiation, exhibited complete testicular differentiation; all stages of spermatogenic germ cells were evident and well developed efferent ducts were present. Fish treated with EM at 1000 microg/g of feed from 70 dah through 100 dah significantly suppressed plasma estradiol-17beta level and increased level of 11-ketotestosterone. Furthermore, untreated control fish showed strong gonadal expression of the steroidogenic enzymes P450 cholesterol-side chain-cleavage enzyme (P450scc), 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3beta-HSD), and cytochrome P450 aromatase (P450arom). In contrast, EM-treated fish showed immunopositive reactions against P450scc and 3beta-HSD but not against P450arom in interstitial Leydig cells. These results indicate that treatment of tilapia juveniles with EM during sex differentiation leads to the development of testes, apparently by a complete suppression of aromatase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Ruksana
- Sesoko Station, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Sesoko 3422, Motobu, Okinawa 905-0227, Japan
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15
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Varga I, Galfiova P, Adamkov M, Danisovic L, Polak S, Kubikova E, Galbavy S. Congenital anomalies of the spleen from an embryological point of view. Med Sci Monit 2009; 15:RA269-RA276. [PMID: 19946246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The spleen is the major accumulation of lymphoid tissue in the human body, an organ which prenatally produces and postnatally controls blood cells. Normally, a developed spleen lies in the upper left quadrant in parallel with the long axis of the 10th rib. It is a mesodermal derivate which first appears as a condensation of mesenchymal cells inside the dorsal mesogastrium at the end of the fourth embryonic week. Some congenital anomalies of the spleen are common, such as splenic lobulation and accessory spleen, while other conditions are rare, such as wandering spleen and polysplenia. Splenogonadal fusion is also a rare developmental anomaly, resulting from abnormal fusion of the splenic and gonadal primordia during prenatal development. The purpose of this article is to describe the normal development of the human spleen, supplemented with our own photomicrographs and a review of congenital anomalies of the spleen with their possible embryonic basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Varga
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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16
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Abstract
We report on a neonate with a disorder of sex development, Prader 3-4 external genitalia and a palpable structure in the right inguinal canal suggestive of gonadal tissue. Chromosome studies on blood lymphocytes showed monosomy of chromosome X. Laparoscopy identified a streak-like gonad on the left side, unicorn uterus and a dysgenetic testis on the right, attached to a Fallopian tube. Because of the unilateral palpable gonad and the presence of ambiguous genitalia we investigated further for the presence of Y material. Quantitative fluorescent PCR analysis of material from the dysgenetic gonad and skin fibroblasts revealed the presence of chromosome Y-derived sequences, suggesting sex chromosome mosaicism. In 45,X/46,XY mosaicism, chromosome studies carried out on peripheral lymphocytes do not always reflect the proportion of cell lines in the gonads. The detection of Y chromosome material in a dysgenetic gonad is extremely significant, due to the high risk of malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ageliki Karatza
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Patras Medical School, Rio, Greece
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17
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Liedtke A, Schönenberger R, Eggen RIL, Suter MJF. Internal exposure of whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) to estrogens. Aquat Toxicol 2009; 93:158-165. [PMID: 19477536 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Revised: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Gonad malformations have been found in fish all over the world. Particularly in Lake Thun (Switzerland) a high prevalence of gonad deformations in whitefish has been observed. Very often, a link between exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds and altered gonad morphology exists. Hence, we analyzed the estrogenic burden in bile and muscle from whitefish (coregonids) from Lake Thun and linked it to observed gonad malformations. Estrogenicity in bile, measured with the yeast estrogen screen (YES) was exclusively caused by the natural steroids estrone and 17beta-estradiol. Estrogenicity determined in muscle tissue using YES was similar in cases and controls, and between the sexes. Furthermore, endocrine active compounds in the lake water were investigated using passive sampling devices to monitor tributaries and the main outflow of Lake Thun. Here, we found accumulated estrogenicity. With target chemical analysis small amounts of estrone and bisphenol A were determined. We conclude, that the whitefish from Lake Thun are not suffering from (xeno)estrogens. The present study contributed substantially to the search for the cause for gonad malformations in Lake Thun whitefish, even though the cause of the malformations remains yet to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Liedtke
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland
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18
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Basbug M, Akgun H, Ozgun MT, Turkyilmaz C, Batukan C, Ozcelik B. Prenatal sonographic findings in a fetus with splenogonadal fusion limb defect syndrome. J Clin Ultrasound 2009; 37:298-301. [PMID: 19253352 DOI: 10.1002/jcu.20557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Splenogonadal fusion limb defect syndrome (SGFLD) is a very rare abnormality. We report on a case with prenatal sonographic findings of a fetus with postnatally diagnosed SGFLD syndrome. This is also the second case of prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis of gastrointestinal malrotation associated with SGFLD. A 26-year-old primigravid woman was referred to our clinic because of nonvisualization of both fetal femoral bones at 20 weeks of gestation. A detailed sonographic examination showed complete bilateral absence of lower limbs, micrognathia, single umbilical artery and a right-sided stomach. Autopsy confirmed prenatal sonographic findings and additionally showed that the spleen was abnormally connected to the left gonad by a fibrous band. In conclusion, although all limbs and both sides were equally affected in most of the reported cases, SGFLD syndrome should be considered in cases with terminal limb defects of lower limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Basbug
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erciyes University, Faculty of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
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19
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Bittner D, Bernet D, Wahli T, Segner H, Küng C, Largiadèr CR. How normal is abnormal? Discrimination between deformations and natural variation in gonad morphology of European whitefish Coregonus lavaretus. J Fish Biol 2009; 74:1594-1614. [PMID: 20735656 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02233.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The gonad morphology of whitefish Coregonus lavaretus collected in Lake Thun, Switzerland, and two neighbouring lakes was assessed in order to differentiate between 'normal' and 'abnormal' character states of gonad morphology, which had been previously described in C. lavaretus from Lake Thun (constrictions, asymmetries, aplasia, compartmentations, fusions and hermaphroditism). In total, 4668 fish were collected and analysed using two complementary sampling schemes: (1) monthly samples of catches by the commercial fishermen and (2) samples of ripe spawners of all known 33 spawning sites of the three lakes. Considerable variation in gonad morphology in C. lavaretus populations of all lakes was found. Notably, all deviation types were observed in fish of all three lakes. Asymmetries and constrictions were frequent in all three lakes and showed systematic differences in frequency between the two sampling strategies. This indicates that asymmetries and constrictions represent to a large extent natural variation in gonad morphology of C. lavaretus and are also prone to considerable measurement error. In contrast, aplasia, fusions, compartmentations and hermaphroditism occurred predominantly in one C. lavaretus form of Lake Thun and in particular in populations spawning at great depths. This suggests that these deviation types are probably reliable indicators for gonad deformations and supports the interpretation that Lake Thun harbours a unique case of deformed gonads in C. lavaretus of yet unknown origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bittner
