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Macotela L, Naya DE, González-Morales JC, Anaya M, Fajardo V, Manjarrez J. Altitudinal variation in organ mass from three mountain systems: The case of mesquite lizard Sceloporus grammicus. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2023; 281:111426. [PMID: 37059292 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
High altitude environments provide a fertile ground for investigating the benefits of phenotypic adjustments at several levels of biological organization. Low oxygen partial pressure and low environmental temperature are the main limiting factors that promote phenotypic variation in different organs, such as the lung and heart. Although high-altitude environments act like natural laboratories, most morphological studies conducted to date lack replication. Here, we evaluated organ mass variation in nine populations of Sceloporus grammicus, throughout three altitudinal gradients (mountains) from the Trans-Mexican volcanic belt. A total of 84 individuals from three different altitudes at three different mountains were collected. Then, we used generalized linear models to analyze the pattern of variation in internal organs mass as a function of altitude and temperature. We observed a striking pattern of altitudinal variation in the size of cardiorespiratory organs: while heart mass increased with altitude and decreased with temperature, the lung showed a significant statistical interaction between mountain transect and temperature. Overall, our results support the hypothesis that cardiorespiratory organs should be bigger in populations occurring at higher altitudes. Moreover, the study of different mountain systems allowed us to observe some differences in one mountain in relation to the other two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Macotela
- Doctorado en Ciencias Agropecuarias y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Instituto Literario No. 100, Col. Centro, C. P. 5000 Toluca, Estado de Mexico, Mexico; Instituto para la Conservación de la Cordillera Neovolcánica ante el Cambio Climático, A.C. Calle Lago de Atitlán No. 502, C. P. 50100 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Daniel E Naya
- Departamento de Ecología y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay; Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Juan C González-Morales
- Centro Universitario Amecameca, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Instituto Literario 100, Col. Centro, CP 50000 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Mariluz Anaya
- Instituto para la Conservación de la Cordillera Neovolcánica ante el Cambio Climático, A.C. Calle Lago de Atitlán No. 502, C. P. 50100 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico; Maestría en Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Víctor Fajardo
- Instituto para la Conservación de la Cordillera Neovolcánica ante el Cambio Climático, A.C. Calle Lago de Atitlán No. 502, C. P. 50100 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Javier Manjarrez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Campus El Cerrillo, Carretera Toluca - Ixtlahuaca Km 15.5, Piedras Blancas, 50200 Toluca de Lerdo, Mexico.
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Ruperto EF, Taraborelli PA, Menéndez J, Sassi PL. Behavioral plasticity in two endemic rodents from the Andes Mountains: strategies for thermal and energetic balance. Mamm Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42991-022-00263-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Menéndez J, Ruperto EF, Taraborelli PA, Sassi PL. Phenotypic plasticity in the energy metabolism of a small Andean rodent: Effect of short-term thermal acclimation and developmental conditions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 337:303-315. [PMID: 34914858 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The study of phenotypic variation within species in response to different environments is a central issue in evolutionary and ecological physiology. Particularly, ambient temperature is one of the most important factors modulating interactions between animals and their environment. Phyllotis xanthopygus, a small Andean rodent, exhibits intraspecific differences along an altitudinal gradient in traits relevant to energy balance that persist after acclimation to common experimental temperatures. Therefore, we aim to explore geographic variations in energetic traits of P. xanthopygus and to assess the contribution of phenotypic plasticity to population differences. We compared metabolic rate and thermal conductance in response to different acclimation temperatures in animals collected at distinct altitudes (F0 generation) and