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Kruk L, Mamtimin M, Braun A, Anders HJ, Andrassy J, Gudermann T, Mammadova-Bach E. Inflammatory Networks in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15082212. [PMID: 37190141 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15082212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated inflammation has been established as a hallmark feature of almost all solid cancers. Tumor-extrinsic and intrinsic signaling pathways regulate the process of cancer-associated inflammation. Tumor-extrinsic inflammation is triggered by many factors, including infection, obesity, autoimmune disorders, and exposure to toxic and radioactive substances. Intrinsic inflammation can be induced by genomic mutation, genome instability and epigenetic remodeling in cancer cells that promote immunosuppressive traits, inducing the recruitment and activation of inflammatory immune cells. In RCC, many cancer cell-intrinsic alterations are assembled, upregulating inflammatory pathways, which enhance chemokine release and neoantigen expression. Furthermore, immune cells activate the endothelium and induce metabolic shifts, thereby amplifying both the paracrine and autocrine inflammatory loops to promote RCC tumor growth and progression. Together with tumor-extrinsic inflammatory factors, tumor-intrinsic signaling pathways trigger a Janus-faced tumor microenvironment, thereby simultaneously promoting or inhibiting tumor growth. For therapeutic success, it is important to understand the pathomechanisms of cancer-associated inflammation, which promote cancer progression. In this review, we describe the molecular mechanisms of cancer-associated inflammation that influence cancer and immune cell functions, thereby increasing tumor malignancy and anti-cancer resistance. We also discuss the potential of anti-inflammatory treatments, which may provide clinical benefits in RCCs and possible avenues for therapy and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linus Kruk
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilian-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Medina Mamtimin
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilian-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Attila Braun
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilian-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Joachim Andrassy
- Division of General, Visceral, Vascular and Transplant Surgery, Hospital of LMU, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Gudermann
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Elmina Mammadova-Bach
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilian-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
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2
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Zhang J, Yin H, Chen Q, Zhao G, Lou W, Wu W, Pu N. Basophils as a potential therapeutic target in cancer. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2021; 22:971-984. [PMID: 34904411 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2100110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Basophils, which are considered as redundant relatives of mast cells and the rarest granulocytes in peripheral circulation, have been neglected by researchers in the past decades. Previous studies have revealed their vital roles in allergic diseases and parasitic infections. Intriguingly, recent studies even reported that basophils might be associated with cancer development, as activated basophils synthesize and release a variety of cytokines and chemokines in response to cancers. However, it is still subject to debate whether basophils function as tumor-protecting or tumor-promoting components; the answer may depend on the tumor biology and the microenvironment. Herein, we reviewed the role of basophils in cancers, and highlighted some potential and promising therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jicheng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hanlin Yin
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qiangda Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guochao Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wenhui Lou
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wenchuan Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China. , .,Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China. ,
| | - Ning Pu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China. .,Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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3
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Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common malignant tumor of the kidney. Delayed diagnosis may result in progression and metastasis. Markers for early detection of RCC are lacking. The ATP-binding cassette transporter D1 (ABCD1) is located in the human peroxisome membrane. Its mutation causes X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), a peroxisomal disorder affecting lipid storage. The role of ABCD1 in human renal tumorigenesis was unclear. In this study, three pairs of RCC tissues were examined by cDNA microarray and data suggested that ABCD1 mRNA is downregulated. Downregulation of ABCD1 expression was confirmed by real-time PCR. ABCD1 expression was also downregulated in four renal cancer cell lines compared to immortalized benign renal tubular cells. ABCD1 mRNA and protein expression levels assessed by immunohistochemistry in the RCC tissues were similar between genders, tumor grades, and tumor stages. Immunohisto-chemical assays also showed that ABCD1 expression was significantly higher in normal than in cancerous tissues (p<0.001). ABCD1 downregulation may be involved in human renal tumorigenesis.