- Computational and Molecular Population Genetics, Zoological Institute, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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20
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Kipfer S, Segner H, Wenger M, Wahli T, Bernet D. Long-term estrogen exposure of whitefish Coregonus lavaretus induces intersex but not Lake Thun-typical gonad malformations. Dis Aquat Organ 2009; 84:43-56. [PMID: 19419006 DOI: 10.3354/dao02031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A high prevalence of gonad morphological variations has been observed in whitefish Coregonus lavaretus from Lake Thun (Switzerland). To clarify the role of endocrine disruption as a possible cause of the gonad alterations, whitefish were reared in a long-term laboratory experiment under exposure to 17 beta-estradiol (E2). Fish were fed from first-feeding until 3 yr of age at a daily rate of 0 (control), 0.5 or 50 microg E2 kg(-1) fish. E2 exposure resulted in a time- and concentration-dependent increase of prevalence and intensity of intersex gonads, i.e. gonads that macroscopically appeared as either testis or ovary but microscopically contained both male and female germ cells. Four types of intersex could be distinguished: Types 1 and 2 were composed of mainly male tissue, with Type 1 containing single oocytes and Type 2 displaying an ovary-like lamellar structure of the tissue. In Type 3, an increased percentage of the tissue was occupied by female germ cells, while in Type 4, the majority of the gonad tissue consisted of female germ cells. Chronic E2 exposure additionally resulted in a concentration-dependent shift of the sex ratio towards females, a reduced condition factor, retarded gonad growth together with delayed maturation of germ cells, and elevated levels of hepatic vitellogenin mRNA. However, Lake Thun-typical alterations of gonad morphology were not induced by chronic E2 exposure. The results provide evidence that estrogen-active compounds unlikely play a role in the etiology of gonad malformations in Lake Thun whitefish.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kipfer
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, Laenggass-Strasse 122, PO Box 8466, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
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21
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Bogdal C, Naef M, Schmid P, Kohler M, Zennegg M, Bernet D, Scheringer M, Hungerbühler K. Unexplained gonad alterations in whitefish (Coregonus spp.) from Lake Thun, Switzerland: levels of persistent organic pollutants in different morphs. Chemosphere 2009; 74:434-440. [PMID: 18986675 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2008] [Revised: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/14/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Since 2000, a surprisingly high number of macroscopical gonad alterations has been reported in whitefish (Coregonus spp.) from Lake Thun, Switzerland. This unique phenomenon is still unexplained and has received much public attention. As one possible trigger for these effects, the presence of persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic compounds acting as endocrine disruptors in the lake has been discussed. In this study, concentrations of selected persistent organic pollutants were examined in two morphs of whitefish from Lake Thun and their link to the observed abnormalities was investigated. Analyzed compound classes included polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, polychlorinated naphthalenes, polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecanes. The target substances were identified in all samples and concentrations of the analyzed compounds were highly correlated among each other. These correlations show that the analyzed substances have the same distribution pattern throughout the lake and that uptake, accumulation and elimination processes are similar. Significant differences in contaminant levels within the samples existed between the two analyzed morphs of whitefish, most likely due to different age, food patterns and growth rate. No difference in contaminant levels was observed between fish with abnormal gonads and fish with normal gonads, suggesting no causal link between the investigated lipophilic organohalogen compounds present in fish and the observed gonad abnormalities in whitefish from Lake Thun. A comparison to existing data shows that concentrations in Lake Thun whitefish are at the lower bound of contaminant levels in whitefish from Swiss lakes or from European waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bogdal
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Uberlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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22
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Gaston-Massuet C, Andoniadou CL, Signore M, Sajedi E, Bird S, Turner JM, Martinez-Barbera JP. Genetic interaction between the homeobox transcription factors HESX1 and SIX3 is required for normal pituitary development. Dev Biol 2008; 324:322-33. [PMID: 18775421 PMCID: PMC3606136 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Revised: 08/06/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Hesx1 has been shown to be essential for normal pituitary development. The homeobox gene Six3 is expressed in the developing pituitary gland during mouse development but its function in this tissue has been precluded by the fact that in the Six3-deficient embryos the pituitary gland is not induced. To gain insights into the function of Six3 during pituitary development we have generated Six3+/- ;Hesx1Cre/+ double heterozygous mice. Strikingly, these mice show marked dwarfism, which is first detectable around weaning, and die by the 5th-6th week of age. Thyroid and gonad development is also impaired in these animals. Analysis of Six3+/- ;Hesx1Cre/+ compound embryos indicates that hypopituitarism is the likely cause of these defects since pituitary development is severely impaired in these mutants. Similar to the Hesx1-deficient embryos, Rathke's pouch is initially expanded in Six3+/- ;Hesx1Cre/+ compound embryos due to an increase in cell proliferation. Subsequently, the anterior pituitary gland appears bifurcated, dysmorphic and occasionally ectopically misplaced in the nasopharyngeal cavity, but cell differentiation is unaffected. Our research has revealed a role for Six3 in normal pituitary development, which has likely been conserved during evolution as SIX3 is also expressed in the pituitary gland of the human embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Gaston-Massuet
- Neural Development Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Cynthia L. Andoniadou
- Neural Development Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Massimo Signore
- Neural Development Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ezat Sajedi
- Neural Development Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sophie Bird
- Neural Development Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - James M.A. Turner
- Developmental Genetics and Stem Cell Research, National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London
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23
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Urbach D, Britschgi A, Jacob A, Bittner D, Bernet D, Wahli T, Yoccoz NG, Wedekind C. Gonadal alterations in male whitefish Coregonus fatioi: no evidence for genetic damage reducing viability in early life stages. Dis Aquat Organ 2008; 81:119-125. [PMID: 18924376 DOI: 10.3354/dao01952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, numerous cases of morphological gonadal alterations in fish have been recorded throughout the world and across a wide range of species. In the whitefish Coregonus fatioi from the pre-alpine Lake Thun (Switzerland), the frequency of gonadal alterations is particularly high and the variety of alteration types large. Little is known about the proximal causes and the direct consequences of these morphological features on population persistence. In particular, the potential for the observed alterations to be the phenotypic expression of reduced genetic quality has not yet been addressed. In this study, we used offspring survival during embryogenesis as a proximate indicator of male genetic quality and tested whether the presence of gonadal alterations in males is an indicator of reduced quality. Embryos resulted from in vitro fertilizations of gametes from 126 males and females. We found no significant correlation between embryo survival and gonadal alteration in adults. Our findings suggest that in C. fatioi of Lake Thun, alterations in gonad morphology are not a phenotypic expression of variation in genetic quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davnah Urbach
