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Pun Á, Valimaña-Traverso J, García MÁ, Marina ML, Esteve-Núñez A, Boltes K. Enhanced removal of chiral emerging contaminants by an electroactive biofilter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2025; 23:100500. [PMID: 39553850 PMCID: PMC11564004 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2024.100500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 10/14/2024] [Accepted: 10/20/2024] [Indexed: 11/19/2024]
Abstract
50% of pharmaceuticals and 25% of herbicides used worldwide are chiral. Each enantiomer has a unique toxicity and biodegradation profile, affecting differently to organisms. Chirality plays a key role in the behavior of these emerging contaminants (ECs) in terms of their pharmacological or herbicidal activity, but this peculiarity is often overlooked in environmental research. The complexity of chiral ECs is underestimated, as the varying sensitivity of biological systems to enantiomers is rarely considered. Biofilters can promote the activity of specific microbial communities, facilitating the degradation of ECs, due to the greater interaction between water and microorganisms and their compact design. Here, we show that an electroactive biofilter can alter the chirality of drugs and herbicides in wastewater treatment, impacting their removal and toxicity. The electrochemical biofilter (BioeF) removed 80% of pharmaceuticals and 50-75% of herbicides, outperforming the conventional filter (ConF). BioeF also showed greater chiral alterations and lower ecotoxicity. This work provides the first evidence of a relationship between changes in contaminant chirality and detoxification capacity, enhanced by electroactive systems. The increased microbial activity observed in the BioeF suggests that bioelectrochemical systems offer a valuable advance for ECs removal and ecotoxicity reduction, addressing the environmental challenge posed by ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Pun
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33,600, Alcalá de Henares, 28871, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Valimaña-Traverso
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33,600, Alcalá de Henares, 28871, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ángeles García
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33,600, Alcalá de Henares, 28871, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés M. del Río, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Luisa Marina
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33,600, Alcalá de Henares, 28871, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés M. del Río, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Abraham Esteve-Núñez
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33,600, Alcalá de Henares, 28871, Madrid, Spain
- METfilter. Avenida Punto Com, nº 2 - Parque Científico Tecnológico de la Universidad de Alcalá, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA Water Institute, Parque Científico Tecnológico, Alcalá de Henares, 28805, Madrid, Spain
| | - Karina Boltes
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33,600, Alcalá de Henares, 28871, Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA Water Institute, Parque Científico Tecnológico, Alcalá de Henares, 28805, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Xie J, Chen C, Luo M, Peng X, Lin T, Chen D. Hidden dangers: High levels of organic pollutants in hadal trenches. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 251:121126. [PMID: 38237461 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The "V"-shaped structure of hadal trenches acts as a natural collector of organic pollutants, drawing attention to the need for extensive research in these areas. Our review identifies significant concentrations of organic pollutants, including persistent organic pollutants, black carbon, antibiotic-resistant genes, and plastics, which often match those in industrialized regions. They may trace back to both human activities and natural sources, underscoring the trenches' critical role in ocean biogeochemical cycles. We highlight the complex lateral and vertical transport mechanisms within these zones. Advanced methodologies, including stable isotope analysis, biomarker identification, and chiral analysis within isotope-based mixing models, are crucial for discerning the origins and pathways of these pollutants. In forthcoming studies, we aim to explore advanced methods for precise pollutant tracing, develop predictive models to forecast the future distribution and impacts of pollutants in hadal zones and on the Earth's larger ecological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqian Xie
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Chuchu Chen
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Min Luo
- College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xiaotong Peng
- Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Tian Lin
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Duofu Chen
- College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
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3
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Facenda G, Celis R, Gámiz B, López-Cabeza R. An enantioselective study of the behavior of the herbicide ethofumesate in agricultural soils: Impact of the addition of organoclays and biochar. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 270:115870. [PMID: 38159340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Chiral pesticides that are still commercialized and incorporated into the environment as racemic mixtures of enantiomers require evaluation of the enantioselectivity of their biological activity and environmental fate processes for a better prediction of their field efficacy and environmental risks. In this work, we successfully separated the enantiomers of the chiral herbicide ethofumesate (ETFM), determined their absolute configuration, and characterized their herbicidal activity as well as their adsorption, degradation, enantiomerization, and leaching in Mediterranean agricultural soils. While the herbicidal activity of R-ethofumesate to the sensitive species Portulaca grandiflora was greater than that of S-ethofumesate, the adsorption, degradation, and leaching of the herbicide showed negligible enantioselectivity and enantiomer interconversion did not occur in soils. The adsorption of both enantiomers showed a positive correlation with the soil organic carbon content (r = 0.856, P = 0.015), and their degradation in soils occurred slowly (DT50 > 60 days) and at similar rates independent of their application as individual enantiomers or as a racemic mixture of enantiomers. The addition of three highly adsorptive materials to a scarcely adsorptive soil increased the adsorption of the enantiomers of ETFM and delayed their degradation without affecting the non-enantioselective character of the processes. As a result of their high adsorption capacity, the materials were highly effective in reducing the leaching of both enantiomers of ETFM through soil columns. The results of this work indicate that the application of single-enantiomer ETFM formulations, based on a higher herbicidal activity or a lower toxicity to non-target organisms of the formulated enantiomer, would reduce considerable exposure risks associated with incorporating into the environment the less favorable enantiomer, as this would show long persistence and high leaching potential in soils similar to its optical isomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gracia Facenda
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Avenida Reina Mercedes 10, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rafael Celis
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Avenida Reina Mercedes 10, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Beatriz Gámiz
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Avenida Reina Mercedes 10, 41012 Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Química para la Energía y Medioambiente (IQUEMA), Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rocío López-Cabeza
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Avenida Reina Mercedes 10, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
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4
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Kurt-Karakus PB, Odabasi M, Birgul A, Yaman B, Gunel E, Dumanoglu Y, Jantunen L. Contamination of Soil by Obsolete Pesticide Stockpiles: A Case Study of Derince Province, Turkey. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2024; 86:37-47. [PMID: 38063884 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-023-01043-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The areal distributions of the soil organochlorine pesticide (OCP) levels were investigated at adjacent and surrounding sites of the obsolete pesticide stockpile warehouse in Kocaeli, Türkiye. OCP levels in soil at neighboring sampling locations (positioned at 0.4 to 3 km from the stockpile) varied from 0.4 to 9 µg/kg and 4.2 to 2226 µg/kg (dry weight) for ΣHCHs and ΣDDXs, respectively. Levels at adjacent locations (positioned within 20 m from the stockpile) were considerably higher, varying from 74 to 39,619 µg/kg and 1592 to 30,419 µg/kg for ΣHCHs and ΣDDXs, respectively. Levels of OCPs dropped abruptly with the horizontal distance from the stockpile and had different transect profiles. The enantiomer fractions (EFs) near the stockpile range from 0.494 to 0.521, 0.454 to 0.515, and 0.483 to 0.533 for α-HCH, o,p'-DDT, and o,p'-DDD, respectively. These near-racemic EFs suggested that observed soil OCP levels were mainly influenced by recent emissions from the stockpile. A comparison of OCP compositions observed in the soil at the present study with the technical HCHs and DDTs revealed that the material in the stockpile primarily contains byproducts that were discarded during DDT and Lindane production at the adjacent plant instead of their technical mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perihan Binnur Kurt-Karakus
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Bursa Technical University, Mimar Sinan Mah, Mimar Sinan Bulvarı, Eflak Cad. No: 177, 16310, Yildirim, Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Odabasi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, 35160, Buca, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Askin Birgul
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Bursa Technical University, Mimar Sinan Mah, Mimar Sinan Bulvarı, Eflak Cad. No: 177, 16310, Yildirim, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Baris Yaman
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, 35160, Buca, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ersan Gunel
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, 35160, Buca, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Yetkin Dumanoglu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, 35160, Buca, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Liisa Jantunen
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Egbert, ON, L0L 1N0, Canada
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5
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Liu Y, Wu Z, Armstrong DW, Wolosker H, Zheng Y. Detection and analysis of chiral molecules as disease biomarkers. Nat Rev Chem 2023; 7:355-373. [PMID: 37117811 PMCID: PMC10175202 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00476-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
The chirality of small metabolic molecules is important in controlling physiological processes and indicating the health status of humans. Abnormal enantiomeric ratios of chiral molecules in biofluids and tissues occur in many diseases, including cancers and kidney and brain diseases. Thus, chiral small molecules are promising biomarkers for disease diagnosis, prognosis, adverse drug-effect monitoring, pharmacodynamic studies and personalized medicine. However, it remains difficult to achieve cost-effective and reliable analysis of small chiral molecules in clinical procedures, in part owing to their large variety and low concentration. In this Review, we describe current and emerging techniques that detect and quantify small-molecule enantiomers and their biological importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoran Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Zilong Wu
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
| | - Daniel W Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA.
| | - Herman Wolosker
- Department of Biochemistry, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Yuebing Zheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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6
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Dong Q, Guo X, Qu X, Bai S, You X, Cui H, Qin S, Gao L. Chiral covalent organic framework-based open tubular capillary electrochromatography column for enantioseparation of selected amino acids and pesticides. Talanta 2023; 258:124415. [PMID: 36907161 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
A novel chiral covalent organic framework (CCOF) was synthesized with an imine covalent organic framework TpBD (synthesized via Schiff-base reaction between phloroglucinol (Tp) and benzidine (BD)) modified using (1S)-(+)-10-camphorsulfonyl chloride as chiral ligand by chemical bonding method for the first time, and was characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectra, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption/desorption, thermogravimetry analysis, and zeta-potential. The results revealed that the CCOF had good crystallinity, high specific surface area and good thermal stability. Then, the CCOF was employed as stationary phase in open-tubular capillary electrochromatography (OT-CEC) column (the CCOF-bonded OT-CEC column) for enantioseparation of 21 single chiral compounds (12 natural amino acids including acidic, neutral and basic, 9 pesticides including herbicides, insecticides and fungicides) and simultaneous enantioseparation of mixture amino acids and pesticides with similar structures or properties. Under the optimized CEC conditions, all the analytes reached the baseline separation with high resolutions of 1.67-25.93 and selectivity factors of 1.06-3.49 in 8 min. Finally, the reproducibility and stability of the CCOF-bonded OT-CEC column were measured. Relative standard deviations (RSDs) of retention time and separation efficiency were 0.58-4.57% and 1.85-4.98%, and not obviously changed after 150 runs. These results demonstrate that COFs-modified OT-CEC explore a promising method to separate chiral compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Dong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, China
| | - Xinyu Guo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, China
| | - Xinran Qu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, China
| | - Siqi Bai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, China
| | - Xingyu You
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, China
| | - Hongshou Cui
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, China
| | - Shili Qin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, China
| | - Lidi Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, China.