in their offspring, born and raised under common-garden conditions (F1 generation). We found intraspecific differences in resting metabolic rate (RMR) of animals collected at different altitudes that were no longer evident in the F1 generation. Furthermore, although both generations showed the same pattern of RMR flexibility in response to acclimation temperature, its magnitude was lower for the F1 individuals. This suggests that developmental conditions affect the short-term acclimation capacity of this trait during adulthood. On the other hand, thermal conductance (C) showed irreversible plasticity, as animals raised in the laboratory at stable warm conditions had a relatively higher C than the animals from the field, showing no adjustments to thermal acclimation during adulthood in either group. In sum, our results support the hypothesis that the developmental environment shapes energetic traits, emphasizing the relevance of incorporating ontogeny in physiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefina Menéndez
- Grupo de Investigaciones de la Biodiversidad, Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de Zonas Áridas, CCT-Mendoza, CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Emmanuel F Ruperto
- Grupo de Investigaciones de la Biodiversidad, Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de Zonas Áridas, CCT-Mendoza, CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Paula A Taraborelli
- EEA BARROW, Centro Regional Buenos Aires Sur, INTA and CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paola L Sassi
- Grupo de Investigaciones de la Biodiversidad, Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de Zonas Áridas, CCT-Mendoza, CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
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Ruperto EF, Taraborelli PA, Menéndez J, Sassi PL. Developmental environment influences activity levels in a montane rodent, Phyllotis xanthopygus. ZOOLOGY 2020; 142:125818. [PMID: 32745957 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2020.125818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ambient temperature and thermal variability play a crucial role in diverse aspects of organisms' biology. In the current context of climate change, it is critical to understand how temperature impacts traits that could affect fitness. In Phyllotis xanthopygus, a small altricial rodent inhabiting an altitudinal gradient in the Andes Mountains of Argentina, the behavioral response to temperature varies between populations from different altitudes. Animals from high altitude (cold environment) reduce their activity rate at high temperatures, in contrast to animals from low altitude (relatively warmer environment). The goal of this study was to unveil the mechanism underlying such intraspecific behavioral variability in P. xanthopygus. We characterized activity rates under different thermal treatments both for wild-reared and lab-reared animals. As we expected, the intraspecific variability shown by animals raised at different altitudes in the field disappeared in animals raised under homogenous conditions in the laboratory. Our results are indicative of ontogenetic plasticity in P. xanthopygus and suggest that the behavioral versatility of adult individuals to deal with thermal challenges is shaped by the range of environmental conditions experienced during their early life. This adds to the list of features that modulate the biological performance of individuals and could influence the relative vulnerability of populations inhabiting different elevations under the global disturbance of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Fabián Ruperto
- Grupo de Investigaciones de la Biodiversidad, Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de Zonas Áridas, CCT-Mendoza, CONICET, Av. Ruiz Leal s/n - Parque Gral, San Martín, M5500, Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - Paula Andrea Taraborelli
- EEA BARROW, Centro Regional Buenos Aires Sur, Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria and CONICET, Calle 16 Nº 674 M7620, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Josefina Menéndez
- Grupo de Investigaciones de la Biodiversidad, Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de Zonas Áridas, CCT-Mendoza, CONICET, Av. Ruiz Leal s/n - Parque Gral, San Martín, M5500, Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - Paola Lorena Sassi
- Grupo de Investigaciones de la Biodiversidad, Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de Zonas Áridas, CCT-Mendoza, CONICET, Av. Ruiz Leal s/n - Parque Gral, San Martín, M5500, Mendoza, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Padre Jorge Contreras 1300, M5502 JMA, Mendoza, Argentina.
