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Pitts SC, Schlom J, Donahue RN. Soluble immune checkpoints: implications for cancer prognosis and response to immune checkpoint therapy and conventional therapies. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2024; 43:155. [PMID: 38822401 PMCID: PMC11141022 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-024-03074-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Longitudinal sampling of tumor tissue from patients with solid cancers, aside from melanoma and a few other cases, is often unfeasible, and thus may not capture the plasticity of interactions between the tumor and immune system under selective pressure of a given therapy. Peripheral blood analyses provide salient information about the human peripheral immunome while offering technical and practical advantages over traditional tumor biopsies, and should be utilized where possible alongside interrogation of the tumor. Some common blood-based biomarkers used to study the immune response include immune cell subsets, circulating tumor DNA, and protein analytes such as cytokines. With the recent explosion of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) as a modality of treatment in multiple cancer types, soluble immune checkpoints have become a relevant area of investigation for peripheral immune-based biomarkers. However, the exact functions of soluble immune checkpoints and their roles in cancer for the most part remain unclear. This review discusses current literature on the production, function, and expression of nine soluble immune checkpoints - sPD-L1, sPD-1, sCTLA4, sCD80, sTIM3, sLAG3, sB7-H3, sBTLA, and sHVEM - in patients with solid tumors, and explores their role as biomarkers of response to ICI as well as to conventional therapies (chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and surgery) in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Pitts
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Renee N Donahue
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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2
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Zhang Y, Xiao T, Wen M, Shen L, Du L, Wei S, Wu B, Yu Y, Wang S, OuYang B. Deciphering Cholesterol's Role in PD-L2 Stability: A Distinct Regulatory Mechanism From PD-L1. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168500. [PMID: 38401626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2024.168500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Programmed cell death 1 ligand 2 (PD-L2), a member of the B7 immune checkpoint protein family, emerges as a crucial player in immune modulation. Despite its functional overlap with programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) in binding to the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) on T cells, PD-L2 exhibits a divergent expression pattern and a higher affinity for PD-1. However, the regulatory mechanisms of PD-L2 remain under-explored. Here, our investigations illustrate the pivotal role of cholesterol in modulating PD-L2 stability. Using advanced nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and biochemical analyses, we demonstrate a direct and specific binding between cholesterol and PD-L2, mediated by an F-xxx-V-xx-LR motif in its transmembrane domain, distinct from that in PD-L1. This interaction stabilizes PD-L2 and prevents its downstream degradation. Disruption of this binding motif compromises PD-L2's cellular stability, underscoring its potential significance in cancer biology. These findings not only deepen our understanding of PD-L2 regulation in the context of tumors, but also open avenues for potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Taoran Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Maorong Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lijuan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lingyu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shukun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin Wu
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, ZhangJiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yang Yu
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, ZhangJiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shuqing Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Qixiangtai Road No.22, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Bo OuYang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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3
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Pasello G, Fabricio ASC, Del Bianco P, Salizzato V, Favaretto A, Piccin L, Zustovich F, Fabozzi A, De Rossi C, Pigozzo J, De Nuzzo M, Cappelletto E, Bonanno L, Palleschi D, De Salvo GL, Guarneri V, Gion M, Chiarion-Sileni V. Sex-related differences in serum biomarker levels predict the activity and efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in advanced melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer patients. J Transl Med 2024; 22:242. [PMID: 38443899 PMCID: PMC10916307 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-04920-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICIs) lead to durable response and a significant increase in long-term survival in patients with advanced malignant melanoma (MM) and Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). The identification of serum cytokines that can predict their activity and efficacy, and their sex interaction, could improve treatment personalization. METHODS In this prospective study, we enrolled immunotherapy-naïve patients affected by advanced MM and NSCLC treated with ICIs. The primary endpoint was to dissect the potential sex correlations between serum cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, GM-CSF, MCP-1, TNF-ɑ, IP-10, VEGF, sPD-L1) and the objective response rate (ORR). Secondly, we analyzed biomarker changes during treatment related to ORR, disease control rate (DCR), progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Blood samples, collected at baseline and during treatment until disease progression (PD) or up to 2 years, were analyzed using Luminex xMAP or ELLA technologies. RESULTS Serum samples from 161 patients (98 males/63 females; 92 MM/69 NSCLC) were analyzed for treatment response. At baseline, IL-6 was significantly lower in females (F) versus males (M); lower levels of IL-4 in F and of IL-6 in both sexes significantly correlated with a better ORR, while higher IL-4 and TNF-ɑ values were predictive of a lower ORR in F versus M. One hundred and sixty-five patients were evaluable for survival analysis: at multiple Cox regression, an increased risk of PD was observed in F with higher baseline values of IL-4, sPD-L1 and IL-10, while higher IL-6 was a negative predictor in males. In males, higher levels of GM-CSF predict a longer survival, whereas higher IL-1β predicts a shorter survival. Regardless of sex, high baseline IL-8 values were associated with an increased risk of both PD and death, and high IL-6 levels only with shorter OS. CONCLUSIONS Serum IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, GM-CSF, TNF-ɑ, and sPD-L1 had a significant sex-related predictive impact on ORR, PFS and OS in melanoma and NSCLC patients treated with ICIs. These results will potentially pave the way for new ICI combinations, designed according to baseline and early changes of these cytokines and stratified by sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Pasello
- Medical Oncology 2, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy.
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.
| | - Aline S C Fabricio
- Medical Oncology 2, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Paola Del Bianco
- Clinical Research Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Adolfo Favaretto
- Medical Oncology Unit, Ca' Foncello Hospital, AULSS 2, Treviso, Italy
| | - Luisa Piccin
- Medical Oncology 2, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Alessio Fabozzi
- Medical Oncology 3, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Jacopo Pigozzo
- Medical Oncology 2, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Mattia De Nuzzo
- Medical Oncology 2, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Elia Cappelletto
- Regional Center for Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Pathology, AULSS3 Serenissima, Venice, Italy
| | - Laura Bonanno
- Medical Oncology 2, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Dario Palleschi
- Medical Oncology Unit, Ca' Foncello Hospital, AULSS 2, Treviso, Italy
| | - Gian Luca De Salvo
- Clinical Research Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Valentina Guarneri
- Medical Oncology 2, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Massimo Gion
- Regional Center for Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Pathology, AULSS3 Serenissima, Venice, Italy
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Awadasseid A, Wang R, Sun S, Zhang F, Wu Y, Zhang W. Small molecule and PROTAC molecule experiments in vitro and in vivo, focusing on mouse PD-L1 and human PD-L1 differences as targets. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 172:116257. [PMID: 38350367 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, several monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting PD-L1 have been licensed by the FDA for use in the treatment of cancer, demonstrating the effectiveness of blocking immune checkpoints, particularly the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. Although mAb-based therapies have made great strides, they still have their limitations, and new small-molecule or PROTAC-molecule inhibitors that can block the PD-1/PD-L1 axis are desperately needed. Therefore, it is crucial to translate initial in vitro discoveries into appropriate in vivo animal models when creating PD-L1-blocking therapies. Due to their widespread availability and low experimental expenses, classical immunocompetent mice are appealing for research purposes. However, it is yet unclear whether the mouse (m) PD-L1 interaction with human (h) PD-1 in vivo would produce a functional immunological checkpoint. In this review, we summarize the in vitro and in vivo experimental studies of small molecules and PROTAC molecules, particularly the distinctions between mPD-L1 as a target and hPD-L1 as a target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annoor Awadasseid
- Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Moganshan Institute ZJUT, Deqing 313202, China; Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Department of Biochemistry & Food Sciences, University of Kordofan, El-Obeid 51111, Sudan
| | - Rui Wang
- Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Shishi Sun
- Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yanling Wu
- Lab of Molecular Immunology, Virus Inspection Department, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China.
| | - Wen Zhang
- Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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5
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Navasatli SA, Vahdati SN, Arjmand TF, Mohammadi far M, Behboudi H. New insight into the role of the ADAM protease family in breast carcinoma progression. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24805. [PMID: 38317965 PMCID: PMC10839977 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Protease and adhesion molecules play a very emphasized role in the occurrence or progression of metastasis in many types of cancers. In this context, a molecule that contains both protease and adhesion functions play a crucial role in metastasis. ADAMs (a disintegrin and metalloprotease) are molecules with this special characteristic. Recently, a lot of attention has been attracted to various ADAM molecules and researchers have tried to elucidate the role of ADAMs in breast cancer occurrence and progression. Disrupting ADAMs protease and adhesion capabilities can lead to the discovery of worthy therapeutic targets in breast cancer treatment. In this review, we intend to discuss the mechanism of action of various ADAM molecules, their relation to pathogenic processes of breast cancer, and their potential as possible targets for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Aliniaye Navasatli
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Niazi Vahdati
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahura Fayeghi Arjmand
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Marjan Mohammadi far
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Behboudi
- Department of Biology, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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6
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Burke KP, Chaudhri A, Freeman GJ, Sharpe AH. The B7:CD28 family and friends: Unraveling coinhibitory interactions. Immunity 2024; 57:223-244. [PMID: 38354702 PMCID: PMC10889489 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Immune responses must be tightly regulated to ensure both optimal protective immunity and tolerance. Costimulatory pathways within the B7:CD28 family provide essential signals for optimal T cell activation and clonal expansion. They provide crucial inhibitory signals that maintain immune homeostasis, control resolution of inflammation, regulate host defense, and promote tolerance to prevent autoimmunity. Tumors and chronic pathogens can exploit these pathways to evade eradication by the immune system. Advances in understanding B7:CD28 pathways have ushered in a new era of immunotherapy with effective drugs to treat cancer, autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, and transplant rejection. Here, we discuss current understanding of the mechanisms underlying the coinhibitory functions of CTLA-4, PD-1, PD-L1:B7-1 and PD-L2:RGMb interactions and less studied B7 family members, including HHLA2, VISTA, BTNL2, and BTN3A1, as well as their overlapping and unique roles in regulating immune responses, and the therapeutic potential of these insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly P Burke
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Apoorvi Chaudhri
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Arlene H Sharpe
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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7
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Liu D, Wen C, Chen L, Ye M, Liu H, Sun X, Liang L, Zhang J, Chang S, Liu J. The emerging roles of PD-L1 subcellular localization in tumor immune evasion. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 220:115984. [PMID: 38135128 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Targeting immune checkpoint PD-1 or its ligand PD-L1 blockade has achieved a great therapeutic effect in a variety of cancer types. However, the overall response rate and duration are still limited for intrinsic and acquired resistance. There is an urgent need to understand the underlying mechanism. Studies showed that PD-L1 regulation is related to the response to PD-1 monoclonal antibodies (PD-1 mAB). Interestingly, emerging studies found that the different distribution of PD-L1 has distinct functions in tumor through the specific signaling pathways. Thus, controlling the distribution of PD-L1 provides an attractive therapeutic strategy for enhancing PD-1 mAB efficiency and rewiring the resistance. Here, we review the recent studies about the role and regulation of PD-L1 distribution from synthesis to surface delivery, internalization, recycling, or lysosome degradation and translocated into the nucleus or secreted into the extracellular space. We place this knowledge in the context of observations in the clinic and discuss the potential therapeutic strategies to enhance the efficacy of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Liu
- Department of Hematology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Molecular Biology Research Center, Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Chengcai Wen
- Department of Hematology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Molecular Biology Research Center, Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Mao Ye
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Xing Sun
- Department of Hematology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Molecular Biology Research Center, Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Long Liang
- Department of Hematology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Molecular Biology Research Center, Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.
| | - Ji Zhang
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421002, China.
| | - Shi Chang
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Hematology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Molecular Biology Research Center, Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.