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7
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Shi J, Zhang Q, Yang R, Li C, Fan S, Cai M, Zhou X, Zhang Z. Quantitative assessment of selective degradation behavior of etoxazole in different classes of organisms by compound-specific isotope analysis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 252:114632. [PMID: 36773436 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the stereoselective degradation and quantitative identification of chiral pesticide etoxazole in organisms with different classes of organisms (soil, chlorella algal fluid and mice) were carried out by compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA). The degradation behavior and stable isotope fractionation effect of etoxazole in soil, chlorella and mice were investigated. The R-etoxazole degraded faster than S-etoxazole in different classes of organisms. The metabolites M1, M2 and M3 were detected in all three substrates. Biodegradation is the main factor for the change of stable isotope ratio of chiral pesticide etoxazole. Furthermore, the relationship between fractionation value of carbon isotope and residual concentration of etoxazole is established by Rayleigh equation, and the biodegradation rate of etoxazole could be calculated by using CSIA without measuring the concentration of etoxazole. Therefore, the use of CSIA can accurately assess the degradation behavior of pesticide pollution in the environment and provide a certain scientific evidence and technical support in the process of environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Shi
- Analysis and Testing Center, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Analysis and Testing Center, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruilu Yang
- Analysis and Testing Center, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chunjian Li
- Analysis and Testing Center, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, People's Republic of China
| | - Susu Fan
- Analysis and Testing Center, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Cai
- Analysis and Testing Center, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolan Zhou
- Analysis and Testing Center, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Analysis and Testing Center, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, People's Republic of China
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8
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Lucci E, Dal Bosco C, Antonelli L, Fanali C, Fanali S, Gentili A, Chankvetadze B. Enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatographic separations to study occurrence and fate of chiral pesticides in soil, water, and agricultural products. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1685:463595. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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9
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Gu T, Chen W, She J, Yang B, Tang L, Tao H, Huang J, Zhou X. Lipid metabolism regulatory activity and adverse effects of fungi-derived butyrolactone I. Nat Prod Res 2022; 37:1897-1901. [PMID: 36089911 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2122966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Butyrolactone I (BTL-I), a butenolide compound isolated from land or marine-derived fungi, has been reported to show diverse activities. To further study the pharmaceutical potential of BTL-I, transcriptome and bioinformatics analysis of BTL-I treated HepG2 cells were taken. BTL-I was revealed with lipid metabolism regulatory activity and confirmed by increasing the mRNA expression of related genes, such as LXRα and its target gene UGT1A1. However, the obvious chemical carcinogenesis of BTL-I was also disclosed. BTL-I could significantly increase the mRNA and protein levels of oncogenes such as CYP1A1. Molecular docking of BTL-I and its analogs were performed to understand the active or toxic effects. Although BTL-I showed attractive activities, enough attention must be paid to its adverse effects in its further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanwei Gu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weihao Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianglian She
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lan Tang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huaming Tao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingxia Huang
- Department of Anesthesia, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuefeng Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Xue P, Liu X, Jia H, Yuan H, Liu B, Zhang J, He Z. Environmental behavior of the chiral fungicide epoxiconazole in earthworm-soil system: Enantioselective enrichment, degradation kinetics, chiral metabolite identification, and biotransformation mechanism. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 167:107442. [PMID: 35921772 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The environmental impact of the chiral fungicide epoxiconazole and its chiral transformation products (TPs) on non-target organisms and the environment has become a significant concern due to its widespread use in agricultural practice. Enantioselectivity studies of parent contaminants cannot adequately assess the complexity of its chiral TPs in the environment. This study aimed to investigate the environmental behavior of epoxiconazole in an earthworm-soil system. 2S,3R-(-)-epoxiconazole was preferentially enriched in earthworms during the accumulation phase (p < 0.05), but no enantioselectivity was observed during the elimination phase. One methoxylated and four hydroxylated chiral TPs were identified in soil, earthworm, and excrement. The epoxy ring hydroxylated TP and methoxylated TP of epoxiconazole were discovered for the first time in the environment. The chemically specific enantioselectivity with enantiomer fraction (EF) > 0.8 was observed for the TPs in different matrices. The CYP450 monooxygenase of earthworm was significant activated. In vitro enzyme metabolism experiments (earthworm microsomes and recombinant CYP450 enzymes CYP2A6, CYP 2C9, and CYP 3A4) were carried out to further explain the biotransformation mechanism of epoxiconazole in earthworm. This study provides new evidence of enantiomeric biotransformation of chiral fungicide epoxiconazole in the earthworm-soil system and could provide valuable insights into their environmental risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Xue
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-product Quality Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-product Quality Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, PR China
| | - Hao Jia
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-product Quality Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, PR China
| | - Haiyue Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-product Quality Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, PR China
| | - Bingjie Liu
- SCIEX, Analytical Instrument Trading Co. Ltd., Beijing 100015, PR China
| | - Jingran Zhang
- SCIEX, Analytical Instrument Trading Co. Ltd., Beijing 100015, PR China
| | - Zeying He
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-product Quality Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, PR China.
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11
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Xue P, Liu X, Zhao L, Zhang J, He Z. Integrating high-throughput sequencing and metabolomics to investigate the stereoselective responses of soil microorganisms to chiral fungicide cis-epoxiconazole. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 300:134198. [PMID: 35248591 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The use of the chiral triazole fungicide cis-epoxiconazole in agricultural production continues to increase; however, little is known about the stereoselective and toxic responses of soil microorganisms to cis-epoxiconazole in the soil microenvironment. High-throughput sequencing and metabolomics were integrated to investigate the stereoselective response of soil microbial community structure, metabolic profile to cis-epoxiconazole exposure, and the correlation between the microbiomes and different metabolites. Soil microbial community structure and soil metabolic profile were significantly altered and exhibited significant enantioselectivity. The alpha diversity (Chao, Shannon, and Simpson diversity) of bacterial and fungus was not significantly affected, whereas the beta diversity (Bray-Curtis dissimilarity and PLS-DA) of bacterial and fungus was significantly altered in treatment of cis-epoxiconazole and its enantiomers (p-value < 0.05). The variation in bacterial and fungus community structure was the highest under (+)-enantiomer exposure, followed by exposure to racemate and (-)-enantiomer. Soil metabolomic analysis revealed that exposure to high or low doses of cis-epoxiconazole and its enantiomers resulted in different degrees of reprogramming of the soil metabolic pool. The 39 significantly changed metabolites mainly included small molecular organic acids, amino acids and their intermediates, and purine and adenosine intermediates. Six metabolic pathways were significantly disrupted. Different correlation patterns were observed between the significantly altered metabolites and microbes (p-value < 0.05) by Pearson correlation-based analysis. In conclusion, as xenobiotic pollutant, epoxiconazole altered the structure and metabolism of soil microorganisms with significant stereoselectivity mainly driven by 2R, 3S-(+)-cis-epoxiconazole. This study provided a more robust assessment of the risks of epoxiconazole exposure to soil microorganisms. Given the importance of the soil environment in agricultural production, characterization of the soil microbiome and metabolome can provide new insights into the ecological risks posed by exposure to the chiral triazole pesticide cis-epoxiconazole and its enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Xue
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-product Quality Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-product Quality Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, PR China
| | - Liuqing Zhao
- SCIEX, Analytical Instrument Trading Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100015, China
| | - Jingran Zhang
- SCIEX, Analytical Instrument Trading Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100015, China
| | - Zeying He
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-product Quality Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, PR China.
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12
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Xu S, Shen F, Song J, Wang Y, Yu S, Zhang L, Fang H, Yu Y. Enantioselectivity of new chiral triazole fungicide mefentrifluconazole: Bioactivity against phytopathogen, and acute toxicity and bioaccumulation in earthworm (Eisenia fetida). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 815:152937. [PMID: 35007570 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.152937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Elaborating the environmental behavior of mefentrifluconazole, a novel triazole fungicide, in stereoselective level is of paramount importance for the application of the pesticide in agriculture. In this study, the enantioselective bioactivity, acute toxicity and stereoselective bioaccumulation of mefentrifluconazole in earthworm (Eisenia fetida) were investigated. Bioactivity tests against four pathogens revealed that R-(-)-mefentrifluconazole exhibited approximately 11-113 times higher bioactivity than its S-(+)-mefentrifluconazole. However, the LC50 of S-(+)-, rac- and R-(-)-mefentrifluconazole to earthworm was measured to be 4.1, 11.4 and 7.3 μg/cm2, respectively, indicating active ingredient R-(-)-mefentrifluconazole is less toxic than its racemate and S-form. Accumulation of mefentrifluconazole in earthworms was non-enantioselective and negatively related to its adsorption onto soils. The concentration of mefentrifluconazole in in situ pore water (CIPW) and CaCl2 extraction (CCaCl2) was closely related to its accumulation in earthworms, suggesting that CIPW and CCaCl2 could be appropriate indicators for estimation of the bioavailability of mefentrifluconazole in soil. Conclusively, our study provides necessary information for the risk assessment of mefentrifluconazole in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiji Xu
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, the Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fan Shen
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, the Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jialu Song
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, the Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yingnan Wang
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, the Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Sumei Yu
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, the Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Luqing Zhang
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, the Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Hua Fang
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, the Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yunlong Yu
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, the Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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13
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Badea SL, Stegarus DI, Niculescu VC, Enache S, Soare A, Ionete RE, Gori D, Höhener P. Dehalogenation of α-hexachlorocyclohexane by iron sulfide nanoparticles: Study of reaction mechanism with stable carbon isotopes and pH variations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 801:149672. [PMID: 34438148 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The biodegradation of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) is known to be accompanied by isotope fractionation of carbon (13C/12C), but no systematic studies were performed on abiotic degradation of HCH isomers by iron (II) minerals. In this study, we explored the carbon isotope fractionation of α-HCH during dechlorination by FeS nanoparticles at different pH values. The results of three different experiments showed that the apparent rate constants during dehalogenation of α-HCH by FeS increased with pH. The lowest apparent rate constant value α-HCH during dehalogenation by FeS was 0.009 d-1 at pH value of 2.4, while the highest was 1.098 d-1 at pH 11.8. α-HCH was completely dechlorinated by FeS only at pH values 9.9 and 11.8, while the corresponding apparent rate constants were 0.253 d-1 and 1.098 d-1, respectively. Regardless of the pH used, the 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (1,2,4-TCB), 1,2-dichlorobenzene (1,2-DCB), and benzene were the dominant degradation products of α-HCH. An enrichment factor (εC) of -4.7 ± 1.3‰ was obtained for α-HCH using Rayleigh model, which is equivalent to an apparent kinetic isotope effect (AKIEC) value of 1.029 ± 0.008 for dehydrohalogenation, and of 1.014 ± 0.004 for dihaloelimination, respectively. The magnitude of isotope fractionation from this study suggests that abiotic isotope fractionation by FeS must be taken into account in anoxic sediments and aquifers contaminated with HCH isomers, when high concentrations of FeS are present in the above-mentioned anoxic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silviu-Laurentiu Badea
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenic and Isotopic Technologies - ICSI Rm. Vâlcea, 4(th) Uzinei Street, 240050 Ramnicu Vâlcea, Romania.