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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24
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Maciel-Guerra AT, de Mello MP, Coeli FB, Ribeiro ML, Miranda ML, Marques-de-Faria AP, Baptista MTM, Moraes SG, Guerra-Júnior G. XX Maleness and XX true hermaphroditism in SRY-negative monozygotic twins: additional evidence for a common origin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93:339-43. [PMID: 18056774 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2007-1115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Differentiation of testicular tissue in 46,XX individuals is seen either in XX males, the majority of them with SRY gene, or in individuals, usually SRY(-), with ovotesticular disorder of sex development (OT-DSD). Although they are sporadic cases, there are some reports on familial recurrence, including coexistence of XX maleness and OT-DSD in the same family. OBJECTIVE We report on a case of SRY(-) 46,XX monozygotic twins with genital ambiguity. METHODS Hormonal evaluation included testosterone, FSH, and LH measurements. SRY gene was investigated by PCR and two-step PCR in peripheral leukocytes and gonadal tissues, respectively. Direct DNA sequencing of the DAX-1 coding sequence was performed. Real-time PCR for SOX9 region on chromosome 17 was obtained. RESULTS Both twins had a 46,XX karyotype. Twin A had a 1-cm phallus with chordee, penoscrotal hypospadias, and palpable gonads. Serum levels of FSH (2.34 mIU/ml), LH (8.8 mIU/ml), and testosterone (1.6 ng/ml) were normal, and biopsies revealed bilateral testes. Twin B had a 0.5-cm phallus, perineal hypospadias, no palpable gonad on the right, and a left inguinal hernia. Hormonal evaluation revealed high FSH (8.2 mIU/ml) and LH (15 mIU/ml) and low testosterone (0.12 ng/ml). Upon herniotomy, a right testis (crossed ectopia) and a small left ovotestis were found. SRY gene was absent in both peripheral leukocytes and gonadal tissue samples. Neither DAX-1 mutations nor SOX9 duplication was identified. CONCLUSIONS This case provides evidence that both XX maleness and XX OT-DSD are different manifestations of the same disorder of gonadal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Trevas Maciel-Guerra
- Grupo Interdisciplinar de Estudos da Determinação e Diferenciação do Sexo, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, UNICAMP, 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil.
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25
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Ishimura H, Okamoto A, Imai A, Iwabuchi I, Yoneyama T, Koie T, Yamato T, Kamimura N, Narita S, Ohyama C. [Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome diagnosed by laparoscopic examination: a case report]. Hinyokika Kiyo 2008; 54:35-37. [PMID: 18260358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A 2-year-old boy presented for the evaluation of left nonpalpable testis. Laparoscopic examination revealed right migratory testis without any abnormal appearance and a uterine-like structure with an immature gonad in rectovesical fossa. Right spermatic duct merged into the uterine-like structure on the right side. The immature gonad was removed by laparoscopic procedure, while the uterine-like structure was not removed to preserve the right spermatic duct. Right orchidopexy was also performed. Histopathologic diagnosis for the removed gonad was hypoplastic testis. After the chromosomal analysis, 46 XY karyotype, we diagnosed this case as persistent Müllerian duct syndrome. Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome diagnosed by laparoscopic examination is very rare. To the best of our knowledge, this is the third case in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Ishimura
- Department of Urology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine
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Schlaubitz S, Yatsenko SA, Smith LD, Keller KL, Vissers LE, Scott DA, Cai WW, Reardon W, Abdul-Rahman OA, Lammer EJ, Lifchez CA, Magenis E, Veltman JA, Stankiewicz P, Zabel BU, Lee B. Ovotestes and XY sex reversal in a female with an interstitial9q33.3-q34.1 deletion encompassingNR5A1 andLMX1B causing features of genitopatellar syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2007; 143A:1071-81. [PMID: 17431898 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We describe our findings in a 46,XY female with a clinical features of Genitopatellar syndrome (GPS) and confirmed hermaphroditism with ovotestes, and five additional patients with GPS. GPS is a genetic disorder characterized by renal and genital anomalies, joint dislocation, aplastic or hypoplastic and often displaced patellae, minor facial anomalies, and mental retardation. The genital anomalies clearly distinguish GPS from nail-patella syndrome (NPS) that has similar features, but additionally shows hypoplastic finger- and toenails as found in the 46,XY female. In our patients no mutation was found in the coding regions of WNT4, WNT7A, TBX4, and LMX1B. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and array-based comparative genome hybridization (aCGH) analysis showed a 3 Mb deletion of LMX1B, NR6A1, and NR5A1 (SF1) in the 46,XY female. This is the first report of a microdeletion causing haploinsuffiency of LMX1B and NR5A1. The deletion of LMX1B is responsible for the knee anomalies and the deletion of NR5A1 likely causes the sex reversal. Cytogenetic analysis of the five additional patients with diagnosed GPS failed to identify a similar microdeletion, or inversion of a potentially regulatory element between the two genes. This suggests that the locus 9q33-9q34 can be excluded for GPS and that the presented case is unique in its combination of GPS and NPS features caused by a microdeletion associated with loss of function of LMX1B and NR5A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Schlaubitz
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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27
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Garaventa F, Faimali M, Terlizzi A. Imposex in pre-pollution times. Is TBT to blame? Mar Pollut Bull 2006; 52:701-2. [PMID: 16678212 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2005] [Revised: 02/17/2006] [Accepted: 02/20/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F Garaventa
- CNR, Institute of Marine Sciences, Section of Marine Technologies, Via de Marini, 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
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Abstract
As in all domestic mammals, sexual differentiation in dogs and cats starts early in the embryonic period prenatally and continues into early postnatal life. The result of such a process is, however, not evident until after puberty,a time when the entire reproductive system undergoes significant changes. Normality of sexual differentiation is difficult to observe in neonates of small animals, with the only gender difference being a slightly longer anogenital distance in male (13-15 mm) versus female (7-8 mm)animals. Early diagnosis of deviations from normality can spare breeders the time and effort devoted to raising an animal that may turn out to be unsuitable for becoming part of the reproductive stock and may spare owners the concern for a pet whose health may be unnecessarily threatened by failing to remove a malformed reproductive system early in life. This article reviews the incidence, clinical and gross anatomic features,and diagnostic approaches that veterinarians can use to address inborn errors of the reproductive system of dogs and cats, highlighting those malformations that bear clinical relevance and may become manifest from birth until puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Romagnoli
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Padua, Agripolis I-35020, Legnaro, Padua, Italy.
