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Sousa S, Carvalho AP, Gomes AM. Factors impacting the microbial production of eicosapentaenoic acid. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:368. [PMID: 38860989 PMCID: PMC11166839 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13209-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
The increasing applications for eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and the potential shortfall in supply due to sustainability and contamination issues related with its conventional sources (i.e., fish oils; seafood) led to an extensive search for alternative and sustainable sources, as well as production processes. The present mini-review covers all the steps involved in the production of EPA from microorganisms, with a deeper focus on microalgae. From production systems to downstream processing, the most important achievements within each area are briefly highlighted. Comparative tables of methodologies are also provided, as well as additional references of recent reviews, so that readers may deepen their knowledge in the different issues addressed. KEY POINTS: • Microorganisms are more sustainable alternative sources of EPA than fish. • Due to the costly separation from DHA, species that produce only EPA are preferable. • EPA production can be optimised using non-genetic and genetic tailoring engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio Sousa
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana P Carvalho
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ana M Gomes
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005, Porto, Portugal
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2
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Rifna EJ, Rajauria G, Dwivedi M, Tiwari BK. Circular economy approaches for the production of high-value polysaccharides from microalgal biomass grown on industrial fish processing wastewater: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:126887. [PMID: 37709230 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The discharge of high-strength wastewater from the fish-processing industries, comprising undefined blends of toxic and organic compounds, has always been a subject of great disquiet worldwide. Despite a large number of effluent treatment methodologies known to date, biosorption with the aid of naturally grown microalgae has been recognized recently to possess promising outcomes in eradicating pollutants comprising organic compounds from liquid effluents. Interestingly, the microalgal biomass harvested from phytoremediation of fish effluent was identified to be abundant in bio compounds that exhibited potential application in pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and, aquaculture feed, generating a circular economy. In this context, the focus of the review is to emphasize the applications of microalgal species as naturally occurring and zero-cost adsorbents for the elimination of organic contaminants from fish liquid effluents. The summary of the literature encompassed in this work is supposed to benefit the readers to comprehend the primary mechanisms by which microalgae uptakes the organic matter from fish processing effluents and converts them into various biological molecules. From the scientific works assessed through this review, the most promising microalgae species regards to nutrient uptake and removal efficiency from fish effluent, were identified as Chlorella sp. > Spirulina sp. > Scenedesmus sp. The review further revealed supercritical fluid extraction as the robust extraction tool for the extraction of targeted bioproducts from microalgal biomass grown within fish effluents. Eventually, the information presented through this review establishes phytoremediation using microalgal biomass to be a natural cost-effective, sustainable circular bio-economy approach that could be robustly applied for the efficient treatment of wastewater discharged from food processing industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Rifna
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Department of Food Chemistry and Technology, Ashtown D15 KN3K, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gaurav Rajauria
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Munster Technological University, Tralee V92 CX88, Co. Kerry, Ireland; School of Microbiology, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, SUSFERM Fermentation Science and Bioprocess Engineering Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Madhuresh Dwivedi
- Department of Food Process Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Brijesh K Tiwari
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Department of Food Chemistry and Technology, Ashtown D15 KN3K, Dublin, Ireland.