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Zhang J, Li S, Deng F, Baikeli B, Yu W, Liu G. Distribution of aquaporins and sodium transporters in the gastrointestinal tract of a desert hare, Lepus yarkandensis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16639. [PMID: 31719660 PMCID: PMC6851143 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53291-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Lepus yarkandensis is a desert hare of the Tarim Basin in western China, and it has strong adaptability to arid environments. Aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of water channel proteins that facilitate transmembrane water transport. Gastrointestinal tract AQPs are involved in fluid absorption in the small intestine and colon. This study aimed to determine the distribution of AQPs and sodium transporters in the gastrointestinal tract of L. yarkandensis and to compare the expression of these proteins with that in Oryctolagus cuniculus. Immunohistochemistry was performed to analyse the cellular distribution of these proteins, and the acquired images were analysed with IpWin32 software. Our results revealed that AQP1 was located in the colonic epithelium, central lacteal cells, fundic gland parietal cells, and capillary endothelial cells; AQP3 was located in the colonic epithelium, small intestinal villus epithelium, gastric pit and fundic gland; AQP4 was located in the fundic gland, small intestinal gland and colonic epithelium; and epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and Na+-K+-ATPase were located in the epithelial cells, respectively. The higher expression levels of AQP1, AQP3, ENaC and Na+-K+-ATPase in the colon of L. yarkandensis compared to those in O. cuniculus suggested that L. yarkandensis has a higher capacity for faecal dehydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Zhang
- College of Life Science, Tarim University Alar, Xinjiang Province, 843300, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Biological Resources Protection and Utilization in Tarim Basin, Tarim University Alar, Xinjiang Province, 843300, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Laboratory Medicine, and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research Bengbu Medical College Bengbu, Anhui Province, 233030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuwei Li
- College of Life Science, Tarim University Alar, Xinjiang Province, 843300, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Resources Protection and Utilization in Tarim Basin, Tarim University Alar, Xinjiang Province, 843300, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Deng
- College of Life Science, Tarim University Alar, Xinjiang Province, 843300, People's Republic of China
| | - Buheliqihan Baikeli
- College of Life Science, Tarim University Alar, Xinjiang Province, 843300, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijiang Yu
- College of Life Science, Tarim University Alar, Xinjiang Province, 843300, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoquan Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Laboratory Medicine, and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research Bengbu Medical College Bengbu, Anhui Province, 233030, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, and Key Lab of Swine Genetics and Breeding and Agricultural Animal Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430070, People's Republic of China.
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Sassi PL, Cuevas MF, Menéndez J, Dacar MA. Feeding strategies of a small mammal (Phyllotis xanthopygus, Rodentia Cricetidae) at diverse altitudes in the Central Andes, Argentina. ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2016.1188158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paola L. Sassi
- Grupo de Investigaciones de la Biodiversidad, Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de Zonas Áridas, CCT, Mendoza, CONICET, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - M. Fernanda Cuevas
- Grupo de Investigaciones de la Biodiversidad, Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de Zonas Áridas, CCT, Mendoza, CONICET, Argentina
| | - Josefina Menéndez
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - María A. Dacar
- Grupo de Investigaciones de la Biodiversidad, Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de Zonas Áridas, CCT, Mendoza, CONICET, Argentina
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Sassi PL, Novillo A. Acclimating to thermal changes: Intraspecific variation in a small mammal from the Andes Mountains. Mamm Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Digestive flexibility during fasting in fish: A review. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2014; 169:7-14. [PMID: 24342486 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Zhao ZJ, Chi QS, Liu QS, Zheng WH, Liu JS, Wang DH. The shift of thermoneutral zone in striped hamster acclimated to different temperatures. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84396. [PMID: 24400087 PMCID: PMC3882234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature affects all biological functions and will therefore modulate ecologically significant interactions between animals and their environment. Here, we examined the effect of ambient temperature (Ta) on the thermal biology and energy budget in striped hamsters acclimated to cold (5°C), warm (21°C) and hot temperatures (31°C). Thermoneutral zone (TNZ) was 22.5–32.5°C, 25–32.5°C and 30–32.5°C in the cold-, warm- and hot-acclimated hamsters, respectively. The cold acclimation decreased the lower critical temperature and made the TNZ wider, and hot exposure elevated the lower critical temperature, resulting in a narrow TNZ. Within the TNZ, cold-acclimated hamsters showed a significantly higher rate of metabolism and thermogenesis than those acclimated to hot temperature. Digestive enzymes activities, including intestinal sucrase, maltase, L-alanine aminopeptidase-N and leucine aminopeptidase were higher in the cold than in the hot. The changes in metabolic rate and thermogenesis at different temperatures were in parallel with cytochrome c oxidase activity and uncoupling protein 1 gene expression of brown adipose tissue. This suggests that the shift of the lower critical temperature of TNZ is possibly associated with the rate of metabolism and thermogenesis, as well as with the digestive capacity of the gastrointestinal tract at different Ta. The upper critical temperature of TNZ may be independent of the changes in Ta. The changes of lower critical temperature of TNZ are an important strategy in adaption to variations of Ta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jun Zhao
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management for Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Qing-Sheng Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management for Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Quan-Sheng Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Guangdong Entomological Institute, 105 Xin’gang Xilu, Haizhu, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Hong Zheng