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29
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Cong L, Qin ZF, Jing XN, Yang L, Zhou JM, Xu XB. Xenopus laevis is a potential alternative model animal species to study reproductive toxicity of phytoestrogens. Aquat Toxicol 2006; 77:250-6. [PMID: 16504315 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2005.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2005] [Revised: 12/05/2005] [Accepted: 12/05/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated effects of phytoestrogen quercetin on the gonadal development in Xenopus laevis. X. laevis at Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 46/47 were exposed to 50, 100 and 200 microg/L quercetin till 1 month postmetamorphosis. Gonads from frogs at 1 and 3 months postmetamorphosis were examined in gross morphology and histology. The highest dose of quercetin as well as estradiol (E2) significantly increased the percentages of phenotypic females. Exposure to quercetin at all doses induced abnormal testes with certain ovarian characteristics to some degree in gross morphology, including ovotestes. The abnormality rate exceeded 10% in each quercetin treatment. Histologic examination revealed that some abnormal testes exhibited intersexuality with testicular structure and ovarian structure or oocytes interspersed in testicular structure at 1 month postmetamorphosis. At 3 months postmetamorphosis, testicular abnormalities were more obvious, such as necrosis or apoptosis of spermatogonia, occurrence of developed or undeveloped oocytes, delay of the development of seminiferous tubes without or less late stage spermatocytes. The results have shown that quercetin cannot only feminize but also impair testicular development of X. laevis, i.e. X. laevis is sensitive to phytoestrogen. It is suggested that X. laevis might be an alternative model species to study reproductive toxicity of phytoestrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cong
- The State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Enviromental Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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30
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Abstract
Breaking left-right symmetry in Bilateria embryos is a major event in body plan organization that leads to polarized adult morphology, directional organ looping, and heart and brain function. However, the molecular nature of the determinant(s) responsible for the invariant orientation of the left-right axis (situs choice) remains largely unknown. Mutations producing a complete reversal of left-right asymmetry (situs inversus) are instrumental for identifying mechanisms controlling handedness, yet only one such mutation has been found in mice (inversin) and snails. Here we identify the conserved type ID unconventional myosin 31DF gene (Myo31DF) as a unique situs inversus locus in Drosophila. Myo31DF mutations reverse the dextral looping of genitalia, a prominent left-right marker in adult flies. Genetic mosaic analysis pinpoints the A8 segment of the genital disc as a left-right organizer and reveals an anterior-posterior compartmentalization of Myo31DF function that directs dextral development and represses a sinistral default state. As expected of a determinant, Myo31DF has a trigger-like function and is expressed symmetrically in the organizer, and its symmetrical overexpression does not impair left-right asymmetry. Thus Myo31DF is a dextral gene with actin-based motor activity controlling situs choice. Like mouse inversin, Myo31DF interacts and colocalizes with beta-catenin, suggesting that situs inversus genes can direct left-right development through the adherens junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Spéder
- Institute of Signalling, Developmental Biology & Cancer, UMR6543-CNRS, University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
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Hirai N, Nanba A, Koshio M, Kondo T, Morita M, Tatarazako N. Feminization of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) exposed to 17beta-estradiol: formation of testis-ova and sex-transformation during early-ontogeny. Aquat Toxicol 2006; 77:78-86. [PMID: 16330109 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2005.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2005] [Revised: 09/20/2005] [Accepted: 10/27/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Gonad histological changes were examined in Japanese medaka exposed to 17beta-estradiol (E2) during early-life stages. Two experiments were conducted at different concentrations of E2 (33.5 and 140.6 ng/L, mean value of measurement) and larvae and juveniles were observed for histological changes in the gonad. Differentiation of ovary and testis in control fish was apparent 12 days post-hatch (dph). At 12 dph, normal testes were observed in male fish that had been exposed to 33.5 ng/L E2, but at 14 and 20 dph, testis-ova was recognized in male fish. Male fish exposed to 140.6 ng/L E2 had testis-ova at 12 dph and gradual transformation to ovary was observed in male fish until 20 dph. In both experiments, the ovarian tissue in testis of male fish exposed to E2 was frequently distributed along the central transverse axis of the gonad, expanding into the transverse axis. The results indicated that 17beta-estradiol can induce testis-ova in male medaka during the larval period and sex-transformation is more frequent at higher (140.6 ng/L) than lower concentrations (33.5 ng/L) of estradiol. The results also demonstrated that testis-ova first appear in the central area of the transverse axis of testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narisato Hirai
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan.
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32
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Hayes TB, Stuart AA, Mendoza M, Collins A, Noriega N, Vonk A, Johnston G, Liu R, Kpodzo D. Characterization of atrazine-induced gonadal malformations in African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis) and comparisons with effects of an androgen antagonist (cyproterone acetate) and exogenous estrogen (17beta-estradiol): Support for the demasculinization/feminization hypothesis. Environ Health Perspect 2006; 114 Suppl 1:134-41. [PMID: 16818259 PMCID: PMC1874169 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.8067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2005] [Accepted: 01/23/2006] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Atrazine is a potent endocrine disruptor that both chemically castrates and feminizes male amphibians. It depletes androgens in adult frogs and reduces androgen-dependent growth of the larynx in developing male larvae. It also disrupts normal gonadal development and feminizes the gonads of developing males. Gonadal malformations induced by atrazine include hermaphrodites and males with multiple testes [single sex polygonadism (SSP)], and effects occur at concentrations as low as 0.1 ppb (microg/L). Here, we describe the frequencies at which these malformations occur and compare them with morphologies induced by the estrogen, 17beta-estradiol (E2) , and the antiandrogen cyproterone acetate, as a first step in testing the hypothesis that the effects of atrazine are a combination of demasculinization and feminization. The various forms of hermaphroditism did not occur in controls. Nonpigmented ovaries, which occurred at relatively high frequencies in atrazine-treated larvae, were found in four individuals out of more than 400 controls examined (1%). Further, we show that several types of gonadal malformations (SSP and three forms of hermaphroditism) are produced by E2 exposure during gonadal differentiation, whereas a final morphology (nonpigmented ovaries) appears to be the result of chemical castration (disruption of androgen synthesis and/or activity) by atrazine. These experimental findings suggest that atrazine-induced gonadal malformations result from the depletion of androgens and production of estrogens, perhaps subsequent to the induction of aromatase by atrazine, a mechanism established in fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals (rodents and humans).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyrone B Hayes
- Laboratory for Integrative Studies in Amphibian Biology, Group in Endocrinology, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3140, USA.