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3
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Pereira L, Valado A. Algae-Derived Natural Products in Diabetes and Its Complications-Current Advances and Future Prospects. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1831. [PMID: 37763235 PMCID: PMC10533039 DOI: 10.3390/life13091831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes poses a significant global health challenge, necessitating innovative therapeutic strategies. Natural products and their derivatives have emerged as promising candidates for diabetes management due to their diverse compositions and pharmacological effects. Algae, in particular, have garnered attention for their potential as a source of bioactive compounds with anti-diabetic properties. This review offers a comprehensive overview of algae-derived natural products for diabetes management, highlighting recent developments and future prospects. It underscores the pivotal role of natural products in diabetes care and delves into the diversity of algae, their bioactive constituents, and underlying mechanisms of efficacy. Noteworthy algal derivatives with substantial potential are briefly elucidated, along with their specific contributions to addressing distinct aspects of diabetes. The challenges and limitations inherent in utilizing algae for therapeutic interventions are examined, accompanied by strategic recommendations for optimizing their effectiveness. By addressing these considerations, this review aims to chart a course for future research in refining algae-based approaches. Leveraging the multifaceted pharmacological activities and chemical components of algae holds significant promise in the pursuit of novel antidiabetic treatments. Through continued research and the fine-tuning of algae-based interventions, the global diabetes burden could be mitigated, ultimately leading to enhanced patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonel Pereira
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre/ARNET-Aquatic Research Network, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Ana Valado
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre/ARNET-Aquatic Research Network, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Health School, Rua 5 de Outubro-SM Bispo, Apartado 7006, 3045-043 Coimbra, Portugal
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4
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Martí-Quijal FJ, Pallarés N, Dawidowicz K, Ruiz MJ, Barba FJ. Enhancing Nutrient Recovery and Bioactive Compound Extraction from Spirulina through Supercritical Fluid Extraction: Implications for SH-SY5Y Cell Viability. Foods 2023; 12:2509. [PMID: 37444247 DOI: 10.3390/foods12132509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This work explores the efficiency of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) to recover minerals, pigments, and antioxidant compounds from the spirulina microalgae. Moreover, the fatty acids and phenolic profiles of the extracts obtained were also investigated, and the effect of the extracts on SH-SY5Y cell viability was tested. The extraction of phycocyanin was improved by SFE compared to conventional extraction, from 2.838 ± 0.081 mg/g dry matter (DM) (control) to 6.438 ± 0.411 mg/g DM (SFE). SFE treatment also improved chlorophyll a and carotenoid recoveries increasing from 5.612 ± 0.547 to 8.645 ± 0.857 mg/g DM and from 0.447 ± 0.096 to 0.651 ± 0.120 mg/g DM, respectively. Regarding minerals, the SFE improved Mg recovery with 77% more than the control extraction. Moreover, palmitoleic, stearic, γ-linolenic, eicosadienoic and eicosatrienoic acids recovery was improved by SFE. Phenolic profiles were identified via triple-TOF-LC-MS-MS. Considering heavy metals, a higher rate of Pb extraction was observed for the SFE extract, while no significant differences were observed for Hg between both extractions. Finally, SFE extract improved cell viability compared to the control extract. Thus, SFE constitutes an interesting tool to sustainably extract high-added-value compounds; however, potential contaminants such as Pb need to be controlled in the resulting extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Martí-Quijal
- Research Group in Innovative Technologies for Sustainable Food (ALISOST), Nutrition, Food Science and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés, s/n, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
- Research Group in Alternative Methods for Determining Toxics Effects and Risk Assessment of Contaminants and Mixtures (RiskTox), Nutrition, Food Science and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés, s/n, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
| | - Noelia Pallarés
- Research Group in Innovative Technologies for Sustainable Food (ALISOST), Nutrition, Food Science and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés, s/n, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
- Research Group in Alternative Methods for Determining Toxics Effects and Risk Assessment of Contaminants and Mixtures (RiskTox), Nutrition, Food Science and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés, s/n, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
| | - Katarzyna Dawidowicz
- Research Group in Innovative Technologies for Sustainable Food (ALISOST), Nutrition, Food Science and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés, s/n, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
| | - María-José Ruiz
- Research Group in Alternative Methods for Determining Toxics Effects and Risk Assessment of Contaminants and Mixtures (RiskTox), Nutrition, Food Science and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés, s/n, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
| | - Francisco J Barba
- Research Group in Innovative Technologies for Sustainable Food (ALISOST), Nutrition, Food Science and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés, s/n, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
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5