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Erin N, Akdeniz Ö. ADAM10 and Neprilysin level decreases in immune cells of mice bearing metastatic breast carcinoma: Possible role in cancer inflammatory response. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 127:111384. [PMID: 38141405 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN ADAM10 and Neprilysin, proteases, play critical role in inflammatory disease, however their role in cancer immune response is not clear. We here evaluated changes in immune response using an experimental model for breast cancer. MATERIAL AND METHOD Highly metastatic breast cancer cells (4T1-derived) were injected orthotopically (mammary-pad of Balb-c mice) to induce tumors. Changes in enzyme level and activity as well as alterations in inflammatory cytokine release in the presence or absence of ADAM10 and NEP activity was determined using specific inhibitors and recombinant proteins. Cytokine response was evaluated using mix leucocyte cultures obtained from control and tumor-bearing mice. ANOVA with Dunnett's posttest was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS ADAM10 and NEP expression was decreased markedly in lymph nodes and spleens of tumor-bearing mice. ADAM10 activity was reduced together with apparent alterations of ADAM10 processing. ADAM10 and NEP activity decreased TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-ɣ secretion. Suppression of these inflammatory cytokines were more prominent in cultures obtained from control mice demonstrating counteracting factors that are exist in tumor-bearing mice. CONCLUSION Loss of ADAM10 and NEP activity in immune cells during breast cancer metastasis might be one of the main factors involved in induction of chronic inflammation by tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuray Erin
- Akdeniz University, School of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Antalya 07070, Turkiye.
| | - Özlem Akdeniz
- Akdeniz University, School of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Antalya 07070, Turkiye
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Wang Y, Zhou Y, Yang L, Lei L, He B, Cao J, Gao H. Challenges Coexist with Opportunities: Spatial Heterogeneity Expression of PD-L1 in Cancer Therapy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2303175. [PMID: 37934012 PMCID: PMC10767451 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy using anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibodies has been used in various clinical applications and achieved certain results. However, such limitations as autoimmunity, tumor hyperprogression, and overall low patient response rate impede its further clinical application. Mounting evidence has revealed that PD-L1 is not only present in tumor cell membrane but also in cytoplasm, exosome, or even nucleus. Among these, the dynamic and spatial heterogeneous expression of PD-L1 in tumors is mainly responsible for the unsatisfactory efficacy of PD-L1 antibodies. Hence, numerous studies focus on inhibiting or degrading PD-L1 to improve immune response, while a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying spatial heterogeneity of PD-L1 can fundamentally transform the current status of PD-L1 antibodies in clinical development. Herein, the concept of spatial heterogeneous expression of PD-L1 is creatively introduced, encompassing the structure and biological functions of various kinds of PD-L1 (including mPD-L1, cPD-L1, nPD-L1, and exoPD-L1). Then an in-depth analysis of the regulatory mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets of PD-L1 is provided, seeking to offer a solid basis for future investigation. Moreover, the current status of agents is summarized, especially small molecular modulators development directed at these new targets, offering a novel perspective on potential PD-L1 therapeutics strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhen Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for BiomaterialsCollege of Biomedical EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengdu610064P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Drug‐Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education MinistrySichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant‐Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial TechnologyWest China School of PharmacySichuan UniversityChengdu610041P. R. China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Drug‐Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education MinistrySichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant‐Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial TechnologyWest China School of PharmacySichuan UniversityChengdu610041P. R. China
| | - Lianyi Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for BiomaterialsCollege of Biomedical EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengdu610064P. R. China
| | - Lei Lei
- National Engineering Research Center for BiomaterialsCollege of Biomedical EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengdu610064P. R. China
| | - Bin He
- National Engineering Research Center for BiomaterialsCollege of Biomedical EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengdu610064P. R. China
| | - Jun Cao
- National Engineering Research Center for BiomaterialsCollege of Biomedical EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengdu610064P. R. China
| | - Huile Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drug‐Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education MinistrySichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant‐Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial TechnologyWest China School of PharmacySichuan UniversityChengdu610041P. R. China
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10
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Zhao K, Calero-Pérez P, Bopp MHA, Möschl V, Pagenstecher A, Mulero-Acevedo M, Vázquez M, Barcia C, Arús C, Nimsky C, Rusch T, Bartsch JW, Candiota AP. Correlation of MR-Based Metabolomics and Molecular Profiling in the Tumor Microenvironment of Temozolomide-Treated Orthotopic GL261 Glioblastoma in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17628. [PMID: 38139457 PMCID: PMC10743933 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment in glioblastoma (GB) is considered to be "cold", i.e., the fraction of cytotoxic T cells, for instance, is low. Instead, macrophages are the major immune cell population in GB, which stem either from tissue response (resident microglia) or recruitment of macrophages from the periphery, thereby undergoing tumor-dependent "imprinting" mechanisms by which macrophages can adapt a tumor-supportive phenotype. In this regard, it is important to describe the nature of macrophages associated with GB, in particular under therapy conditions using the gold standard chemotherapy drug temozolomide (TMZ). Here, we explored the suitability of combining information from in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopic (MRS) approaches (metabolomics) with in vitro molecular analyses to assess therapy response and characterize macrophage populations in mouse GB using an isogenic GL261 model. For macrophage profiling, expression levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and A disintegrin and metalloproteinases (ADAMs) were determined, since their gene products affect macrophage-tumor cell communication by extensive cleavage of immunomodulatory membrane proteins, such as PD-L1. In tumor mice with an overall therapy response, expression of genes encoding the proteases ADAM8, ADAM10, and ADAM17 was increased and might contribute to the immunosuppressive phenotype of GB and immune cells. In tumors responding to therapy, expression levels of ADAM8 were upregulated by TMZ, and higher levels of PD-L1 were correlated significantly. Using a CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of ADAM8 in GL261 cells, we demonstrated that soluble PD-L1 (sPD-L1) is only generated in the presence of ADAM8. Moreover, primary macrophages from WT and ADAM8-deficient mice showed ADAM8-dependent release of sPD-L1, independent of the macrophage polarization state. Since ADAM8 expression is induced in responding tumors and PD-L1 shedding is likely to decrease the anti-tumor activities of T-cells, we conclude that immunotherapy resistance is caused, at least in part, by the increased presence of proteases, such as ADAM8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (K.Z.); (M.H.A.B.); (C.N.)
| | - Pilar Calero-Pérez
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (P.C.-P.); (M.M.-A.); (M.V.); (C.B.); (C.A.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Miriam H. A. Bopp
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (K.Z.); (M.H.A.B.); (C.N.)
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Vincent Möschl
- Department of Neuropathology, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Axel Pagenstecher
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany;
- Department of Neuropathology, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany;
- Department of Neuropathology, Core Facility Mouse Pathology and Electron Microscopy, Philipps-University Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Marta Mulero-Acevedo
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (P.C.-P.); (M.M.-A.); (M.V.); (C.B.); (C.A.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Mario Vázquez
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (P.C.-P.); (M.M.-A.); (M.V.); (C.B.); (C.A.)
- Institut de Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Carlos Barcia
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (P.C.-P.); (M.M.-A.); (M.V.); (C.B.); (C.A.)
- Institut de Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Carles Arús
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (P.C.-P.); (M.M.-A.); (M.V.); (C.B.); (C.A.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Christopher Nimsky
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (K.Z.); (M.H.A.B.); (C.N.)
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Tillmann Rusch
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Jörg W. Bartsch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (K.Z.); (M.H.A.B.); (C.N.)
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Ana Paula Candiota
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (P.C.-P.); (M.M.-A.); (M.V.); (C.B.); (C.A.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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Ding T, Yu Y, Gao L, Xiang L, Xu B, Gu B, Chen H. Predictive Roles of ADAM17 in Patient Survival and Immune Cell Infiltration in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17069. [PMID: 38069391 PMCID: PMC10707406 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the deadliest malignant tumour worldwide. The metalloproteinase ADAM17 is associated with tumour formation and development; however, its significance in HCC is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role of ADAM17 in HCC and the correlation between its expression and immune cell infiltration. ADAM17 expression was analysed in pan-cancer and HCC tissues using The Cancer Genome Atlas and Genotype-Tissue Expression datasets. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis displayed a negative association between ADAM17 expression and the overall survival of patients with HCC. High ADAM17 expression was linked to poor tumour/node (T/N) stage and alpha fetoprotein (AFP) levels. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis, Gene Ontology, and Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes analyses revealed the enrichment of several pathways, including epithelial-mesenchymal transition, inflammatory response, Hedgehog, and KRAS signalling, in patients with upregulated ADAM17. ADAM17 was shown to be positively correlated with immune cell infiltration and immune checkpoint expression via the Tumour Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) database and immunohistochemistry analyses. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis revealed that ADAM17 plays a core role in cancer development and immune evasion. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that ADAM17 influences HCC growth and metastasis. In conclusion, ADAM17 is upregulated in most cancers, particularly HCC, and is critical in the development and immune evasion of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlong Ding
- The Department of Tumor Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China;
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China; (Y.Y.); (L.G.); (L.X.); (B.X.); (B.G.)
| | - Yang Yu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China; (Y.Y.); (L.G.); (L.X.); (B.X.); (B.G.)
| | - Lei Gao
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China; (Y.Y.); (L.G.); (L.X.); (B.X.); (B.G.)
| | - Lin Xiang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China; (Y.Y.); (L.G.); (L.X.); (B.X.); (B.G.)
| | - Bo Xu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China; (Y.Y.); (L.G.); (L.X.); (B.X.); (B.G.)
| | - Baohong Gu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China; (Y.Y.); (L.G.); (L.X.); (B.X.); (B.G.)