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33
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Hagger JA, Depledge MH, Oehlmann J, Jobling S, Galloway TS. Is there a causal association between genotoxicity and the imposex effect? Environ Health Perspect 2006; 114 Suppl 1:20-6. [PMID: 16818242 PMCID: PMC1874168 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.8048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence that indicates common environmental pollutants are capable of disrupting reproductive and developmental processes by interfering with the actions of endogenous hormones. Many reports of endocrine disruption describe changes in the normal development of organs and tissues that are consistent with genetic damage, and recent studies confirm that many chemicals classified to have hormone-modulating effects also possess carcinogenic and mutagenic potential. To date, however, there have been no conclusive examples linking genetic damage with perturbation of endocrine function and adverse effects in vivo. Here, we provide the first evidence of DNA damage associated with the development of imposex (the masculinization of female gastropods considered to be the result of alterations to endocrine-mediated pathways) in the dog-whelk Nucella lapillus. Animals (n = 257) that displayed various stages of tributyltin (TBT) -induced imposex were collected from sites in southwest England, and their imposex status was determined by physical examination. Linear regression analysis revealed a very strong relationship (correlation coefficient of 0.935, p < 0.0001) between the degree of imposex and the extent of DNA damage (micronucleus formation) in hemocytes. Moreover, histological examination of a larger number of dog-whelks collected from sites throughout Europe confirmed the presence of hyperplastic growths, primarily on the vas deferens and penis in both TBT-exposed male snails and in females that exhibited imposex. A strong association was found between TBT body burden and the prevalence of abnormal growths, thereby providing compelling evidence to support the hypothesis that environmental chemicals that affect reproductive processes do so partly through DNA damage pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine A Hagger
- Ecotoxicology and Stress Biology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon, United Kingdom.
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34
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Vishwakiran Y, Anil AC, Venkat K, Sawant SS. Gyrineum natator: a potential indicator of imposex along the Indian coast. Chemosphere 2006; 62:1718-25. [PMID: 16084567 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2004] [Revised: 06/01/2005] [Accepted: 06/10/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Imposex related studies have used neogastropods as sentinel organism. In this effort, we elucidate the potential of a mesogastropod, Gyrineum natator, for imposex monitoring on the central west coast of India. Observations were made with specimens collected from Mumbai (three stations), Ratnagiri (two stations), Goa (one station) and Mangalore (one station). The analyzed populations at all four sites were affected by imposex. The six different stages of imposex in this organism are illustrated through schematic and scanning electron micrographs. In view of the anticipated ban on TBT based antifouling paints this baseline information can serve as an indicator for environmental monitoring in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Vishwakiran
- Marine Corrosion and Materials Research Division, National Institute of Oceanography, P.O. NIO, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India
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35
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Hecker M, Murphy MB, Coady KK, Villeneuve DL, Jones PD, Carr JA, Solomon KR, Smith EE, Van Der Kraak G, Gross T, Du Preez L, Kendall RJ, Giesy JP. Terminology of gonadal anomalies in fish and amphibians resulting from chemical exposures. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 2006; 187:103-31. [PMID: 16802580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Given the recent increase in the number of studies describing the ability of chemicals to exert endocrine-disrupting effects, not only in fish but in a variety of other oviparous groups such as amphibians and reptiles, there is an urgent need to harmonize the terminology currently used in describing pathological changes of the gonads. In addition to difficulties in comparing results from different studies, there is also the risk of miscommunication by using terms that imply a certain clinical relevance which may not be true for the species examined. Especially in the case of the recent and controversial issue about potential effects of the triazine herbicide atrazine on amphibians, clinical terminology has been utilized beyond its true meaning by using terms such as "chemical castration" to describe occurrence of TOs or ovarian tissue in the testis of male frogs exposed to environmental chemicals (Hayes 2004). In clinical terminology, castration is defined as the removal of the gonads or their destruction by an external influence, resulting in a nonfertile organism. However, Hayes (2004) did not investigate any possible effects on the fertility of the test animals and thus did not know if these animals were truly castrated. Similarly, terms such as intersex, hermaphrodite, and sex reversal have been used in ways that appear inappropriate with regard to their clinical meaning in a series of different studies with fish or frogs (see previous sections for a detailed discussion). To ensure the appropriate use of certain terminology in a field as controversial and complex as the study of endocrine disruption, we have attempted, in this chapter, to harmonize the terminology used to describe changes in gonadal development of vertebrates such as fish and amphibians, especially frogs (see Table 3). Where appropriate, the terminology suggested was adopted directly from the clinical terminology. However, as outlined here there are substantial differences between the developmental biology of oviparous vertebrates and mammals, and especially humans, that necessitate modification of the definitions of some of the clinical terms. Where appropriate, therefore, the terminology proposed in this manuscript was redefined based on the biological meanings of the terms used in clinical diagnosis. Considering the large increase in research in the area of reproductive endocrine disruption over the past decades, the authors see an increasing need for a harmonization of terms to be used to describe effects observed in the investigated species. Agreement on a common terminology will allow scientists to better communicate and compare their work, and will enable risk assessors to conduct large-scale evaluations of environmental endocrine disruption by fitting the information from individual studies into a synthesis of normal and abnormal conditions of gonadal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Hecker
- Department of Zoology, National Food Safety and Toxicology Center, Institute for Environmental Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1222, USA
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Cools M, Honecker F, Stoop H, Veltman JD, de Krijger RR, Steyerberg E, Wolffenbuttel KP, Bokemeyer C, Lau YFC, Drop SLS, Looijenga LHJ. Maturation delay of germ cells in fetuses with trisomy 21 results in increased risk for the development of testicular germ cell tumors. Hum Pathol 2006; 37:101-11. [PMID: 16360422 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2005.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2005] [Accepted: 09/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Trisomy 21 is associated with an increased risk for the occurrence of germ cell tumors in males. The development of these tumors is thought to be related to events in fetal life. A delay in the maturation of germ cells is one of the mechanisms that have been proposed for the development of these tumors in high-risk groups such as intersex patients. To investigate whether a delay in germ cell development also occurs in trisomy 21, we examined the gonads of 30 fetuses, neonates, and infants with trisomy 21 (19 males and 11 females) for the expression of several immunohistochemical germ cell markers throughout pregnancy and compared them with a series of 46 age-matched controls. The results of our study reveal a significant delay in germ cell development in fetuses with trisomy 21, especially in males. Prolonged expression of octamer binding transcription factor 3/4, in combination with an increased expression of testis-specific protein, Y-encoded, might have pathogenetic relevance for the development of testicular germ cell tumors in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Cools