| | - Diana-Ionela Stegarus
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenic and Isotopic Technologies - ICSI Rm. Vâlcea, 4(th) Uzinei Street, 240050 Ramnicu Vâlcea, Romania
| | - Violeta-Carolina Niculescu
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenic and Isotopic Technologies - ICSI Rm. Vâlcea, 4(th) Uzinei Street, 240050 Ramnicu Vâlcea, Romania
| | - Stanica Enache
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenic and Isotopic Technologies - ICSI Rm. Vâlcea, 4(th) Uzinei Street, 240050 Ramnicu Vâlcea, Romania
| | - Amalia Soare
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory (LCE), Aix-Marseille Université-CNRS UMR 7376, 3 place Victor Hugo - Case 29, 13331 Marseille Cedex 3, France
| | - Roxana-Elena Ionete
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenic and Isotopic Technologies - ICSI Rm. Vâlcea, 4(th) Uzinei Street, 240050 Ramnicu Vâlcea, Romania
| | - Didier Gori
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory (LCE), Aix-Marseille Université-CNRS UMR 7376, 3 place Victor Hugo - Case 29, 13331 Marseille Cedex 3, France
| | - Patrick Höhener
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory (LCE), Aix-Marseille Université-CNRS UMR 7376, 3 place Victor Hugo - Case 29, 13331 Marseille Cedex 3, France
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14
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Lu Q, Liang Y, Fang W, Guan KL, Huang C, Qi X, Liang Z, Zeng Y, Luo X, He Z, Mai B, Wang S. Spatial Distribution, Bioconversion and Ecological Risk of PCBs and PBDEs in the Surface Sediment of Contaminated Urban Rivers: A Nationwide Study in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:9579-9590. [PMID: 33852286 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Surface sediments of polluted urban rivers can be a reservoir of hydrophobic persistent organic pollutants (POPs). In this study, we comprehensively assessed the contamination of two groups of POPs, that is, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), in 173 black-odorous urban rivers in China. Spatial distribution of PCBs and PBDEs showed similar patterns but very different contamination levels in surface sediments, that is, average concentrations of 10.73 and 401.16 ng/g dw for the ∑PCBs and ∑PBDEs, respectively. Tetra-/di-CBs and deca-BDE are major PCBs and PBDEs and accounted for 59.11 and 95.11 wt % of the ∑PCBs and ∑PBDEs, respectively. Compared with the persistence of PBDEs, the EF changes of chiral PCBs together with previous cultivation evidence indicated indigenous bioconversion of PCBs in black-odorous urban rivers, particularly the involvement of uncharacterized Dehalococcoidia in PCB dechlorination. Major PCB sources (and their relative contributions) included pigment/painting (25.36%), e-waste (22.92%), metallurgical industry (13.25%), and e-waste/biological degradation process (10.95%). A risk assessment indicated that exposure of resident organisms in urban river sediments to deca-/penta-BDEs could pose a high ecological risk. This study provides the first insight into the contamination, conversion and ecological risk of PCBs and PBDEs in nationwide polluted urban rivers in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihong Lu
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yongyi Liang
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wenwen Fang
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ke-Lan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chenchen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xuemeng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhiwei Liang
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yanhong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiaojun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhili He
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shanquan Wang
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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15
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Liu X, Wu L, Kümmel S, Richnow HH. Characterizing the biotransformation of hexachlorocyclohexanes in wheat using compound-specific stable isotope analysis and enantiomer fraction analysis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 406:124301. [PMID: 33144013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs) are persistent organic pollutants being responsible for environmental contamination worldwide. In order to characterize transformation of HCHs in different plant compartments during uptake, a hydroponic experimental setup was designed using wheat as the test plant. The extent of transformation was determined by using compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) and enantiomer fraction (EF) analysis. In nutrient solutions, no change of carbon (δ13C) and chlorine isotope ratios (δ37Cl) of α-HCH and β-HCH was detected throughout the experiment indicating no transformation there. In wheat leaves, stems and roots, however, transformation of α-HCH due to a C‒Cl bond cleavage was indicated by increasing δ13C and δ37Cl compared to the nutrient solution. In addition, 1,3,4,5,6-pentachlorocyclohexene (PCCH) was identified as the major metabolite of α-HCH transformation. For β-HCH, in contrast, no transformation was detected. The evaluation of enantiomer fraction analysis revealed no change of the EF(-) in the nutrient solution or on root surface but a decrease in the wheat compartments, providing an evidence for the preferential biological transformation of (-)α-HCH in wheat. The current study provides the first experimental evidence for biotransformation of α-HCH in wheat using CSIA and EF and provides a concept to evaluate processes during phytoremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Langping Wu
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Civil & Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Steffen Kümmel
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hans H Richnow
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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16
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Cariou R, Malysheva SV, Goscinny S, Le Bizec B, Van Loco J, Dervilly G. Enantiomeric fraction of hexabromocyclododecanes in foodstuff from the Belgian market. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 260:127607. [PMID: 32698116 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Diet is considered a major route of human exposure to hexabromocyclododecane, a chiral environmental contaminant. A previous study reported on the occurrence of hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers in food items of animal origin collected in Belgium. The present study reports further results on corresponding enantiomeric fractions of the same samples. None of the samples could be considered as racemic for the α-isomer suggesting that foodstuff contamination occurred prior to death of the corresponding producing animal and was not the result of the food item being in contact with technical HBCDD. Non-racemic chiral signatures were also observed for β- and γ-isomers. We conclude that, depending on their dietary habits, different individuals might be overall exposed to non-racemic profiles. Considering that toxicological effects are enantiomer-dependent, this could modulate potential adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Svetlana V Malysheva
- Organic Contaminants and Additives, Sciensano, Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Séverine Goscinny
- Organic Contaminants and Additives, Sciensano, Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Joris Van Loco
- Organic Contaminants and Additives, Sciensano, Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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17
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Zhang L, Hang P, Zhou XY, Qiao WJ, Jiang JD. Enantioselective Catabolism of the Two Enantiomers of the Phenoxyalkanoic Acid Herbicide Dichlorprop by Sphingopyxis sp. DBS4. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:6967-6976. [PMID: 32530641 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dichlorprop [(RS)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propanoic acid; DCPP], an important phenoxyalkanoic acid herbicide (PAAH), is extensively used in the form of racemic mixtures (Rac-DCPP), and the environmental fates of both DCPP enantiomers [(R)-DCPP and (S)-DCPP] mediated by microorganisms are of great concern. In this study, a bacterial strain Sphingopyxis sp. DBS4 was isolated from contaminated soil and was capable of utilizing both (R)-DCPP and (S)-DCPP as the sole carbon source for growth. Strain DBS4 preferentially catabolized (S)-DCPP as compared to (R)-DCPP. The optimal conditions for Rac-DCPP degradation by strain DBS4 were 30 °C and pH 7.0. In addition to Rac-DCPP, other PAAHs such as (RS)-2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propanoic acid, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid butyl ester could also be catabolized by strain DBS4. Bioremediation of Rac-DCPP-contaminated soil by inoculation of strain DBS4 exhibited an effective removal of both (R)-DCPP and (S)-DCPP from the soil. Due to its broad substrate spectrum, strain DBS4 showed great potential in the bioremediation of PAAH-contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Key Lab of Microbiology for Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, 235000 Huaibei, China
| | - Ping Hang
- Department of Microbiology, Key Lab of Microbiology for Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Xi-Yi Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Key Lab of Microbiology for Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Wen-Jing Qiao
- Department of Microbiology, Key Lab of Microbiology for Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Jian-Dong Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, Key Lab of Microbiology for Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
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18
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Fang L, Shi Q, Xu L, Shi T, Wu X, Li QX, Hua R. Enantioselective Uptake Determines Degradation Selectivity of Chiral Profenofos in Cupriavidus nantongensis X1 T. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:6493-6501. [PMID: 32459959 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus insecticides account for approximately 28% of the global commercial insecticide market, while 40% of them are chiral enantiomers. Chiral enantiomers differ largely in their toxicities. Enantiomers that are less active or inactive do not offer the needed efficacy but pollute the environment and cause toxicities to non-target species. Cupriavidus nantongensis X1T, a recently isolated bacterial strain, could degrade S-profenofos 2.3-fold faster than R-profenofos, while the latter is the active enantiomer potently against pest insects and has greater mammalian safety. The degradation enzyme encoded by opdB was expressed via Escherichia coli and purified. The degradation kinetics of R- and S-profenofos showed that both the purified OpdB and crude enzyme extracts had no enantiomer degradation selectivity, which strongly indicated that the degradation selectivity occurred in the uptake process. Metabolite analyses suggested a novel dealkylation pathway. This is the first report of bacterial selective uptake of organophosphates. Selective degradation of S-profenofos over R-profenofos by the strain X1T suggests a concept of co-application of racemic pesticides and degradation-selective bacteria to minimize contamination and non-target toxicity problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liancheng Fang
- Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Safety, School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiongying Shi
- Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Safety, School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Luyuan Xu
- Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Safety, School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Taozhong Shi
- Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Safety, School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangwei Wu
- Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Safety, School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing X Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1955 East-West Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Rimao Hua
- Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Safety, School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
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19
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Elder FCT, Feil EJ, Snape J, Gaze WH, Kasprzyk-Hordern B. The role of stereochemistry of antibiotic agents in the development of antibiotic resistance in the environment. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 139:105681. [PMID: 32251898 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance (ABR) is now recognised as a serious global health and economic threat that is most efficiently managed via a 'one health' approach incorporating environmental risk assessment. Although the environmental dimension of ABR has been largely overlooked, recent studies have underlined the importance of non-clinical settings in the emergence and spread of resistant strains. Despite this, several research gaps remain in regard to the development of a robust and fit-for-purpose environmental risk assessment for ABR drivers such as antibiotics (ABs). Here we explore the role the environment plays in the dissemination of ABR within the context of stereochemistry and its particular form, enantiomerism. Taking chloramphenicol as a proof of principle, we argue that stereoisomerism of ABs impacts on biological properties and the mechanisms of resistance and we discuss more broadly the importance of stereochemistry (enantiomerism in particular) with respect to antimicrobial potency and range of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicity C T Elder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, BA27AY Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Edward J Feil
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, BA27AY Bath, United Kingdom
| | - JasoN Snape
- AstraZeneca Global Safety, Health and Environment, Mereside, Macclesfield SK10, 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - William H Gaze
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Knowledge Spa, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, Cornwall TR1 3HD, United Kingdom
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20
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Liao G, Song X, Wang X, Zhang W, Zhang L, Qiu J, Hou R. Cytotoxicity of 2,2',3,5',6-Pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB95) and its metabolites in the chicken embryo liver cells of laying hens. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 194:110338. [PMID: 32135376 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
2,2',3,5',6-Pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB95) is known as a persistent pollutant that was found in eggs in China. PCB 95 can be metabolized into OH-PCB95 and MeO-PCB95 in liver microsomes. However, the toxicity and its mechanism of PCB95 or its metabolites have been little studied on laying hens. Herein, chicken embryo liver cells of laying hens were selected and treated with different levels of PCB95 and its two metabolites, and the EC50 of PCB95, OH-PCB95, MeO-PCB95 was 80.85, 4.81 and 107.04 μg/mL respectively, indicating that OH-PCB95 is much more cytotoxic than PCB95 or MeO-PCB95. Targeted metabolomics was further used to study the effects of the parent compound and its metabolites on cell metabolism. The results showed that four primary types of glycerophospholipids were down-regulated after exposure to PCB95 and its metabolites, especially PE and PS (60% more than the control for PCB95, 40% for OH-PCB95, and less than 40% for MeO-PCB95). KEGG pathway analysis based on amino acid metabolism showed that PCB95 may mainly interfere with the amino acids involved in immune regulation (phenylalanine and tyrosine), and OH-PCB95 may be associated with genetic disoders (cysteine, methionine and purine metabolism). However, the metabolic pathways induced by MeO-PCB95 are quite different from those induced by PCB95 and OH-PCB95, affecting mainly D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism, alanine and glutamate metabolism, and arginine and proline metabolism; these pathways mainly regulate the elimination of excess purines and are involved in the synthesis of the amino acids required by cells. These results showed that OH-PCB95 has the highest toxicity on chicken embryo liver cells and MeO-PCB95 could be a detoxification product of PCB95 and OH-PCB95. This study contributes to the understanding of the different effects of PCB95 and its metabolites on cellular metabolism, and the data are helpful in evaluating the hepatotoxic effects of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangqin Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Lab of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China; Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiao Song
- Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xinlu Wang
- Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jing Qiu
- Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Ruyan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Lab of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China; Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100081, China.