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jin-Song Liu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - De-Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management for Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Price ER, Ruff LJ, Guerra A, Karasov WH. Cold exposure increases intestinal paracellular permeability to nutrients in the mouse. J Exp Biol 2013; 216:4065-70. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.088203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Summary
In situations of increased energy demand/food intake, animals can often acclimate within several days. The intestine generally responds to elevated digestive demand by increasing in size. However, there is likely a limit to how quickly the intestine can grow to meet the new demand. We investigated the immediate and longer term changes to intestinal properties of the mouse when suddenly exposed to 4°C. We hypothesized that paracellular permeability to nutrients would increase as part of an immediate response to elevated absorptive demand. We measured absorption of L-arabinose, intestinal size, and gene expression of several tight junction proteins (claudin-2, claudin-4, claudin-15, and ZO-1) at 3 timepoints: pre-exposure, 1 d, and 2 wks of cold exposure. Cold exposure increased food intake 62% after 2 wks but intake was not significantly increased after 1 d. Intestinal wet mass was elevated after 1 day and throughout the experiment. Absorption of arabinose rose 20% after 1 day in the cold and was 33% higher after 2 wks. Expression of claudin-2 increased after 1 day of cold exposure, but there were no changes in expression of any claudin genes when normalized to ZO-1 expression. Our results indicate that intestinal mass can respond rapidly to increased energy demand and that increased paracellular permeability is also part of that response. Increased paracellular permeability may be a consequence of enterocyte hyperplasia resulting in more tight junctions across which molecules can absorb.
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Liu QS, Zhang ZQ, Caviedes-Vidal E, Wang DH. Seasonal plasticity of gut morphology and small intestinal enzymes in free-living Mongolian gerbils. J Comp Physiol B 2012; 183:511-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-012-0726-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Wan-long Z, Sheng-chang Y, Lin Z, Zheng-kun W. Seasonal variations of body mass, thermogenesis and digestive tract morphology in Apodemus chevrieri in Hengduan mountain region. ANIM BIOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1163/157075612x650140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal changes in an animal’s morphology, physiology, and behavior are considered to be an adaptive strategy for survival and reproductive success. We hypothesize that Apodemus chevrieri will change their thermogenesis seasonally and serum leptin will change with body mass or body fat mass. Seasonal variations in body mass (BM), basal metabolic rate (BMR), nonshivering thermogenesis (NST), digestive tract morphology, serum leptin and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) were measured in wild-trapped A. chevrieri in Hengduan mountain region. The results showed that the body weight of A. chevrieri was lowest in winter and highest in summer. Decreased BM in the winter was accompanied by increased energy intake and enhanced NST and UCP1 as well as by decreased body fat mass, adjusted digestive tract morphology and reduced levels of circulating leptin. Further, serum leptin were positively correlated with body weight and body fat mass, and negatively correlated with energy intake and UCP1 contents. These data suggest that wild A. chevrieri do not depend on a decrease in BM, but instead increase their thermogenic capacity to cope with cold stress. Leptin may be involved in the seasonal regulation in energy balance and thermogenesis in field A. chevrieri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Wan-long
- School of Life Science of Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yang Sheng-chang
- School of Life Science of Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Zhang Lin
- School of Life Science of Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Wang Zheng-kun
- School of Life Science of Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
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Champagnon J, Guillemain M, Elmberg J, Massez G, Cavallo F, Gauthier-Clerc M. Low survival after release into the wild: assessing “the burden of captivity” on Mallard physiology and behaviour. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-011-0573-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sawada A, Sakaguchi E, Hanya G. Digesta Passage Time, Digestibility, and Total Gut Fill in Captive Japanese Macaques (Macaca fuscata): Effects Food Type and Food Intake Level. INT J PRIMATOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-010-9476-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Naya DE, Veloso C, Sabat P, Bozinovic F. Seasonal flexibility in organ size in the Andean lizard Liolaemus moradoensis. J Morphol 2010; 271:1440-5. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Swallow JG, Wroblewska AK, Waters RP, Renner KJ, Britton SL, Koch LG. Phenotypic and evolutionary plasticity of body composition in rats selectively bred for high endurance capacity. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2010; 109:778-85. [PMID: 20558760 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01026.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of genetic selection and prolonged wheel access (8 wk) on food consumption and body composition in lines of rats selected for high and low intrinsic (untrained) endurance running capacity (HCR and LCR, respectively) to test the generality of phenotypic correlations between physical activity levels, aerobic capacity, and body composition. HCR rats ran more minutes per day on activity wheels than LCR rats, supporting the hypothesis that voluntary activity and physiological capacity are genetically correlated (self-induced adaptive plasticity). Both treatments (selection and wheel access) significantly affected food consumption. HCR rats consumed and digested more food than LCR rats. Access to running wheels did not result in changes in overall body mass, but lean body mass increased and percent body fat decreased in both lines. Selection for high endurance capacity resulted in hypertrophy of the heart and kidneys and decreased long intestine length. We found significant phenotypic flexibility in a number of organ masses after wheel running. Specifically, access to running wheels resulted in hypertrophy of the heart, liver, kidney, stomach, and small and large intestines in LCR and HCR rats. The selected line×wheel access interaction was significantly greater in HCR rats in relative mass for the heart and lung. Compared with LCR rats, HCR rats fortify wheel running with increased food consumption along with greater hypertrophy of key organs for O2 transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Swallow
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA.