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4
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Wang F, Zhang Y, Wang S, Zhang Y, Wu D, Zhang C, Gao Y, Liu X, Wang W, Zhang S. IL1 genes polymorphism and the risk of renal cell carcinoma in Chinese Han population. Oncotarget 2017; 8:56021-56029. [PMID: 28915570 PMCID: PMC5593541 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is considered a cytokine-responsive tumor. However, with the lack of diagnostic screening biomarkers, early diagnosis of RCC is challenging. Our study was investigated the association of IL1 gene polymorphisms and RCC risk. We conducted a case-control study of 291 RCC cases and 463 controls to evaluation the IL1RN of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on RCC risk. We selection of 16 SNPs in IL1RN, IL1A, IL1B genes were analyzed. Using the chi-squared (χ2) test and genetic model analysis, we found an association with RCC risk for five SNPs [rs3783550 (IL1A), rs3783546 (IL1A), rs1609682 (IL1A), rs3783521 (IL1A), and rs1143623 (IL1B)] and increased the risk of RCC. Stratified analyses show that smoking, not drinking and age>55 populations relative to nonsmoking, drinking and age<55 more susceptible. Our study suggested that IL1B and IL1A may involve in the development of RCC in Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Department of Urology, People's Hospital of Hainan Province, Haikou, Hainan, 570311, P.R. China
| | - Yingai Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Haikou People's Hospital, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, 570208, P.R. China
| | - Shunlan Wang
- Central Laboratory, Haikou People's Hospital, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, 570208, P.R. China
| | - Yadong Zhang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, P.R. China
| | - Dinglan Wu
- Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518110, P.R. China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Department of Urology, Haikou People's Hospital, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, 570208, P.R. China
| | - Yuanhui Gao
- Central Laboratory, Haikou People's Hospital, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, 570208, P.R. China
| | - Xi Liu
- Central Laboratory, Haikou People's Hospital, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, 570208, P.R. China
| | - Weifu Wang
- Department of Urology, People's Hospital of Hainan Province, Haikou, Hainan, 570311, P.R. China
| | - Shufang Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Haikou People's Hospital, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, 570208, P.R. China
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5
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Dieu-Nosjean MC, Giraldo NA, Kaplon H, Germain C, Fridman WH, Sautès-Fridman C. Tertiary lymphoid structures, drivers of the anti-tumor responses in human cancers. Immunol Rev 2016; 271:260-75. [PMID: 27088920 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The characterization of the microenvironment of human tumors led to the description of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) characterized by mature dendritic cells in a T-cell zone adjacent to B-cell follicle including a germinal center. TLS represent sites of lymphoid neogenesis that develop in most solid cancers. Analysis of the current literature shows that the TLS presence is associated with a favorable clinical outcome for cancer patients, regardless of the approach used to quantify TLS and the stage of the disease. Using several approaches that combine immunohistochemistry, gene expression assays, and flow cytometry on large series of lung tumors, our work demonstrated that TLS are important sites for the initiation and/or maintenance of the local and systemic T- and B-cell responses against tumors. Surrounded by high endothelial venules, they represent a privileged area for the recruitment of lymphocytes into tumors and generation of central-memory T and B cells that circulate and limit cancer progression. TLS can be considered as a novel biomarker to stratify the overall survival risk of untreated cancer patients and as a marker of efficient immunotherapies. The induction and manipulation of cancer-associated TLS using drug agonists and/or biotherapies should open new avenues to treat cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Caroline Dieu-Nosjean
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Team 13 Cancer, Immune Control and Escape, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, UPMC University Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas A Giraldo
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Team 13 Cancer, Immune Control and Escape, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, UPMC University Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Kaplon
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Team 13 Cancer, Immune Control and Escape, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, UPMC University Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Claire Germain
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Team 13 Cancer, Immune Control and Escape, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, UPMC University Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Wolf Herman Fridman
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Team 13 Cancer, Immune Control and Escape, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, UPMC University Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Sautès-Fridman
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Team 13 Cancer, Immune Control and Escape, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, UPMC University Paris 06, Paris, France
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6
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Pichler R, Gruenbacher G, Culig Z, Brunner A, Fuchs D, Fritz J, Gander H, Rahm A, Thurnher M. Intratumoral Th2 predisposition combines with an increased Th1 functional phenotype in clinical response to intravesical BCG in bladder cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2016; 66:427-440. [PMID: 28005163 PMCID: PMC5359386 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-016-1945-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Th1-type immunity is considered to be required for efficient response to BCG in bladder cancer, although Th2 predisposition of BCG responders has recently been reported. The aim was to evaluate the relationship of Th1 and Th2 components in 23 patients undergoing BCG treatment. Peripheral blood, serum and urine samples were prospectively collected at baseline, during and after BCG. Th1 (neopterin, tryptophan, kynurenine, kynurenine-to-tryptophan ratio (KTR), IL-12, IFN-γ, soluble TNF-R75 and IL-2Rα) and Th2 (IL-4, IL-10) biomarkers as well as CD4 expression in T helper (Th), effector and regulatory T cells were determined. Local immune cell subsets were measured on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded cancer tissue by immunohistochemistry to examine expression of transcription factors that control Th1 (T-bet) and Th2-type (GATA3) immunity. We confirmed a Th2 predisposition with a mean GATA3/T-bet ratio of 5.51. BCG responders showed significantly higher levels of urinary (p = 0.003) and serum neopterin (p = 0.012), kynurenine (p = 0.015), KTR (p = 0.005), IFN-γ (p = 0.005) and IL-12 (p = 0.003) during therapy, whereas levels of IL-10 decreased significantly (p < 0.001) compared to non-responders. GATA3/T-bet ratio correlated positively with serum neopterin (p = 0.008), IFN-γ (p = 0.013) and KTR (p = 0.018) after the first BCG instillation. We observed a significant increase in CD4 expression in the Th cell population (p < 0.05), with only a modest tendency toward higher frequency in responders compared to non-responders (p = 0.303). The combined assessment of GATA3/T-bet ratio, neopterin and KTR may be a useful biomarker in predicting BCG response. Th2-promoting factors such as GATA3 may trigger Th1-type immune responses and thus contribute to the BCG success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Pichler