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Sousa SC, Freitas AC, Gomes AM, Carvalho AP. Extraction of Nannochloropsis Fatty Acids Using Different Green Technologies: The Current Path. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:365. [PMID: 37367690 DOI: 10.3390/md21060365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Nannochloropsis is a genus of microalgae widely recognized as potential sources of distinct lipids, particularly polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). These may be obtained through extraction, which has conventionally been performed using hazardous organic solvents. To substitute such solvents with "greener" alternatives, several technologies have been studied to increase their extraction potential. Distinct technologies utilize different principles to achieve such objective; while some aim at disrupting the cell walls of the microalgae, others target the extraction per se. While some methods have been utilized independently, several technologies have also been combined, which has proven to be an effective strategy. The current review focuses on the technologies explored in the last five years to extract or increase extraction yields of fatty acids from Nannochloropsis microalgae. Depending on the extraction efficacy of the different technologies, distinct types of lipids and/or fatty acids are obtained accordingly. Moreover, the extraction efficiency may vary depending on the Nannochloropsis species. Hence, a case-by-case assessment must be conducted in order to ascertain the most suited technology, or tailor a specific one, to be applied to recover a particular fatty acid (or fatty acid class), namely PUFA, including eicosapentaenoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio Cruz Sousa
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
- REQUIMTE/LAQV-Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Cristina Freitas
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Maria Gomes
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana P Carvalho
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
- REQUIMTE/LAQV-Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
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6
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Dormousoglou M, Efthimiou I, Antonopoulou M, Dailianis S, Herbst G, Vlastos D. Phytochemical Analysis and Genotoxicological Evaluation of Prickly Pear Peel Extracts. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1537. [PMID: 37050163 PMCID: PMC10097089 DOI: 10.3390/plants12071537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the beneficial properties of prickly pear peel (PPP) extracts from Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. Extracts were obtained via the Soxhlet extraction method using methanol (P1), ethanol (P2) and ethanol-water (P3) as extraction solvents. Their total phenolic and flavonoid content (TPC and TFC, respectively) and their antioxidant activity (AA) were determined. The PPP extracts were characterized in detail using mass spectrometry techniques. Their cyto-genotoxic effect and antigenotoxic potential against mitomycin C were evaluated via the cytokinesis block micronucleus (CBMN) assay on human lymphocytes. Enhanced TPC, TFC and AA values were recorded for all the extracts. Moreover, P1 and P2 were cytotoxic only at the highest concentrations, whereas P3 was found to be cytotoxic in all cases. No significant micronucleus induction was observed in the tested extracts. The PPP extracts contain bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, carboxylic acids, alkaloids, fatty acids and minerals (mainly K, Si, Mg, Ca, P and Zn). The results showed that all three extracts exerted high antigenotoxic activity. Our findings confirm the beneficial and genoprotective properties of PPP extracts and further studies on the bioactive compounds of Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. are recommended, as it constitutes a promising plant in pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Dormousoglou
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture (Former Department of Environmental Engineering), University of Patras, Seferi 2, GR-30100 Agrinio, Greece
| | - Ioanna Efthimiou
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture (Former Department of Environmental Engineering), University of Patras, Seferi 2, GR-30100 Agrinio, Greece
| | - Maria Antonopoulou
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture (Former Department of Environmental Engineering), University of Patras, Seferi 2, GR-30100 Agrinio, Greece
| | | | - Giulia Herbst
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81531-990, PR, Brazil
| | - Dimitris Vlastos
- Department of Biology, University of Patras, GR-26500 Patras, Greece
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7
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Jothibasu K, Muniraj I, Jayakumar T, Ray B, Dhar D, Karthikeyan S, Rakesh S. Impact of microalgal cell wall biology on downstream processing and nutrient removal for fuels and value-added products. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Mane S, Kumari P, Singh A, Taneja NK, Chopra R. Amelioration for oxidative stability and bioavailability of N-3 PUFA enriched microalgae oil: an overview. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:2579-2600. [PMID: 36128949 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2124505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Technological improvements in dietary supplements and nutraceuticals have highlighted the significance of bioactive molecules in a healthy lifestyle. Eicosapentaenoic acid and Cervonic acid (DHA), omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids seem to be famed for their ability to prevent diverse physiological abnormalities. Selection of appropriate pretreatments and extraction techniques for extraction of lipids from robust microalgae cell wall are very important to retain their stability and bioactivity. Therefore, extraction techniques with optimized extraction parameters offer an excellent approach for obtaining quality oil with a high yield. Oils enriched in omega-3 are particularly imperiled to oxidation which ultimately affects customer acceptance. Bio active encapsulation could be one of the effective approaches to overcome this dilemma. This review paper aims to give insight into the cultivation methods, and downstream processes, various lipid extraction approaches, techniques for retaining oxidative stability, bioavailability and food applications based on extracted or encapsulated omega-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheetal Mane