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Bacigalupe LD, Bustamante DM, Bozinovic F, Nespolo RF. Phenotypic integration of morphology and energetic performance under routine capacities: a study in the leaf-eared mouse Phyllotis darwini. J Comp Physiol B 2009; 180:293-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-009-0410-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Revised: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Ksiazek A, Czerniecki J, Konarzewski M. Phenotypic flexibility of traits related to energy acquisition in mice divergently selected for basal metabolic rate (BMR). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 212:808-14. [PMID: 19251997 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.025528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Theoretical considerations suggest that one of the main factors determining phenotypic flexibility of the digestive system is the size (mass) of internal organs. To test this, we used mice from two lines selected for high and low levels of basal metabolic rate (BMR). Mice with higher BMRs also have larger internal organs and higher daily food consumption (C) under non-stressful conditions. We exposed animals from both lines to a sudden cold exposure by transferring them (without prior acclimation) from an ambient temperature of 23 degrees C to 5 degrees C. Cold exposure elicited a twofold increase in C and a 25% reduction of apparent digestive efficiency. For the same body mass-corrected C, small intestine, kidneys, heart and liver of cold-exposed low-BMR mice were smaller than those of the high-BMR line. Therefore, the internal organs of low-BMR animals were burdened with substantially higher metabolic loads (defined as C or digestible food intake per total mass of a particular organ). The mass-specific activity of citrate synthase (CS) in the liver and kidneys (but not heart) was also lower in the low-BMR mice. The magnitude of phenotypic flexibility of internal organ size and CS activity was strictly proportional to the organ mass (in the case of kidneys and liver, also mass-specific CS activity) prior to an increased energy demand. Thus, phenotypic flexibility had additive rather than multiplicative dynamics. Our results also suggest that variation in BMR positively correlates with the magnitude of an immediate spare capacity that fuels the initial response of internal organs to a sudden metabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Ksiazek
- Institute of Biology, University of Białystok, Swierkowa 20b, 15-950 Białystok, Poland.
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Naya DE, Veloso C, Sabat P, Bozinovic F. Seasonal flexibility of organ mass and intestinal function for the Andean lizardLiolaemus nigroviridis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 311:270-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Kelm DH, Schaer J, Ortmann S, Wibbelt G, Speakman JR, Voigt CC. Efficiency of facultative frugivory in the nectar-feeding bat Glossophaga commissarisi: the quality of fruits as an alternative food source. J Comp Physiol B 2008; 178:985-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-008-0287-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Revised: 04/24/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ott BD, Secor SM. Adaptive regulation of digestive performance in the genus Python. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 210:340-56. [PMID: 17210969 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.02626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The adaptive interplay between feeding habits and digestive physiology is demonstrated by the Burmese python, which in response to feeding infrequently has evolved the capacity to widely regulate gastrointestinal performance with feeding and fasting. To explore the generality of this physiological trait among pythons, we compared the postprandial responses of metabolism and both intestinal morphology and function among five members of the genus Python: P. brongersmai, P. molurus, P. regius, P. reticulatus and P. sebae. These infrequently feeding pythons inhabit Africa, southeast Asia and Indonesia and vary in body shape from short and stout (P. brongersmai) to long and slender (P. reticulatus). Following the consumption of rodent meals equaling 25% of snake body mass, metabolic rates of pythons peaked at 1.5 days at levels 9.9- to 14.5-fold of standard metabolic rates before returning to prefeeding rates by day 6-8. Specific dynamic action of these meals (317-347 kJ) did not differ among species and equaled 23-27% of the ingested energy. For each species, feeding triggered significant upregulation of intestinal nutrient transport and aminopeptidase-N activity. Concurrently, intestinal mass doubled on average for the five species, in part due to an 85% increase in mucosal thickness, itself a product of 27-59% increases in enterocyte volume. The integrative response of intestinal functional upregulation and tissue hypertrophy enables each of these five python species, regardless of body shape, to modulate intestinal performance to meet the demands of their large infrequent meals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Ott
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0344, USA.