| | - Hao Chen
- The Department of Tumor Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China;
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Gou Q, Chen H, Chen M, Shi J, Jin J, Liu Q, Hou Y. Inhibition of CK2/ING4 Pathway Facilitates Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Immunotherapy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2304068. [PMID: 37870169 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Immune cells can protect against tumor progression by killing cancer cells, while aberrant expression of the immune checkpoint protein PD-L1 (programmed death ligand 1) in cancer cells facilitates tumor immune escape and inhibits anti-tumor immunotherapy. As a serine/threonine kinase, CK2 (casein kinase 2) regulates tumor progression by multiple pathways, while it is still unclear the effect of CK2 on tumor immune escape. Here it is found that ING4 induced PD-L1 autophagic degradation and inhibites non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) immune escape by increasing T cell activity. However, clinical analysis suggests that high expression of CK2 correlates with low ING4 protein level in NSCLC. Further analysis shows that CK2 induce ING4-S150 phosphorylation leading to ING4 ubiquitination and degradation by JFK ubiquitin ligase. In contrast, CK2 gene knockout increases ING4 protein stability and T cell activity, subsequently, inhibites NSCLC immune escape. Furthermore, the combined CK2 inhibitor with PD-1 antibody effectively enhances antitumor immunotherapy. These findings provide a novel strategy for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Gou
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Wujin Hospital of Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213017, P. R. China
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, P. R. China
- School of medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Huiqing Chen
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Mingjun Chen
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Juanjuan Shi
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Jin
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Wujin Hospital of Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213017, P. R. China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Wujin Hospital of Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213017, P. R. China
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Cancer Medicine of Wujin People's Hospital (the Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University), changzhou, Jiangsu, 213017, P. R. China
| | - Yongzhong Hou
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, P. R. China
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13
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Li Q, Chen C, Wu J, Poon LC, Wang CC, Li TC, Zhang T, Guo X, Song L, Wang X, Zhang Q, Ye Z, Yang Y, Lu J, Yao J, Ye D, Wang Y. Decreased serum soluble programmed cell death ligand-1 level as a potential biomarker for missed miscarriage. Hum Reprod 2023; 38:2128-2136. [PMID: 37671597 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dead178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Can maternal serum levels of soluble programmed cell death-1 (sPD-1) and its ligand (sPD-L1) serve as biomarkers for missed miscarriage (MM)? SUMMARY ANSWER Serum sPD-L1 levels are significantly decreased in MM patients and may serve as a potential predictive biomarker for miscarriage. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) comprise important immune inhibitory checkpoint signaling to maintain pregnancy. Their soluble forms are detectable in human circulation and are associated with immunosuppression. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Three independent cohorts attending tertiary referral hospitals were studied. The first (discovery) cohort was cross-sectional and included MM patients and healthy pregnant (HP) women matched on BMI. The second validation cohort contained MM patients and women with legally induced abortion (IA). The third prospective observational study recruited subjects requiring IVF treatment. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS In the discovery cohort, we enrolled 108 MM patients and 115 HP women who had a full-term pregnancy at 6-14 weeks of gestation. In the validation cohort, we recruited 25 MM patients and 25 women with IA. Blood samples were collected at the first prenatal visit for HP women or on the day of dilatation and curettage surgery (D&C) for MM and IA subjects to determine serum sPD-1 and sPD-L1 levels. Placenta samples were harvested during the D&C within the validation cohort to measure gene and protein expression. The prospective cohort collected serial blood samples weekly from 75 volunteers with embryo transfer (ET) after IVF. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Circulating sPD-L1 levels were reduced by 50% in patients with MM (55.7 ± 16.04 pg/ml) compared to HP controls (106.7 ± 58.46 pg/ml, P < 0.001) and the difference remained significant after adjusting for maternal age and gestational age, whereas no significant differences in sPD-1 level were observed. Likewise, serum sPD-L1 was lower in MM patients than in IA subjects and accompanied by downregulated PD-L1-related gene expression levels in the placenta. In the IVF cohort, applying the changing rate of sPD-L1 level after ET achieved a predictive performance for miscarriage with receiver operating characteristics = 0.73 (95% CI: 0.57-0.88, P < 0.01). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The study was mainly confined to East Asian pregnant women. Further large prospective pregnancy cohorts are required to validate the predictive performance of sPD-L1 on miscarriage. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Reduced circulating sPD-L1 level and downregulated placental PD-L1 expression in miscarriage indicate that dysfunction in PD-L1 signals is a potential underlying mechanism for pregnancy loss. Our findings further extend the importance of the PD-L1 axis in pregnancy maintenance in early pregnancy. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This study was financially supported by grants from the Subject Innovation Team of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine (2019-Y502), General Research Fund (14122021), and Key Laboratory of Model Animal Phenotyping and Basic Research in Metabolic Diseases (2018KSYS003). The authors declare that they have no competing interests to be disclosed. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Li
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Cuishan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Metabolic Phenotyping in Model Animals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Liona C Poon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi Chiu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tin Chiu Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xianghao Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Liang Song
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Ziying Ye
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Yongkang Yang
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolic Phenotyping in Model Animals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianyu Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dewei Ye
- Key Laboratory of Metabolic Phenotyping in Model Animals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Waluyo ST, Tjokroprawiro BA, Rahaju AS. Estrogen receptor and programmed death ligand-1 expression in type 1 endometrial cancer and its associated clinicopathological characteristics. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2023; 37:100766. [PMID: 37797425 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2023.100766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to determine the association of estrogen receptor (ER) and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression with the clinicopathological characteristics of type 1 endometrial cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 85 patients with type 1 endometrial cancer who underwent surgery at the Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia were retrospectively studied. Data about the age, menopausal status, body mass index, disease stage, cell differentiation, angiolymphatic invasion, myometrial invasion, and adjuvant therapy of the patients were collected from medical records. Immunohistochemistry with ER and PD-L1 antibodies was performed on all samples. The association between ER and PD-L1 expression and clinicopathological characteristics was statistically analyzed. RESULTS The positivity rates of ER and PD-L1 in type 1 endometrial cancer were 68.2 % and 78.5 %, respectively. ER positivity was significantly correlated with body mass index (BMI) ≥25, premenopausal status, early stage of disease, <1/2 myometrial invasion, negative nodal metastasis, and lack of adjuvant therapy. It was also associated with age <55 years, low-grade cells, and angiolymphatic invasion, but the correlation was not significant. Meanwhile, PD-L1 positivity was significantly correlated with BMI <25, menopausal status, advanced stage of disease, high-grade cells, angiolymphatic invasion, and adjuvant therapy. It was also associated with age ≥55 years and nodal metastasis, but the correlation was not significant. CONCLUSION ER and PDL-1 positivity is associated with the clinicopathological characteristics of type 1 endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setyo Teguh Waluyo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Subspecialist Education Program, Dr Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Medical Faculty - Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Brahmana Askandar Tjokroprawiro
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga/Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia.
| | - Anny Setijo Rahaju
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga/Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital/Universitas Airlangga Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Huang WY, Wu KP. SheddomeDB 2023: A Revision of an Ectodomain Shedding Database Based on a Comprehensive Literature Review and Online Resources. J Proteome Res 2023; 22:2570-2576. [PMID: 37458416 PMCID: PMC10407926 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Ectodomain shedding of membrane proteins is a proteolytic event involved in several biological phenomena, including inflammation, development, diseases, and cancer progression. Though ectodomain shedding is a post-translational modification that plays an important role in cellular regulation, this biological phenomenon is seriously underannotated in public protein databases. Given the importance of the shedding events, we conducted a comprehensive literature review for membrane protein shedding and constructed the database, SheddomeDB in 2017. In response to user feedback, novel shedding findings, more associated biomedical events, and the advance in web technology, we revised SheddomeDB to a new version, SheddomeDB 2023. The revised SheddomeDB 2023 includes 481 protein entries across seven species; all the content was manually verified and curated. The content of SheddomeDB 2023 mainly came from a comprehensive literature survey by our newly developed semiautomated screening tool. We also integrated verified and updated cleavage and secretome information from other databases into the revision. In addition, SheddomeDB 2023 features a graphical presentation of cleavage information and a user-friendly interface for searching and browsing entries in the database. This revised comprehensive database of ectodomain shedding is expected to benefit biomedical researchers across different disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wun-Yi Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Pin Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
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Kiriyama Y, Nochi H. Regulation of PD-L1 Expression by Nuclear Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9891. [PMID: 37373038 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The suppression of excessive immune responses is necessary to prevent injury to the body, but it also allows cancer cells to escape immune responses and proliferate. Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) is a co-inhibitory molecule that is present on T cells and is the receptor for programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1). The binding of PD-1 to PD-L1 leads to the inhibition of the T cell receptor signaling cascade. PD-L1 has been found to be expressed in many types of cancers, such as lung, ovarian, and breast cancer, as well as glioblastoma. Furthermore, PD-L1 mRNA is widely expressed in normal peripheral tissues including the heart, skeletal muscle, placenta, lungs, thymus, spleen, kidney, and liver. The expression of PD-L1 is upregulated by proinflammatory cytokines and growth factors via a number of transcription factors. In addition, various nuclear receptors, such as androgen receptor, estrogen receptor, peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ, and retinoic-acid-related orphan receptor γ, also regulate the expression of PD-L1. This review will focus on the current knowledge of the regulation of PD-L1 expression by nuclear receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimitsu Kiriyama
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima 769-2193, Kagawa, Japan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima 769-2193, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nochi
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima 769-2193, Kagawa, Japan
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Zhang G, Lan B, Zhang X, Lin M, Liu Y, Chen J, Guo F. AR-A014418 regulates intronic polyadenylation and transcription of PD-L1 through inhibiting CDK12 and CDK13 in tumor cells. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:jitc-2022-006483. [PMID: 37164450 PMCID: PMC10174041 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-006483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune checkpoint molecules, especially programmed death 1 (PD-1) and its ligand, programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), protect tumor cells from T cell-mediated killing. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, designed to restore the antitumor immunosurveillance, have exhibited significant clinical benefits for patients with certain cancer types. Nevertheless, the relatively low response rate and acquisition of resistance greatly limit their clinical applications. A deeper understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of PD-L1 protein expression and activity will help to develop more effective therapeutic strategies. METHODS The effects of AR-A014418 and THZ531 on PD-L1 expression were detected by western blot, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and flow cytometry. In vitro kinase assays with recombinant proteins were performed to confirm that AR-A014418 functioned as a CDK12 and CDK13 dual inhibitor. The roles of CDK12 and CDK13 in intronic polyadenylation (IPA) and transcription of PD-L1 were determined via RNA interference or protein overexpression. T-cell cytotoxicity assays were used to validate the activation of antitumor immunity by AR-A014418 and THZ531. RESULTS AR-A014418 inhibits CDK12 to enhance the IPA, and inhibits CDK13 to repress the transcription of PD-L1. IPA generates a secreted PD-L1 isoform (PD-L1-v4). The extent of IPA was not enough to reduce full-length PD-L1 expression obviously. Only the superposition of enhancing IPA and repressing transcription (dual inhibition of CDK12 and CDK13) dramatically suppresses full-length PD-L1 induction by interferon-γ. AR-A014418 and THZ531 could potentiate T-cell cytotoxicity against tumor cells. CONCLUSIONS Our work identifies a new regulatory pathway for PD-L1 expression and discovers CDK12 and CDK13 as promising drug targets for immune modulation and combined therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganggang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Lan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Biotherapy, Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengyao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junsong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Chen X, Li J, Zhang R, Zhang Y, Wang X, Leung EL, Ma L, Wong VKW, Liu L, Neher E, Yu H. Suppression of PD-L1 release from small extracellular vesicles promotes systemic anti-tumor immunity by targeting ORAI1 calcium channels. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12279. [PMID: 36482876 PMCID: PMC9732629 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Blockade of immune checkpoints as a strategy of cancer cells to overcome the immune response has received ample attention in cancer research recently. In particular, expression of PD-L1 by various cancer cells has become a paradigm in this respect. Delivery of PD-L1 to its site of action occurs either by local diffusion, or else by transport via small extracellular vesicles (sEVs, commonly referred to as exosomes). Many steps of sEVs formation, their packaging with PD-L1 and their release into the extracellular space have been studied in detail. The likely dependence of release on Ca2+ -signaling, however, has received little attention. This is surprising, since the intracellular Ca2+ -concentration is known as a prominent regulator of many secretory processes. Here, we report on the roles of three Ca2+ -dependent proteins in regulating release of PD-L1-containing sEVs, as well as on the growth of tumors in mouse models. We show that sEVs release in cancer cell lines is Ca2+ -dependent and the knockdown of the gene coding the Ca2+ -channel protein ORAI1 reduces Ca2+ -signals and release of sEVs. Consequently, the T cell response is reinvigorated and tumor progression in mouse models is retarded. Furthermore, analysis of protein expression patterns in samples from human cancer tissue shows that the ORAI1 gene is significantly upregulated. Such upregulation is identified as an unfavorable prognostic factor for survival of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. We show that reduced Ca2+ -signaling after knockdown of ORAI1 gene also compromises the activity of melanophilin and Synaptotagmin-like protein 2, two proteins, which are important for correct localization of secretory organelles within cancer cells and their transport to sites of exocytosis. Thus, the Ca2+ -channel ORAI1 and Ca2+ -dependent proteins of the secretion pathway emerge as important targets for understanding and manipulating immune checkpoint blockade by PD-L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug DiscoveryState Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese MedicineMacau University of Science and TechnologyTaipaMacauChina