- Department of Urology, Research Group of Urologic Oncology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Georg Gruenbacher
- Department of Urology, Research Group of Urologic Oncology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.,Immunotherapy Research Unit, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Zoran Culig
- Department of Urology, Research Group of Urologic Oncology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.,Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea Brunner
- Division of General Pathology, Department of Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Josef Fritz
- Department of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Health Economics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hubert Gander
- Department of Urology, Research Group of Urologic Oncology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.,Immunotherapy Research Unit, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea Rahm
- Department of Urology, Research Group of Urologic Oncology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.,Immunotherapy Research Unit, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Thurnher
- Department of Urology, Research Group of Urologic Oncology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.,Immunotherapy Research Unit, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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7
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Adisakwattana P, Suwandittakul N, Petmitr S, Wongkham S, Sangvanich P, Reamtong O. ALCAM is a Novel Cytoplasmic Membrane Protein in TNF-α Stimulated Invasive Cholangiocarcinoma Cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 16:3849-56. [PMID: 25987048 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.9.3849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), or bile duct cancer, is incurable with a high mortality rate due to a lack of effective early diagnosis and treatment. Identifying cytoplasmic membrane proteins of invasive CCA that facilitate cancer progression would contribute toward the development of novel tumor markers and effective chemotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS An invasive CCA cell line (KKU-100) was stimulated using TNF-α and then biotinylated and purified for mass spectrometry analysis. Novel proteins expressed were selected and their mRNAs expression levels were determined by real-time RT-PCR. In addition, the expression of ALCAM was selected for further observation by Western blot analysis, immunofluorescent imaging, and antibody neutralization assay. RESULTS After comparing the proteomics profile of TNF-α induced invasive with non-treated control cells, over-expression of seven novel proteins was observed in the cytoplasmic membrane of TNF-α stimulated CCA cells. Among these, ALCAM is a novel candidate which showed significant higher mRNA- and protein levels. Immunofluorescent assay also supported that ALCAM was expressed on the cell membrane of the cancer, with increasing intensity associated with TNF-α. CONCLUSIONS This study indicated that ALCAM may be a novel protein candidate expressed on cytoplasmic membranes of invasive CCA cells that could be used as a biomarker for development of diagnosis, prognosis, and drug or antibody-based targeted therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poom Adisakwattana
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand E-mail :
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8
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Quandt D, Jasinski-Bergner S, Müller U, Schulze B, Seliger B. Synergistic effects of IL-4 and TNFα on the induction of B7-H1 in renal cell carcinoma cells inhibiting allogeneic T cell proliferation. J Transl Med 2014; 12:151. [PMID: 24885059 PMCID: PMC4079621 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The importance of B7-H molecules for the T cell/tumor communication and its impact on renal cell carcinoma (RCC) progression and prognosis has been recently described. Cytokine treatment of RCC has earlier been shown to be beneficial in preclinical settings, but its clinical implementation has not proven to be as effective. This might be partially explained by the yet incomplete picture of cellular alterations in tumor cells upon cytokine treatment investigated in detail in this study. Methods RCC tumor cell lines were treated with different cytokines alone or in combination. The constitutive and/or cytokine-induced expression of cytokine receptors signaling components and B7-H molecules in RCC cells were analysed by qPCR and flow cytometry. A mcherry reporter gene construct containing B7-H1 promoter was cloned and its activity was determined upon transfection in cytokine-stimulated cells. Cytokine pretreated tumor cells were co-cultured with allogeneic CD8+ T cells from healthy donors and T cell proliferation as well as cytokine secretion was determined. Results A heterogeneous, but constitutive B7-H1,-H2,-H3 and H4 expression was found on human RCC cell lines. IL-4 and TNFα treatment led to strong synergistic induction of B7-H1 in RCC cells, whereas B7-H2 was only increased by TNFα. In contrast, B7-H3 and B7-H4 expression were not altered by these cytokines. Treatment of RCC cells with TNFα and IL-4 was accompanied by an activation of signaling molecules like NF-κB, IκB and STAT6. The cytokine-mediated up-regulation of B7-H1 was due to transcriptional control as determined by an increased B7-H1 promoter activity in the presence of IL-4 and TNFα. Despite HLA class I and LFA-1 were also increased, the cytokine-mediated up-regulation of B7-H1 was more pronounced and caused an inhibition of allospecifc CD8+ T cell proliferation. Conclusion Thus, IL-4 and TNFα, which could be released by immune cells of the tumor microenvironment, are able to control the B7-H1 expression in RCC thereby altering T cell responses. These data are of importance for understanding the complex interplay of tumor cells with immune cells orchestrated by a number of different soluble and membrane bound mediators and for the implementation of check point antibodies directed against B7-H1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Barbara Seliger
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str, 2, Halle 06112, Germany.