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Daniel den Hoed, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Val P, Swain A. Mechanisms of Disease: normal and abnormal gonadal development and sex determination in mammals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 2:616-27. [PMID: 16474549 DOI: 10.1038/ncpuro0354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2005] [Accepted: 09/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Sex differentiation in mammals occurs in three steps. The first is the establishment of chromosomal sex at fertilization, followed by the differentiation of the gonad into an ovary or testis, and finally the establishment of the phenotypic sex of the embryo and adult, which is regulated by the gonad. Disruption of any of these stages gives rise to sexual ambiguities that include 46,XY pure gonadal dysgenesis, 46,XX true hermaphroditism, and variable degrees of intersexuality. In this review, we focus on the development of the mammalian gonad from a bipotential primordium that differentiates into either an ovary or a testis. We describe the recent increase in our knowledge of the genetic defects that directly affect gonadal development, sex determination, and sex differentiation, with emphasis on the comparison of genetic studies in mice with studies of naturally occurring mutations in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Val
- Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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Lin Y, Page DC. Dazl deficiency leads to embryonic arrest of germ cell development in XY C57BL/6 mice. Dev Biol 2005; 288:309-16. [PMID: 16310179 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2005] [Revised: 06/01/2005] [Accepted: 06/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Genes of the DAZ family play critical roles in germ cell development in mammals and other animals. In mice, Dazl mRNA is first observed at embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5), but previous studies using Dazl-deficient mice of mixed genetic background have largely emphasized postnatal spermatogenic defects. Using an inbred C57BL/6 background, we show that Dazl is required for embryonic development and survival of XY germ cells. By E14.5, expression of germ cell markers (Mvh, Oct4, Dppa3/Stella, GCNA and MVH protein) was reduced in XY Dazl-/- gonads. By E15.5, most remaining germ cells in XY Dazl-/- embryos exhibited apoptotic morphology, and XY Dazl-/- gonads contained increased numbers of TUNEL-positive cells. The rare XY Dazl-/- germ cells that persisted until birth maintained a nuclear morphology that resembled that of wildtype germ cells at E12.5-E13.5, a critical developmental period when XY germ cells lose pluripotency and commit to a spermatogonial fate. We propose that Dazl is required as early as E12.5-E13.5, shortly after its expression is first detected, and that inbred Dazl-/- mice of C57BL/6 background provide a reproducible standard for exploring Dazl's roles in embryonic germ cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Lin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Whitehead Institute, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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39
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Abstract
We examined potential ecotoxic effects of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)3, PCB5, Aroclor 1254, and Aroclor 1242 on Xenopus laevis. Tadpoles were exposed to PCBs from stage 46/47 (system of Nieuwkoop and Faber) to the completion of metamorphosis. We demonstrated, to our knowledge for the first time, forelimb malformations caused by PCBs (malformation rate, > 70%). The malformed forelimbs were fixed in the adduction-backward rotation position and could not move. Therefore, malformed male frogs were destined to have no offspring, because they could not grasp the females with their forelimbs to mate. Alcian blue-alizarin red double-staining indicated that the forelimb malformation resulted from the shoulder abnormality. Compared with the normal shoulder joint, the proximal humerus with the humerus inter-rotated 90 degrees in the abnormal shoulder joint. Moreover, testes from more than a third of male frogs with exposed to PCBs exhibited feminization to different degrees at gross morphology and histology, with fewer or abnormal spermatogonia and oocytes. Gonadal abnormalities would lead directly to reproductive dysfunction and population decline. These results suggest that PCBs have potentially ecotoxic effects on amphibian populations. We infer that PCBs could play roles in amphibian malformations and population declines, at least at sites that are polluted heavily with PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Fen Qin
- The State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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40
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Difilippantonio S, Celeste A, Fernandez-Capetillo O, Chen HT, Reina San Martin B, Van Laethem F, Yang YP, Petukhova GV, Eckhaus M, Feigenbaum L, Manova K, Kruhlak M, Camerini-Otero RD, Sharan S, Nussenzweig M, Nussenzweig A. Role of Nbs1 in the activation of the Atm kinase revealed in humanized mouse models. Nat Cell Biol 2005; 7:675-85. [PMID: 15965469 DOI: 10.1038/ncb1270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2005] [Accepted: 07/01/2005] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS) is a chromosomal fragility disorder that shares clinical and cellular features with ataxia telangiectasia. Here we demonstrate that Nbs1-null B cells are defective in the activation of ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated (Atm) in response to ionizing radiation, whereas ataxia-telangiectasia- and Rad3-related (Atr)-dependent signalling and Atm activation in response to ultraviolet light, inhibitors of DNA replication, or hypotonic stress are intact. Expression of the main human NBS allele rescues the lethality of Nbs1-/- mice, but leads to immunodeficiency, cancer predisposition, a defect in meiotic progression in females and cell-cycle checkpoint defects that are associated with a partial reduction in Atm activity. The Mre11 interaction domain of Nbs1 is essential for viability, whereas the Forkhead-associated (FHA) domain is required for T-cell and oocyte development and efficient DNA damage signalling. Reconstitution of Nbs1 knockout mice with various mutant isoforms demonstrates the biological impact of impaired Nbs1 function at the cellular and organismal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Difilippantonio
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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41
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Abstract
Diagnostic evaluation of patients with an abnormal gonad is complex because of multifactoral etio-pathogenesis and rarity of the conditions. In the text to follow, we have briefly discussed the embryology and attempted to classify abnormal gonadal disorders. The aims of evaluating such a child are to: (1) establish genetic sex; (2) determine the hormonal milieu; (3) evaluate the anatomy of internal and external genitalia and gonads; and (4) in older children, assess the phenotypic and psychological sex. In newborn children with ambiguous genitalia, the focus is now on accurate gender assignment. A team approach is needed and decisions are based on likely prognosis for behavior and gender orientation. The recent advances in cytogenetics have proven to be helpful in early and accurate diagnosis. In patients with an abnormal gonad, four conditions can present with sexual ambiguity at birth: female pseudohermaphroditism (or "virilized female"), true hermaphroditism, male pseudohermaphroditism (or "undervirilized male") and mixed gonadal dysgenesis. The role of clinical history and examination is emphasized in differential diagnosis and management. Timing of surgery for each of the conditions is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep S Bidarkar
- Department of General Surgery, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville. Victoria, Australia