| | - Jiaqi Li
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug DiscoveryState Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese MedicineMacau University of Science and TechnologyTaipaMacauChina
| | - Ren Zhang
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug DiscoveryState Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese MedicineMacau University of Science and TechnologyTaipaMacauChina
| | - Yao Zhang
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug DiscoveryState Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese MedicineMacau University of Science and TechnologyTaipaMacauChina
| | - Xiaoxuan Wang
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug DiscoveryState Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese MedicineMacau University of Science and TechnologyTaipaMacauChina
| | - Elaine Lai‐Han Leung
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug DiscoveryState Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese MedicineMacau University of Science and TechnologyTaipaMacauChina
| | - Lijuan Ma
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug DiscoveryState Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese MedicineMacau University of Science and TechnologyTaipaMacauChina
| | - Vincent Kam Wai Wong
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug DiscoveryState Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese MedicineMacau University of Science and TechnologyTaipaMacauChina
| | - Liang Liu
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug DiscoveryState Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese MedicineMacau University of Science and TechnologyTaipaMacauChina
| | - Erwin Neher
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug DiscoveryState Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese MedicineMacau University of Science and TechnologyTaipaMacauChina,Emeritus Laboratory of Membrane BiophysicsMax Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary SciencesGöttingenGermany
| | - Haijie Yu
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug DiscoveryState Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese MedicineMacau University of Science and TechnologyTaipaMacauChina
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Wang K, Xuan Z, Liu X, Zheng M, Yang C, Wang H. Immunomodulatory role of metalloproteinase ADAM17 in tumor development. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1059376. [PMID: 36466812 PMCID: PMC9715963 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1059376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2023] Open
Abstract
ADAM17 is a member of the a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) family of transmembrane proteases involved in the shedding of some cell membrane proteins and regulating various signaling pathways. More than 90 substrates are regulated by ADAM17, some of which are closely relevant to tumor formation and development. Besides, ADAM17 is also responsible for immune regulation and its substrate-mediated signal transduction. Recently, ADAM17 has been considered as a major target for the treatment of tumors and yet its immunomodulatory roles and mechanisms remain unclear. In this paper, we summarized the recent understanding of structure and several regulatory roles of ADAM17. Importantly, we highlighted the immunomodulatory roles of ADAM17 in tumor development, as well as small molecule inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies targeting ADAM17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zixue Xuan
- Clinical Pharmacy Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Meiling Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Chao Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Institute of Innovation & Application, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Haiyong Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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Wei W, Zhang Y. PSEN1 is associated with colon cancer development via potential influences on PD-L1 nuclear translocation and tumor-immune interactions. Front Immunol 2022; 13:927474. [PMID: 36059511 PMCID: PMC9428321 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.927474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Presenilin 1 (PSEN1), as a catalytical core of the γ-secretase complex, plays multiple actions through mediating transmembrane domain shedding of the substrates. Unlike extensive studies performed on investigating the functions of γ-secretase substrates or the effects of γ-secretase inhibitors, our findings uncover a potential action of PSEN1 on PD-L1 alternative truncation and nuclear translocation, broadening our understanding on how the γ-secretase contributes to colon cancer development as well as suggesting a potential strategy to improve the efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. Immunohistochemical data showed loss of PD-L1 protein expression in all the primary colon adenocarcioma (COAD) cases in the HPA collection, while PSEN1 was scored to be highly expressed, indicating their converse expression patterns (p<0.001). Meanwhile a strongly positive gene correlation was explored by TIMER2 and GEPIA (p<0.001). Up-regulated PSEN1 expression in COAD might facilitate liberating a C-terminal PD-L1 truncation via proteolytic processing. Then following an established regulatory pathway of PD-L1 nuclear translocation, we found that PSEN1 showed significant correlations with multiple components in HDAC2-mediated deacetylation, clathrin-dependent endocytosis, vimentin-associated nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and importin family-mediated nuclear import. Moreover, connections of PSEN1 to the immune response genes transactivated by nuclear PD-L1 were tested. Additionally, contributions of PSEN1 to the tumor invasiveness (p<0.05) and the tumor infiltrating cell enrichments (p<0.001) were investigated by cBioportal and the ESTIMATE algorithm. Levels of PSEN1 were negatively correlated with infiltrating CD8+ T (p<0.05) and CD4+ T helper (Th) 1 cells (p<0.001), while positively correlated with regulatory T cells (Tregs) (p<0.001) and cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) (p<0.001). It also displayed significant associations with diverse immune metagenes characteristic of T cell exhaustion, Tregs and CAFs, indicating possible actions in immune escape. Despite still a preliminary stage of this study, we anticipate to deciphering a novel function of PSEN1, and supporting more researchers toward the elucidations of the mechanisms linking the γ-secretase to cancers, which has yet to be fully addressed.
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Kumar S, Chatterjee M, Ghosh P, Ganguly KK, Basu M, Ghosh MK. Targeting PD-1/PD-L1 in cancer immunotherapy: an effective strategy for treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients. Genes Dis 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
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Wang T, Denman D, Bacot SM, Feldman GM. Challenges and the Evolving Landscape of Assessing Blood-Based PD-L1 Expression as a Biomarker for Anti-PD-(L)1 Immunotherapy. Biomedicines 2022; 10:1181. [PMID: 35625917 PMCID: PMC9138337 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
While promising, PD-L1 expression on tumor tissues as assessed by immunohistochemistry has been shown to be an imperfect biomarker that only applies to a limited number of cancers, whereas many patients with PD-L1-negative tumors still respond to anti-PD-(L)1 immunotherapy. Recent studies using patient blood samples to assess immunotherapeutic responsiveness suggests a promising approach to the identification of novel and/or improved biomarkers for anti-PD-(L)1 immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss the advances in our evolving understanding of the regulation and function of PD-L1 expression, which is the foundation for developing blood-based PD-L1 as a biomarker for anti-PD-(L)1 immunotherapy. We further discuss current knowledge and clinical study results for biomarker identification using PD-L1 expression on tumor and immune cells, exosomes, and soluble forms of PD-L1 in the peripheral blood. Finally, we discuss key challenges for the successful development of the potential use of blood-based PD-L1 as a biomarker for anti-PD-(L)1 immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (D.D.); (S.M.B.); (G.M.F.)
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Niu M, Liu Y, Yi M, Jiao D, Wu K. Biological Characteristics and Clinical Significance of Soluble PD-1/PD-L1 and Exosomal PD-L1 in Cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:827921. [PMID: 35386715 PMCID: PMC8977417 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.827921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune checkpoint pathway consisting of the cell membrane-bound molecule programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1 has been found to mediate negative regulatory signals that effectively inhibit T-cell proliferation and function and impair antitumor immune responses. Considerable evidence suggests that the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway is responsible for tumor immune tolerance and immune escape. Blockage of this pathway has been found to reverse T lymphocyte depletion and restore antitumor immunity. Antagonists targeting this pathway have shown significant clinical activity in specific cancer types. Although originally identified as membrane-type molecules, several other forms of PD-1/PD-L1 have been detected in the blood of cancer patients, including soluble PD-1/PD-L1 (sPD-1/sPD-L1) and exosomal PD-L1 (exoPD-L1), increasing the composition and functional complications of the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway. For example, sPD-1 has been shown to block the PD-1/PD-L immunosuppressive pathway by binding to PD-L1 and PD-L2, whereas the role of sPD-L1 and its mechanism of action in cancer remain unclear. In addition, many studies have investigated the roles of exoPD-L1 in immunosuppression, as a biomarker for tumor progression and as a predictive biomarker for response to immunotherapy. This review describes the molecular mechanisms underlying the generation of sPD-1/sPD-L1 and exoPD-L1, along with their biological activities and methods of detection. In addition, this review discusses the clinical importance of sPD-1/sPD-L1 and exoPD-L1 in cancer, including their predictive and prognostic roles and the effects of treatments that target these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengke Niu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiming Liu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ming Yi
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dechao Jiao
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Kongming Wu, ; Dechao Jiao,
| | - Kongming Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Kongming Wu, ; Dechao Jiao,
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Abstract
The paradigm of surface-expressed programmed death ligand 1 (PDL1) signalling to immune cell programmed death 1 (PD1) to inhibit antitumour immunity has helped to develop effective and revolutionary immunotherapies using antibodies blocking these cell-extrinsic interactions. The recent discovery of cancer cell-intrinsic PDL1 signals has broadened understanding of pathologic tumour PDL1 signal consequences that now includes control of tumour growth and survival pathways, stemness, immune effects, DNA damage responses and gene expression regulation. Many such effects are PD1-independent. These insights demonstrate that the prevailing cell-extrinsic PDL1 signalling paradigm is useful, but incomplete in important respects. This Perspective discusses historical and recent advances in understanding cancer cell-intrinsic PDL1 signals, mechanisms for signal controls and important immunopathologic consequences including resistance to cytotoxic agents, targeted small molecules and immunotherapies. Cancer cell-intrinsic PDL1 signals present novel drug discovery targets and also have potential as reliable treatment response biomarkers. Cancer cell-intrinsic PD1 signals and cell-intrinsic PDL1 signals in non-cancer cells are discussed briefly, as are PDL1 signals from soluble and vesicle-bound PDL1 and PDL1 isoforms. We conclude with suggestions for addressing the most pressing challenges and opportunities in this rapidly developing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand V R Kornepati
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ratna K Vadlamudi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Tyler J Curiel
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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25
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Saglam O, Cao B, Wang X, Toruner GA, Conejo-Garcia JR. Expression of epigenetic pathway related genes in association with PD-L1, ER/PgR and MLH1 in endometrial carcinoma. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264014. [PMID: 35226658 PMCID: PMC8884513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution of Endometrial Cancer (EC)-related deaths is uneven among the morphologic subtypes of EC. Serous Cancer (SC) makes 10% of all EC and accounts for 40% of EC-related deaths. We investigated expression of selected genes involved in epigenetic pathways by immunohistochemistry in a cohort of 106 EC patients and analyzed mRNA-based expression levels for the same set of genes in EC samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset. A tissue microarray was constructed using low-grade (n = 30) and high-grade (n = 28) endometrioid, serous (n = 31) and clear cell carcinoma (n = 17) samples. Epigenetic marker levels were associated with PD-L1, ER/PgR, and MLH1 expression. Epigenetic markers were evaluated by H-score and PD-L1 expression was recorded by using Combined Positive Score. Results were correlated with disease stage and survival outcome. BRD4, KAT6a and HDAC9 levels were higher in SC compared to other histologic subtypes (p<0.001–0.038). After adjusting for multiple comparisons, DNMT3b expression was higher in SC compared to endometrioid-type but not between SC and CCC. The expression levels of BRD4 (p = 0.021) and KAT6a (p = 0.0027) were positively associated with PD-L abundance, while PgR (p = 0.029) and PD-L1 expression were negatively associated. In addition, BRD4 expression was low in specimens with loss of MLH1 expression (p = 0.02). More importantly, BRD4 abundance had a negative impact on disease outcome (p = 0.02). Transcriptionally, BRD4, KAT6a and DNMT3b expression levels were higher in SC in TCGA dataset. The median PD-L1 expression was marginally associated with BRD4, a transcriptional activator of CD274/PD-L1 (p = 0.069) and positively with KAT6a (p = 0.0095). In conclusion, the protein expression levels of epigenetic markers involved in cancer pathogenesis are increased by immunohistochemistry in SC. PD-L1 levels are associated with BRD4 and KAT6a in EC samples. A combination therapy with BRD4/PD-L1 or KAT6a/PD-L1 inhibitors might have a potential use in EC, in particular serous-type carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlen Saglam