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9
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Santoni M, Massari F, Amantini C, Nabissi M, Maines F, Burattini L, Berardi R, Santoni G, Montironi R, Tortora G, Cascinu S. Emerging role of tumor-associated macrophages as therapeutic targets in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2013; 62:1757-68. [PMID: 24132754 PMCID: PMC11029754 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-013-1487-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) derived from peripheral blood monocytes recruited into the renal cell carcinoma (RCC) microenvironment. In response to inflammatory stimuli, macrophages undergo M1 (classical) or M2 (alternative) activation. M1 cells produce high levels of inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-12, IL-23 and IL-6, while M2 cells produce anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10, thus contributing to RCC-related immune dysfunction. The presence of extensive TAM infiltration in RCC microenvironment contributes to cancer progression and metastasis by stimulating angiogenesis, tumor growth, and cellular migration and invasion. Moreover, TAMs are involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition of RCC cancer cells and in the development of tumor resistance to targeted agents. Interestingly, macrophage autophagy seems to play an important role in RCC. Based on this scenario, TAMs represent a promising and effective target for cancer therapy in RCC. Several strategies have been proposed to suppress TAM recruitment, to deplete their number, to switch M2 TAMs into antitumor M1 phenotype and to inhibit TAM-associated molecules. In this review, we summarize current data on the essential role of TAMs in RCC angiogenesis, invasion, impaired anti-tumor immune response and development of drug resistance, thus describing the emerging TAM-centered therapies for RCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Santoni
- Medical Oncology, AOU Ospedali Riuniti, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, via Conca 71, 60126, Ancona, Italy,
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10
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Park ES, Yoo JM, Yoo HS, Yoon DY, Yun YP, Hong J. IL-32γ enhances TNF-α-induced cell death in colon cancer. Mol Carcinog 2012; 53 Suppl 1:E23-35. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.21990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Seok Park
- Division of Life Science; Department of Applied Biochemistry; College of Health and Biomedical Science; Konkuk University; Chungju Korea
| | - Jae-Myung Yoo
- College of Pharmacy; Institute of Drug Research and Development; Chungnam National University; Daejon Korea
| | - Hwan-Soo Yoo
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center; Chungbuk National University; Cheongju Korea
| | - Do-Young Yoon
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology; Bio/Molecular Informatics Center; Konkuk University; Seoul Korea
| | - Yeo-Pyo Yun
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center; Chungbuk National University; Cheongju Korea
| | - JinTae Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center; Chungbuk National University; Cheongju Korea
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11
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Zhu J, Ju X, Yan F, Qin C, Wang M, Ding Q, Zhang Z, Yin C. Association of IL-4 -590 T>C polymorphism and risk of renal cell carcinoma in a Chinese population. Int J Immunogenet 2011; 37:459-65. [PMID: 20618516 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2010.00948.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 4 (IL-4) is a typical pleiotropic T helper 2 (Th2) cytokine. This cytokine is a critical mediator of the Th1/Th2 balance and apoptosis potential and involved in the process of inflammation-mediated carcinogenesis in human organs, including renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The effects of functional promoter polymorphism of the IL-4 gene on risk of RCC in Chinese are still unknown. In this study, we genotyped functional polymorphism in IL-4-590 T>C in a hospital-based case-control study of 340 patients with diagnosed RCC and 342 cancer-free controls in a Chinese population. Compared with IL-4-590 TT genotype, the CC genotype had a significantly decreased RCC risk [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.44, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.22-0.89]. Furthermore, a significant decreased risk of RCC was found in the combined variant genotypes CT + CC compared with the TT genotype (adjusted OR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.50-0.93). The IL-4 C allele frequency was 0.178 among the cases and 0.237 among the controls, and the difference was statistically significant (P = 0.007). These results suggest that the IL-4-590 T>C polymorphism is involved in susceptibility to developing RCC in Chinese populations. Larger studies are warranted to validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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12
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Mustafa SA, Hoheisel JD, Alhamdani MSS. Secretome profiling with antibody microarrays. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2011; 7:1795-801. [DOI: 10.1039/c1mb05071k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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Wang HW, Joyce JA. Alternative activation of tumor-associated macrophages by IL-4: priming for protumoral functions. Cell Cycle 2010; 9:4824-35. [PMID: 21150330 PMCID: PMC3047808 DOI: 10.4161/cc.9.24.14322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Although macrophages were originally recognized as major immune effector cells, it is now appreciated that they also play many important roles in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis, and are involved in a variety of pathological conditions including cancer. Several studies have demonstrated the contributions of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) to tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. However, the detailed mechanisms underlying how TAMs differ molecularly from their normal counterparts and how the conversion to TAMs occurs have only just begun to be understood. TAMs have been proposed to exhibit phenotypes of 'alternatively activated' macrophages, though there has been limited evidence directly linking the phenotypes of TAMs to the alternative activation of macrophages. This review will focus on IL-4, the prototypic cytokine that induces the alternative activation of macrophages, and review current knowledge regarding the contributions of IL-4 to the phenotypes of TAMs and its effects on tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Wei Wang
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
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14