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21
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Nikam SB, SK A. Enantioselective Separation Using Chiral Amino Acid Functionalized Polyfluorene Coated on Mesoporous Anodic Aluminum Oxide Membranes. Anal Chem 2020; 92:6850-6857. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shrikant B. Nikam
- Polymer Science and Engineering Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Asha SK
- Polymer Science and Engineering Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi 110025, India
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22
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Bioremediation of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)-Contaminated Agricultural Soils: Potential of Two Autochthonous Saprotrophic Fungal Strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.01720-19. [PMID: 31444208 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01720-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) was used worldwide as an organochlorine insecticide to control agricultural pests and vectors of several insect-borne human diseases. It was banned in most industrialized countries; however, due to its persistence in the environment, DDT residues remain in environmental compartments, becoming long-term sources of exposure. To identify and select fungal species suitable for bioremediation of DDT-contaminated sites, soil samples were collected from DDT-contaminated agricultural soils in Poland, and 38 fungal taxa among 18 genera were isolated. Two of them, Trichoderma hamatum FBL 587 and Rhizopus arrhizus FBL 578, were tested for tolerance in the presence of 1-mg liter-1 DDT concentration by using two indices based on fungal growth rate and biomass production (the tolerance indices Rt:Rc and TI), showing a clear tolerance to DDT. The two selected strains were studied to evaluate catabolic versatility on 95 carbon sources with or without DDT by using the Phenotype MicroArray system and to investigate the induced oxidative stress responses. The two strains were able to use most of the substrates provided, resulting in both high metabolic versatility and ecological functionality in the use of carbon sources, despite the presence of DDT. The activation of specific metabolic responses with species-dependent antioxidant enzymes to cope with the induced chemical stress has been hypothesized, since the presence of DDT promoted a higher formation of reactive oxygen species in fungal cells than the controls. The tested fungi represent attractive potential candidates for bioremediation of DDT-contaminated soil and are worthy of further investigations.IMPORTANCE The spread and environmental accumulation of DDT over the years represent not only a threat to human health and ecological security but also a major challenge because of the complex chemical processes and technologies required for remediation. Saprotrophic fungi, isolated from contaminated sites, hold promise for their bioremediation potential toward toxic organic compounds, since they might provide an environment-friendly solution to contamination. Once we verified the high tolerance of autochthonous fungal strains to high concentrations of DDT, we showed how fungi from different phyla demonstrate a high metabolic versatility in the presence of DDT. The isolates showed the singular ability to keep their functionality, despite the DDT-induced production of reactive oxygen species.
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23
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Di S, Cang T, Qi P, Wang Z, Wang X, Xu M, Wang X, Xu H, Wang Q. Comprehensive Study of Isocarbophos to Various Terrestrial Organisms: Enantioselective Bioactivity, Acute Toxicity, and Environmental Behaviors. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:10997-11004. [PMID: 31487170 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The enantioselective bioactivity, toxicity, and environmental behaviors of isocarbophos (ICP) were investigated. The order of the bioactivity and toxicity was S-(+) ≥ rac > R-(-), and the difference of R-(-) and S-(+) was up to 232 times. The usage of S-(+)-ICP may efficiently reduce the usage amount of rac-ICP by 35% under the same effect, and the toxicity was not increased. Based on the toxic unit analysis, the additive effect and synergistic effect of ICP enantiomers were found in the four nontarget organisms, and R-(-)-ICP might cooperate the side-effects of S-(+)-ICP. The accumulation of rac-ICP in earthworms was enantioselective with an enantioenrichment of R-(-)-ICP, so the usage of racemic ICP might increase the exposure risk of R-(-)-ICP to earthworms. From the comprehensive results, the production of enantiomer enriched S-(+)-ICP might increase bioactivity and reduce environmental pollution, while the toxicity of S-(+)-ICP to other nontarget organisms needs to be further assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Di
- Institute of Quality and Standard of Agro-products , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310021 , China
- Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection , Hangzhou 310021 , China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang , Hangzhou 310021 , China
| | - Tao Cang
- Institute of Quality and Standard of Agro-products , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310021 , China
- Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection , Hangzhou 310021 , China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang , Hangzhou 310021 , China
| | - Peipei Qi
- Institute of Quality and Standard of Agro-products , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310021 , China
- Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection , Hangzhou 310021 , China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang , Hangzhou 310021 , China
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products , Hangzhou 310021 , China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Institute of Quality and Standard of Agro-products , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310021 , China
- Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection , Hangzhou 310021 , China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang , Hangzhou 310021 , China
| | - Xiangyun Wang
- Institute of Quality and Standard of Agro-products , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310021 , China
- Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection , Hangzhou 310021 , China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang , Hangzhou 310021 , China
| | - Mingfei Xu
- Institute of Quality and Standard of Agro-products , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310021 , China
- Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection , Hangzhou 310021 , China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang , Hangzhou 310021 , China
| | - Xinquan Wang
- Institute of Quality and Standard of Agro-products , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310021 , China
- Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection , Hangzhou 310021 , China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang , Hangzhou 310021 , China
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products , Hangzhou 310021 , China
| | - Hao Xu
- Institute of Quality and Standard of Agro-products , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310021 , China
- Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection , Hangzhou 310021 , China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang , Hangzhou 310021 , China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Institute of Quality and Standard of Agro-products , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310021 , China
- Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection , Hangzhou 310021 , China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang , Hangzhou 310021 , China
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products , Hangzhou 310021 , China
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24
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Liu Y, Wu L, Kohli P, Kumar R, Stryhanyuk H, Nijenhuis I, Lal R, Richnow HH. Enantiomer and Carbon Isotope Fractionation of α-Hexachlorocyclohexane by Sphingobium indicum Strain B90A and the Corresponding Enzymes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:8715-8724. [PMID: 31266304 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Chiral organic contaminants, like α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH), showed isotope fractionation and enantiomer fractionation during biodegradation. This study aims to understand the correlation between these two processes. Initial tests of α-HCH degradation by six Sphingobium strains (with different LinA variants) were conducted. Results showed variable enantiomer selectivity over the time course. In contrast, constant enantiomer selectivity was observed in experiments employing (i) cell suspensions, (ii) crude extracts, or (iii) LinA1 and LinA2 enzymes of strain B90A for α-HCH degradation in enzyme activity assay buffer. The average value of enantioselectivity (ES) were -0.45 ± 0.03 (cell suspensions), -0.60 ± 0.05 (crude extracts), and 1 (LinA1) or -1 (LinA2). The average carbon isotope enrichment factors (εc) of (+)α- and (-)α-HCH were increased from cells suspensions (-6.3 ± 0.1‰ and -2.3 ± 0.03‰) over crude extracts (-7.7 ± 0.4‰ and -3.4 ± 0.02‰) to purified enzymes (-11.1 ± 0.3‰ and -3.8 ± 0.2‰). The variability of ES and the εc were discussed based on the effect of mass transport and degradation rates. Our study demonstrates that enantiomer and isotope fractionation of α-HCH are two independent processes and both are affected by underlying reactions of individual enzymes and mass transport to a different extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Liu
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry , Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ , Permoserstraße 15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Langping Wu
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry , Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ , Permoserstraße 15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Puneet Kohli
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology , University of Delhi , Delhi - 110007 , India
| | - Roshan Kumar
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology , University of Delhi , Delhi - 110007 , India
| | - Hryhoriy Stryhanyuk
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry , Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ , Permoserstraße 15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Ivonne Nijenhuis
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry , Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ , Permoserstraße 15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Rup Lal
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology , University of Delhi , Delhi - 110007 , India
| | - Hans-Hermann Richnow
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry , Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ , Permoserstraße 15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany
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25
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Zhou Q, Zhang X, Huang J. Relationship between enantioselective transformation of racemic quizalofop‐ethyl and soil bacterial diversity: A destructive approach. Chirality 2019; 31:700-710. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.23087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhou
- Department of Environmental ScienceWuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Environmental ScienceWuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Junxing Huang
- Department of Environmental ScienceWuhan University Wuhan China
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26
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Huang J, Chen D, Cheng X, Liu G, Wang G, Jiang J. Enantioselective Catabolism of Napropamide Chiral Enantiomers in Sphingobium sp. A1 and B2. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:6819-6827. [PMID: 31135148 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Napropamide [ N, N-diethyl-2-(1-naphthalenyloxy)propenamide, NAP] is a highly efficient and broad-spectrum amide herbicide. Little is known about the bacterial catabolism of its different enantiomers. Here, we report the isolation of two NAP-degrading strains of Sphingobium sp., A1 and B2, and the different catabolic pathways of different enantiomers in these two strains. Strain A1 dioxygenated NAP at different positions of the naphthalene ring of different enantiomers, leading to the complete degradation of R-NAP while producing a dead-end product from S-NAP. Strain B2 cleaved the amido bonds of both enantiomers, but only the product from S-NAP could be further transformed to form α-naphthol and mineralize in strain B2. The degradation rates of R-NAP and S-NAP in the combination degradation by strains A1 and B2 were 24.8 and 7.5 times that in the single-strain degradation by strain B2 or A1, respectively, showing enhanced synergistic catabolism between strains A1 and B2. This study provides new insights into the enantioselective catabolic network of the chiral herbicide NAP in microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jiandong Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210095 , People's Republic of China
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27
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Buerge IJ, Kasteel R, Bächli A, Poiger T. Behavior of the Chiral Herbicide Imazamox in Soils: Enantiomer Composition Differentiates between Biodegradation and Photodegradation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:5733-5740. [PMID: 31017768 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b07210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Imazamox is a chiral herbicide that, in laboratory experiments in the dark, exhibits pronounced enantioselective biodegradation in certain soils. Imazamox also shows rapid photodegradation. However, which processes are predominant in the field is not clear. We conducted a set of soil incubation experiments under natural sunlight (and corresponding dark controls), using enantioselective LC-MS/MS analysis as a probe to distinguish biodegradation and photodegradation. Under dark conditions, imazamox was degraded enantioselectively. In contrast, degradation was nonenantioselective and 2× faster when the soil was exposed to sunlight, suggesting that biodegradation (in the dark) and photodegradation (under sunlight) were the predominant degradation processes. We also investigated the effectiveness of strategies that were proposed to exclude photodegradation in field studies, covering of soil with sand or irrigation after herbicide application. The sand cover did not prevent photodegradation. On the contrary, degradation was 10× faster than in the dark and nonenantioselective. Computer simulations supported the explanation that imazamox was transported upward by capillary flow due to evaporation onto the sand surface, where it was rapidly photodegraded. Irrigation postponed but not completely prevented photodegradation. For mobile substances susceptible to photodegradation, upward transport to the soil surface thus needs to be considered when deriving rates for biodegradation from field studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignaz J Buerge