- Department of Pathology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Biwei Cao
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States of America
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States of America
| | - Gokce A. Toruner
- Department of Hematopathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Jose R. Conejo-Garcia
- Department of Immunology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States of America
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Carlos-Reyes Á, Romero-Garcia S, Contreras-Sanzón E, Ruiz V, Prado-Garcia H. Role of Circular RNAs in the Regulation of Immune Cells in Response to Cancer Therapies. Front Genet 2022; 13:823238. [PMID: 35186039 PMCID: PMC8847670 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.823238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (CircRNAs) are a class of small endogenous noncoding RNA that are formed by means of either the spliceosome or lariat-type splicing. CircRNAs have multiple regulatory functions and have been detected in different cell types, like normal, tumor and immune cells. CircRNAs have been suggested to regulate T cell functions in response to cancer. CircRNAs can enter into T cells and promote the expression of molecules that either trigger antitumoral responses or promote suppression and the consequent evasion to the immune response. Additionally, circRNAs may promote tumor progression and resistance to anticancer treatment in different types of neoplasias. In this minireview we discuss the impact of circRNAs and its function in the regulation of the T-cells in immune response caused by cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángeles Carlos-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Onco-Inmunobiologia, Departamento de Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico, Mexico
| | | | | | - Víctor Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Heriberto Prado-Garcia
- Laboratorio de Onco-Inmunobiologia, Departamento de Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico, Mexico
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Mahoney KM, Ross-Macdonald P, Yuan L, Song L, Veras E, Wind-Rotolo M, McDermott DF, Stephen Hodi F, Choueiri TK, Freeman GJ. Soluble PD-L1 as an early marker of progressive disease on nivolumab. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2021-003527. [PMID: 35131863 PMCID: PMC8823247 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Soluble PD-L1 (sPD-L1) has been associated with worse prognosis in numerous solid tumors. We determined sPD-L1 levels before and during nivolumab treatment in two prospective clinical trials of metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and melanoma patients, and investigated its relationship to clinical factors, biomarkers, and outcome. Methods Using a new Single Molecule Array assay, serum sPD-L1 level were determined in RCC (CheckMate 009, n=91) and melanoma (CheckMate 038-Part 1, n=78) prior to, and at two time points on treatment. Gene expression data was obtained from biopsies taken prior to, and at day 28 on treatment. Results were integrated with clinical variables, tumor PD-L1 status from immuno-histochemistry, and genomic mutation status. Results In RCC patients, sPD-L1 levels were higher in patients with progressive disease as their best response. For both RCC and melanoma patients, progressive or stable disease was associated with an increase in sPD-L1 on nivolumab therapy, whereas mean sPD-L1 levels did not change or declined in patients with objective responses. By categorizing RCC patients into transcriptomic molecular subtypes, we identified a subgroup where the associations between sPD-L1 and progressive disease were particularly evident. In baseline biopsies, we identified six biological processes that were associated with sPD-L1 level in both RCC and melanoma: higher sPD-L1 is associated with lower tumor expression of the Hallmark gene sets ‘hypoxia’, ‘fatty acid metabolism’, ‘glycolysis’, ‘MTORC1 signaling’ and ‘androgen response’, and with higher expression of ‘KRAS signaling_Down’. Conclusion Baseline and on-therapy sPD-L1 levels in RCC have the potential to predict progressive disease on PD-1 inhibitor nivolumab. In a hypothesis-generating analysis of tumor gene expression, high baseline sPD-L1 is associated with a tumor metabolic state reflecting potentially targetable processes in both melanoma and RCC. In both trials, we observed associations between change in sPD-L1 on treatment and outcome metrics. sPD-L1 levels may further refine a nivolumab-refractory subtype of RCC within transcriptionally based subtypes of RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Mahoney
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA .,Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Long Yuan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Linan Song
- Quanterix Corporation, Billerica, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eliseo Veras
- Quanterix Corporation, Billerica, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - David F McDermott
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - F Stephen Hodi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Toni K Choueiri
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Yamaguchi H, Hsu JM, Yang WH, Hung MC. Mechanisms regulating PD-L1 expression in cancers and associated opportunities for novel small-molecule therapeutics. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2022; 19:287-305. [DOI: 10.1038/s41571-022-00601-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Expression of Immunomodulatory Checkpoint Molecules in Drug-Resistant Neuroblastoma: An Exploratory Study. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030751. [PMID: 35159017 PMCID: PMC8833944 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Neuroblastoma is a common childhood cancer with poor prognosis. Prior studies suggest that inhibition of molecules called checkpoint proteins, which normally prevent one’s own immune system from attacking itself, has been successfully used for treatment of multiple advanced adult cancers but has yet to be fully explored in neuroblastoma. Cancer can hijack these pathways to prevent the immune system from recognizing and destroying cancer cells. We investigated checkpoint protein expression in pediatric neuroblastoma and its role in drug resistance. We created drug-resistant neuroblastoma cell lines and compared expression of checkpoint proteins between drug-resistant and parental cell lines. In total, 13 checkpoint proteins were expressed by all cell lines regardless of drug resistance. Although PD-L1 and checkpoint proteins do not necessarily impart drug resistance, they may be potential targets for drug therapy. Benchmarking checkpoint proteins provides the basis for future studies identifying targets for directed therapy and biomarkers for cancer detection or prognosis. Abstract Neuroblastoma is a common childhood cancer with poor prognosis when at its advanced stage. Checkpoint molecule inhibition is successful in treating multiple advanced adult cancers. We investigated PD-L1 and other checkpoint molecule expression to determine their roles in drug resistance and usefulness as targets for drug therapy. We developed three doxorubicin-resistant (DoxR) cell lines from parental cell lines. Matrigel in vitro invasion assays were used to compare invasiveness. Western blot assays were used to compare PD-L1 expression. Immuno-oncology checkpoint protein panels were used to compare concentrations of 17 checkpoint molecules both cellular and soluble. PD-L1 and 12 other checkpoint molecules were present in all cell lysates of each cell line without significantly different levels. Three were solubilized in the media of each cell line. PD-L1 is expressed in all DoxR and parental neuroblastoma cells and may be a potential target for drug therapy although its role in drug resistance remains unclear. Benchmarking checkpoint molecules provides the basis for future studies identifying targets for directed therapy and biomarkers for cancer detection or prognosis.
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Mummareddy S, Pradhan S, Narasimhan AK, Natarajan A. On Demand Biosensors for Early Diagnosis of Cancer and Immune Checkpoints Blockade Therapy Monitoring from Liquid Biopsy. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:bios11120500. [PMID: 34940257 PMCID: PMC8699359 DOI: 10.3390/bios11120500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently, considerable interest has emerged in the development of biosensors to detect biomarkers and immune checkpoints to identify and measure cancer through liquid biopsies. The detection of cancer biomarkers from a small volume of blood is relatively fast compared to the gold standard of tissue biopsies. Traditional immuno-histochemistry (IHC) requires tissue samples obtained using invasive procedures and specific expertise as well as sophisticated instruments. Furthermore, the turnaround for IHC assays is usually several days. To overcome these challenges, on-demand biosensor-based assays were developed to provide more immediate prognostic information for clinicians. Novel rapid, highly precise, and sensitive approaches have been under investigation using physical and biochemical methods to sense biomarkers. Additionally, interest in understanding immune checkpoints has facilitated the rapid detection of cancer prognosis from liquid biopsies. Typically, these devices combine various classes of detectors with digital outputs for the measurement of soluble cancer or immune checkpoint (IC) markers from liquid biopsy samples. These sensor devices have two key advantages: (a) a small volume of blood drawn from the patient is sufficient for analysis, and (b) it could aid physicians in quickly selecting and deciding the appropriate therapy regime for the patients (e.g., immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy). In this review, we will provide updates on potential cancer markers, various biosensors in cancer diagnosis, and the corresponding limits of detection, while focusing on biosensor development for IC marker detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Mummareddy
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Stuti Pradhan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Ashwin Kumar Narasimhan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 603203, India;
| | - Arutselvan Natarajan
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-650-736-9822
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Xue JS, Liu H, Meng GX, Ding ZN, Yan LJ, Yao SY, Li HC, Dong ZR, Chen ZQ, Hong JG, Li T. Prognostic value of soluble programmed cell death-1 (sPD-1) and soluble programmed cell death ligand-1 (sPD-L1) for hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 71:1633-1644. [PMID: 34750662 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-03103-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preliminary studies have suggested that soluble programmed death-1 (sPD-1) and soluble programmed cell death ligand-1 (sPD-L1) have prognostic implications in many malignant tumors. However, the correlation between sPD-1/sPD-L1 level and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still unclear. METHODS We searched several electronic databases from database inception to October 7, 2021. Meta-analyses were performed separately for overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), recurrence-free survival (RFS), time to progression (TTP), and tumor-free survival (TFS). Random effects were introduced to this meta-analysis. The correlation between sPD-1/sPD-L1 level and prognosis was evaluated using hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs). RESULTS A total of 11 studies (1291 patients) were incorporated into this meta-analysis, including seven on sPD-L1, two on sPD-1, and two about both factors. The pooled results showed that high sPD-L1 level was associated with worse OS (HR = 2.46, 95%CI 1.74-3.49, P < 0.001; I2 = 31.4, P = 0.177) and poorer DFS/RFS/TTP/TFS of patients with HCC (HR = 2.22, 95%CI 1.47-3.35, P < 0.001; I2 = 66.1, P = 0.011), irrespective of method of detection, study type, treatment, cut-off value and follow-up time. In contrast, the level of sPD-1 was not correlated to the OS (HR = 1.19, 95%CI 0.55-2.56, P = 0.657) and DFS/TFS of patients with HCC (HR = 0.94, 95%CI 0.36-2.49, P = 0.906). CONCLUSION sPD-L1 rather than sPD-1 could be a good predictor for recurrence and survival after treatment for HCC. More high-quality prospective studies are warranted to assess the prognostic value of sPD-1 or sPD-L1 for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Shuai Xue
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 West Wen Hua Road, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 West Wen Hua Road, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Guang-Xiao Meng
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 West Wen Hua Road, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Zi-Niu Ding
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 West Wen Hua Road, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Lun-Jie Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 West Wen Hua Road, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Sheng-Yu Yao
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 West Wen Hua Road, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Hai-Chao Li
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 West Wen Hua Road, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Zhao-Ru Dong
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 West Wen Hua Road, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 West Wen Hua Road, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Jian-Guo Hong
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 West Wen Hua Road, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 West Wen Hua Road, Jinan, 250012, China. .,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
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32