- Department of Food Engineering, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM), Sonipat, Haryana, India
| | - Purnima Kumari
- Department of Food Engineering, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM), Sonipat, Haryana, India
| | - Anupama Singh
- Department of Food Engineering, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM), Sonipat, Haryana, India
| | - Neetu Kumra Taneja
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM), Sonipat, Haryana, India
| | - Rajni Chopra
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM), Sonipat, Haryana, India
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Dormousoglou M, Efthimiou I, Antonopoulou M, Fetzer DL, Hamerski F, Corazza ML, Papadaki M, Santzouk S, Dailianis S, Vlastos D. Investigation of the Genotoxic, Antigenotoxic and Antioxidant Profile of Different Extracts from Equisetum arvense L. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071393. [PMID: 35883882 PMCID: PMC9312020 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the cyto-genotoxic and antigenotoxic effects of four different extracts of Equisetum arvense L. (common name: field horsetail) on human lymphocytes. Specifically, Soxhlet’s prepared extracts from E. arvense L., using different solvents (S1: methanol (MeOH)-, S2: ethanol (EtOH)-, S3: water-, and S4: ethanol/water (EtOH-W)-) were analyzed for (a) their total phenolic and flavonoid content (TPC and TFC, respectively), (b) their antioxidant activity (AA), via the DPPH, FRAP and ABTS assays, and (c) their cyto-genotoxic and/or protective efficiency against the mutagenic agent mitomycin C, via the Cytokinesis Block MicroNucleus assay. All extracts showed increased TPC, TFC, and AA values in almost all cases. S1, S3 and S4 demonstrated no cytotoxic potential, whereas S2 was cytotoxic only at the highest concentrations. Genotoxicity was not observed in the tested extracts. The highest antigenotoxic activity was observed for EtOH-W (S4) extract, which was found to be rich in flavonoids, flavonoid-O-glycosides, phytosterols, phenolic and fatty acids as well as in minerals and mainly in K, Ca, Mg, Si and P, as assessed by using various mass spectrometry techniques. Those findings confirm that E. arvense L. extracts could be valuable candidates for medicinal applications and pharmaceutical products, thus alleviating the effects of more conventional drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Dormousoglou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Patras, Seferi 2, GR-30100 Agrinio, Greece; (M.D.); (I.E.); (M.A.); (M.P.)
| | - Ioanna Efthimiou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Patras, Seferi 2, GR-30100 Agrinio, Greece; (M.D.); (I.E.); (M.A.); (M.P.)
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Anavyssos, GR-19013 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Antonopoulou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Patras, Seferi 2, GR-30100 Agrinio, Greece; (M.D.); (I.E.); (M.A.); (M.P.)
| | - Damian L. Fetzer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81531-990, Brazil; (D.L.F.); (F.H.); (M.L.C.)
| | - Fabiane Hamerski
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81531-990, Brazil; (D.L.F.); (F.H.); (M.L.C.)
| | - Marcos L. Corazza
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81531-990, Brazil; (D.L.F.); (F.H.); (M.L.C.)
| | - Maria Papadaki
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Patras, Seferi 2, GR-30100 Agrinio, Greece; (M.D.); (I.E.); (M.A.); (M.P.)
| | - Samir Santzouk
- Santzouk Samir and Co. General Partnership, PANAX, Chrissostomou Smirnis 14, GR-30100 Agios Konstantinos, Greece;
| | | | - Dimitris Vlastos
- Department of Biology, University of Patras, GR-26500 Patras, Greece;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2610969239
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10
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Reboleira J, Félix R, Vicente TFL, Januário AP, Félix C, de Melo MMR, Silva CM, Ribeiro AC, Saraiva JA, Bandarra NM, Sapatinha M, Paulo MC, Coutinho J, Lemos MFL. Uncovering the Bioactivity of Aurantiochytrium sp.: a Comparison of Extraction Methodologies. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 24:40-54. [PMID: 34855032 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-021-10085-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aurantiochytrium sp. is an emerging alternative source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and squalene, playing an important role in the phasing out of traditional fish sources for these compounds. Novel lipid extraction techniques with a focus on sustainability and low environmental footprint are being developed for this organism, but the exploration of other added-value compounds within it is still very limited. In this work, a combination of novel green extraction techniques (high hydrostatic pressure extraction (HPE) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)) and traditional techniques (organic solvent Soxhlet extraction and hydrodistillation (HD)) was used to obtain lipophilic extracts of Aurantiochytrium sp., which were then screened for antioxidant (DPPH radical reduction capacity and ferric-reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) assays), lipid oxidation protection, antimicrobial, anti-aging enzyme inhibition (collagenase, elastase and hyaluronidase), and anti-inflammatory (inhibition of NO production) activities. The screening revealed promising extracts in nearly all categories of biological activity tested, with only the enzymatic inhibition being low in all extracts. Powerful lipid oxidation protection and anti-inflammatory activity were observed in most SFE samples. Ethanolic HPEs inhibited both lipid oxidation reactions and microbial growth. The HD extract demonstrated high antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities making, it a major contender for further studies aiming at the valorization of Aurantiochytrium sp. Taken together, this study presents compelling evidence of the bioactive potential of Aurantiochytrium sp. and encourages further exploration of its composition and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Reboleira
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-641, Peniche, Portugal.