- Plant Protection Chemistry , Agroscope , CH-8820 Wädenswil , Switzerland
| | - Roy Kasteel
- Plant Protection Chemistry , Agroscope , CH-8820 Wädenswil , Switzerland
| | - Astrid Bächli
- Plant Protection Chemistry , Agroscope , CH-8820 Wädenswil , Switzerland
| | - Thomas Poiger
- Plant Protection Chemistry , Agroscope , CH-8820 Wädenswil , Switzerland
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28
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Qu H, Ma R, Wang B, Yang J, Duan L, Yu G. Enantiospecific toxicity, distribution and bioaccumulation of chiral antidepressant venlafaxine and its metabolite in loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) co-exposed to microplastic and the drugs. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 370:203-211. [PMID: 29706475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In present study, we investigated the enantioselective behaviors of the chiral antidepressant venlafaxine and its metabolite O-desmethylvenlafaxine in loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus (M. anguillicaudatus), as well as effects of microplastic on toxicity, distribution and metabolism through a 40-day co-exposure. The contents of SOD and MDA in loach liver elevated when the loach was exposed to venlafaxine and O-desmethylvenlafaxine. Moreover, co-exposure with microplastic might lead to more adverse effect against loach. The distribution of venlafaxine and O-desmethylvenlafaxine were both detected in loach tissues and liver subcellular. The concentrations of venlafaxine and O-desmethylvenlafaxine were lower in water in microplastic-present treatment. Whilst, more contaminants were accumulated in liver through the "vehicle" (microplastic). Enantioselective behavior of venlafaxine and O-desmethylvenlafaxine occurred with R-enantiomers being preferentially degraded. With microplastic present, the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) of venlafaxine and O-desmethylvenlafaxine in loach tissue amplified more than 10 times. In liver subcellular structure, microplastic may help to transport more compounds into subtle areas and postpone the contaminants metabolism in organisms. The present study for the first time gained an insight into the potential ecological effects and environmental behaviors of combined pollutions of chiral pharmaceuticals and microplastic, which could supply important information for environment risk assessment of concurrent organic pollutants and microplastic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Qu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ruixue Ma
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Jian Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lei Duan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Gang Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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29
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Lu Q, Qiu L, Yu L, Zhang S, de Toledo RA, Shim H, Wang S. Microbial transformation of chiral organohalides: Distribution, microorganisms and mechanisms. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 368:849-861. [PMID: 30772625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.01.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Chiral organohalides including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) raise a significant concern in the environmental occurrence, fate and ecotoxicology due to their enantioselective biological effects. This review provides a state-of-the-art overview on enantioselective microbial transformation of the chiral organohalides. We firstly summarized worldwide field assessments of chiral organohalides in a variety of environmental matrices, which suggested the pivotal role of microorganisms in enantioselective transformation of chiral organohalides. Then, laboratory studies provided experimental evidences to further link enantioselective attenuation of chiral organohalides to specific functional microorganisms and enzymes, revealing mechanistic insights into the enantioselective microbial transformation processes. Particularly, a few amino acid residues in the functional enzymes could play a key role in mediating the enantioselectivity at the molecular level. Finally, major challenges and further developments toward an in-depth understanding of the enantioselective microbial transformation of chiral organohalides are identified and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihong Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, China; Environmental Microbiome Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, China
| | - Lan Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, China; Environmental Microbiome Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, China
| | - Shangwei Zhang
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Renata Alves de Toledo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, 999078 Macau SAR, China
| | - Hojae Shim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, 999078 Macau SAR, China
| | - Shanquan Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, China; Environmental Microbiome Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, 510275 Guangzhou, China.
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30
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Hogan DE, Tian F, Malm SW, Olivares C, Palos Pacheco R, Simonich MT, Hunjan AS, Tanguay RL, Klimecki WT, Polt R, Pemberton JE, Curry JE, Maier RM. Biodegradability and toxicity of monorhamnolipid biosurfactant diastereomers. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 364:600-607. [PMID: 30390580 PMCID: PMC6289288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic monorhamnolipids differ from biologically produced material because they are produced as single congeners, depending on the β-hydroxyalkanoic acid used during synthesis. Each congener is produced as one of four possible diastereomers resulting from two chiral centers at the carbinols of the lipid tails [(R,R), (R,S), (S,R) and (S,S)]. We compare the biodegradability (CO2 respirometry), acute toxicity (Microtox assay), embryo toxicity (Zebrafish assay), and cytotoxicity (xCELLigence and MTS assays) of synthetic rhamnosyl-β-hydroxydecanoyl-β-hydroxydecanoate (Rha-C10-C10) monorhamnolipids against biosynthesized monorhamnolipid mixtures (bio-mRL). All Rha-C10-C10 diastereomers and bio-mRL were inherently biodegradable ranging from 34 to 92% mineralized. The Microtox assay showed all Rha-C10-C10 diastereomers and bio-mRL are slightly toxic according to the US EPA ecotoxicity categories with 5 min EC50 values ranging from 39.6 to 87.5 μM. The zebrafish assay showed that of 22 developmental endpoints tested, only mortality was observed at 120 h post fertilization; all Rha-C10-C10 diastereomers and bio-mRL caused significant mortality at 640 μM, except the Rha-C10-C10 (R,R) which showed no developmental effects. xCELLigence and MTS showed IC50 values ranging from 103.4 to 191.1 μM for human lung cell line H1299 after 72 h exposure. These data provide key information regarding Rha-C10-C10 diastereomers that is pertinent when considering potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Hogan
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Fei Tian
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Scott W Malm
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Christopher Olivares
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Ricardo Palos Pacheco
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Michael T Simonich
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, 1007 Agriculture & Life Sciences Building, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Anoop S Hunjan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Robert L Tanguay
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, 1007 Agriculture & Life Sciences Building, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Walter T Klimecki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Robin Polt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Jeanne E Pemberton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Joan E Curry
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Raina M Maier
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
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31
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Sun M, Tong Z, Dong X, Chu Y, Wang M, Gao T, Duan J. Stereoselective analysis of the chiral fungicide penflufen in wheat plants, spinach, and Chinese cabbage. RSC Adv 2019; 9:9887-9892. [PMID: 35520941 PMCID: PMC9062316 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra10455g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Penflufen is a highly efficient, broad-spectrum succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor. Owing to the increasing pesticide resistance in recent years, the use of a new fungicide, penflufen, has become increasingly widespread. However, residues that remain in the environment after the use of penflufen have an impact on human health. It is worth noting that penflufen is a chiral pesticide. The differences of residue behaviors between two enantiomers in living organisms need to be systematically studied. In this paper, reversed-phase liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used to separate the enantiomers of penflufen, and the absolute configuration of the enantiomer was analyzed. The LC-MS/MS methods for the analysis of penflufen enantiomers on wheat plants, spinach, and Chinese cabbage were established. The results of the recovery experiments showed that the average recovery of the two enantiomers was 78.5–99.8% and RSD was 0.4–7.3%, suggesting that the accuracy and precision of the method meet the requirements of pesticide residue analysis. The results of stereoselective degradation of penflufen in the three matrices showed that there was little difference in the degradation of the two enantiomers in wheat and cabbage, while R-(+)-penflufen was degraded preferentially in spinach. This study provides data supporting the scientific use and safety evaluation of penflufen. Penflufen is a highly efficient, broad-spectrum succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- MingNa Sun
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Product Safety
- Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Hefei 230031
- China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Hefei)
| | - Zhou Tong
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Product Safety
- Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Hefei 230031
- China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Hefei)
| | - Xu Dong
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Product Safety
- Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Hefei 230031
- China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Hefei)
| | - Yue Chu
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Product Safety
- Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Hefei 230031
- China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Hefei)
| | - Mei Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Product Safety
- Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Hefei 230031
- China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Hefei)
| | - TongChun Gao
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Product Safety
- Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Hefei 230031
- China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Hefei)
| | - JinSheng Duan
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Product Safety
- Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Hefei 230031
- China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Hefei)
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Methanotrophic contribution to biodegradation of phenoxy acids in cultures enriched from a groundwater-fed rapid sand filter. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 103:1007-1019. [PMID: 30474728 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9501-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Drinking water supply is in many parts of the world based on groundwater. Groundwater often contains methane, which can be oxidized by methanotrophs upon aeration. Sand from rapid sand filters fed with methane-rich groundwater can remove some pesticides (Hedegaard and Albrechtsen in Water Res 48:71-81, 2014). We enriched methanotrophs from filter sand and investigated whether they could drive the degradation of various pesticides. To enrich for methanotrophs, we designed and operated four laboratory-scale, continuously methane-fed column reactors, inoculated with filter sand and one control column fed with tap water. When enrichments were obtained, methane was continuously supplied to three reactors, while the fourth was starved for methane for 1 week, and the reactors were spiked with ten pesticides at groundwater-relevant concentrations (2.1-6.6 μg/L). Removal for most pesticides was not detected at the investigated contact time (1.37 min). However, the degradation of phenoxy acids was observed in the methanotrophic column reactor starved for methane, while it was not detected in the control column indicating the importance of methanotrophs. Phenoxy acid removal, using dichlorprop as a model compound, was further investigated in batch experiments with methanotrophic biomass collected from the enrichment reactors. Phenoxy acid removal (expressed per gram of matrix sand) was substantially improved in the methanotrophic enrichment compared to parent filter sand. The presence of methane did not clearly impact dichlorprop removal but did impact mineralization. We suggest that other heterotrophs are responsible for the first step in dichlorprop degradation, while the subsequent steps including ring-hydroxylation are driven by methanotrophs.