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Baldelli E, Hodge KA, Bellezza G, Shah NJ, Gambara G, Sidoni A, Mandarano M, Ruhunusiri C, Dunetz B, Abu-Khalaf M, Wulfkuhle J, Gallagher RI, Liotta L, de Bono J, Mehra N, Riisnaes R, Ravaggi A, Odicino F, Sereni MI, Blackburn M, Zupa A, Improta G, Demsko P, Crino' L, Ludovini V, Giaccone G, Petricoin EF, Pierobon M. PD-L1 quantification across tumor types using the reverse phase protein microarray: implications for precision medicine. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:e002179. [PMID: 34620701 PMCID: PMC8499669 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-002179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-programmed cell death protein 1 and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) agents are broadly used in first-line and second-line treatment across different tumor types. While immunohistochemistry-based assays are routinely used to assess PD-L1 expression, their clinical utility remains controversial due to the partial predictive value and lack of standardized cut-offs across antibody clones. Using a high throughput immunoassay, the reverse phase protein microarray (RPPA), coupled with a fluorescence-based detection system, this study compared the performance of six anti-PD-L1 antibody clones on 666 tumor samples. METHODS PD-L1 expression was measured using five antibody clones (22C3, 28-8, CAL10, E1L3N and SP142) and the therapeutic antibody atezolizumab on 222 lung, 71 ovarian, 52 prostate and 267 breast cancers, and 54 metastatic lesions. To capture clinically relevant variables, our cohort included frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples, surgical specimens and core needle biopsies. Pure tumor epithelia were isolated using laser capture microdissection from 602 samples. Correlation coefficients were calculated to assess concordance between antibody clones. For two independent cohorts of patients with lung cancer treated with nivolumab, RPPA-based PD-L1 measurements were examined along with response to treatment. RESULTS Median-center PD-L1 dynamic ranged from 0.01 to 39.37 across antibody clones. Correlation coefficients between the six antibody clones were heterogeneous (range: -0.48 to 0.95) and below 0.50 in 61% of the comparisons. In nivolumab-treated patients, RPPA-based measurement identified a subgroup of tumors, where low PD-L1 expression equated to lack of response. CONCLUSIONS Continuous RPPA-based measurements capture a broad dynamic range of PD-L1 expression in human specimens and heterogeneous concordance levels between antibody clones. This high throughput immunoassay can potentially identify subgroups of tumors in which low expression of PD-L1 equates to lack of response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Baldelli
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA
| | - K Alex Hodge
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA
| | - Guido Bellezza
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Neil J Shah
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Guido Gambara
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA
| | - Angelo Sidoni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Martina Mandarano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Chamodya Ruhunusiri
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Maysa Abu-Khalaf
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Jefferson Health, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Julia Wulfkuhle
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA
| | - Rosa I Gallagher
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA
| | - Lance Liotta
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Niven Mehra
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | - Antonella Ravaggi
- Angelo Nocivelli Institute of Molecular Medicine, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Franco Odicino
- Angelo Nocivelli Institute of Molecular Medicine, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maria Isabella Sereni
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA
- Angelo Nocivelli Institute of Molecular Medicine, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Matthew Blackburn
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Angela Zupa
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA
- Unita' Operativa di Anatomia Patologica, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) CROB, Rionero In Vulture, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Improta
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA
- Unita' Operativa di Anatomia Patologica, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) CROB, Rionero In Vulture, Italy
| | - Perry Demsko
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA
| | - Lucio Crino'
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Vienna Ludovini
- Division of Medical Oncology, S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giaccone
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Emanuel F Petricoin
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA
| | - Mariaelena Pierobon
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA
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Elevated Plasma Soluble PD-L1 Levels in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Patients. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10184188. [PMID: 34575296 PMCID: PMC8468744 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10184188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A deregulated immune system has been implicated in the pathogenesis of post-cardiac arrest syndrome (PCAS). A soluble form of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) ligand (sPD-L1) has been found at increased levels in cancer and sustained inflammation, thereby deregulating immune functions. Here, we aim to study the possible involvement of sPD-L1 in PCAS. Methods: Thirty out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients consecutively admitted to the ER of Mie University Hospital were prospectively enrolled. Plasma concentrations of sPD-L1 were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in blood samples of all 30 OHCA patients obtained during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). In 13 patients who achieved return-of-spontaneous-circulation (ROSC), sPD-L1 levels were also measured daily in the ICU. Results: The plasma concentrations of sPD-L1 in OHCA were significantly increased; in fact, to levels as high as those observed in sepsis. sPD-L1 levels during CPR correlated with reduced peripheral lymphocyte counts and increased C-reactive protein levels. Of 13 ROSC patients, 7 cases survived in the ICU for more than 4 days. A longitudinal analysis of sPD-L1 levels in the 7 ROSC cases revealed that sPD-L1 levels occurred in parallel with organ failure. Conclusions: This study suggests that ischemia- reperfusion during CPR may aberrantly activate immune and endothelial cells to release sPD-L1 into circulation, which may play a role in the pathogenesis of immune exhaustion and organ failures associated with PCAS.
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IL-27 Mediates PD-L1 Expression and Release by Human Mesothelioma Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13164011. [PMID: 34439164 PMCID: PMC8393193 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is a rare tumor with an unfavorable prognosis. MM genesis involves asbestos-mediated local inflammation, supported by several cytokines, including IL-6. Recent data showed that targeting PD-1/PD-L1 is an effective therapy in MM. Here, we investigated the effects of IL-6 trans-signaling and the IL-6-related cytokine IL-27 on human MM cells in vitro by Western blot analysis of STAT1/3 phosphorylation. The effects on PD-L1 expression were tested by qRT-PCR and flow-cytometry and the release of soluble (s)PD-L1 by ELISA. We also measured the concentrations of sPD-L1 and, by multiplexed immunoassay, IL-6 and IL-27 in pleural fluids obtained from 77 patients in relation to survival. IL-27 predominantly mediates STAT1 phosphorylation and increases PD-L1 gene and surface protein expression and sPD-L1 release by human MM cells in vitro. IL-6 has limited activity, whereas a sIL-6R/IL-6 chimeric protein mediates trans-signaling predominantly via STAT3 phosphorylation but has no effect on PD-L1 expression and release. IL-6, IL-27, and sPD-L1 are present in pleural fluids and show a negative correlation with overall survival, but only IL-27 shows a moderate albeit significant correlation with sPD-L1 levels. Altogether these data suggest a potential role of IL-27 in PD-L1-driven immune resistance in MM.
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Chen X, Du Z, Huang M, Wang D, Fong WP, Liang J, Fan L, Wang Y, Yang H, Chen Z, Hu M, Xu R, Li Y. Circulating PD-L1 is associated with T cell infiltration and predicts prognosis in patients with CRLM following hepatic resection. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 71:661-674. [PMID: 34322779 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-03021-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exosomal PD-L1 (exoPD-L1) could induce immunosuppression functionally, thus impairing patients' survival in melanoma, NSCLC, and gastric cancer. However, no evidence demonstrates the feasibility of circulating exoPD-L1 and soluble PD-L1 (sPD-L1) as biomarkers for prognosis and early recurrence in colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM) patients following hepatectomy or their association with T cell infiltration at liver metastases. METHODS In cohort 1, exoPD-L1 and sPD-L1 were preoperatively tested using ELISA. CD3, CD8, granzyme B (GB) and PD1 expressed at liver metastases were evaluated using immunohistochemistry. In cohort 2, exoPD-L1 and sPD-L1 were detected at baseline, before hepatectomy, after hepatectomy, and after disease progression. RESULTS In cohort 1, higher preoperative exoPD-L1 or sPD-L1 significantly impaired RFS (exoPD-L1, P = 0.0043; sPD-L1, P = 0.0041) and OS (exoPD-L1, P = 0.0034; sPD-L1, P = 0.0061). Furthermore, preoperative exoPD-L1 was negatively correlated with CD3 + T-lymphocytes infiltrated at tumor center (CT), and GB and PD1 were expressed at tumor invasive margin (IM). Preoperative sPD-L1 was negatively correlated with CD3 + and CD8 + T-lymphocytes' infiltration at IM and CT, GB and PD1 expression at IM. In cohort 2, exoPD-L1 and sPD-L1 levels decreased following hepatectomy but increased when tumor progressed. Moreover, higher postoperative exoPD-L1 and sPD-L1 or a small reduction in exoPD-L1 and sPD-L1 levels after hepatectomy suggested higher early recurrence rate. CONCLUSIONS Both preoperative exoPD-L1 and sPD-L1 had promising prognostic values and were associated with T cell infiltration at liver metastases in CRLM patients following hepatectomy. Dynamically tracking exoPD-L1 and sPD-L1 levels could monitor disease status and detect early recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651# Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziming Du
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651# Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Mayan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651# Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Deshen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651# Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - William Pat Fong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651# Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jieying Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651# Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Fan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651# Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.,Department of Hematologic Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651# Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651# Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingtao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651# Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruihua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651# Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651# Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Chen Z, Wu T, Yan Z, Zhang M. Identification and Validation of an 11-Ferroptosis Related Gene Signature and Its Correlation With Immune Checkpoint Molecules in Glioma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:652599. [PMID: 34249910 PMCID: PMC8262596 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.652599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioma is the most common primary malignant brain tumor with significant mortality and morbidity. Ferroptosis, a novel form of programmed cell death (PCD), is critically involved in tumorigenesis, progression and metastatic processes. Methods We revealed the relationship between ferroptosis-related genes and glioma by analyzing the mRNA expression profiles from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA), GSE16011, and the Repository of Molecular Brain Neoplasia Data (REMBRANDT) datasets. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression analysis was performed to construct a ferroptosis-associated gene signature in the TCGA cohort. Glioma patients from the CGGA, GSE16011, and REMBRANDT cohorts were used to validate the efficacy of the signature. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was applied to measure the predictive performance of the risk score for overall survival (OS). Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses of the 11-gene signature were performed to determine whether the ability of the prognostic signature in predicting OS was independent. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis were conducted to identify the potential biological functions and pathways of the signature. Subsequently, we performed single sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) to explore the correlation between risk scores and immune status. Finally, seven putative small molecule drugs were predicted by Connectivity Map. Results The 11-gene signature was identified to divide patients into two risk groups. ROC curve analysis indicated the 11-gene signature as a potential diagnostic factor in glioma patients. Multivariate Cox regression analyses showed that the risk score was an independent predictive factor for overall survival. Functional analysis revealed that genes were enriched in iron-related molecular functions and immune-related biological processes. The results of ssGSEA indicated that the 11-gene signature was correlated with the initiation and progression of glioma. The small molecule drugs we selected showed significant potential to be used as putative drugs. Conclusion we identified a novel ferroptosis-related gene signature for prognostic prediction in glioma patients and revealed the relationship between ferroptosis-related genes and immune checkpoint molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuohui Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhouyi Yan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mengqi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Bailly C, Thuru X, Quesnel B. Soluble Programmed Death Ligand-1 (sPD-L1): A Pool of Circulating Proteins Implicated in Health and Diseases. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3034. [PMID: 34204509 PMCID: PMC8233757 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13123034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon T-cell receptor stimulation, the Programmed cell Death-1 receptor (PD-1) expressed on T-cells can interact with its ligand PD-L1 expressed at the surface of cancer cells or antigen-presenting cells. Monoclonal antibodies targeting PD-1 or PD-L1 are routinely used for the treatment of cancers, but their clinical efficacy varies largely across the variety of tumor types. A part of the variability is linked to the existence of several forms of PD-L1, either expressed on the plasma membrane (mPD-L1), at the surface of secreted cellular exosomes (exoPD-L1), in cell nuclei (nPD-L1), or as a circulating, soluble protein (sPD-L1). Here, we have reviewed the different origins and roles of sPD-L1 in humans to highlight the biochemical and functional heterogeneity of the soluble protein. sPD-L1 isoforms can be generated essentially by two non-exclusive processes: (i) proteolysis of m/exoPD-L1 by metalloproteases, such as metalloproteinases (MMP) and A disintegrin and metalloproteases (ADAM), which are capable of shedding membrane PD-L1 to release an active soluble form, and (ii) the alternative splicing of PD-L1 pre-mRNA, leading in some cases to the release of sPD-L1 protein isoforms lacking the transmembrane domain. The expression and secretion of sPD-L1 have been observed in a large variety of pathologies, well beyond cancer, notably in different pulmonary diseases, chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, and viral diseases. The expression and role of sPD-L1 during pregnancy are also evoked. The structural heterogeneity of sPD-L1 proteins, and associated functional/cellular plurality, should be kept in mind when considering sPD-L1 as a biomarker or as a drug target. The membrane, exosomal and soluble forms of PD-L1 are all integral parts of the highly dynamic PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway, essential for immune-tolerance or immune-escape.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xavier Thuru
- Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, UMR9020-UMR1277-Canther-Cancer Heterogeneity, CHU Lille, Inserm, CNRS, University of Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (X.T.); (B.Q.)