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IL-2 Costimulation Enables Statin-Mediated Activation of Human NK Cells, Preferentially through a Mechanism Involving CD56+ Dendritic Cells. Cancer Res 2010; 70:9611-20. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Al-Lamki RS, Sadler TJ, Wang J, Reid MJ, Warren AY, Movassagh M, Lu W, Mills IG, Neal DE, Burge J, Vandenebeele P, Pober JS, Bradley JR. Tumor necrosis factor receptor expression and signaling in renal cell carcinoma. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 177:943-54. [PMID: 20566746 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.091218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), a tubular epithelial cell (TEC) malignancy, frequently secretes tumor necrosis factor (TNF). TNF signals via two distinct receptors (TNFRs). TNFR1, expressed in normal kidney primarily on endothelial cells, activates apoptotic signaling kinase 1 and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and induces cell death, whereas TNFR2, inducibly expressed on endothelial cells and on TECs by injury, activates endothelial/epithelial tyrosine kinase (Etk), which trans-activates vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) to promote cell proliferation. We investigated TNFR expression in clinical samples and function in short-term organ cultures of ccRCC tissue treated with wild-type TNF or specific muteins selective for TNFR1 (R1-TNF) or TNFR2 (R2-TNF). There is a significant increase in TNFR2 but not TNFR1 expression on malignant TECs that correlates with increasing malignant grade. In ccRCC organ cultures, R1-TNF increases TNFR1, activates apoptotic signaling kinase and NF-kappaB, and promotes apoptosis in malignant TECs. R2-TNF increases TNFR2, activates NF-kappaB, Etk, and VEGFR2 and increases entry into the cell cycle. Wild-type TNF induces both sets of responses. R2-TNF actions are blocked by pretreatment with a VEGFR2 kinase inhibitor. We conclude that TNF, acting through TNFR2, is an autocrine growth factor for ccRCC acting via Etk-VEGFR2 cross-talk, insights that may provide a more effective therapeutic approach to this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafia S Al-Lamki
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
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Todaro M, D'Asaro M, Caccamo N, Iovino F, Francipane MG, Meraviglia S, Orlando V, La Mendola C, Gulotta G, Salerno A, Dieli F, Stassi G. Efficient killing of human colon cancer stem cells by gammadelta T lymphocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:7287-96. [PMID: 19454726 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0804288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colon cancer comprises a small population of cancer stem cells (CSC) that is responsible for tumor maintenance and resistant to cancer therapies, possibly allowing for tumor recapitulation once treatment stops. We previously demonstrated that such chemoresistance is mediated by autocrine production of IL-4 through the up-regulation of antiapoptotic proteins. Several innate and adaptive immune effector cells allow for the recognition and destruction of cancer precursors before they constitute the tumor mass. However, cellular immune-based therapies have not been experimented yet in the population of CSCs. Here, we show that the bisphosphonate zoledronate sensitizes colon CSCs to Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cell cytotoxicity. Proliferation and production of cytokines (TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma) and cytotoxic and apoptotic molecules (TRAIL and granzymes) were also induced after exposure of Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells to sensitized targets. Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cell cytotoxicity was mediated by the granule exocytosis pathway and was highly dependent on isoprenoid production by of tumor cells. Moreover, CSCs recognition and killing was mainly TCR mediated, whereas NKG2D played a role only when tumor targets expressed several NKG2D ligands. We conclude that intentional activation of Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells by zoledronate may substantially increase antitumor activities and represent a novel strategy for colon cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Todaro
- Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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17
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Schiller KR, Zillhardt MR, Alley J, Borjesson DL, Beitz AJ, Mauro LJ. Secretion of MCP-1 and other paracrine factors in a novel tumor-bone coculture model. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:45. [PMID: 19192289 PMCID: PMC2644314 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The bone-tumor microenvironment encompasses unique interactions between the normal cells of the bone and marrow cavity and the malignant cells from a primary or metastasized cancer. A multitude of paracrine factors within this microenvironment such as the growth factor, TGF-beta, and the chemokine, MCP-1, are secreted by many of these cell types. These factors can act in concert to modulate normal and malignant cell proliferation, malignant cell migration and invasion and, often, mediate bone cancer pain. Although many valuable in vitro and in vivo models exist, identifying the relevant paracrine factors and deciphering their interactions is still a challenge. The aim of our study is to test an ex vivo coculture model that will allow monitoring of the expression, release and regulation of paracrine factors during interactions of an intact femur explant and tumor cells. METHODS Intact or marrow-depleted neonatal mouse femurs and select murine and human sarcoma or carcinoma cell lines were incubated singly or in coculture in specialized well plates. Viability of the bone and cells was determined by immunohistochemical stains, microscopy and marrow cytopreps. Secretion and mRNA expression of paracrine factors was quantitated by ELISA and real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS Compartments of the bone were optimally viable for up to 48 h in culture and tumor cells for up to 4 days. Bone was the major contributor of TGF-beta and MMP2 whereas both bone and sarcoma cells secreted the chemokine MCP-1 in cocultures. Synergistic interaction between the femur and sarcoma resulted in enhanced MCP-1 secretion and expression in cocultures and was dependent on the presence of the hematopoietic component of the bone as well as other bone cells. In contrast, coculturing with breast carcinoma cells resulted in reduction of TGF-beta and MCP-1 secretion from the bone. CONCLUSION These studies illustrate the feasibility of this model to examine paracrine interactions between intact bone and tumor cells. Further study of unique regulation of MCP-1 secretion and signaling between these cell types in different types of cancer will be possible using this simulated microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Schiller
- Department of Animal Science-Physiology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108-6009, USA.