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Menestrina F, Ronco NR, Romero LM, Castells CB. Enantioseparation of polar pesticides on chiral capillary columns based on permethyl-β-cyclodextrin in matrices of different polarities. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Huang J, Zhang X, Liang C, Hu J. Impact of TiO 2 on the chemical and biological transformation of formulated chiral-metalaxyl in agricultural soils. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 348:67-74. [PMID: 29367134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The impacts of TiO2 on the chemical and biological transformation of racemic metalaxyl wettable powder (rac-metalaxyl WP) in agricultural soils, and soil microorganisms were investigated. Under simulated solar irradiation, TiO2 highly promoted the transformation of rac-metalaxyl WP without changing the enantiomer fraction, with the promotion amplitude (60-1280%) being dependent on TiO2 characteristics. TiO2 characteristics showed different influence on the transformation of rac-metalaxyl WP in soils and aqueous solutions because their characteristics changed differently in soils. The impact of the mancozeb and other co-constituents on the transformation of rac-metalaxyl WP was smaller in soil media than in aqueous solution. Autoclave sterilization changed soil properties and subsequently weakened the promotion effects of TiO2 on the chemical transformations of rac-metalaxyl WP to 0-233%. Microorganism biomass and bacterial community were not statistically significant changed by TiO2 exposure regardless of rac-metalaxyl WP, suggesting that the promotional effects occurred mainly through chemical processes. The results also showed TiO2-soil interactions may be strengthened with TiO2 (Degussa P25) aging time in soils, which decreased its promotion amplitude from 1060% (without aging) to 880% (aging for 20 days). Intermediate formed in soil biological transformation process was different from that in TiO2 photocatalysis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxing Huang
- School of Resources and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Resources and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China.
| | - Chuanzhou Liang
- School of Resources and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China
| | - Jun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
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Feng W, Zheng J, Robin G, Dong Y, Ichikawa M, Inoue Y, Mori T, Nakano T, Pessah IN. Enantioselectivity of 2,2',3,5',6-Pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 95) Atropisomers toward Ryanodine Receptors (RyRs) and Their Influences on Hippocampal Neuronal Networks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:14406-14416. [PMID: 29131945 PMCID: PMC6251309 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nineteen ortho-substituted PCBs are chiral and found enantioselectively enriched in ecosystems. Their differential actions on biological targets are not understood. PCB 95 (2,2',3,5',6-pentachlorobiphenyl), a chiral PCB of current environmental relevance, is among the most potent toward modifying ryanodine receptors (RyR) function and Ca2+ signaling. PCB 95 enantiomers are separated and assigned aR- and aS-PCB 95 using three chiral-column HPLC and circular dichroism spectroscopy. Studies of RyR1-enriched microsomes show aR-PCB 95 with >4× greater potency (EC50 = 0.20 ± 0.05 μM), ∼ 1.3× higher efficacy (Bmax = 3.74 ± 0.07 μM) in [3H]Ryanodine-binding and >3× greater rates (R = 7.72 ± 0.31 nmol/sec/mg) of Ca2+ efflux compared with aS-PCB 95, whereas racemate has intermediate activity. aR-PCB 95 has modest selectivity for RyR2, and lower potency than racemate toward the RyR isoform mixture in brain membranes. Chronic exposure of hippocampal neuronal networks to nanomolar PCB 95 during a critical developmental period shows divergent influences on synchronous Ca2+ oscillation (SCO): rac-PCB 95 increasing and aR-PCB 95 decreasing SCO frequency at 50 nM, although the latter's effects are nonmonotonic at higher concentration. aS-PCB95 shows the greatest influence on inhibiting responses to 20 Hz electrical pulse trains. Considering persistence of PCB 95 in the environment, stereoselectivity toward RyRs and developing neuronal networks may clarify health risks associated with enantioisomeric enrichment of PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Feng
- Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California United States
| | - Jing Zheng
- Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California United States
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gaëlle Robin
- Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California United States
| | - Yao Dong
- Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California United States
| | - Makoto Ichikawa
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Inoue
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tadashi Mori
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakano
- Research Center for Environmental Preservation, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Isaac N. Pessah
- Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California United States
- Corresponding Author Phone: +1-(530)-752-6696;
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36
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Xu C, Zhou Y, Qi R, Dai G, Tan X, He H. Synthesis and herbicidal activity of optically active α-(substituted phenoxyacetoxy) (substituted phenyl) methylphosphonates. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 143:298-305. [PMID: 29183605 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
α-(Substituted phenoxyacetoxy) alkylphosphonates containing one chiral carbon atom have been demonstrated to be PDHc inhibitor with good herbicidal activity and some of them could be used as potential herbicide. In order to determine any difference in herbicidal activities between (R) and (S) isomers, the synthetic method of optically active substituted phenylalkylphosphonates IB were explored. A highly practical, enantioselective hydrophosphonylation was developed to prepare optically active O,O-dimethyl α-hydroxyalkylphosphonates 3 as key intermediate by asymmetric addition reaction of dimethylphosphite 1 and several kinds of aldehydes 2 using tridentate Schiff base Al(III) complexes as catalysts. A series of novel O,O-dimethyl α-(substituted phenoxyacetoxy)(substituted phenyl)methylphosphonates IB including (R) and (S) enantiomers were further synthesized with excellent enantioselectivity (95-99% ee) by the condensation of optically active α-hydroxyl (substituted phenyl)methylphosphonates 3 and substituted phenoxyacetyl chlorides 4. The herbicidal activities of title compound IB including their racemates, (R) and (S) enantiomers were evaluated in greenhouse for post-emergence application. All compounds IB showed significant inhibitory activity against dicotyledonous plants. A difference in herbicidal effect among racemate, (R) and (S) enantiomers were observed. Especially IB7 and IB10 showed obvious chiral selectivity in inhibitory activity against chickweed. (S)-IB7 with ED50 of 22.8gai/ha was found to be most effective enantiomer against chickweed and its inhibitory activity was 8.17 times higher than (R)-IB7. (S)-IB7 as potential herbicide would be effective at lower rates than (R)-IB7 or (rac)-IB7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, PR China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, PR China
| | - Ruilin Qi
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, PR China
| | - Guoqiang Dai
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, PR China
| | - Xiaosong Tan
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, PR China.
| | - Hongwu He
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, PR China.
