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Wei R, Song J, Liu X, Huo S, Liu C, Liu X. Immunosuppressive MFAP2 + cancer associated fibroblasts conferred unfavorable prognosis and therapeutic resistance in gastric cancer. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2024; 47:55-68. [PMID: 37540308 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-023-00849-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the predictive merit of MFAP2+ cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) infiltration for clinical outcomes and adjuvant chemotherapy or immunotherapy responsiveness in gastric cancer (GC). METHODS In this study, several independent cohorts were included respectively to dissect the relationship of clinical outcomes, therapeutic responses and tumor microenvironment with different MFAP2+ CAFs infiltration. Drug sensitivity analysis was conducted to predict the relationship between MFAP2+ CAFs infiltration and targeted drug response. Kaplan-Meier curves and the log-rank test were used to compare clinical outcomes of patients with different MFAP2+ CAFs infiltration. RESULTS High MFAP2+ CAFs infiltration yielded inferior prognosis in terms of overall survival, progress free survival and recurrence free survival in GC. Patients with low MFAP2+ CAFs infiltration were more likely to gain benefit from adjuvant therapy. Moreover, low MFAP2+ CAFs infiltration could predict a promising response to immunotherapy in GC patients. MFAP2+ CAFs with immunosuppressive features were highly relevant to immune evasive contexture characterized by the dysfunction of CD8+ T cells. We found that MFAP2+ CAFs communicated with T cells, B cells and Macrophages through releasing macrophage migration inhibitor factor (MIF), which further suggested that MFAP2+ CAFs might promote therapeutic resistance through regulating T cells dysfunction and M2 macrophages polarization. CONCLUSION Immunosuppressive MFAP2+ CAFs constructed an immune evasive tumor microenvironment characterized by incapacitated immune effector cells, consequently predicting inferior clinical outcomes and response on adjuvant therapy and immunotherapy in patients with GC. The potential of immunosuppressive MFAP2+ CAFs as a therapeutic target for GC deserved thoroughly exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongyuan Wei
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junquan Song
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuanjun Liu
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiying Huo
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenchen Liu
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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2
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Wang B, Wang Z, Li Y, Shang Z, Liu Z, Fan H, Zhan R, Xin T. TRIM56: a promising prognostic immune biomarker for glioma revealed by pan-cancer and single-cell analysis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1327898. [PMID: 38348047 PMCID: PMC10859405 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1327898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Tripartite-motif 56 (TRIM56) is a member of the TRIM family, and was shown to be an interferon-inducible E3 ubiquitin ligase that can be overexpressed upon stimulation with double-stranded DNA to regulate stimulator of interferon genes (STING) to produce type I interferon and thus mediate innate immune responses. Its role in tumors remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the expression of the TRIM56 gene and its prognostic value in pan-cancer, identifying TRIM56 expression as an adverse prognostic factor in glioma patients. Therefore, glioma was selected as the primary focus of our investigation. We explored the differential expression of TRIM56 in various glioma subtypes and verified its role as an independent prognostic factor in gliomas. Our research revealed that TRIM56 is associated with malignant biological behaviors in gliomas, such as proliferation, migration, and invasion. Additionally, it can mediate M2 polarization of macrophages in gliomas. The results were validated in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we utilized single-cell analysis to investigate the impact of TRIM56 expression on cell communication between glioma cells and non-tumor cells. We constructed a multi-gene signature based on cell markers of tumor cells with high TRIM56 expression to enhance the prediction of cancer patient prognosis. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that TRIM56 serves as a reliable immune-related prognostic biomarker in glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingcheng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhihai Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuchen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zehan Shang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zihao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hao Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Rucai Zhan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tao Xin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Jinan, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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3
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Matejuk A, Benedek G, Bucala R, Matejuk S, Offner H, Vandenbark AA. MIF contribution to progressive brain diseases. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:8. [PMID: 38178143 PMCID: PMC10765708 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02993-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Progressive brain diseases create a huge social and economic burden on modern societies as a major cause of disability and death. Incidence of brain diseases has a significantly increasing trend and merits new therapeutic strategies. At the base of many progressive brain malfunctions is a process of unresolved, chronic inflammation. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor, MIF, is an inflammatory mediator that recently gained interest of neuro-researchers due to its varied effects on the CNS such as participation of nervous system development, neuroendocrine functions, and modulation of neuroinflammation. MIF appears to be a candidate as a new biomarker and target of novel therapeutics against numerous neurologic diseases ranging from cancer, autoimmune diseases, vascular diseases, neurodegenerative pathology to psychiatric disorders. In this review, we will focus on MIF's crucial role in neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's disease (AD) and glioblastoma (GBM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Matejuk
- Department of Immunology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland.
| | - Gil Benedek
- Tissue Typing and Immunogenetics Unit, Department of Genetics, Hadassah Medical Organization and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Richard Bucala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | | | - Halina Offner
- Neuroimmunology Research, R&D-31, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW U.S. Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Arthur A Vandenbark
- Neuroimmunology Research, R&D-31, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW U.S. Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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Sattiraju A, Kang S, Giotti B, Chen Z, Marallano VJ, Brusco C, Ramakrishnan A, Shen L, Tsankov AM, Hambardzumyan D, Friedel RH, Zou H. Hypoxic niches attract and sequester tumor-associated macrophages and cytotoxic T cells and reprogram them for immunosuppression. Immunity 2023; 56:1825-1843.e6. [PMID: 37451265 PMCID: PMC10527169 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), a highly lethal brain cancer, is notorious for immunosuppression, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we documented a temporospatial patterning of tumor-associated myeloid cells (TAMs) corresponding to vascular changes during GBM progression. As tumor vessels transitioned from the initial dense regular network to later scant and engorged vasculature, TAMs shifted away from perivascular regions and trafficked to vascular-poor areas. This process was heavily influenced by the immunocompetence state of the host. Utilizing a sensitive fluorescent UnaG reporter to track tumor hypoxia, coupled with single-cell transcriptomics, we revealed that hypoxic niches attracted and sequestered TAMs and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), where they were reprogrammed toward an immunosuppressive state. Mechanistically, we identified chemokine CCL8 and cytokine IL-1β as two hypoxic-niche factors critical for TAM trafficking and co-evolution of hypoxic zones into pseudopalisading patterns. Therefore, perturbation of TAM patterning in hypoxic zones may improve tumor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirudh Sattiraju
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sangjo Kang
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Bruno Giotti
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Zhihong Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Valerie J Marallano
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Concetta Brusco
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Aarthi Ramakrishnan
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Li Shen
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Alexander M Tsankov
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Dolores Hambardzumyan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Roland H Friedel
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Hongyan Zou
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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5
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Zhao J, Wang X, Li Q, Lu C, Li S. The relevance of serum macrophage migratory inhibitory factor and cognitive dysfunction in patients with cerebral small vascular disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1083818. [PMID: 36824264 PMCID: PMC9941340 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1083818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral small vascular disease (CSVD) is a common type of cerebrovascular disease, and an important cause of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) and stroke. The disease burden is expected to increase further as a result of population aging, an ongoing high prevalence of risk factors (e.g., hypertension), and inadequate management. Due to the poor understanding of pathophysiology in CSVD, there is no effective preventive or therapeutic approach for CSVD. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a multifunctional cytokine that is related to the occurrence and development of vascular dysfunction diseases. Therefore, MIF may contribute to the pathogenesis of CSVD and VCI. Here, reviewed MIF participation in chronic cerebral ischemia-hypoperfusion and neurodegeneration pathology, including new evidence for CSVD, and its potential role in protection against VCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zhao
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Neurorestoratology for Senile Dementia, Henan Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China,*Correspondence: Jianhua Zhao,
| | - Xiaoting Wang
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Neurorestoratology for Senile Dementia, Henan Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Qiong Li
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Neurorestoratology for Senile Dementia, Henan Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Chengbiao Lu
- Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Shaomin Li
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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6
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Zhang J, Lu T, Lu S, Ma S, Han D, Zhang K, Xu C, Liu S, Gan L, Wu X, Yang F, Wen W, Qin W. Single-cell analysis of multiple cancer types reveals differences in endothelial cells between tumors and normal tissues. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 21:665-676. [PMID: 36659929 PMCID: PMC9826920 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) play an important role in tumor progression. Currently, the main target of anti-angiogenic therapy is the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway. Some patients do benefit from anti-VEGF/VEGFR therapy; however, a large number of patients do not have response or acquire drug resistance after treatment. Moreover, anti-VEGF/VEGFR therapy may lead to nephrotoxicity and cardiovascular-related side effects due to its action on normal ECs. Therefore, it is necessary to identify targets that are specific to tumor ECs and could be applied to various cancer types. We integrated single-cell RNA sequencing data from six cancer types and constructed a multi-cancer EC atlas to decode the characteristic of tumor ECs. We found that tip-like ECs mainly exist in tumor tissues but barely exist in normal tissues. Tip-like ECs are involved in the promotion of tumor angiogenesis and inhibition on anti-tumor immune responses. Moreover, tumor cells, myeloid cells, and pericytes are the main sources of pro-angiogenic factors. High proportion of tip-like ECs is associated with poor prognosis in multiple cancer types. We also identified that prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a specific marker for tip-like ECs in all the cancer types we studied. In summary, we demonstrate that tip-like ECs are the main differential EC subcluster between tumors and normal tissues. Tip-like ECs may promote tumor progression through promoting angiogenesis while inhibiting anti-tumor immune responses. PSMA was a specific marker for tip-like ECs, which could be used as a potential target for the diagnosis and treatment of non-prostate cancers.