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18
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Patel SA, Heinrich AC, Reddy BY, Rameshwar P. Inflammatory mediators: Parallels between cancer biology and stem cell therapy. J Inflamm Res 2009; 2:13-19. [PMID: 20428325 PMCID: PMC2860331 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s4520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation encompasses diverse molecular pathways, and it is intertwined with a wide array of biological processes. Recently, there has been an upsurge of interest in the interactions between mediators of inflammation and other cells such as stem cells and cancer cells. Since tissue injuries are associated with the release of inflammatory mediators, it would be difficult to address this subject without considering the implications of their systemic effects. In this review, we discuss the effects of inflammatory reactions on stem cells and extrapolate on information pertaining to cancer biology. The discussion focuses on integrins and cytokines, and identifies the transcription factor, nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB) as central to the inflammatory response. Since stem cell therapy has been proposed for type II diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, pulmonary edema, these disorders are used as examples to discuss the roles of inflammatory mediators. We propose prospects for future research on targeting the NFκB signaling pathway. Finally, we explore the bridge between inflammation and stem cells, including neural stem cells and adult stem cells from the bone marrow. The implications of mesenchymal stem cells in regenerative medicine as pertaining to inflammation are vast based on their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. Such features of stem cells offer great potential for therapy in graft-versus-host disease, conditions with a significant inflammatory component, and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam A Patel
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
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19
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Wilson S, Mazzatti DJ. Current status and future prospects in the search for protein biomarkers of immunosenescence. Expert Rev Proteomics 2008; 5:561-9. [PMID: 18761467 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.5.4.561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Complex adaptations including changes in cellular redox status, the production of high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and alterations in immunity occur as the result of aging of the immune system (immunosenescence). These events are thought to underlie the progression of chronic degenerative diseases of aging, such as atherosclerosis, Type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. It is envisaged that identifying early biomarkers of immune aging would aid in identifying individuals at risk of age-related disease and would allow the discovery of novel intervention strategies. Proteomics has emerged as a rapidly expanding and innovative field, investigating protein expression, interaction and function at a global level. Several proteomic strategies, including use of mass spectrometry and non-mass spectrometry-based detection systems (including secondary antibody labeling with fluorescent tags) may be particularly advantageous in identifying biomarkers of immune health. Application of these approaches may identify factors that both contribute to (and define) age-dependent deregulation of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Wilson
- Unilever Corporate Research, Colworth Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK.
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OuYang Z, Hirota Y, Osuga Y, Hamasaki K, Hasegawa A, Tajima T, Hirata T, Koga K, Yoshino O, Harada M, Takemura Y, Nose E, Yano T, Taketani Y. Interleukin-4 stimulates proliferation of endometriotic stromal cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 173:463-9. [PMID: 18599603 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.071044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence indicate that the Th2 immune response is associated with endometriosis. Although an increased concentration of interleukin (IL)-4, a typical Th2 cytokine, has been reported in endometriotic tissues, the implication of this for endometriosis has not been determined. To investigate a possible role of IL-4 in the development of endometriosis, we examined the presence of IL-4-producing cells in endometriotic tissues and the effect of IL-4 on proliferation of endometriotic stromal cells. Endometriotic stromal cells were isolated from endometriotic tissues obtained from women undergoing surgery for endometrioma. Immunohistochemistry of endometriotic tissues revealed that IL-4-positive cells were abundant in the stroma. The effect of IL-4 on proliferation of endometriotic stromal cells was studied using cell counting and BrdU incorporation assays. IL-4 (0.1 to 10 ng/ml) significantly increased cell number and BrdU incorporation in a dose-dependent manner, and the proliferative effect of IL-4 was inhibited by anti-IL-4 receptor antibody. IL-4-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases in endometriotic stromal cells was examined by Western blotting. IL-4 induced phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun kinase, and p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase and inhibitors of these kinases suppressed IL-4-induced proliferation of endometriotic stromal cells. These findings suggest that proliferation of endometriotic stromal cells induced by locally produced IL-4 is involved in the development of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo OuYang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
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21
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Todaro M, Lombardo Y, Francipane MG, Alea MP, Cammareri P, Iovino F, Di Stefano AB, Di Bernardo C, Agrusa A, Condorelli G, Walczak H, Stassi G. Apoptosis resistance in epithelial tumors is mediated by tumor-cell-derived interleukin-4. Cell Death Differ 2008; 15:762-72. [PMID: 18202702 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4402305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the mechanisms involved in the resistance to cell death observed in epithelial cancers. Here, we identify that primary epithelial cancer cells from colon, breast and lung carcinomas express high levels of the antiapoptotic proteins PED, cFLIP, Bcl-xL and Bcl-2. These cancer cells produced interleukin-4 (IL-4), which amplified the expression levels of these antiapoptotic proteins and prevented cell death induced upon exposure to TRAIL or other drug agents. IL-4 blockade resulted in a significant decrease in the growth rate of epithelial cancer cells and sensitized them, both in vitro and in vivo, to apoptosis induction by TRAIL and chemotherapy via downregulation of the antiapoptotic factors PED, cFLIP, Bcl-xL and Bcl-2. Furthermore, we provide evidence that exogenous IL-4 was able to upregulate the expression levels of these antiapoptotic proteins and potently stabilized the growth of normal epithelial cells rendering them apoptosis resistant. In conclusion, IL-4 acts as an autocrine survival factor in epithelial cells. Our results indicate that inhibition of IL-4/IL-4R signaling may serve as a novel treatment for epithelial cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Todaro
- Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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FOCK RA, VINOLO MAR, CRISMA AR, NAKAJIMA K, ROGERO MM, BORELLI P. Protein-Energy Malnutrition Modifies the Production of Interleukin-10 in Response to Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in a Murine Model. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2008; 54:371-7. [DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.54.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
The concept that the immune system can recognise tumour cells and either eliminate them (tumour immune surveillance) or select for immunologically resistant variants (immunoediting) is gaining general acceptance by immunologists. In terms of an adaptive immune response to cancer, however, much of the research has focused on the response of cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes to tumour-specific antigens and the production of Th1 cytokines by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. In contrast, Th2-mediated immunity has traditionally been viewed as favouring tumour growth, both by promoting angiogenesis and by inhibiting cell-mediated immunity and subsequent tumour cell killing. While there is evidence that components of type 2 inflammation, such as B cells and interleukin-10, do promote tumour growth, there are also many studies demonstrating the anti-tumour activity of CD4+ Th2 cells, particularly in collaboration with tumour-infiltrating granulocytes, such as eosinophils. In this review, we examine all the components of type 2 immunity and their effects on tumour growth. Collectively, from this analysis, we conclude that there is a great potential for the development of Th2-mediated immunotherapies that harness the cytotoxic activity of eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Ellyard
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Group, Division of Immunology and Genetics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra City, ACT 2601, Australia
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Siddiqui SA, Frigola X, Bonne-Annee S, Mercader M, Kuntz SM, Krambeck AE, Sengupta S, Dong H, Cheville JC, Lohse CM, Krco CJ, Webster WS, Leibovich BC, Blute ML, Knutson KL, Kwon ED. Tumor-infiltrating Foxp3-CD4+CD25+ T cells predict poor survival in renal cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:2075-81. [PMID: 17404089 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-2139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been implicated as inhibitors of antitumoral immunity, and evidence suggests that elimination of Tregs may augment natural and pharmacologic immunity. We tested for the presence of putative Tregs within renal cell carcinoma (RCC) tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We identified 170 patients who underwent radical or partial nephrectomy for clear cell RCC between 2000 and 2002. Specimens were stained with anti-CD4, anti-CD25, and anti-Foxp3 antibodies and examined using confocal microscopy. Associations of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(-) and CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T cells with death from RCC were evaluated using Cox proportional hazards regression models. RESULTS At last follow-up, 46 of 170 patients had died; of these, 37 died from RCC at a median of 1.4 years following nephrectomy (range, 0-4.4). Among the 124 remaining patients, median follow-up was 3.7 years (range, 0-5.7). Forty-three (25.3%) tumors harbored CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T cells. The presence of Foxp3(+) T cells was not significantly associated with RCC death univariately. One hundred forty-three (84.1%) tumors harbored CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(-) T cells. The indicator for >or=10% CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(-) T cells was significantly associated with RCC death univariately [risk ratio (RR), 2.60; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.35-4.98; P = 0.004], after adjusting for tumor B7-H1 expression (RR, 2.53; 95% CI, 1.32-4.85; P = 0.005) and lymphocytic infiltration (RR, 2.53; 95% CI, 1.32-4.87; P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS Increased presence of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T cells was not significantly associated with RCC death. In contrast, CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(-) T cells, which may represent a unique set of Tregs or activated helper T cells, was significantly associated with outcome.
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Sica A, Bronte V. Altered macrophage differentiation and immune dysfunction in tumor development. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:1155-66. [PMID: 17476345 PMCID: PMC1857267 DOI: 10.1172/jci31422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 932] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors require a constant influx of myelomonocytic cells to support the angiogenesis and stroma remodeling needed for their growth. This is mediated by tumor-derived factors, which cause sustained myelopoiesis and the accumulation and functional differentiation of myelomonocytic cells, most of which are macrophages, at the tumor site. An important side effect of the accumulation and functional differentiation of these cells is that they can induce lymphocyte dysfunction. A complete understanding of the complex interplay between neoplastic and myelomonocytic cells might offer novel targets for therapeutic intervention aimed at depriving tumor cells of important growth support and enhancing the antitumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Sica
- Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rozzano, Italy.
Istituto Oncologico Veneto, IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Bronte
- Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rozzano, Italy.