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Liu QS, Wang DH. Effects of diet quality on phenotypic flexibility of organ size and digestive function in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). J Comp Physiol B 2007; 177:509-18. [PMID: 17333208 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-007-0149-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2006] [Revised: 01/24/2007] [Accepted: 01/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the context of evolution and ecology, there is a trade-off between the benefits of processing food through a digestive system with specific phenotypic attributes and the cost of maintaining and carrying the digestive system. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that digestive modulations at several levels can match each other to meet the energy and nutrient demands of Mongolian gerbils, a small granivorous rodent species, by acclimating them to a high-quality diet diluted with alfalfa powder. Mongolian gerbils on the diluted diet maintained metabolizable energy intake by an integrated processing response (IPR), which included increases in dry matter intake, gut capacity and rate of digesta passage after 2-weeks of acclimation. Down-regulation of hydrolytic enzyme activity in the intestinal brush-border membrane supported the adaptive modulation hypothesis. The absence of up-modulation of summed enzyme hydrolytic capacity on the diluted diet indicated that greater mass of small intestine on a high-fibre diet is not a direct indicator of digestive or absorptive capacity. Changes in mass of vital organs and carcass suggested that the amount of energy allocated to various organs and hence physiological functions was regulated in response to diet shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan-Sheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management for Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 25 Beisihuan Xilu, Zhongguancun, Haidian, Beijing 100080, China
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Sassi PL, Borghi CE, Bozinovic F. Spatial and Seasonal Plasticity in Digestive Morphology of Cavies (Microcavia australis) Inhabiting Habitats with Different Plant Qualities. J Mammal 2007. [DOI: 10.1644/06-mamm-a-046r1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Bozinovic F, Muñoz JLP, Naya DE, Cruz-Neto AP. Adjusting energy expenditures to energy supply: food availability regulates torpor use and organ size in the Chilean mouse-opossum Thylamys elegans. J Comp Physiol B 2007; 177:393-400. [PMID: 17225139 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-006-0137-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2006] [Revised: 12/05/2006] [Accepted: 12/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We studied how food abundance and consumption regulates torpor use and internal organ size in the Chilean mouse-opossum Thylamys elegans (Dielphidae), a small nocturnal marsupial, endemic in southern South America. We predicted that exposure to food rations at or above the minimum energy levels necessary for maintenance would not lead to any signs of torpor, while reducing food supply to energy levels below maintenance would lead to marked increases in frequency, duration and depth of torpor bouts. We also analyzed the relationship between food availability and internal organ mass. We predicted a positive relationship between food availability and internal organ size once the effect of body size is removed. Animals were randomly assigned to one of two groups and fed either 70, 100 or 130% of their daily energy requirement (DER). We found a positive and significant correlation between %DER and body temperature, and also between %DER and minimum body temperature. In contrast, for torpor frequency, duration and depth, we found a significant negative correlation with %DER. Finally, we found a significant positive correlation between the %DER and small intestine and ceacum dry mass. We demonstrate that when food availability is limited, T. elegans has the capacity to reduce their maintenance cost by two different mechanisms, that is, increasing the use of torpor and reducing organ mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Bozinovic
- Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity and Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 6513677, Chile,
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