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Key Words
- BRCA, Breast invasive carcinoma
- CESC, Cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma
- CRC, Colorectal cancer
- ECs, Endothelial cells
- Endothelial cells
- GC, Gastric cancer
- HNSC, Head and Neck squamous cell carcinoma
- KICH, Kidney chromophobe
- KIRC, Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma
- KIRP, Kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma
- LC, Lung cancer
- LIHC, Liver hepatocellular carcinoma
- LUAD, Lung adenocarcinoma
- LUSC, Lung squamous cell carcinoma
- OV, Ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma
- OVC, Ovarian cancer
- PAAD, Pancreatic adenocarcinoma
- PDAC, Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
- PRAD, Prostate adenocarcinoma
- PSMA, Prostate-specific membrane antigen
- RCC, Renal cell carcinoma
- READ, Rectum adenocarcinoma
- STAD, Stomach adenocarcinoma
- Single-cell RNA sequencing
- TME, Tumor microenvironment
- Tumor microenvironment
- VEGF, Vascular endothelial growth factor
- scRNA-seq, Single-cell RNA sequencing
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Zhang
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Tong Lu
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shiqi Lu
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shuaijun Ma
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Donghui Han
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Keying Zhang
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Chao Xu
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shaojie Liu
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lunbiao Gan
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xinjie Wu
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Fa Yang
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China,Correspondence to: Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, China.
| | - Weihong Wen
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China,Correspondence to: Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, China.
| | - Weijun Qin
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China,Correspondence to: Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, China.
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7
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Wei X, Liu J, Hong Z, Chen X, Wang K, Cai J. Identification of novel tumor microenvironment-associated genes in gastric cancer based on single-cell RNA-sequencing datasets. Front Genet 2022; 13:896064. [PMID: 36046240 PMCID: PMC9421061 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.896064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment and heterogeneity play vital roles in the development and progression of gastric cancer (GC). In the past decade, a considerable amount of single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) studies have been published in the fields of oncology and immunology, which improve our knowledge of the GC immune microenvironment. However, much uncertainty still exists about the relationship between the macroscopic and microscopic data in transcriptomics. In the current study, we made full use of scRNA-seq data from the Gene Expression Omnibus database (GSE134520) to identify 25 cell subsets, including 11 microenvironment-related cell types. The MIF signaling pathway network was obtained upon analysis of receptor–ligand pairs and cell–cell interactions. By comparing the gene expression in a wide variety of cells between intestinal metaplasia and early gastric cancer, we identified 64 differentially expressed genes annotated as immune response and cellular communication. Subsequently, we screened these genes for prognostic clinical value based on the patients’ follow-up data from The Cancer Genome Atlas. TMPRSS15, VIM, APOA1, and RNASE1 were then selected for the construction of LASSO risk scores, and a nomogram model incorporating another five clinical risk factors was successfully created. The effectiveness of least absolute shrinkage and selection operator risk scores was validated using gene set enrichment analysis and levels of immune cell infiltration. These findings will drive the development of prognostic evaluations affected by the immune tumor microenvironment in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xujin Wei
- The Graduate School of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Institute of Gastrointestinal Oncology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Municipal Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Xiamen, China
| | - Jie Liu
- The Graduate School of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhijun Hong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Institute of Gastrointestinal Oncology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Municipal Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Xiamen, China
| | - Xin Chen
- The Graduate School of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Institute of Gastrointestinal Oncology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Municipal Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Xiamen, China
| | - Kang Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Institute of Gastrointestinal Oncology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Municipal Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Xiamen, China
| | - Jianchun Cai
- The Graduate School of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Institute of Gastrointestinal Oncology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Municipal Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Xiamen, China
- *Correspondence: Jianchun Cai,
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Luo N, Sun X, Ma S, Li X, Zhu W, Fu M, Yang F, Chen Z, Li Q, Zhang Y, Peng X, Hu G. Development of a Novel Prognostic Model of Glioblastoma Based on m6A-Associated Immune Genes and Identification of a New Biomarker. Front Oncol 2022; 12:868415. [PMID: 35936722 PMCID: PMC9348864 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.868415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accumulating evidence shows that m6A regulates oncogene and tumor suppressor gene expression, thus playing a dual role in cancer. Likewise, there is a close relationship between the immune system and tumor development and progression. However, for glioblastoma, m6A-associated immunological markers remain to be identified. Methods We obtained gene expression, mutation, and clinical data on glioblastoma from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas databases. Next, we performed univariate COX–least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO)–multivariate COX regression analyses to establish a prognostic gene signature and develop a corresponding dynamic nomogram application. We then carried out a clustering analysis twice to categorize all samples according to their m6A-regulating and m6A-associated immune gene expression levels (high, medium, and low) and calculated their m6A score. Finally, we performed quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, cell counting kit-8, cell stemness detection, cell migration, and apoptosis detection in vitro assays to determine the biological role of CD81 in glioblastoma cells. Results Our glioblastoma risk score model had extremely high prediction efficacy, with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve reaching 0.9. The web version of the dynamic nomogram application allows rapid and accurate calculation of patients’ survival odds. Survival curves and Sankey diagrams indicated that the high-m6A score group corresponded to the groups expressing medium and low m6A-regulating gene levels and high m6A-associated prognostic immune gene levels. Moreover, these groups displayed lower survival rates and higher immune infiltration. Based on the gene set enrichment analysis, the pathophysiological mechanism may be related to the activation of the immunosuppressive function and related signaling pathways. Moreover, the risk score model allowed us to perform immunotherapy benefit assessment. Finally, silencing CD81 in vitro significantly suppressed proliferation, stemness, and migration and facilitated apoptosis in glioblastoma cells. Conclusion We developed an accurate and efficient prognostic model. Furthermore, the correlation analysis of different stratification methods with tumor microenvironment provided a basis for further pathophysiological mechanism exploration. Finally, CD81 may serve as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Luo
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xizi Sun
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengling Ma
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjun Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Fu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ziqi Chen
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qianxia Li
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Guangyuan Hu, ; Xiaohong Peng, ; Yuanyuan Zhang,
| | - Xiaohong Peng
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Guangyuan Hu, ; Xiaohong Peng, ; Yuanyuan Zhang,
| | - Guangyuan Hu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Guangyuan Hu, ; Xiaohong Peng, ; Yuanyuan Zhang,
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9
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Zhang Z, Zhou X, Guo J, Zhang F, Qian Y, Wang G, Duan M, Wang Y, Zhao H, Yang Z, Liu Z, Jiang X. TA-MSCs, TA-MSCs-EVs, MIF: their crosstalk in immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. J Transl Med 2022; 20:320. [PMID: 35842634 PMCID: PMC9287873 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03528-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As an important component of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), it has been established that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) promote the progression of tumor cells. MSCs can directly promote the proliferation, migration, and invasion of tumor cells via cytokines and chemokines, as well as promote tumor progression by regulating the functions of anti-tumor immune and immunosuppressive cells. MSCs-derived extracellular vesicles (MSCs-EVs) contain part of the plasma membrane and signaling factors from MSCs; therefore, they display similar effects on tumors in the immunosuppressive TME. The tumor-promoting role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in the immunosuppressive TME has also been revealed. Interestingly, MIF exerts similar effects to those of MSCs in the immunosuppressive TME. In this review, we summarized the main effects and related mechanisms of tumor-associated MSCs (TA-MSCs), TA-MSCs-EVs, and MIF on tumors, and described their relationships. On this basis, we hypothesized that TA-MSCs-EVs, the MIF axis, and TA-MSCs form a positive feedback loop with tumor cells, influencing the occurrence and development of tumors. The functions of these three factors in the TME may undergo dynamic changes with tumor growth and continuously affect tumor development. This provides a new idea for the targeted treatment of tumors with EVs carrying MIF inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghou Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jinshuai Guo