Istituto Oncologico Veneto, IRCCS, Padua, Italy
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Krensky AM, Ahn YT. Mechanisms of disease: regulation of RANTES (CCL5) in renal disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 3:164-70. [PMID: 17322928 PMCID: PMC2702760 DOI: 10.1038/ncpneph0418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines (chemoattractant cytokines) are fundamental regulators of immune cell movement from the bloodstream into tissues. Regulating expression of chemokines might, therefore, alleviate inflammation in autoimmune diseases and transplant rejection, or augment immune responses in cancer and immunodeficiency. RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted [also known as CCL5]) is a model chemokine of relevance to a myriad of diseases. Regulation of RANTES expression is complex. In fibroblasts and monocytes, rel proteins alone suffice to induce transcription of RANTES. By contrast, expression of RANTES in T lymphocytes 3-5 days after activation requires the development of a molecular complex (enhancesome) including KLF13 (Krueppel-like factor 13), rel proteins p50 and p65, and scaffolding proteins. This complex recruits enzymes involved in acetylation, methylation and phosphorylation of chromatin, and ultimately in the expression of RANTES. In addition, KLF13-the lynchpin for recruitment of this molecular complex-is itself translationally regulated. Such complex regulation of biological systems has major implications for the rational design of drugs aimed at increasing or decreasing inflammatory responses in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M Krensky
- Division of Immunology and Transplantation Biology in the Department of Pediatrics at Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Kleinrath T, Gassner C, Lackner P, Thurnher M, Ramoner R. Interleukin-4 Promoter Polymorphisms: A Genetic Prognostic Factor for Survival in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25:845-51. [PMID: 17327605 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2006.07.8154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is considered a cytokine-responsive tumor. The clinical course of a patient may thus be influenced by the patient's capacity to produce distinct cytokines. Therefore, cytokine gene polymorphisms in RCC patients were analyzed to determine haplotype combinations with prognostic significance. Patients and Methods A selection of 21 single nucleotide polymorphisms within the promoter regions of 13 cytokine genes were analyzed in a cross-sectional single-center study of 80 metastatic RCC patients. Univariate and multivariate analyses and the Cox forward-stepwise regression model were chosen to assess genetic risk factors. Results Multivariate Cox regression analysis confirmed by a bootstrap technique identified the heterozygous IL4 genotype −589T−33T/−589C−33C as an independent prognostic risk factor (risk ratio, 3.1; P < .01; 95% CI, 1.4 to 6.9; adjusted for age, sex, and nuclear grading) in metastatic RCC patients. IL4 haplotype −589T−33T and −589C−33C were found with a frequency of 0.069 and 0.925, respectively, which represents a two-fold decrease of IL4 haplotype −589T−33T (P < .01) and an increase of IL4 haplotype −589C−33C frequency (P < .05) in metastatic RCC compared with other white reference study populations. The median overall survival was decreased 3.5-fold (P < .05) in heterozygote patients carrying IL4 haplotype −589T−33T and −589C−33C (3.78 months) compared with patients homozygote for IL4 haplotype −589C−33C (13.44 months). In addition, a linkage disequilibrium between the IL4 gene and the KIF3A gene was detected. Conclusion Our findings indicate that IL4 promoter variants influence prognosis in patients with metastatic RCC and suggest that genetically determined interleukin-4 (IL-4) production affects the clinical course of the disease possibly through regulation of immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kleinrath
- Central Institute for Blood Transfusion and Immunological Department, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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Perroud B, Lee J, Valkova N, Dhirapong A, Lin PY, Fiehn O, Kültz D, Weiss RH. Pathway analysis of kidney cancer using proteomics and metabolic profiling. Mol Cancer 2006; 5:64. [PMID: 17123452 PMCID: PMC1665458 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-5-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2006] [Accepted: 11/24/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the sixth leading cause of cancer death and is responsible for 11,000 deaths per year in the US. Approximately one-third of patients present with disease which is already metastatic and for which there is currently no adequate treatment, and no biofluid screening tests exist for RCC. In this study, we have undertaken a comprehensive proteomic analysis and subsequently a pathway and network approach to identify biological processes involved in clear cell RCC (ccRCC). We have used these data to investigate urinary markers of RCC which could be applied to high-risk patients, or to those being followed for recurrence, for early diagnosis and treatment, thereby substantially reducing mortality of this disease. Results Using 2-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometric analysis, we identified 31 proteins which were differentially expressed with a high degree of significance in ccRCC as compared to adjacent non-malignant tissue, and we confirmed some of these by immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, and comparison to published transcriptomic data. When evaluated by several pathway and biological process analysis programs, these proteins are demonstrated to be involved with a high degree of confidence (p values < 2.0 E-05) in glycolysis, propanoate metabolism, pyruvate metabolism, urea cycle and arginine/proline metabolism, as well as in the non-metabolic p53 and FAS pathways. In a pilot study using random urine samples from both ccRCC and control patients, we performed metabolic profiling and found that only sorbitol, a component of an alternative glycolysis pathway, is significantly elevated at 5.4-fold in RCC patients as compared to controls. Conclusion Extensive pathway and network analysis allowed for the discovery of highly significant pathways from a set of clear cell RCC samples. Knowledge of activation of these processes will lead to novel assays identifying their proteomic and/or metabolomic signatures in biofluids of patient at high risk for this disease; we provide pilot data for such a urinary bioassay. Furthermore, we demonstrate how the knowledge of networks, processes, and pathways altered in kidney cancer may be used to influence the choice of optimal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jinoo Lee
- Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nelly Valkova
- Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Amy Dhirapong
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Pei-Yin Lin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Dietmar Kültz
- Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Robert H Weiss
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Veterans' Affairs Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA, USA
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