| | - Bruno Quesnel
- Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, UMR9020-UMR1277-Canther-Cancer Heterogeneity, CHU Lille, Inserm, CNRS, University of Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (X.T.); (B.Q.)
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Vitamin D Supplementation Regulates Postoperative Serum Levels of PD-L1 in Patients with Digestive Tract Cancer and Improves Survivals in the Highest Quintile of PD-L1: A Post Hoc Analysis of the AMATERASU Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061987. [PMID: 34207794 PMCID: PMC8228230 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Because vitamin D responsive elements have been found to be located in the PD-L1 gene, vitamin D supplementation was hypothesized to regulate serum PD-L1 levels and thus alter survival time of cancer patients. A post hoc analysis of the AMATERASU randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of postoperative vitamin D3 supplementation (2000 IU/day) in 417 patients with stage I to stage III digestive tract cancer from the esophagus to the rectum was conducted. Postoperative serum PD-L1 levels were measured by ELISA and divided into quintiles (Q1–Q5). Serum samples were available for 396 (95.0%) of the original trial. Vitamin D supplementation significantly (p = 0.0008) up-regulated serum PD-L1 levels in the lowest quintile (Q1), whereas it significantly (p = 0.0001) down-regulated them in the highest quintile (Q5), and it did not either up- or down-regulate them in the middle quintiles (Q2–Q4). Significant effects of vitamin D supplementation, compared with placebo on death (HR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.12–0.92) and relapse/death (HR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.15–0.89) were observed in the highest quintile (Q5) of serum PD-L1, whereas significant effects were not observed in other quintiles (Pinteraction = 0.02 for death, Pinteraction = 0.04 for relapse/death). Vitamin D supplementation significantly reduced the risk of relapse/death to approximately one-third in the highest quintile of serum PD-L1.
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Wang T, Jin J, Qian C, Lou J, Lin J, Xu A, Xia K, Jin L, Liu B, Tao H, Yang Z, Yu W. Estrogen/ER in anti-tumor immunity regulation to tumor cell and tumor microenvironment. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:295. [PMID: 34098945 PMCID: PMC8182917 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02003-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As the essential sexual hormone, estrogen and its receptor has been proved to participate in the regulation of autoimmunity diseases and anti-tumor immunity. The adjustment of tumor immunity is related to the interaction between cancer cells, immune cells and tumor microenvironment, all of which is considered as the potential target in estrogen-induced immune system regulation. However, the specific mechanism of estrogen-induced immunity is poorly understood. Typically, estrogen causes the nuclear localization of estrogen/estrogen receptor complex and alternates the transcription pattern of target genes, leading to the reprogramming of tumor cells and differentiation of immune cells. However, the estrogen-induced non-canonical signal pathway activation is also crucial to the rapid function of estrogen, such as NF-κB, MAPK-ERK, and β-catenin pathway activation, which has not been totally illuminated. So, the investigation of estrogen modulatory mechanisms in these two manners is vital for the tumor immunity and can provide the potential for endocrine hormone targeted cancer immunotherapy. Here, this review summarized the estrogen-induced canonical and non-canonical signal transduction pathway and aimed to focus on the relationship among estrogen and cancer immunity as well as immune-related tumor microenvironment regulation. Results from these preclinical researches elucidated that the estrogen-target therapy has the application prospect of cancer immunotherapy, which requires the further translational research of these treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiecheng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shengzhou People's Hospital, #666 Dangui Road, Shengzhou, 312400, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiakang Jin
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, #88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Qian
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, #88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianan Lou
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, #88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinti Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, #88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Ankai Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, #88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaishun Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, #88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Libin Jin
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, #88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, #88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Huimin Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, #88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengming Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, #88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, #88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China. .,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, People's Republic of China.
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Zeisbrich M, Chevalier N, Sehnert B, Rizzi M, Venhoff N, Thiel J, Voll RE. CMTM6-Deficient Monocytes in ANCA-Associated Vasculitis Fail to Present the Immune Checkpoint PD-L1. Front Immunol 2021; 12:673912. [PMID: 34108971 PMCID: PMC8183471 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.673912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives ANCA-associated vasculitides (AAV) affect small- and medium-sized blood vessels. In active disease, vessel wall infiltrates are mainly composed of monocytes and macrophages. Immune checkpoint molecules are crucial for the maintenance of self-tolerance and the prevention of autoimmune diseases. After checkpoint inhibitor therapy, the development of autoimmune vasculitis has been observed. However, defects of immune checkpoint molecules in AAV patients have not been identified yet. Methods Monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages from AAV patients and healthy age-matched controls were tested for surface expression of immunoinhibitory checkpoint programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1). Using in vitro co-culture approaches, the effect of monocyte PD-L1 expression on CD4+ T cell activation and proliferation was tested. Results Monocytes from AAV patients displayed lower PD-L1 expression and a defective PD-L1 presentation upon activation, an effect that was correlated with disease activity. Lower PD-L1 expression was due to increased lysosomal degradation of PD-L1 in AAV monocytes. We identified a reduced expression of CMTM6, a protein protecting PD-L1 from lysosomal breakdown, as the underlying molecular defect. PD-L1low AAV monocytes showed increased stimulatory capacity and induced T cell activation and proliferation. Inhibiting lysosomal function corrected this phenotype by increasing PD-L1, thus normalizing the pro-stimulatory behavior of AAV monocytes. Conclusions This study identifies a defect of the immunoinhibitory checkpoint PD-L1 in monocytes from patients with AAV. Low expression of CMTM6 results in enhanced lysosomal degradation of PD-L1, thus providing insufficient negative signaling to T cells. Correcting this defect by targeting lysosomal function may represent a novel strategy to treat AAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Zeisbrich
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nina Chevalier
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bettina Sehnert
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marta Rizzi
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nils Venhoff
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jens Thiel
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Reinhard E Voll
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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41
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Waller V, Pruschy M. Combined Radiochemotherapy: Metalloproteinases Revisited. Front Oncol 2021; 11:676583. [PMID: 34055644 PMCID: PMC8155607 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.676583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides cytotoxic DNA damage irradiation of tumor cells triggers multiple intra- and intercellular signaling processes, that are part of a multilayered, treatment-induced stress response at the unicellular and tumor pathophysiological level. These processes are intertwined with intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms to the toxic effects of ionizing radiation and thereby co-determine the tumor response to radiotherapy. Proteolysis of structural elements and bioactive signaling moieties represents a major class of posttranslational modifications regulating intra- and intercellular communication. Plasma membrane-located and secreted metalloproteinases comprise a family of metal-, usually zinc-, dependent endopeptidases and sheddases with a broad variety of substrates including components of the extracellular matrix, cyto- and chemokines, growth and pro-angiogenic factors. Thereby, metalloproteinases play an important role in matrix remodeling and auto- and paracrine intercellular communication regulating tumor growth, angiogenesis, immune cell infiltration, tumor cell dissemination, and subsequently the response to cancer treatment. While metalloproteinases have long been identified as promising target structures for anti-cancer agents, previous pharmaceutical approaches mostly failed due to unwanted side effects related to the structural similarities among the multiple family members. Nevertheless, targeting of metalloproteinases still represents an interesting rationale alone and in combination with other treatment modalities. Here, we will give an overview on the role of metalloproteinases in the irradiated tumor microenvironment and discuss the therapeutic potential of using more specific metalloproteinase inhibitors in combination with radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Waller
- Laboratory for Applied Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Pruschy
- Laboratory for Applied Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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42
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Xiong W, Gao Y, Wei W, Zhang J. Extracellular and nuclear PD-L1 in modulating cancer immunotherapy. Trends Cancer 2021; 7:837-846. [PMID: 33903073 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although targeting programmed death 1/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) has achieved durable responses and disease remission in patients with certain cancers, relatively low response rates and emerging resistance limit its clinical application. Hence, a more thorough understanding of regulatory mechanisms of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis is vital for developing combined therapeutic strategies to overcome hurdles of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that PD-L1 can be secreted into the extracellular space or translocated into the nucleus, which also plays a critical role in regulating cancer immune evasion, tumorigenesis, and immunotherapy. In this review, we summarize these emerging roles of extracellular and nuclear PD-L1 and discuss future research directions and potential opportunities in translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Xiong
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Jinfang Zhang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
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43
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Jaworek C, Verel-Yilmaz Y, Driesch S, Ostgathe S, Cook L, Wagner S, Bartsch DK, Slater EP, Bartsch JW. Cohort Analysis of ADAM8 Expression in the PDAC Tumor Stroma. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11020113. [PMID: 33578644 PMCID: PMC7916368 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11020113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a cancer type with one of the highest mortalities. The metalloprotease-disintegrin ADAM8 is highly expressed in pancreatic cancer cells and is correlated with an unfavorable patient prognosis. However, no information is available on ADAM8 expression in cells of the tumor microenvironment. We used immunohistochemistry (IHC) to describe the stromal cell types expressing ADAM8 in PDAC patients using a cohort of 72 PDAC patients. We found ADAM8 expressed significantly in macrophages (6%), natural killer cells (40%), and neutrophils (63%), which showed the highest percentage of ADAM8 expressing stromal cells. We quantified the amount of ADAM8+ neutrophils in post-capillary venules in PDAC sections by IHC. Notably, the amount of ADAM8+ neutrophils could be correlated with post-operative patient survival times. In contrast, neither the total neutrophil count in peripheral blood nor the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio showed a comparable correlation. We conclude from our data that ADAM8 is, in addition to high expression levels in tumor cells, present in tumor-associated stromal macrophages, NK cells, and neutrophils and, in addition to functional implications, the ADAM8-expressing neutrophil density in post-capillary venules is a diagnostic parameter for PDAC patients when the numbers of ADAM8+ neutrophils are quantified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Jaworek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35033 Marburg, Germany; (C.J.); (S.O.); (L.C.)