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Fusheng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yiping Qian
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Guang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Meiqi Duan
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yutian Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Haiying Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Zunpeng Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
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10
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Quader S, Kataoka K, Cabral H. Nanomedicine for brain cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 182:114115. [PMID: 35077821 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CNS tumors remain among the deadliest forms of cancer, resisting conventional and new treatment approaches, with mortality rates staying practically unchanged over the past 30 years. One of the primary hurdles for treating these cancers is delivering drugs to the brain tumor site in therapeutic concentration, evading the blood-brain (tumor) barrier (BBB/BBTB). Supramolecular nanomedicines (NMs) are increasingly demonstrating noteworthy prospects for addressing these challenges utilizing their unique characteristics, such as improving the bioavailability of the payloadsviacontrolled pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, BBB/BBTB crossing functions, superior distribution in the brain tumor site, and tumor-specific drug activation profiles. Here, we review NM-based brain tumor targeting approaches to demonstrate their applicability and translation potential from different perspectives. To this end, we provide a general overview of brain tumor and their treatments, the incidence of the BBB and BBTB, and their role on NM targeting, as well as the potential of NMs for promoting superior therapeutic effects. Additionally, we discuss critical issues of NMs and their clinical trials, aiming to bolster the potential clinical applications of NMs in treating these life-threatening diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Quader
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 212-0821, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kataoka
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 212-0821, Japan.
| | - Horacio Cabral
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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11
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Zheng L, Feng Z, Tao S, Gao J, Lin Y, Wei X, Zheng B, Huang B, Zheng Z, Zhang X, Liu J, Shan Z, Chen Y, Chen J, Zhao F. Destabilization of macrophage migration inhibitory factor by 4-IPP reduces NF-κB/P-TEFb complex-mediated c-Myb transcription to suppress osteosarcoma tumourigenesis. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e652. [PMID: 35060345 PMCID: PMC8777168 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As an inflammatory factor and oncogenic driver protein, the pleiotropic cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) plays a crucial role in the osteosarcoma microenvironment. Although 4-iodo-6-phenylpyrimidine (4-IPP) can inactivate MIF biological functions, its anti-osteosarcoma effect and molecular mechanisms have not been investigated. In this study, we identified the MIF inhibitor 4-IPP as a specific double-effector drug for osteosarcoma with both anti-tumour and anti-osteoclastogenic functions. METHODS The anti-cancer effects of 4-IPP were evaluated by wound healing assay, cell cycle analysis, colony formation assay, CCK-8 assay, apoptosis analysis, and Transwell migration/invasion assays. Through the application of a luciferase reporter, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, and immunofluorescence and coimmunoprecipitation analyses, the transcriptional regulation of the NF-κB/P-TEFb complex on c-Myb- and STUB1-mediated proteasome-dependent MIF protein degradation was confirmed. The effect of 4-IPP on tumour growth and metastasis was assessed using an HOS-derived tail vein metastasis model and subcutaneous and orthotopic xenograft tumour models. RESULTS In vitro, 4-IPP significantly reduced the proliferation and metastasis of osteosarcoma cells by suppressing the NF-κB pathway. 4-IPP hindered the binding between MIF and CD74 as well as p65. Moreover, 4-IPP inhibited MIF to interrupt the formation of downstream NF-κB/P-TEFb complexes, leading to the down-regulation of c-Myb transcription. Interestingly, the implementation of 4-IPP can mediate small molecule-induced MIF protein proteasomal degradation via the STUB1 E3 ligand. However, 4-IPP still interrupted MIF-mediated communication between osteosarcoma cells and osteoclasts, thus promoting osteoclastogenesis. Remarkably, 4-IPP strongly reduced HOS-derived xenograft osteosarcoma tumourigenesis and metastasis in an in vivo mouse model. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that the small molecule 4-IPP targeting the MIF protein exerts an anti-osteosarcoma effect by simultaneously inactivating the biological functions of MIF and promoting its proteasomal degradation. Direct destabilization of the MIF protein with 4-IPP may be a promising therapeutic strategy for treating osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgerySir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University & Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province3 East Qingchun RoadHangzhouZhejiang Province310016China
| | - Zhenhua Feng
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgerySir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University & Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province3 East Qingchun RoadHangzhouZhejiang Province310016China
| | - Siyue Tao
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgerySir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University & Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province3 East Qingchun RoadHangzhouZhejiang Province310016China
| | - Jiawei Gao
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgerySir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University & Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province3 East Qingchun RoadHangzhouZhejiang Province310016China
| | - Ye Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgerySir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University & Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province3 East Qingchun RoadHangzhouZhejiang Province310016China
| | - Xiaoan Wei
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgerySir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University & Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province3 East Qingchun RoadHangzhouZhejiang Province310016China
| | - Bingjie Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgerySir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University & Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province3 East Qingchun RoadHangzhouZhejiang Province310016China
| | - Bao Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgerySir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University & Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province3 East Qingchun RoadHangzhouZhejiang Province310016China
| | - Zeyu Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgerySir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University & Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province3 East Qingchun RoadHangzhouZhejiang Province310016China
| | - Xuyang Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgerySir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University & Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province3 East Qingchun RoadHangzhouZhejiang Province310016China
| | - Junhui Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgerySir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University & Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province3 East Qingchun RoadHangzhouZhejiang Province310016China
| | - Zhi Shan
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgerySir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University & Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province3 East Qingchun RoadHangzhouZhejiang Province310016China
| | - Yilei Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgerySir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University & Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province3 East Qingchun RoadHangzhouZhejiang Province310016China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgerySir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University & Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province3 East Qingchun RoadHangzhouZhejiang Province310016China
| | - Fengdong Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgerySir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University & Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province3 East Qingchun RoadHangzhouZhejiang Province310016China
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12