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Meehan TP, Harmon BG, Overcast ME, Yu KK, Camper SA, Puett D, Narayan P. Gonadal defects and hormonal alterations in transgenic mice expressing a single chain human chorionic gonadotropin-lutropin receptor complex. J Mol Endocrinol 2005; 34:489-503. [PMID: 15821112 DOI: 10.1677/jme.1.01669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To study the effects of premature and chronic ligand-mediated luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) activation on reproductive development, we have generated transgenic mice expressing a genetically engineered, constitutively active yoked hormone-receptor complex (YHR), in which a fusion protein of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is covalently linked to the N-terminus of rat LHR. YHR-expressing mice (YHR(+)) were analyzed at pre- and post-pubertal ages. Relative to wild type (WT) controls, male mice exhibited prepubertal increases in testosterone levels and seminal vesicle weights, and decreases in serum FSH, serum LH, testes weight, and the size of the seminiferous tubules. In adult male YHR(+) mice, testosterone and LH levels are not significantly different from WT controls. However, FSH levels and testes weights remain decreased. Female YHR(+) mice undergo precocious puberty with early vaginal opening, accelerated uterine development, enhanced follicular development, including the presence of corpora lutea, and an increase in serum progesterone. At 12 weeks of age, the ovary exhibits a relative increase in the amount of interstitial tissue, comprised of cells that are hypertrophic and luteinized, as well as follicles that are degenerating. Additionally, hemorrhagic cysts develop in approximately 25% of the transgenic mice. These degenerative changes are consistent with an aging ovary suggesting that CG-induced LHR activation in female mice leads to precocious sexual development and ovarian lesions. Taken together, these data indicate that the single chain YHR is functional in vivo and demonstrate that YHR(+) mice provide a novel system to further understand the reproductive consequences of aberrant LHR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Meehan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Starzyk J, Januś D, Urbanowicz W, Górska A. [Partial gonadal dysgenesis in a 12-year-old girl--diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties]. Endokrynol Diabetol Chor Przemiany Materii Wieku Rozw 2005; 11:51-3. [PMID: 15850540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The authors present a 12-year-old girl who was seen in the out-patient Endocrinology Clinic, University Children's Hospital of Cracow, with the preliminary diagnosis of androgen insensitivity syndrome, presenting with progressing virilisation, breast underdevelopment and dysmorphy. Pubarche was normal. Gynecological examination revealed ambiguous external genitalia. On ultrasound examination homo genic gonad-like structures without follicles were seen, but no uterus was present. Basic hormonal studies indicated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. The child was diagnosed as partial gonadal dysgenesis 46, XY. A gonadectomy was performed due to the 30-40% risk of gonadoblastoma development characteristic for such cases, and estrogen substitution followed after the surgery. The authors stress the necessity of including partial gonadal dysgenesis and partial androgen insensitivity syndrome in the differential diagnosis of delayed puberty. In both the above mentioned syndromes the clinical features are similar but the management differs. The authors stress the importance of establishing the cause of the condition and further management prior to discharging the neonate. The ultimate sex must allow the patient to best fulfill his/her psychosocial role in society and reduce the psychological trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Starzyk
- Klinika Endokrynologii Dzieci i Młodziezy Katedry Pediatrii Collegium Medicum UJ w Krakowie, Kraków.
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Starzyk J, Górska A, Januś D. [Inappropriate sexual differentiation of sex reversal type in 16-year-old boy with male phenotype]. Endokrynol Diabetol Chor Przemiany Materii Wieku Rozw 2005; 11:55-7. [PMID: 15850541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We present a case of a 16-year-old boy with gynecomastia and symptoms of delayed puberty (relatively small testes and penis), who attended the Endocrinology Clinic. Pubic hair development was normal. Basic hormonal blood tests showed a primary testicular lesion (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism). The result of karyotype examination showed female karyotype 46, XX. Based on those results the boy was diagnosed to be 46, XX male. A replacement testosterone therapy was administered. He stays in follow-up for gonad observation. The authors emphasize the possibility of establishing the diagnosis of a severe disorder belonging to the group of inappropriate sex differentiation of sex reversal type not earlier than in teenage adolescents, who present symptoms of delayed puberty. In such cases the main rule in establishing a final diagnosis is played by a physical examination with evaluation of sex development, as well as basic hormonal blood tests and karyotype result. Their correct interpretation is possible only by a physician who has reliable knowledge of the physiology of male sex determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Starzyk
- Klinika Endokrynologii Dzieci i Młodziezy Katedry Pediatrii Collegium Medicum UJ w Krakowie, Kraków.
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Starzyk J, Górska A, Januś D. [Complete gonadal dysgenesis 46, XY in a 16-year-old girl with a female phenotype--case report]. Endokrynol Diabetol Chor Przemiany Materii Wieku Rozw 2005; 11:115-7. [PMID: 15996342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We present a case of a 16-year-old girl, who attended the Endocrinology Outpatient Clinic of the University Paediatric Hospital in Kraków, because of lack of breast development and primary amenorrhea. Pubic hair development was normal. Baseline hormonal blood tests indicated a primary gonadal lesion (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism). Ultrasonography examination revealed bilateral streak gonads in ovarian localisation. Uterus was present. The karyotype was male: 46, XY. Gonadectomy was performed due to risk of gonadoblastoma development in streak gonads. Based on the histology of the removed gonads the final diagnosis of complete gonadal dysgenesis 46, XY was established. After the gonadectomy hormonal replacement therapy was introduced. Authors emphasise the importance of considering in each case of delayed puberty in teenage girls the possibility of complete gonad dysgenesis 46, XY. The diagnosis can be established only on the support of a reliable knowledge of male sex differentiation physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Starzyk
- Klinika Endokrynologii Dieci i Młodziezy Katedry Pediatrii, Collegium Medicum UJ w Krakowie, Kraków.
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46
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Bernet D, Wahli T, Kueng C, Segner H. Frequent and unexplained gonadal abnormalities in whitefish (central alpine Coregonus sp.) from an alpine oligotrophic lake in Switzerland. Dis Aquat Organ 2004; 61:137-148. [PMID: 15584420 DOI: 10.3354/dao061137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of a large number of whitefish with morphologically altered gonads in Lake Thun (Switzerland) has been reported by commercial fishermen since the year 2000. Macroscopic and microscopic examination of gonads revealed that 35% (281 out of 808) of whitefish from Lake Thun were affected. Frequency of gonadal abnormalities varied significantly with sex, age and ecotype of whitefish. Apparent females (26% [106/408]) showed significantly less gonadal alterations than apparent males (40% [151/225]). Fish with deformed gonads were observed in all age classes from 1 to 6 yr, but were most frequent in the year classes 3+ to 5+. The gonadal alterations showed different frequencies among the 3 ecotypes of whitefish living in the lake: 1 ecotype was less affected (26%) than the other 2 forms (41% and 32%, respectively). The gonadal alterations included adhesions/fusions to the peritoneal wall and the lateral trunk musculature (overall: 5%; in females: 5%; in males: 5%), asymmetry (4%; 6%; 4%), atrophy (4%; 6%; 1%), compartmentations (11%; 4%; 18%), constrictions (3%; 1%; 7%) and hermaphroditism (1.1% of sampled fish, and 10 additional specimens collected by fishermen during the filleting process). In some cases, more than one alteration was observed in the same fish. Hermaphroditism manifested as 3 different types: (1) the lobular type, in which a consecutive sequence of testicular and ovarian lobes are found on the same gonad strand; (2) discrete gonads within one fish, with one gonad strand being ovarian tissue and the other being testicular tissue; and (3) the mosaic type, in which oocytes lie in tissue with normal testicular morphology, or spermatids or sperm are present in ovarian tissue. Several features of the gonadal alterations described in this study of whitefish from Lake Thun have also been reported for whitefish from other areas. However, the Lake Thun situation appears to be unique because of the high prevalence of fish affected and the broad variation of abnormal features. The causes of the frequent appearance of these gonadal alterations in whitefish from Lake Thun remain unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bernet
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, Laenggass-Strasse 122, PO Box 8466, 3001 Bern, Switzerland.