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Yin J, Gao Y, Zhu F, Hao W, Xu Q, Wang H, Guo B. Enantiomerization and stereoselectivity in bioaccumulation of furalaxyl in Tenebrio molitor larvae. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 145:244-249. [PMID: 28743065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Furalaxyl is a chiral pesticide and widely used in modern agriculture as racemate mixture. The enantiomerization and enantioselecive bioaccumulation by a single dose of furalaxyl to Tenebrio molitor larvae under laboratory conditions were studied using a high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy method based on a ChiralPAK IC column. Our results showed that a significant enantiomerization (interconversion between R-enantiomer and S-enantiomer) was observed in Tenebrio molitor larvae under R- or S-furalaxyl exposure. Though the two furalaxyl enantiomers exhibited low-capacity of bioaccumulation in Tenebrio molitor larvae, bioaccumulation of rac-furalaxyl was enantioselective with a preferential accumulation of S-furalaxyl at 10mg/kg dosage exposure. In addition, enantiomerization and enantioselective degradation of the two enantiomers was not observed in wheat bran. These results showed that enantioselectivtiy of furalaxyl enantiomers was an important process combined with degradation, metabolism and enatiomerization in organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongxin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Feilong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weiyu Hao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huili Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baoyuan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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38
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Liu Y, Bashir S, Stollberg R, Trabitzsch R, Weiß H, Paschke H, Nijenhuis I, Richnow HH. Compound Specific and Enantioselective Stable Isotope Analysis as Tools To Monitor Transformation of Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) in a Complex Aquifer System. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:8909-8916. [PMID: 28673086 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Technical hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) mixtures and Lindane (γ-HCH) have been produced in Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Germany, for about 30 years until 1982. In the vicinity of the former dump sites and production facilities, large plumes of HCHs persist within two aquifer systems. We studied the natural attenuation of HCH in these groundwater systems through a combination of enantiomeric and carbon isotope fractionation to characterize the degradation of α-HCH in the areas downstream of a former disposal and production site in Bitterfeld-Wolfen. The concentration and isotope composition of α-HCH from the Quaternary and Tertiary aquifers were analyzed. The carbon isotope compositions were compared to the source signal of waste deposits for the dumpsite and highly contaminated areas. The average value of δ13C at dumpsite was -29.7 ± 0.3 ‰ and -29.0 ± 0.1 ‰ for (-) and (+)α-HCH, respectively, while those for the β-, γ-, δ-HCH isomers were -29.0 ± 0.3 ‰, -29.5 ± 0.4 ‰, and -28.2 ± 0.2 ‰, respectively. In the plume, the enantiomer fraction shifted up to 0.35, from 0.50 at source area to 0.15 (well T1), and was found accompanied by a carbon isotope enrichment of 5 ‰ and 2.9 ‰ for (-) and (+)α-HCH, respectively. The established model for interpreting isotope and enantiomer fractionation patterns showed potential for analyzing the degradation process at a field site with a complex history with respect to contamination and fluctuating geochemical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Liu
- Department Of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre For Environmental Research-UFZ , Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Safdar Bashir
- Department Of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre For Environmental Research-UFZ , Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Reiner Stollberg
- Department Groundwater Remediation, Helmholtz Centre For Environmental Research-UFZ , Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ralf Trabitzsch
- Department Groundwater Remediation, Helmholtz Centre For Environmental Research-UFZ , Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Holger Weiß
- Department Groundwater Remediation, Helmholtz Centre For Environmental Research-UFZ , Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heidrun Paschke
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ , Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ivonne Nijenhuis
- Department Of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre For Environmental Research-UFZ , Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hans-Hermann Richnow
- Department Of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre For Environmental Research-UFZ , Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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Omer E, Cariou R, Huneau-Salaün A, Dervilly-Pinel G, Baéza É, Travel A, Le Bouquin S, Jondreville C, Le Bizec B. Enantiomer-specific accumulation and depuration of α-hexabromocyclododecane (α-HBCDD) in chicken (Gallus gallus) as a tool to identify contamination sources. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 180:365-372. [PMID: 28415037 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A LC-ESI(-)-HRMS method dedicated to the analysis of 6 HBCDD enantiomers at trace levels in animal matrices was developed, using a cellulose based stationary phase with a particle size of 2.5 μm. This method was applied to a sample set derived from a kinetic study of α-HBCDD previously conducted in fast- and slow-growing chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus, n = 49, plus controls), in order to study the enantiomer specific accumulation and depuration of α-HBCDD in various tissues. Regarding abdominal adipose tissue, muscle and liver, the average enantiomeric fractions of α-HBCDD (EFα) for continuously exposed groups ranged between 0.434 and 0.467, with standard deviations below 0.014, showing a significant enrichment in (-)α enantiomer even accentuated for slow growing individuals during depuration with EFα reduced by about 0.020. Similar trends were observed for pooled plasma. Then, EFα of circulating plasma α-HBCDD appeared to closely reflect EFα in storage tissues and liver, suggesting some equilibrium. The racemic elimination of α enantiomer in excreta during the contamination phase indicated that no preferential gastrointestinal absorption took place. By contrast, preferential excretion of (-)α-HBCDD from the circulating compartment to the intestinal lumen occurred during the depuration. Finally, the method was applied to samples collected in three chicken farms, selected for total HBCDD levels in muscle in the ng/g range, as a tool to determine whether the contamination occurred ante- or post-mortem, according to the chiral signature. Ante-mortem contamination was hypothesised for 2 farms, with feed being excluded as contamination source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Omer
- LABERCA, Laboratoire d'Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments, LUNAM Université, Oniris, INRA, F-44300, Nantes Cedex, France
| | - Ronan Cariou
- LABERCA, Laboratoire d'Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments, LUNAM Université, Oniris, INRA, F-44300, Nantes Cedex, France.
| | - Adeline Huneau-Salaün
- ANSES-UMT Sanivol, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, BP 53, F-22440, Ploufragan, France
| | - Gaud Dervilly-Pinel
- LABERCA, Laboratoire d'Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments, LUNAM Université, Oniris, INRA, F-44300, Nantes Cedex, France
| | | | | | - Sophie Le Bouquin
- ANSES-UMT Sanivol, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, BP 53, F-22440, Ploufragan, France
| | | | - Bruno Le Bizec
- LABERCA, Laboratoire d'Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments, LUNAM Université, Oniris, INRA, F-44300, Nantes Cedex, France
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Zhang J, Zhao M, Yu D, Yin J, Zhang H, Huang X. Biochemical characterization of an enantioselective esterase from Brevundimonas sp. LY-2. Microb Cell Fact 2017. [PMID: 28629408 PMCID: PMC5477170 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0727-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactofen, a member of the diphenylether herbicides, has high activity and is commonly used to control broadleaf weeds. As a post-emergent herbicide, it is directly released to the environment, and easily caused the pollution. This herbicide is degraded in soil mainly by microbial activity, but the functional enzyme involved in the biodegradation of lactofen is still not clear now. RESULTS A novel esterase gene lacH, involved in the degradation of lactofen, was cloned from the strain Brevundimonas sp. LY-2. The gene contained an open reading frame of 921 bp, and a putative signal peptide at the N-terminal was identified with the most likely cleavage site between Ala 28 and Ala 29. The encoded protein, LacH, could catalyze the hydrolysis of lactofen to form acifluorfen. Phylogenetic analysis showed that LacH belong to family V of bacterial lipolytic enzymes. Biochemical characterization analysis showed that LacH was a neutral esterase with an optimal pH of 7.0 and an optimal temperature of 40 °C toward lactofen. Besides, the activity of LacH was strongly inhibited by Hg2+ and Zn2+. LacH preferred short chain p-nitrophenyl esters (C2-C6), exhibited maximum activity toward p-nitrophenyl acetate. Furthermore, the enantioselectivity of LacH during lactofen hydrolysis was also studied, and the results show that R-(-)-lactofen was degraded faster than S-(+)-lactofen, indicating the occurrence of enantioselectivity in the enzymatic reaction. CONCLUSIONS Our studies characterized a novel esterase involved in the biodegradation of diphenylether herbicide lactofen. The esterase showed enantioselectivity during lactofen degradation, which revealed the occurrence of enzyme-mediated enantioselective degradation of chiral herbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Mengjun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Die Yu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jingang Yin
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Huang J, Liang C, Zhang X. Effects of nano-SiO 2 on the adsorption of chiral metalaxyl to agricultural soils. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 225:201-210. [PMID: 28388518 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The application of nanotechnology in agriculture, pesticide delivery and other related fields increases the occurrence of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in soil. Since ENPs have larger surface areas and normally a high adsorption capacity for organic pollutants, they are thought to influence the transport of pesticides in soils and thereafter influence the uptake and transformation of pesticides. The adsorption pattern of racemic-metalaxyl on agricultural soils including kinetics and isotherms changed in the presence of nano-SiO2. The adsorption of racemic-metalaxyl on agricultural soil was not enantioselective, in either the presence or the absence of SiO2. The adsorption of racemic-metalaxyl on SiO2 decreased to some extent in soil-SiO2 mixture, and the absolute decrease was dependent on soil properties. The decreased adsorption of metalaxyl on SiO2 in soil-SiO2 mixture arose from the competitive adsorption of soil-dissolved organic matter and the different dispersion and aggregation behaviors of SiO2 in the presence of soil. Interactions between SiO2 and soil particles also contributed to the decreased adsorption of metalaxyl on SiO2, and the interactions were analyzed by extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory. The results showed that the presence of nano-particles in soils could decrease the mobility of pesticides in soils and that this effect varied with different soil compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxing Huang
- School of Resources and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Chuanzhou Liang
- School of Resources and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Resources and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
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Niu L, Xu C, Zhu S, Bao H, Xu Y, Li H, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Qiu J, Liu W. Enantiomer signature and carbon isotope evidence for the migration and transformation of DDTs in arable soils across China. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38475. [PMID: 27922096 PMCID: PMC5138824 DOI: 10.1038/srep38475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the adverse impact of DDTs on ecosystems and humans, a full fate assessment deems a comprehensive study on their occurrence in soils over a large region. Through a sampling campaign across China, we measured the concentrations, enantiomeric fractions (EFs), compound-specific carbon isotope composition of DDT and its metabolites, and the microbial community in related arable soils. The geographically total DDT concentrations are higher in eastern than western China. The EFs and δ13C of o,p’-DDT in soils from western China show smaller deviations from those of racemic/standard compound, indicating the DDT residues there mainly result from atmospheric transport. However, the sources of DDT in eastern China are mainly from historic application of technical DDTs and dicofol. The inverse dependence of o,p’-DDT and p,p’-DDE on temperature evidences the transformation of parent DDT to its metabolites. Initial usage, abiotic parameters and microbial communities are found to be the main factors influencing the migration and transformation of DDT isomers and their metabolites in soils. In addition, a prediction equation of DDT concentrations in soils based on stepwise multiple regression analysis is developed. Results from this study offer insights into the migration and transformation pathways of DDTs in Chinese arable soils, which will allow data-based risk assessment on their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Niu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chao Xu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Siyu Zhu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huiming Bao
- Department of Geology &Geophysics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803-4101, USA
| | - Yang Xu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hongyi Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhijian Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xichang Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiguo Qiu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Talmaciu MM, Bodoki E, Oprean R. Global chemical reactivity parameters for several chiral beta-blockers from the Density Functional Theory viewpoint. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 89:513-518. [PMID: 27857521 PMCID: PMC5111492 DOI: 10.15386/cjmed-610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background and aim Beta-adrenergic antagonists have been established as first line treatment in the medical management of hypertension, acute coronary syndrome and other cardiovascular diseases, as well as for the prevention of initial episodes of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis and esophageal varices, glaucoma, and have recently become the main form of treatment of infantile hemangiomas. The aim of the present study is to calculate for 14 beta-blockers several quantum chemical descriptors in order to interpret various molecular properties such as electronic structure, conformation, reactivity, in the interest of determining how such descriptors could have an impact on our understanding of the experimental observations and describing various aspects of chemical binding of beta-blockers in terms of these descriptors. Methods The 2D chemical structures of the beta-blockers (14 molecules with one stereogenic center) were cleaned in 3D, their geometry was preoptimized using the software MOPAC2012, by PM6 method, and then further refined using standard settings in MOE; HOMO and LUMO descriptors were calculated using semi-empirical molecular orbital methods AM1, MNDO and PM3, for the lowest energy conformers and the quantum chemical descriptors (HLG, electronegativity, chemical potential, hardness and softness, electrophilicity) were then calculated. Results According to HOMO-LUMO gap and the chemical hardness the most stable compounds are alprenolol, bisoprolol and esmolol. The softness values calculated for the study molecules revolve around 0.100. Propranolol, sotalol and timolol have among the highest electrophilicity index of the studied beta-blocker molecules. Results obtained from calculations showed that acebutolol, atenolol, timolol and sotalol have the highest values for the electronegativity index. Conclusions The future aim is to determine whether it is possible to find a valid correlation between these descriptors and the physicochemical behavior of the molecules from this class. The HLG could be correlated to the experimentally recorded electrochemical properties of the molecules. HOMO could be correlated to the observed oxidation potential, since the required voltage is related to the energy of the HOMO, because only the electron from this orbital is involved in the oxidation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Maria Talmaciu
- Analytical Chemistry and Instrumental Analysis Department, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ede Bodoki
- Analytical Chemistry and Instrumental Analysis Department, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Radu Oprean
- Analytical Chemistry and Instrumental Analysis Department, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Liang C, Huang J, Zhang X. Effects of Engineered Nanoparticles on the Enantioselective Transformation of Metalaxyl Agent and Commercial Metalaxyl in Agricultural Soils. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:7688-7695. [PMID: 27690422 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption coefficient of racemic metalaxyl onto an agriculture soil was small and nonenantioselective. Biotransformation was the predominant pathway for the elimination of R-metalaxyl, while abiotic and biotransformation made a comparable contribution to the degradation of S-metalaxyl. Metalaxyl acid was the main transformation intermediate. The enantiomer fraction of metalaxyl decreased with an increase in its initial spike concentration or the presence of the co-constituents in metalaxyl commercial products. Under simulated solar irradiation, the presence of TiO2 promoted the overall transformation kinetics through enhanced biotransformation and extra photoinduced chemical reactions. The promotion was enantioselective and thereafter changed the enantiomer fraction. The results obtained in this study showed that some achiral parameters, although they have no direct impact on enantioselective reactions with enantiomers, can significantly affect the enantioselective transformation of racemic metalaxyl. Thus, our results indicate that the contribution of chemical interactions on the enantioselective transformation of chiral pesticides may be underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanzhou Liang
- School of Resources and Environmental Science, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430079, P.R. China
| | - Junxing Huang
- School of Resources and Environmental Science, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430079, P.R. China
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Resources and Environmental Science, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430079, P.R. China
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Badea SL, Niculescu VC, Ionete RE, Eljarrat E. Advances in enantioselective analysis of chiral brominated flame retardants. Current status, limitations and future perspectives. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 566-567:1120-1130. [PMID: 27265736 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Enantioselective analysis is a powerful tool for the discrimination of biotic and abiotic transformation processes of chiral environmental contaminants because their environmental biodegradation is mostly stereospecific. However, it is challenging when applied to new contaminants since enantioselective analysis methods are currently available only for a limited number of compounds. The enantioselective analysis of chiral novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) either using gas chromatography (GC) or liquid chromatography (LC) with various chiral stationary phases (CSP) coupled with various mass spectrometric techniques was extensively discussed. The elution order of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) enantiomers in chiral LC was reviewed using the experimental LC data combined also with predictions from a multi-mode Hamiltonian dynamics simulation model based on interaction energies of HBCD enantiomers with β-permethylated cyclodextrin. The further development of analytical methodologies for new chiral BFRs using advanced hyphenated analytical techniques, but also the next generation mass spectrometer analyzers (i.e. GC-Qrbitrap MS-MS, LC-Qrbitrap MS-MS), will contribute to a better characterization of the transformation pathways of chiral BFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silviu-Laurentiu Badea
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies, Uzinei Street no. 4, 240050 Râmnicu Vâlcea, Romania.