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Himes BT, Geiger PA, Ayasoufi K, Bhargav AG, Brown DA, Parney IF. Immunosuppression in Glioblastoma: Current Understanding and Therapeutic Implications. Front Oncol 2021; 11:770561. [PMID: 34778089 PMCID: PMC8581618 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.770561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor in adults an carries and carries a terrible prognosis. The current regiment of surgical resection, radiation, and chemotherapy has remained largely unchanged in recent years as new therapeutic approaches have struggled to demonstrate benefit. One of the most challenging hurdles to overcome in developing novel treatments is the profound immune suppression found in many GBM patients. This limits the utility of all manner of immunotherapeutic agents, which have revolutionized the treatment of a number of cancers in recent years, but have failed to show similar benefit in GBM therapy. Understanding the mechanisms of tumor-mediated immune suppression in GBM is critical to the development of effective novel therapies, and reversal of this effect may prove key to effective immunotherapy for GBM. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of tumor-mediated immune suppression in GBM in both the local tumor microenvironment and systemically. We also discuss the effects of current GBM therapy on the immune system. We specifically explore some of the downstream effectors of tumor-driven immune suppression, particularly myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and other immunosuppressive monocytes, and the manner by which GBM induces their formation, with particular attention to the role of GBM-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs). Lastly, we briefly review the current state of immunotherapy for GBM and discuss additional hurdles to overcome identification and implementation of effective therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T Himes
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Philipp A Geiger
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Innsbruck, Tirol, Austria
| | | | - Adip G Bhargav
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Desmond A Brown
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ian F Parney
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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13
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Wei QT, Liu BY, Ji HY, Lan YF, Tang WH, Zhou J, Zhong XY, Lian CL, Huang QZ, Wang CY, Xu YM, Guo HB. Exosome-mediated transfer of MIF confers temozolomide resistance by regulating TIMP3/PI3K/AKT axis in gliomas. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2021; 22:114-128. [PMID: 34514093 PMCID: PMC8413833 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Temozolomide (TMZ) resistance is an important cause of clinical treatment failure and poor prognosis in gliomas. Increasing evidence indicates that cancer-derived exosomes contribute to chemoresistance; however, the specific contribution of glioma-derived exosomes remains unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the role and underlying mechanisms of exosomal macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) on TMZ resistance in gliomas. We first demonstrated that MIF was upregulated in the exosomes of TMZ-resistant cells, engendering the transfer of TMZ resistance to sensitive cells. Our results indicated that exosomal MIF conferred TMZ resistance to sensitive cells through the enhancement of cell proliferation and the repression of cell apoptosis upon TMZ exposure. MIF knockdown enhanced TMZ sensitivity in resistant glioma cells by upregulating Metalloproteinase Inhibitor 3 (TIMP3) and subsequently suppressing the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Additionally, exosomal MIF promoted tumor growth and TMZ resistance of glioma cells in vivo, while IOS-1 (MIF inhibitor) promotes glioma TMZ sensitive in vivo. Taken together, our study demonstrated that exosome-mediated transfer of MIF enhanced TMZ resistance in glioma through downregulating TIMP3 and further activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, highlighting a prognostic biomarker and promising therapeutic target for TMZ treatment in gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q T Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Gongye Middle Avenue, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - B Y Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Gongye Middle Avenue, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, China
| | - H Y Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Gongye Middle Avenue, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Y F Lan
- Department of Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Gongye Middle Avenue, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, China
| | - W H Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Gongye Middle Avenue, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, China
| | - J Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Gongye Middle Avenue, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, China
| | - X Y Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Gongye Middle Avenue, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, China
| | - C L Lian
- Department of Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Gongye Middle Avenue, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, China
| | - Q Z Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Gongye Middle Avenue, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, China
| | - C Y Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Gongye Middle Avenue, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, China
| | - Y M Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - H B Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Gongye Middle Avenue, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, China
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14
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Lee SH, Kwon HJ, Park S, Kim CI, Ryu H, Kim SS, Park JB, Kwon JT. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) inhibitor 4-IPP downregulates stemness phenotype and mesenchymal trans-differentiation after irradiation in glioblastoma multiforme. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257375. [PMID: 34516577 PMCID: PMC8437287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy is among the most essential treatment methods for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Radio-resistance and cancer stem cell properties can cause therapeutic resistance, cancer heterogeneity, and poor prognoses in association with GBM. Furthermore, the GBM subtype transition from proneural to the most malignant mesenchymal subtype after radiation therapy also accounts for high resistance to conventional treatments. Here, we demonstrate that the inhibition of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and D-dopachrome tautomerase (DDT) by 4-iodo-6-phenylpyrimidine (4-IPP), a dual inhibitor targeting MIF and DDT, downregulates stemness phenotype, intracellular signaling cascades, mesenchymal trans-differentiation, and induces apoptosis in proneural glioma stem cells (GSCs). In an analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas, high MIF and DDT expression were associated with poor prognosis. GSC growth was effectively inhibited by 4-IPP in a time- and dose-dependent manner, and 4-IPP combined with radiation therapy led to significantly reduced proliferation compared with radiation therapy alone. The expression of stemness factors, such as Olig2 and SOX2, and the expression of pAKT, indicating PI3K signaling pathway activation, were decreased in association with both 4-IPP monotherapy and combination treatment. The expression of mesenchymal markers, TGM2 and NF-κB, and expression of pERK (indicating MAPK signaling pathway activation) increased in association with radiation therapy alone but not with 4-IPP monotherapy and combination therapy. In addition, the combination of 4-IPP and radiation therapy significantly induced apoptosis compared to the monotherapy of 4-IPP or radiation. In vivo results demonstrated a significant tumor-suppressing effect of 4-IPP when combined with radiation therapy. Collectively, our results showed that the targeted inhibition of MIF and DDT has the potential to strengthen current clinical strategies by enhancing the anticancer effects of radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Heon Lee
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung Joon Kwon
- Department of Cancer Control and Population Health, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Saewhan Park
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Chan Il Kim
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Haseo Ryu
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Sung Soo Kim
- Department of Clinical Research, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
- Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy R&D Foundation, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jong Bae Park
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
- Department of Clinical Research, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
- * E-mail: (JBP); (JTK)
| | - Jeong Taik Kwon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (JBP); (JTK)
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15
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Malawsky DS, Weir SJ, Ocasio JK, Babcock B, Dismuke T, Cleveland AH, Donson AM, Vibhakar R, Wilhelmsen K, Gershon TR. Cryptic developmental events determine medulloblastoma radiosensitivity and cellular heterogeneity without altering transcriptomic profile. Commun Biol 2021; 4:616. [PMID: 34021242 PMCID: PMC8139976 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02099-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unclear why medulloblastoma patients receiving similar treatments experience different outcomes. Transcriptomic profiling identified subgroups with different prognoses, but in each subgroup, individuals remain at risk of incurable recurrence. To investigate why similar-appearing tumors produce variable outcomes, we analyzed medulloblastomas triggered in transgenic mice by a common driver mutation expressed at different points in brain development. We genetically engineered mice to express oncogenic SmoM2, starting in multipotent glio-neuronal stem cells, or committed neural progenitors. Both groups developed medulloblastomas with similar transcriptomic profiles. We compared medulloblastoma progression, radiosensitivity, and cellular heterogeneity, determined by single-cell transcriptomic analysis (scRNA-seq). Stem cell-triggered medulloblastomas progressed faster, contained more OLIG2-expressing stem-like cells, and consistently showed radioresistance. In contrast, progenitor-triggered MBs progressed slower, down-regulated stem-like cells and were curable with radiation. Progenitor-triggered medulloblastomas also contained more diverse stromal populations, with more Ccr2+ macrophages and fewer Igf1+ microglia, indicating that developmental events affected the subsequent tumor microenvironment. Reduced mTORC1 activity in M-Smo tumors suggests that differential Igf1 contributed to differences in phenotype. Developmental events in tumorigenesis that were obscure in transcriptomic profiles thus remained cryptic determinants of tumor composition and outcome. Precise understanding of medulloblastoma pathogenesis and prognosis requires supplementing transcriptomic/methylomic studies with analyses that resolve cellular heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Shiloh Malawsky