- Edifício CETEMARES, Avenida Do Porto de Pesca, 2520-630, Peniche, Portugal.
| | - Rafael Félix
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-641, Peniche, Portugal
| | - Tânia F L Vicente
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-641, Peniche, Portugal
| | - Adriana P Januário
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-641, Peniche, Portugal
| | - Carina Félix
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-641, Peniche, Portugal
| | - Marcelo M R de Melo
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carlos M Silva
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana C Ribeiro
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jorge A Saraiva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Narcisa M Bandarra
- Division of Aquaculture and Upgrading, Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 1495-006, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria Sapatinha
- Division of Aquaculture and Upgrading, Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 1495-006, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria C Paulo
- DEPSIEXTRACTA Tecnologias E Biológicas, Lda, Zona Industrial do Monte da Barca rua H, lote 62, 2100-057, Coruche, Portugal
| | - Joana Coutinho
- DEPSIEXTRACTA Tecnologias E Biológicas, Lda, Zona Industrial do Monte da Barca rua H, lote 62, 2100-057, Coruche, Portugal
| | - Marco F L Lemos
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-641, Peniche, Portugal.
- Edifício CETEMARES, Avenida Do Porto de Pesca, 2520-630, Peniche, Portugal.
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11
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Chiellini C, Serra V, Gammuto L, Ciurli A, Longo V, Gabriele M. Evaluation of Nutraceutical Properties of Eleven Microalgal Strains Isolated from Different Freshwater Aquatic Environments: Perspectives for Their Application as Nutraceuticals. Foods 2022; 11:foods11050654. [PMID: 35267283 PMCID: PMC8909373 DOI: 10.3390/foods11050654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing global population and the simultaneous growing attention to natural, sustainable, and healthier products are driving the food industry towards research on alternative food sources. In this scenario, microalgae are gaining worldwide attention as "functional feedstocks" for foods, feeds, supplements, and nutraceutical formulations, being a source of high-value metabolites including polyphenols and other antioxidant compounds. In this work, eleven microalgal strains from freshwater environments were evaluated for their nutraceutical properties, focusing on photosynthetic pigments, total polyphenols, and flavonoid content, as well as in vitro antioxidant activities. Data helped to select those strains showing the most promising features for simultaneous massive growth and bioactive compound production. Results highlighted that the microalgae have variable values for both biochemical parameters and antioxidant activities, mainly depending on the solvents and applied treatment rather than on the isolation sources or the phylogenetic attribution. According to our results, the putative best candidates for massive cultivation under laboratory conditions for the simultaneous extraction of different molecules with nutraceutical potential are strains F1 (Scenedesmaceae), F3 (Chlamydomonas debariana), R1 (Chlorella sorokiniana), and C2 (Chlorella-like).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Chiellini
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), Italian National Research Council, Via Moruzzi, 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (C.C.); (V.L.)
| | - Valentina Serra
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via A. Volta 4/6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (V.S.); (L.G.)
| | - Leandro Gammuto
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via A. Volta 4/6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (V.S.); (L.G.)
| | - Adriana Ciurli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo Longo
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), Italian National Research Council, Via Moruzzi, 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (C.C.); (V.L.)
| | - Morena Gabriele
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), Italian National Research Council, Via Moruzzi, 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (C.C.); (V.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-050-6212752
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Experimental Design and Optimization of Recovering Bioactive Compounds from Chlorella vulgaris through Conventional Extraction. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 27:molecules27010029. [PMID: 35011261 PMCID: PMC8746720 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae contain an abundance of valuable bioactive compounds such as chlorophylls, carotenoids, and phenolics and, consequently, present great commercial interest. The aim of this work is the study and optimization of recovering the aforementioned components from the microalgae species Chlorella vulgaris through conventional extraction in a laboratory-scale apparatus using a "green" mixture of ethanol/water 90/10 v/v. The effect of three operational conditions-namely, temperature (30-60 °C), duration (6-24 h) and solvent-to-biomass ratio (20-90 mLsolv/gbiom), was examined regarding the extracts' yield (gravimetrically), antioxidant activity, phenolic, chlorophyll, and carotenoid contents (spectrophotometric assays), as well as concentration in key carotenoids, i.e., astaxanthin, lutein, and β-carotene (reversed-phase-high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC)). For this purpose, a face-centered central composite design (FC-CCD) was employed. Data analysis resulted in the optimal extraction conditions of 30 °C, for 24 h with 37 mLsolv/gbiom and validation of the predicted models led to 15.39% w/w yield, 52.58 mgextr/mgDPPH (IC50) antioxidant activity, total phenolic, chlorophyll, and carotenoid content of 18.23, 53.47 and 9.92 mg/gextr, respectively, and the total sum of key carotenoids equal to 4.12 mg/gextr. The experimental data and predicted results were considered comparable, and consequently, the corresponding regression models were sufficiently reliable for prediction.