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Alvarez-Nava F, Soto M, Martínez MC, Prieto M, Alvarez Z. FISH and PCR analyses in three patients with 45,X/46,X,idic(Y) karyotype: clinical and pathologic spectrum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 46:443-8. [PMID: 14659779 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-3995(03)00016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To delineate the phenotypic spectrum (clinical and gonadal features) from patients with a 45,X/46,X,mar(Y) karyotype based upon of their clinical, histological, cytogenetic and molecular evaluation. SUBJECTS Three patients with a 45,X/46,X,mar(Y) karyotype. METHODS Clinical assessment, karyotyping, endocrine evaluation, FISH and PCR analyses of several Y-chromosome loci and direct sequencing of the SRY gene. RESULTS The patients, two males and one female had varying degrees of impairment of sexual differentiation, with or without testis formation. One patient (reared as female and aged 17 years) had Turner syndrome with bilateral streak gonads. The second patient (2.4 years old) had ambiguous genitalia and presented a dysgenetic testis with a contralateral streak gonad. A third patient (26 years old) had bilateral dysgenetic testes (dysgenetic male pseudohermaphroditism). The ratio of 45,X vs. 46,X,+mar(Y) cells differed between patients and between different tissues. In each case the marker sexual chromosome was identified as a rearranged Y-chromosome (idic(Y)) using FISH and PCR analyses. In all cases the SRY gene was present in all tissues studied. No mutations were identified in this gene in any of the patients. CONCLUSIONS The extent of male or female differentiation in these patients depends in part on the prevalence, time occurrence, and distribution of the 45,X cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Alvarez-Nava
- Unidad de Genética Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela.
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Wang F, Yoder J, Antoshechkin I, Han M. Caenorhabditis elegans EVL-14/PDS-5 and SCC-3 are essential for sister chromatid cohesion in meiosis and mitosis. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:7698-707. [PMID: 14560015 PMCID: PMC207601 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.21.7698-7707.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2003] [Revised: 05/20/2003] [Accepted: 07/25/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sister chromatid cohesion is fundamental for the faithful transmission of chromosomes during both meiosis and mitosis. Proteins involved in this process are highly conserved from yeasts to humans. In screenings for sterile animals with abnormal vulval morphology, mutations in the Caenorhabditis elegans evl-14 and scc-3 genes were isolated. Defects in cell divisions were observed in germ line as well as in vulval and somatic gonad lineages. Through positional cloning of these genes, we have shown that EVL-14 and SCC-3 are likely the only C. elegans homologs of the yeast sister chromatid cohesion proteins Pds5 and Scc3, respectively. Both evl-14 and scc-3 mutants displayed defects in the meiotic germ line. In evl-14 mutants, synaptonemal complexes (SCs) were detectable but more than the usual six DAPI (4',6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole)-positive structures were seen at diakinesis, suggesting that EVL-14/PDS-5 is important for the maintenance of sister chromatid cohesion in late prophase. In scc-3 mutant animals, normal SCs were not visible and approximately 24 DAPI-positive structures were seen at diakinesis, indicating that SCC-3 is necessary for sister chromatid cohesion. Immunostaining revealed that localization of REC-8, a homolog of the yeast meiotic cohesin subunit Rec8, to the chromosomes depends on the presence of SCC-3 but not that of EVL-14/PDS-5. scc-3 RNA interference (RNAi)-treated embryos were 100% lethal and displayed defects in cell divisions. evl-14 RNAi caused a range of phenotypes. These results indicate that EVL-14/PDS-5 and SCC-3 have functions in both mitosis and meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China 200433
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Abstract
The formation of a complex multicellular organism requires the precise specification of many diverse cell types at the correct time and position throughout development. This may be achieved by coordinating cell fate specification processes with progression through the cell cycle. Here, we show that the extra distal tip cells (DTCs) associated with the loss of cki-1, a Caenorhabditis elegans homologue of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27, do not arise from duplications of pre-existing DTCs, but that they are formed from another cell type within the somatic gonad. Results from our laser microsurgery experiments suggest that the extra DTCs are caused by aberrant somatic gonadal precursor cell divisions in the absence of cki-1, resulting in abnormal daughter cell fates. cki-1(RNAi) animals also possess extra anchor cells and ectopic gonad arms with variable sheath cell numbers and positioning. In addition, cki-1(RNAi) animals display an endomitotic oocyte (Emo) phenotype. Our results uncover a novel role of this CKI in cell fate acquisition, either by directly influencing specification, or through a more conventional role in appropriately linking cell cycle phase with this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Kostić
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Avenue Docteur Penfield, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 1B1
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Toft G, Baatrup E. Altered sexual characteristics in guppies (Poecilia reticulata) exposed to 17beta-estradiol and 4-tert-octylphenol during sexual development. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2003; 56:228-237. [PMID: 12927554 DOI: 10.1016/s0147-6513(02)00138-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The effects of estrogenic compounds on the development of sexual characteristics in juvenile guppies (Poecilia reticulata) were examined. After exposure for 3 months, the sex ratio was female biased in guppies exposed to 0.5 microg/L 17beta-estradiol (E2) or higher but unaffected by exposure to 4-tert-octylphenol (OP). When exposed to 100 microg/L OP, the male guppy sexual behavior and sperm count were increased. In contrast, the male sperm count was markedly reduced after exposure to a high concentration of E2. The length of the gonopodium (copulatory organ) was increased when exposed to 100 microg/L OP and at all the tested concentrations of E2. Similar concentrations of OP and E2 reduced the gonad weight of the females. The results demonstrate that the development of sexual characteristics in guppies can be disturbed by environmentally realistic concentrations of E2 but higher concentrations of OP are needed to induce similar alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Toft
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Aarhus, Building 135, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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