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Seth J Weir
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer Karin Ocasio
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Benjamin Babcock
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Taylor Dismuke
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Abigail H Cleveland
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- UNC Cancer Cell Biology Training Program, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Andrew M Donson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children's, Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rajeev Vibhakar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children's, Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kirk Wilhelmsen
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- RENCI, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Timothy R Gershon
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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16
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Mitchell K, Troike K, Silver DJ, Lathia JD. The evolution of the cancer stem cell state in glioblastoma: emerging insights into the next generation of functional interactions. Neuro Oncol 2021; 23:199-213. [PMID: 33173943 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noaa259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular heterogeneity is a hallmark of advanced cancers and has been ascribed in part to a population of self-renewing, therapeutically resistant cancer stem cells (CSCs). Glioblastoma (GBM), the most common primary malignant brain tumor, has served as a platform for the study of CSCs. In addition to illustrating the complexities of CSC biology, these investigations have led to a deeper understanding of GBM pathogenesis, revealed novel therapeutic targets, and driven innovation towards the development of next-generation therapies. While there continues to be an expansion in our knowledge of how CSCs contribute to GBM progression, opportunities have emerged to revisit this conceptual framework. In this review, we will summarize the current state of CSCs in GBM using key concepts of evolution as a paradigm (variation, inheritance, selection, and time) to describe how the CSC state is subject to alterations of cell intrinsic and extrinsic interactions that shape their evolutionarily trajectory. We identify emerging areas for future consideration, including appreciating CSCs as a cell state that is subject to plasticity, as opposed to a discrete population. These future considerations will not only have an impact on our understanding of this ever-expanding field but will also provide an opportunity to inform future therapies to effectively treat this complex and devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Mitchell
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Katie Troike
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case, Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Daniel J Silver
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Justin D Lathia
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Rose Ella Burkhardt Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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17
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Yeo ECF, Brown MP, Gargett T, Ebert LM. The Role of Cytokines and Chemokines in Shaping the Immune Microenvironment of Glioblastoma: Implications for Immunotherapy. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030607. [PMID: 33803414 PMCID: PMC8001644 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common form of primary brain tumour in adults. For more than a decade, conventional treatment has produced a relatively modest improvement in the overall survival of glioblastoma patients. The immunosuppressive mechanisms employed by neoplastic and non-neoplastic cells within the tumour can limit treatment efficacy, and this can include the secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines and chemokines. These factors can play a significant role in immune modulation, thus disabling anti-tumour responses and contributing to tumour progression. Here, we review the complex interplay between populations of immune and tumour cells together with defined contributions by key cytokines and chemokines to these intercellular interactions. Understanding how these tumour-derived factors facilitate the crosstalk between cells may identify molecular candidates for potential immunotherapeutic targeting, which may enable better tumour control and improved patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica C. F. Yeo
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (E.C.F.Y.); (M.P.B.); (T.G.)
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Michael P. Brown
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (E.C.F.Y.); (M.P.B.); (T.G.)
- Cancer Clinical Trials Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Tessa Gargett
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (E.C.F.Y.); (M.P.B.); (T.G.)
- Cancer Clinical Trials Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Lisa M. Ebert
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (E.C.F.Y.); (M.P.B.); (T.G.)
- Cancer Clinical Trials Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Correspondence:
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18
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Tang X, Xu P, Chen A, Deng G, Zhang S, Gao L, Dai L, Chen Q. Prognostic and Predictive Value of an Immunoscore Signature in Glioblastoma Multiform. Front Genet 2020; 11:514363. [PMID: 33244317 PMCID: PMC7684008 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.514363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although increasing evidence shows that immune infiltration plays an essential role in glioblastoma (GBM), current prognostic indicators do not accurately represent the risk of immune cells infiltration in patients. It is therefore critical to identify new prognostic markers for GBM. Here, we investigated the effectiveness of using immunoscore to improve risk stratification and prediction of prognosis in GBM patients receiving chemotherapy. Methods Using mRNA microarrays and CIBERSORT, we analyzed 22 types of immune cell fractions in 517 GBM samples and characterized an immunoscore using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression model based on the fraction of immune cell types and patients’ overall survival. The prognostic and predictive accuracy of immunoscore was verified in the validation cohort and the entire cohort. Results Using the LASSO model, an immunoscore was developed to classify patients into High and Low immunoscore groups in the training cohort (P < 0.0001) based on the fraction of eight immune cell types. The immunoscore performance was validated in the validation cohort (P < 0.0001) and the entire cohort (P < 0.0001). Furthermore, a nomogram comprising age, IDH1 status, and immunoscore was generated to predict one- and three-year survival rates in the training cohort. The predictive value of the immunoscore was also confirmed in the validation cohort and the entire cohort (C-index: 0.66, 0.67, and 0.68, respectively). In addition, we concluded that patients in the low-immunoscore group may benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy for GBM. Conclusion Immunoscore, an immune-infiltration-based signature, is a reliable prognostic and predictive tool for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sun University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ann Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Gang Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shenqi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lun Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Longjun Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Qianxue Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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19
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Explicating the Pivotal Pathogenic, Diagnostic, and Therapeutic Biomarker Potentials of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Glioblastoma. DISEASE MARKERS 2020; 2020:8844313. [PMID: 33204365 PMCID: PMC7657691 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8844313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a malignant and aggressive central nervous tumor that originates from astrocytes. These pathogenic astrocytes divide rapidly and are sustained by enormous network of blood vessels via which they receive requisite nutrients. It well proven that GBM microenvironment is extremely infiltrated by myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). MDSCs are a heterogeneous cluster of immature myeloid progenitors. They are key mediates in immune suppression as well as sustenance glioma growth, invasion, vascularization, and upsurge of regulatory T cells via different molecules. MDSCs are often elevated in the peripheral blood of patients with GBM. MDSCs in the peripheral blood as well as those infiltrating the GBM microenvironment correlated with poor prognosis. Also, an upsurge in circulating MDSCs in the peripheral blood of patients with GBM was observed compared to benign and grade I/II glioma patients. GBM patients with good prognosis presented with reduced MDSCs as well as augmented dendritic cells. Almost all chemotherapeutic medication for GBM has shown no obvious improvement in overall survival in patients. Nevertheless, low-dose chemotherapies were capable of suppressing the levels of MDSCs in GBM as well as multiple tumor models with metastatic to the brain. Thus, MDSCs are potential diagnostic as well as therapeutic biomarkers for GBM patients.