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Reboleira J, Félix R, Félix C, de Melo MMR, Silva CM, Saraiva JA, Bandarra NM, Teixeira B, Mendes R, Paulo MC, Coutinho J, Lemos MFL. Evaluating the Potential of the Defatted By-Product of Aurantiochytrium sp. Industrial Cultivation as a Functional Food. Foods 2021; 10:foods10123058. [PMID: 34945609 PMCID: PMC8701938 DOI: 10.3390/foods10123058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While Aurantiochytrium sp. is an increasingly popular source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), its extraction generates high amounts of waste, including the spent, defatted residue. The composition and bioactivities of this by-product could prove to be a major part of the sustainable valorisation of this organism within the framework of a circular economy. In this study, the defatted biomass of commercial Aurantiochytrium sp. was nutritionally characterised, and its amino acid profile was detailed. Additionally, the antioxidant and prebiotic potentials of an enzymatically digested sample of defatted Aurantiochytrium sp. were evaluated under a set of miniaturised in vitro assays. The nutritional profile of the spent Aurantiochytrium biomass revealed a protein and dietary-fibre rich product, with values reaching 26.7% and 31.0% for each, respectively. It also held high concentrations of glutamic and aspartic acid, as well as a favourable lysine/arginine ratio of 3.73. The digested samples demonstrated significant Weissela cibaria and Bifidobacterium bifidum growth-enhancing potential. Residual ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) activity was likely attributed to antioxidant amino acids or peptides. The study demonstrated that some of the nutritional and functional potential that reside in the defatted Aurantiochytrium sp. waste encourages additional studies and the development of food supplements employing this resource's by-products under a biorefinery framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Reboleira
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal; (J.R.); (R.F.); (C.F.)
| | - Rafael Félix
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal; (J.R.); (R.F.); (C.F.)
| | - Carina Félix
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal; (J.R.); (R.F.); (C.F.)
| | - Marcelo M. R. de Melo
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.M.R.d.M.); (C.M.S.)
| | - Carlos M. Silva
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.M.R.d.M.); (C.M.S.)
| | - Jorge A. Saraiva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Narcisa M. Bandarra
- Division of Aquaculture and Upgrading, Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006 Lisboa, Portugal; (N.M.B.); (B.T.); (R.M.)
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Teixeira
- Division of Aquaculture and Upgrading, Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006 Lisboa, Portugal; (N.M.B.); (B.T.); (R.M.)
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rogério Mendes
- Division of Aquaculture and Upgrading, Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006 Lisboa, Portugal; (N.M.B.); (B.T.); (R.M.)
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria C. Paulo
- Depsiextracta Tecnologias e Biológicas, Lda., Zona Industrial do Monte da Barca Rua H, Lote 62, 2100-057 Coruche, Portugal; (M.C.P.); (J.C.)
| | - Joana Coutinho
- Depsiextracta Tecnologias e Biológicas, Lda., Zona Industrial do Monte da Barca Rua H, Lote 62, 2100-057 Coruche, Portugal; (M.C.P.); (J.C.)
| | - Marco F. L. Lemos
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal; (J.R.); (R.F.); (C.F.)
- Correspondence:
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Barta DG, Coman V, Vodnar DC. Microalgae as sources of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: Biotechnological aspects. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Abstract
In recent years, there has been considerable interest in using microalgal lipids in the food, chemical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Several microalgal species can accumulate appreciable lipid quantities and therefore are characterized as oleaginous. In cosmetic formulations, lipids and their derivatives are one of the main ingredients. Different lipid classes are great moisturizing, emollient, and softening agents, work as surfactants and emulsifiers, give consistence to products, are color and fragrance carriers, act as preservatives to maintain products integrity, and can be part of the molecules delivery system. In the past, chemicals have been widely used but today’s market and customers’ demands are oriented towards natural products. Microalgae are an extraordinary source of lipids and other many bioactive molecules. Scientists’ attention to microalgae cultivation for their industrial application is increasing. For the high costs associated, commercialization of microalgae and their products is still not very widespread. The possibility to use biomass for various industrial purposes could make microalgae more economically competitive.
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