| | - Yesim Verel-Yilmaz
- Department of Visceral Surgery, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35033 Marburg, Germany; (Y.V.-Y.); (S.D.); (D.K.B.); (E.P.S.)
| | - Sarah Driesch
- Department of Visceral Surgery, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35033 Marburg, Germany; (Y.V.-Y.); (S.D.); (D.K.B.); (E.P.S.)
| | - Sarah Ostgathe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35033 Marburg, Germany; (C.J.); (S.O.); (L.C.)
| | - Lena Cook
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35033 Marburg, Germany; (C.J.); (S.O.); (L.C.)
| | - Steffen Wagner
- Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Aulweg 128 (ForMED), 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Detlef K. Bartsch
- Department of Visceral Surgery, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35033 Marburg, Germany; (Y.V.-Y.); (S.D.); (D.K.B.); (E.P.S.)
| | - Emily P. Slater
- Department of Visceral Surgery, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35033 Marburg, Germany; (Y.V.-Y.); (S.D.); (D.K.B.); (E.P.S.)
| | - Jörg W. Bartsch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35033 Marburg, Germany; (C.J.); (S.O.); (L.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6421-58-61173
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Strategies to Target ADAM17 in Disease: From its Discovery to the iRhom Revolution. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26040944. [PMID: 33579029 PMCID: PMC7916773 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
For decades, disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17) has been the object of deep investigation. Since its discovery as the tumor necrosis factor convertase, it has been considered a major drug target, especially in the context of inflammatory diseases and cancer. Nevertheless, the development of drugs targeting ADAM17 has been harder than expected. This has generally been due to its multifunctionality, with over 80 different transmembrane proteins other than tumor necrosis factor α (TNF) being released by ADAM17, and its structural similarity to other metalloproteinases. This review provides an overview of the different roles of ADAM17 in disease and the effects of its ablation in a number of in vivo models of pathological conditions. Furthermore, here, we comprehensively encompass the approaches that have been developed to accomplish ADAM17 selective inhibition, from the newest non-zinc-binding ADAM17 synthetic inhibitors to the exploitation of iRhom2 to specifically target ADAM17 in immune cells.
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45
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Gou Q, Dong C, Xu H, Khan B, Jin J, Liu Q, Shi J, Hou Y. PD-L1 degradation pathway and immunotherapy for cancer. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:955. [PMID: 33159034 PMCID: PMC7648632 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03140-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1, CD274) is an essential immune checkpoint protein that binds to programmed death 1 (PD-1) on T-lymphocytes. T cell plays a critical role in killing cancer cells while the cancer cell exhibits immune escape by the expression of PD-L1. The binding of PD-L1 to PD-1 inhibits T cell proliferation and activity, leading to tumor immunosuppression. Increasing evidence shows that PD-L1 protein undergoes degradation in proteasomes or lysosomes by multiple pathways, leading to enhanced immunotherapy for cancer. Although some specific drugs induce PD-L1 degradation and increase antitumor activity, the combination of these drugs with PD-L1/PD-1 blockade significantly enhances cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we have discussed the interaction of PD-L1 degradation with cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Gou
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Wujin Hospital, Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, 213017, China.,School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, 212013, China.,School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, 212013, China
| | - Chen Dong
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, 212013, China
| | - Huihui Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, 212013, China
| | - Bibimaryam Khan
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, 212013, China
| | - Jianhua Jin
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Wujin Hospital, Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, 213017, China.,Department of Oncology, The Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, 212017, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Wujin Hospital, Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, 213017, China.,Department of Oncology, The Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, 212017, China
| | - Juanjuan Shi
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, 212013, China
| | - Yongzhong Hou
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Wujin Hospital, Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, 213017, China. .,School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, 212013, China.
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46
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Bailly C. The implication of the PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint in chronic periodontitis suggests novel therapeutic opportunities with natural products. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2020; 56:90-96. [PMID: 32612718 PMCID: PMC7310691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An analysis of the implication of the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint in periodontitis is provided with the objective to propose a novel therapeutic approach. An exhaustive survey of the literature has been performed to answer two questions: (1) Is there a role for PD-1 and/or PD-L1 in the development of periodontitis? (2) Which natural products interfere with the checkpoint activity and show activity against periodontitis? All online published information was collected and analyzed. The pathogenic bacteria Porphyromonas gingivalis, through its membrane-attached peptidoglycans, exploits the PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint to evade immune response and to amplify the infection. Three anti-inflammatory natural products (and derivatives or plant extracts) active against periodontitis and able to interfere with the checkpoint were identified. Both curcumin and baicalin attenuate periodontitis and induce a down-regulation of PD-L1 in cells. The terpenoid saponin platycodin D inhibits the growth of P. gingivalis responsible for periodontitis and shows a rare capacity to induce the extracellular release of a soluble form of PD-L1, thereby restoring T cell activation. A potential PD-L1 shedding mechanism is discussed. The targeting of the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint could be considered a suitable approach to improve the treatment of chronic periodontitis. The plant natural products curcumin, baicalin and platycodin D should be further evaluated as PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint modulators active against periodontitis.
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Orme JJ, Enninga EAL, Lucien-Matteoni F, Dale H, Burgstaler E, Harrington SM, Ball MK, Mansfield AS, Park SS, Block MS, Markovic SN, Yan Y, Dong H, Dronca RS, Winters JL. Therapeutic plasma exchange clears circulating soluble PD-L1 and PD-L1-positive extracellular vesicles. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:jitc-2020-001113. [PMID: 32817395 PMCID: PMC7437945 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Trans-acting programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) derives from malignant cells in three known forms. High levels of secreted splice variant PD-L1 (sPD-L1), ADAM10/ADAM17-shed sPD-L1, and PD-L1-positive extracellular vesicles (evPD-L1) each predict poor prognosis and limited response to PD-(L)1 checkpoint inhibitors in cancer. To our knowledge, no clinical intervention has reduced any of these circulating forms of extracellular PD-L1. Here, we explore therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) as a treatment to reduce circulating extracellular PD-L1. Results In patients with melanoma, sPD-L1 levels above 0.277 ng/mL predicted inferior overall survival. In patients undergoing TPE for non-malignant indications, each TPE session removed a mean 70.8% sPD-L1 and 73.1% evPD-L1 detectable in plasma. TPE also reduced total and ADAM10-positive extracellular vesicles. Conclusion Here, we report the first known clinical intervention to remove either sPD-L1 or evPD-L1 from plasma in vivo. TPE reduces plasma sPD-L1 and evPD-L1 in vivo and may have a role in treatment with immunotherapy. TPE may also prove useful in patients with other extracellular vesicle-related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J Orme
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | | | - Heather Dale
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Edwin Burgstaler
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Matthew K Ball
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Aaron S Mansfield
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sean S Park
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mathew S Block
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Yiyi Yan
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Haidong Dong
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Roxana S Dronca
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Winters
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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48
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Rossello A, Steinle A, Poggi A, Zocchi MR. Editorial: ADAM10 in Cancer Immunology and Autoimmunity: More Than a Simple Biochemical Scissor. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1483. [PMID: 32765514 PMCID: PMC7378445 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Armando Rossello
- ProInLab, Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alexander Steinle
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alessandro Poggi
- Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria R Zocchi
- Division of Immunology Transplants and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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49
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Bailly C, Vergoten G. Proposed mechanisms for the extracellular release of PD-L1 by the anticancer saponin platycodin D. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 85:106675. [PMID: 32531711 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Platycodin D (PTD) is an oleanane-type terpenoid saponin, isolated from the plant Platycodon grandiflorus. PTD displays multiple pharmacological effects, notably significant anticancer activities in vitro and in vivo. Recently, PTD was shown to trigger the extracellular release of the immunologic checkpoint glycoprotein PD-L1. The reduction of PD-L1 expression at the surface of cancer cells leads to interleukin-2 secretion and T cells activation. In the present review, we have analyzed the potential origin of this atypical PTD-induced PD-L1 release to propose a mechanistic explanation. For that, we considered all published scientific information, as well as the physicochemical characteristics of the natural product (a modeling analysis of PTD and the related saponin β -escin is provided). On this basis, we raise the hypothesis that the capacity of PTD to induce PD-L1 extracellular release derives from two main mechanisms: (i) a drug-promoted shedding of membrane PD-L1 by metalloproteases or more likely, (ii) a cholesterol binding-related effect, that would lead to perturbation of membrane raft domains, limiting the recruitment of proteins like TLR4. The drug-induced membrane effects (frequently observed with saponin drugs), associated with a production of interferon-γ,can favor the release of proteins like PD-L1 into membrane vesicles. Our analysis supports the hypothesis that PTD is a cholesterol-dependent lipid raft-modulating agent able to promote the formation of PD-L1 containing extracellular vesicles. The anticancer potential of PTD and its capacity to modulate the functioning of the PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint should be further considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gérard Vergoten
- University of Lille, Inserm, U995 - LIRIC - Lille Inflammation Research International Center, ICPAL, 3 rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP-83, F-59006 Lille, France
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Zingoni A, Vulpis E, Loconte L, Santoni A. NKG2D Ligand Shedding in Response to Stress: Role of ADAM10. Front Immunol 2020; 11:447. [PMID: 32269567 PMCID: PMC7109295 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
NKG2D is an activating receptor expressed by NK cells and some subsets of T cells and represents a major recognition receptor for detection and elimination of cancer cells. The ligands of NKG2D are stress-induced self-proteins that can be secreted as soluble molecules by protease-mediated cleavage. The release of NKG2D ligands in the extracellular milieu is considered a mode of finely controlling their surface expression levels and represents a relevant immune evasion mechanism employed by cancer cells to elude NKG2D-mediated immune surveillance. A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10), a catalytically active member of the ADAM family of proteases, is involved in the cleavage of some NKG2D ligands in various types of cancer cells either in steady state conditions and in response to an ample variety of stress stimuli. Appealing immunotherapeutic strategies devoted to promoting NK cell-mediated recognition and elimination of cancer cells are based on the upregulation of NK cell activating ligands. In particular, activation of DNA damage response (DDR) and the induction of cellular senescence by chemotherapeutic agents are associated with increased expression of NKG2D ligands on cancer cell surface. Herein, we will review advances on the protease-mediated cleavage of NKG2D ligands in response to chemotherapy-induced stress focusing on: (i) the role played by ADAM10 in this process and (ii) the implications of NKG2D ligand shedding in the course of cancer therapy and in senescent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Zingoni
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Vulpis
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Loconte
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Santoni
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
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