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20
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Pearson JRD, Cuzzubbo S, McArthur S, Durrant LG, Adhikaree J, Tinsley CJ, Pockley AG, McArdle SEB. Immune Escape in Glioblastoma Multiforme and the Adaptation of Immunotherapies for Treatment. Front Immunol 2020; 11:582106. [PMID: 33178210 PMCID: PMC7594513 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.582106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most frequently occurring primary brain tumor and has a very poor prognosis, with only around 5% of patients surviving for a period of 5 years or more after diagnosis. Despite aggressive multimodal therapy, consisting mostly of a combination of surgery, radiotherapy, and temozolomide chemotherapy, tumors nearly always recur close to the site of resection. For the past 15 years, very little progress has been made with regards to improving patient survival. Although immunotherapy represents an attractive therapy modality due to the promising pre-clinical results observed, many of these potential immunotherapeutic approaches fail during clinical trials, and to date no immunotherapeutic treatments for GBM have been approved. As for many other difficult to treat cancers, GBM combines a lack of immunogenicity with few mutations and a highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Unfortunately, both tumor and immune cells have been shown to contribute towards this immunosuppressive phenotype. In addition, current therapeutics also exacerbate this immunosuppression which might explain the failure of immunotherapy-based clinical trials in the GBM setting. Understanding how these mechanisms interact with one another, as well as how one can increase the anti-tumor immune response by addressing local immunosuppression will lead to better clinical results for immune-based therapeutics. Improving therapeutic delivery across the blood brain barrier also presents a challenge for immunotherapy and future therapies will need to consider this. This review highlights the immunosuppressive mechanisms employed by GBM cancers and examines potential immunotherapeutic treatments that can overcome these significant immunosuppressive hurdles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R. D. Pearson
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stefania Cuzzubbo
- Université de Paris, PARCC, INSERM U970, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Recherches Biochirurgicales (Fondation Carpentier), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Simon McArthur
- Institute of Dentistry, Barts & the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lindy G. Durrant
- Scancell Ltd, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Adhikaree
- Academic Oncology, Nottingham University NHS Trusts, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Chris J. Tinsley
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - A. Graham Pockley
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie E. B. McArdle
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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21
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Lee KTW, Islam F, Vider J, Martin J, Chruścik A, Lu CT, Gopalan V, Lam AKY. Overexpression of family with sequence similarity 134, member B (FAM134B) in colon cancers and its tumor suppressive properties in vitro. Cancer Biol Ther 2020; 21:954-962. [PMID: 32857678 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2020.1810535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the overexpression-induced properties of tumor suppressor FAM134B (family with sequence similarity 134, member B) in colon cancer, examine the potential gene regulators of FAM134B expression and its impact on mitochondrial function. FAM134B was overexpressed in colon cancer and non-neoplastic colonic epithelial cells. Various cell-based assays including apoptosis, cell cycle, cell proliferation, clonogenic, extracellular flux and wound healing assays were performed. Western blot analysis was used to confirm and identify potential interacting partners of FAM134B in vitro. Immunohistochemistry and qPCR were employed to determine the expressions of MIF and FAM134B, respectively, on 63 patients with colorectal carcinoma. Results showed that FAM134B is involved in the cell cycle and mitochondrial function of colon cancer. Overexpression of FAM134B was coupled with increased expression levels of APC, p53, and MIF. Increased expression of both APC and p53 further validates the potential role of tumor suppressor FAM134B in regulating cancer progression through the WNT/ß-catenin signaling pathway. In approximately 70% of the patients with colorectal cancer, FAM134B downregulation was correlated with MIF protein overexpression while the remaining 30% showed concurrent expression of FAM134B and MIF (P = .045). High expression of MIF coupled with low expression of FAM134B is associated with microsatellite instability status in colorectal carcinomas (P = .049). FAM134B may exert its tumor suppressive function through affecting cell cycle, mitochondrial function via potentially interacting with MIF and p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Ting-Wei Lee
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Griffith University , Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Farhadul Islam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Griffith University , Gold Coast, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi , Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Jelena Vider
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University , Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Jeremy Martin
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Griffith University , Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Anna Chruścik
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Griffith University , Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Cu-Tai Lu
- Department of Surgery, Gold Coast University Hospital , Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Vinod Gopalan
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Griffith University , Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Alfred Kin-Yan Lam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Griffith University , Gold Coast, Australia
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22
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Chai X, Zhang W, Li L, Wu Y, Zhu X, Zhao S. Profile of MIF in Developing Hippocampus: Association With Cell Proliferation and Neurite Outgrowth. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:147. [PMID: 32903462 PMCID: PMC7434973 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a multifunctional cytokine and has been found involved in many neurological diseases such as Alzheimer disease (AD), epilepsy, and multiple sclerosis. Previous studies have shown that MIF is expressed in neocortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, cerebellum, and spinal cord in adult mice. It is expressed by astrocytes and activates microglias in neuroinflammation. Further studies have shown that MIF is detected in moss fibers of dentate granule cells and in apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons in adult hippocampus. Only NeuroD-positive immature granule neurons but not NeuN-positive mature neurons express MIF. These findings led us eager to know the exact role of MIF in the development of hippocampus. Therefore, we systematically checked the spatial and temporal expression pattern of MIF and characterized MIF-positive cells in hippocampus from mice aged from postnatal day 0 (P0) to 3 months. Our results showed that the lowest level of MIF protein occurred at P7 and mif mRNA increased from P0, reached a peak at P7, and stably expressed until P30 before declining dramatically at 3 months. MIF was localized in fibers of GFAP- and BLBP-positive radial glial precursor cells in dentate gyrus (DG). DCX-expressing newly generated neurons were MIF-negative. Inhibition of MIF by MIF antagonist S, R-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4, 5-dihydro-5-isoxazole acetic acid methyl ester (ISO-1) reduced BrdU-positive cells. Interestingly, MIF was expressed by NeuN-positive GABAergic interneurons including parvalbumin-and Reelin-expressing cells in the DG. Neither NeuN-positive granule cells nor NeuN-positive pyramidal neurons expressed MIF. In transgenic mice, POMC-EGFP–positive immature dentate granule cells and Thy1-EGFP–positive mature granule cells were MIF-negative. Treatment of neuronal cultures with ISO-1 inhibited neurite outgrowth. Therefore, we conclude that MIF might be important for feature maintenance of neural stem cells and neurite outgrowth during hippocampal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Chai
- College of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Lingling Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yongji Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Shanting Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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23
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Meningioma Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1296:33-48. [PMID: 34185285 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-59038-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment consists of noncancerous cells, such as immune cells and fibroblasts, and the proteins produced by these cells as well as the extracellular matrix components in the environment around a tumor. Tumor influences the behavior of the cells present in the surrounding environment, while the cells in the tumor microenvironment modulate the evolution of the tumor. Little is known about the microenvironment of meningioma, the most common benign intracranial tumor. Here, we review the current knowledge of the tumor microenvironment of meningioma and discusses its importance in meningioma tumorigenesis as well as in the designation of novel therapeutic approaches.
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24
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Sinha S, Renganathan A, Nagendra PB, Bhat V, Mathew BS, Rao MRS. AEBP1 down regulation induced cell death pathway depends on PTEN status of glioma cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14577. [PMID: 31601918 PMCID: PMC6787275 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51068-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common aggressive form of brain cancer with overall dismal prognosis (10–12 months) despite all current multimodal treatments. Previously we identified adipocyte enhancer binding protein 1 (AEBP1) as a differentially regulated gene in GBM. On probing the role of AEBP1 over expression in glioblastoma, we found that both cellular proliferation and survival were affected upon AEBP1 silencing in glioma cells, resulting in cell death. In the present study we report that the classical caspase pathway components are not activated in cell death induced by AEBP1 down regulation in PTEN-deficient (U87MG and U138MG) cells. PARP-1 was not cleaved but over-activated under AEBP1 down regulation which leads to the synthesis of PAR in the nucleus triggering the release of AIF from the mitochondria. Subsequently, AIF translocates to the nucleus along with MIF causing chromatinolysis. AEBP1 positively regulates PI3KinaseCβ by the binding to AE-1 binding element in the PI3KinaseCβ promoter. Loss of PI3KinaseCβ expression under AEBP1 depleted condition leads to excessive DNA damage and activation of PARP-1. Furthermore, over expression of PIK3CB (in trans) in U138MG cells prevents DNA damage in these AEBP1 depleted cells. On the contrary, AEBP1 down regulation induces caspase-dependent cell death in PTEN-proficient (LN18 and LN229) cells. Ectopic expression of wild-type PTEN in PTEN-deficient U138MG cells results in the activation of canonical caspase and Akt dependent cell death. Collectively, our findings define AEBP1 as a potential oncogenic driver in glioma, with potential implications for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Sinha