| | - Violeta Carolina Niculescu
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies, Uzinei Street no. 4, 240050 Râmnicu Vâlcea, Romania
| | - Roxana-Elena Ionete
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies, Uzinei Street no. 4, 240050 Râmnicu Vâlcea, Romania
| | - Ethel Eljarrat
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Elsner M, Imfeld G. Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) of micropollutants in the environment - current developments and future challenges. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2016; 41:60-72. [PMID: 27340797 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, the occurrence of micropollutants in the environment has become a worldwide issue of increasing concern. Compound-specific stable-isotope analysis (CSIA) of natural isotopic abundance may greatly enhance the evaluation of sources and transformation processes of micropollutants, such as pesticides, personal care products or pharmaceuticals. We summarize recent advances from laboratory studies, review current limitations and analytical challenges associated with low concentrations and high polarity of micropollutants, and delineate the potential of micropolluant CSIA for field applications. We highlight future challenges and prospects regarding source apportionment, identification of biotic and abiotic transformation reactions on a mechanistic level, as well as integrative evaluation of degradation hot spots on the catchment scale. Such advances may feed into a framework for risk assessment of micropollutants that includes CSIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Elsner
- Institute of Groundwater Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Gwenaël Imfeld
- Laboratoire d'Hydrologie et de Géochimie de Strasbourg (LHyGeS), UMR 7517, Université de Strasbourg/EOST, CNRS, 1 rue Blessig, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
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47
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Wu C, Huang L, Tang S, Li Z, Ye Q. Enantioselective absorption and transformation of a novel chiral neonicotinoid [(14)C]-cycloxaprid in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 213:770-775. [PMID: 27038208 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoid pesticides caused hazardous effects on pollinators and aquatic ecosystem. The new developed chiral cis-neonicotinoid cycloxaprid(CYC) is a highly potent substitute for low toxicity to bees and high efficiency on target-insects, but little is known about the metabolic dynamics of racemic CYC and its 2 enantiomers(SR and RS) in animal models. In this study, chiral separation of (14)C-labeled racemic CYC was performed in high-performance liquid chromatography under optimal conditions. For the first time that the stereoselectivity of the chiral neonicotinoid insecticide CYC was exhibited in rats after single dose oral administration using (14)C-labeled isotope trace technique. Enantioselective behaviors of racemic CYC, SR and RS were observed in blood metabolism, tissue distribution and excretion. The major deposition of (14)C were found in liver, lung, kidney and heart. After 24 h, skin and fat showed a strong bioaccumulation effect, and total excreted urine and feces of CYC, SR and RS were 50.4%, 59.7% and 74.5%, respectively. Enantiomer RS had the fastest absorption and elimination rates, and it was least bioaccumulated in rats. The results provide scientific basis and practical techniques for environmental risk assessment of chiral pesticides, especially neonicotinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengchen Wu
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Shenghua Tang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Zhong Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qingfu Ye
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China.
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Wang X, Wang D, Wang Y, Zhang P, Zhou Z, Zhu W. A combined non-targeted and targeted metabolomics approach to study the stereoselective metabolism of benalaxyl enantiomers in mouse hepatic microsomes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 212:358-365. [PMID: 26874317 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding of xenobiotic metabolism is necessary for risk assessment as well as toxicological research. In the present study, nanoLC/LTQ-Orbitrap mass based non-targeted metabolomics method coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)/triple quadrupole mass based targeted metabolomics method was carried out to investigate the stereoselective metabolism of benalaxyl in mouse hepatic microsomes. As a result, 7 metabolites of benalaxyl were identified, including 5 previously reported and 2 newly identified metabolites in present work. Hydroxylation, oxidation and esterolysis were major biotransformation reactions of benalaxyl in mouse hepatic microsomes. For stereoselective metabolism study, (-)-R-benalaxyl degraded much faster than its antipode with the t1/2 of 81.24 and 190.38 min for (-)-R- and (+)-S-benalaxyl, respectively. More importantly, stereoselectivity was also observed in the formation of the identified metabolites. In conclusion, the combined use of the mass spectrometry based targeted and non-targeted metabolomics provided a new approach to investigate stereoselective metabolism and identify novel metabolites of chiral pesticides. This study highlights the stereoselective metabolic profile of benalaxyl enantiomers and provides reliable data for benalaxyl toxicological risk assessment in mammal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinru Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China; Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dezhen Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China; Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China; Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China; Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China; Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wentao Zhu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China; Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Wei J, Zhang X, Li X, Zeng D, Tan H. Enantioselective Phytotoxicity of Imazamox Against Maize Seedlings. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 96:242-247. [PMID: 26508428 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-015-1682-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing concern about the enantioselective effects of chiral herbicides. To study the enantioselective toxicity of the chiral herbicide imazamox on maize, maize seedlings (Zhengda 619, Zea mays L.) were exposed to imazamox racemate and enantiomers in hydroponic experiments. The results showed that imazamox enantiomers selectively affected maize. The effective concentration of Rac-, S- and R-imazamox that caused 50 % inhibition after 5 days treatments (EC50,5d) were 0.4212, 1.2142 and 0.2460 mg L(-1), respectively, for maize root length; 0.0002, 0.1005, 0.0032 mg L(-1), respectively, for maize root fresh weight; 0.7114, 1.4056 and 0.4530 mg L(-1), respectively, for maize shoot height; 0.6220, 1.5418, 0.2286 mg L(-1), respectively, for maize shoot fresh weight; and 0.1100, 0.3306, 0.0307 mg L(-1), respectively, for the total chlorophyll content of leaves. The root morphological parameters and root activity reflected the toxicity effects in the order R-imazamox > Rac-imazamox > S-imazamox. Maize roots were more sensitive to imazamox than maize shoots. The chiral herbicide imazamox poses enantioselective phytotoxicity on maize seedlings: the order of toxicity is R-imazamox > Rac-imazamox > S-imazamox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wei
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530005, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhang
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530005, People's Republic of China
- Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, 666303, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuesheng Li
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530005, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongqiang Zeng
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530005, People's Republic of China
| | - Huihua Tan
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530005, People's Republic of China.
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Liu X, Xu X, Li C, Zhang H, Fu Q, Shao X, Ye Q, Li Z. Assessment of the environmental fate of cycloxaprid in flooded and anaerobic soils by radioisotopic tracing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 543:116-122. [PMID: 26580733 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cycloxaprid (CYC) is a novel broad-spectrum neonicotinoid insecticide that has been developed for agricultural pest control. The fate of the (14)C-labeled racemic and enantio-pure CYC isomers in flooded and anaerobic soil was investigated using radioisotope tracing techniques. After 100 d of incubation, only a minor portion (<1%) of the applied CYC isomers is mineralized by each of the four tested soil types. The fraction of initially applied radioactive CYC dissipated into the bound or non-extractable residues (BR) increases with increase in the length of the incubation period, reaching up to 53.0-81.6%. The dissipation of the CYC through mineralization or formation of BR is strongly influenced by soil properties, such as humic content, pH value, and retained microbial activity. Amongst the soils studied, the fluvio-marine yellow loamy soil displayed the highest tendency to mineralize CYC while the coastal saline soil exhibited the strongest tendency to form BR. The observation that the water phase retained the large portion(>60%) of the radioactivity attributed to the total extractable residue suggested that under the experimental condition, the initially applied (14)C-labeled CYC residues were readily available for leaching or offsite transport. Additionally, no enantiomer-specific behaviors are observed. The results from this study provide a framework for assessing the environmental impact resulting from the use of this pesticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanqi Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China, University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiaoyong Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China, University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Chao Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China, University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hanxue Zhang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Qiuguo Fu
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Xusheng Shao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China, University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qingfu Ye
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China.
| | - Zhong Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China, University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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