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advance Scientific Research, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560064, India
| | - Arun Renganathan
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advance Scientific Research, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560064, India.,Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Prathima B Nagendra
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advance Scientific Research, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560064, India.,Gynaecology Oncology Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vasudeva Bhat
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advance Scientific Research, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560064, India.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Brian Steve Mathew
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advance Scientific Research, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560064, India
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25
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Duan S, Guo W, Xu Z, He Y, Liang C, Mo Y, Wang Y, Xiong F, Guo C, Li Y, Li X, Li G, Zeng Z, Xiong W, Wang F. Natural killer group 2D receptor and its ligands in cancer immune escape. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:29. [PMID: 30813924 PMCID: PMC6391774 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-0956-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system plays important roles in tumor development. According to the immune-editing theory, immune escape is the key to tumor survival, and exploring the mechanisms of tumor immune escape can provide a new basis for the treatment of tumors. In this review, we describe the mechanisms of natural killer group 2D (NKG2D) receptor and NKG2D ligand (NKG2DL) in tumor immune responses. Natural killer (NK) cells are important cytotoxic cells in the immune system, and the activated NKG2D receptor on the NK cell surface can bind to NKG2DL expressed in tumor cells, enabling NK cells to activate and kill tumor cells. However, tumors can escape the immune clearance mediated by NKG2D receptor/NKG2DL through various mechanisms. The expression of NKG2D receptor on NK cells can be regulated by cells, molecules, and hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment. Tumor cells regulate the expression of NKG2DL at the level of transcription, translation, and post-translation and thereby escape recognition by NK cells. In particular, viruses and hormones have special mechanisms to affect the expression of NKG2D receptor and NKG2DL. Therefore, NKG2D\NKG2DL may have applications as targets for more effective antitumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixin Duan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University) and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Weihua Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University) and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zuxing Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yunbo He
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chuting Liang
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yongzhen Mo
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yian Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fang Xiong
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Can Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yong Li
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Xiaoling Li
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Guiyuan Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University) and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University) and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University) and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Fuyan Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University) and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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26
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Ibudilast sensitizes glioblastoma to temozolomide by targeting Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF). Sci Rep 2019; 9:2905. [PMID: 30814573 PMCID: PMC6393433 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39427-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recurrence in patients with glioblastoma (GBM) is inevitable resulting in short survival times, even in patients with O-6-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase (MGMT) methylation. Other pathways must be activated to escape from temozolomide (TMZ) treatment, however acquired resistance mechanisms to TMZ are not well understood. Herein, frozen tumors from 36 MGMT methylated patients grouped according to overall survival were extracted and proteins were profiled using surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization (SELDI) with time-of flight (TOF) proteomics to identify low molecular weight proteins that associated with poor survival outcomes. Overexpression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) was identified in human GBM specimens that were MGMT methylated but showed poor survival. This correlation was confirmed in an independent cohort of human GBM. MIF overexpression has been reported in several cancer types, including GBM. We repurposed ibudilast, a specific MIF inhibitor, and treated patient derived cell lines. Ibudilast showed modest anti-proliferative activity however, when combined with TMZ, significant synergism was observed, resulting in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. In vivo, combined ibudilast and TMZ treatment of a patient derived xenograft (PDX) model resulted in significantly longer overall survival. Our findings have significant clinical implications for people with GBM. Since clinical trials involving ibudilast have shown no adverse side effects and the drug readily penetrates the blood brain barrier, treatment of GBM with this combination is clinically achievable.
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27
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Chen C, Wu S, Hong Z, Chen X, Shan X, Fischbach S, Xiao X. Chronic hyperglycemia regulates microglia polarization through ERK5. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:697-706. [PMID: 30684443 PMCID: PMC6366978 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic patients are prone to developing Alzheimer's disease (AD), in which microglia play a critical role. However, the direct effect of high glucose (HG) on microglia and the role of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) signaling in this interaction have not been examined before. Here, these questions were addressed in microglia cultured in HG versus normal glucose (NG) conditions. Initially, HG induced microglial differentiation into the M2a phenotype with concomitant ERK5 activation. However, longer exposure to HG further induced differentiation of microglia into the M2b-like phenotype, followed by the M1-like subtype, concomitant with a gradual loss of ERK5 activation. BIX021895, a specific inhibitor of ERK5 activation, prevented M2a- differentiation of microglia, but induced earlier M2b-like polarization followed by M1-like polarization. Transfection of microglia with a sustained activated form of MEK5 (MEK5DD) prolonged the duration of the M2a phenotype, and prevented later differentiation into the M2b/M1 subtype. Conditioned media from the M2a-polarized microglia reduced neuronal cell apoptosis in hypoxic condition, while media from M2b-like or M1-like microglia enhanced apoptosis. Together, our data suggest that chronic hyperglycemia may induce a gradual alteration of microglia polarization into an increasingly proinflammatory subtype, which could be suppressed by sustained activation of ERK5 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congde Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou
Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Suichun Wu
- Reproductive Medicine Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Zipu Hong
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou
Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Xiaoou Shan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou
Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Shane Fischbach
- Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Xiangwei Xiao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou
Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
- Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
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28
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Inhibition of PIM1 blocks the autophagic flux to sensitize glioblastoma cells to ABT-737-induced apoptosis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1866:175-189. [PMID: 30389373 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Overcoming apoptosis resistance is one major issue in glioblastoma (GB) therapies. Accumulating evidence indicates that resistance to apoptosis in GB is mediated via upregulation of pro-survival BCL2-family members. The synthetic BH3-mimetic ABT-737 effectively targets BCL2, BCL2 like 1 and BCL2 like 2 but still barely affects cell survival which is presumably due to its inability to inhibit myeloid cell leukemia 1 (MCL1). The constitutively active serine/threonine kinase proviral integration site for moloney murine leukemia virus 1 (PIM1) was recently found to be overexpressed in GB patient samples and to maintain cell survival in these tumors. For different GB cell lines, Western Blot, mitochondrial fractionation, fluorescence microscopy, effector caspase assays, flow cytometry, and an adult organotypic brain slice transplantation model were used to investigate the putative PIM1/MCL1 signaling axis regarding potential synergistic effects with ABT-737. We demonstrate that combination of the PIM1 inhibitor SGI-1776 or the pan-PIM kinase inhibitor AZD1208 with ABT-737 strongly sensitizes GB cells to apoptosis. Unexpectedly, this effect was found to be MCL1-independent, but could be partially blocked by caspase 8 (CASP8) inhibition. Remarkably, the analysis of autophagy markers in combination with the observation of massive accumulation and hampered degradation of autophagosomes suggests a completely novel function of PIM1 as a late stage autophagy regulator, maintaining the autophagic flux at the level of autophagosome/lysosome fusion. Our data indicate that PIM1 inhibition and ABT-737 synergistically induce apoptosis in an MCL1-independent but CASP8-dependent manner in GB. They also identify PIM1 as a suitable target for overcoming apoptosis resistance in GB.
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29
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Cheon SK, Kim HP, Park YL, Jang JE, Lim Y, Song SH, Han SW, Kim TY. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor promotes resistance to MEK blockade in KRAS mutant colorectal cancer cells. Mol Oncol 2018; 12:1398-1409. [PMID: 29896883 PMCID: PMC6068346 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although MEK blockade has been highlighted as a promising antitumor drug, it has poor clinical efficacy in KRAS mutant colorectal cancer (CRC). Several feedback systems have been described in which inhibition of one intracellular pathway leads to activation of a parallel signaling pathway, thereby decreasing the effectiveness of single‐MEK targeted therapies. Here, we investigated a bypass mechanism of resistance to MEK inhibition in KRAS CRC. We found that KRAS mutant CRC cells with refametinib, MEK inhibitor, induced MIF secretion and resulted in activation of STAT3 and MAPK. MIF knockdown by siRNA restored sensitivity to refametinib in KRAS mutant cells. In addition, combination with refametinib and 4‐IPP, a MIF inhibitor, effectively reduced the activity of STAT3 and MAPK, more than single‐agent treatment. As a result, combined therapy was found to exhibit a synergistic growth inhibitory effect against refametinib‐resistant cells by inhibition of MIF activation. These results reveal that MIF‐induced STAT3 and MAPK activation evoked an intrinsic resistance to refametinib. Our results provide the basis for a rational combination strategy against KRAS mutant colorectal cancers, predicated on the understanding of cross talk between the MEK and MIF pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seul-Ki Cheon
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Korea
| | - Hwang-Phill Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Korea
| | - Ye-Lim Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Korea
| | - Jee-Eun Jang
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Korea
| | - Yoojoo Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Song
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Korea
| | - Sae-Won Han
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Korea
| | - Tae-You Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Korea
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30
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Mangano K, Mazzon E, Basile MS, Di Marco R, Bramanti P, Mammana S, Petralia MC, Fagone P, Nicoletti F. Pathogenic role for macrophage migration inhibitory factor in glioblastoma and its targeting with specific inhibitors as novel tailored therapeutic approach. Oncotarget 2018; 9:17951-17970. [PMID: 29707160 PMCID: PMC5915168 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine expressed by a variety of cell types. Although MIF has been primarily studied for its role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, it has also been shown to promote tumorigenesis and it is over expressed in various malignant tumors. MIF is able to induce angiogenesis, cell cycle progression, and to block apoptosis. As tailored therapeutic approaches for the inhibition of endogenous MIF are being developed, it is important to evaluate the role of MIF in individual neoplastic conditions that may benefit from specific MIF inhibitors. Along with this line, in this paper, we have reviewed the evidence of the involvement of MIF in the etiopathogenesis and progression of glioblastoma and the preclinical data suggesting the possible use of specific MIF inhibition as a potential novel therapeutic strategy for brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Mangano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Maria Sofia Basile
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Roberto Di Marco
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | | | - Santa Mammana
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Petralia
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Department of Formative Processes, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Paolo Fagone
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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31
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Jennewein L, Ronellenfitsch MW, Antonietti P, Ilina EI, Jung J, Stadel D, Flohr LM, Zinke J, von Renesse J, Drott U, Baumgarten P, Braczynski AK, Penski C, Burger MC, Theurillat JP, Steinbach JP, Plate KH, Dikic I, Fulda S, Brandts C, Kögel D, Behrends C, Harter PN, Mittelbronn M. Diagnostic and clinical relevance of the autophago-lysosomal network in human gliomas. Oncotarget 2018; 7:20016-32. [PMID: 26956048 PMCID: PMC4991435 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the conserved intracellular digestion mechanism ‘autophagy’ has been considered to be involved in early tumorigenesis and its blockade proposed as an alternative treatment approach. However, there is an ongoing debate about whether blocking autophagy has positive or negative effects in tumor cells. Since there is only poor data about the clinico-pathological relevance of autophagy in gliomas in vivo, we first established a cell culture based platform for the in vivo detection of the autophago-lysosomal components. We then investigated key autophagosomal (LC3B, p62, BAG3, Beclin1) and lysosomal (CTSB, LAMP2) molecules in 350 gliomas using immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, immunoblotting and qPCR. Autophagy was induced pharmacologically or by altering oxygen and nutrient levels. Our results show that autophagy is enhanced in astrocytomas as compared to normal CNS tissue, but largely independent from the WHO grade and patient survival. A strong upregulation of LC3B, p62, LAMP2 and CTSB was detected in perinecrotic areas in glioblastomas suggesting micro-environmental changes as a driver of autophagy induction in gliomas. Furthermore, glucose restriction induced autophagy in a concentration-dependent manner while hypoxia or amino acid starvation had considerably lesser effects. Apoptosis and autophagy were separately induced in glioma cells both in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, our findings indicate that autophagy in gliomas is rather driven by micro-environmental changes than by primary glioma-intrinsic features thus challenging the concept of exploitation of the autophago-lysosomal network (ALN) as a treatment approach in gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Jennewein
- Neurological Institute (Edinger Institute), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael W Ronellenfitsch
- Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Antonietti
- Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Elena I Ilina
- Neurological Institute (Edinger Institute), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jennifer Jung
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Daniela Stadel
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lisa-Marie Flohr
- Neurological Institute (Edinger Institute), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jenny Zinke
- Neurological Institute (Edinger Institute), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Janusz von Renesse
- Neurological Institute (Edinger Institute), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ulrich Drott
- Neurological Institute (Edinger Institute), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Peter Baumgarten
- Neurological Institute (Edinger Institute), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anne K Braczynski
- Neurological Institute (Edinger Institute), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Cornelia Penski
- Neurological Institute (Edinger Institute), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael C Burger
- Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Joachim P Steinbach
- Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Plate
- Neurological Institute (Edinger Institute), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ivan Dikic
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Simone Fulda
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christian Brandts
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Donat Kögel
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christian Behrends
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Patrick N Harter
- Neurological Institute (Edinger Institute), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michel Mittelbronn
- Neurological Institute (Edinger Institute), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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32
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Verheul C, Kleijn A, Lamfers MLM. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of malignancies located in the central nervous system. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 146:139-169. [PMID: 29110768 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-804279-3.00010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CNS malignancies include primary tumors that originate within the CNS as well as secondary tumors that develop as a result of metastatic cancer. The delicate nature of the nervous systems makes tumors located in the CNS notoriously difficult to reach, which poses several problems during diagnosis and treatment. CSF can be acquired relatively easy through lumbar puncture and offers an important compartment for analysis of cells and molecules that carry information about the malignant process. Such techniques have opened up a new field of research focused on the identification of specific biomarkers for several types of CNS malignancies, which may help in diagnosis and monitoring of tumor progression or treatment response. Biomarkers are sought in DNA, (micro)RNA, proteins, exosomes and circulating tumor cells in the CSF. Techniques are rapidly progressing to assess these markers with increasing sensitivity and specificity, and correlations with clinical parameters are being investigated. It is expected that these efforts will, in the near future, yield clinically relevant markers that aid in diagnosis, monitoring and (tailored) treatment of patients bearing CNS tumors. This chapter provides a summary of the current state of affairs of the field of biomarkers of different types of CNS tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Verheul
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anne Kleijn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martine L M Lamfers
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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33
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Vyas M, Reinartz S, Hoffmann N, Reiners KS, Lieber S, Jansen JM, Wagner U, Müller R, von Strandmann EP. Soluble NKG2D ligands in the ovarian cancer microenvironment are associated with an adverse clinical outcome and decreased memory effector T cells independent of NKG2D downregulation. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1339854. [PMID: 28932639 PMCID: PMC5599084 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1339854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune receptor NKG2D is predominantly expressed on NK cells and T cell subsets and confers anti-tumor activity. According to the current paradigm, immune surveillance is counteracted by soluble ligands shed into the microenvironment, which down-regulate NKG2D receptor expression. Here, we analyzed the clinical significance of the soluble NKG2D ligands sMICA and sULBP2 in the malignancy-associated ascites of ovarian cancer. We show that high levels of sMICA and sULBP2 in ascites were associated with a poor prognosis. Ascites inhibited the activation of normal NK cells, which, in contrast to the prevailing notion, was not associated with decreased NKG2D expression. Of note, an inverse correlation of soluble NKG2D ligands with effector memory T cells and a direct correlation with pro-tumorigenic CD163+CD206+ macrophages was observed. Thus, the role of soluble NKG2D ligands within the ovarian cancer microenvironment is more complex than anticipated and does not exclusively function via NKG2D downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maulik Vyas
- Experimental Tumor Research, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Clinic for Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Silke Reinartz
- Clinic for Gynecology, Gynecologic Oncology and Endocrinology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nathalie Hoffmann
- Experimental Tumor Research, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Clinic for Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Katrin S Reiners
- Experimental Tumor Research, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Clinic for Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sonja Lieber
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Julia M Jansen
- Clinic for Gynecology, Gynecological Oncology and Gynecological Endocrinology, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg (UKGM), Marburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Wagner
- Clinic for Gynecology, Gynecological Oncology and Gynecological Endocrinology, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg (UKGM), Marburg, Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Elke Pogge von Strandmann
- Experimental Tumor Research, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Clinic for Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
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34
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Guo F, Zhang J, Wang L, Zhao W, Yu J, Zheng S, Wang J. Identification of differentially expressed inflammatory factors in Wilms tumors and their association with patient outcomes. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:687-694. [PMID: 28693222 PMCID: PMC5494663 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to identify differentially expressed inflammatory factors observed in Wilms tumors (WT), and to investigate the association of these factors with clinical stage, pathological type, lymph node metastasis and vascular involvement of WT. Surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry was performed to screen differentially expressed proteins among WT and normal tissue pairs. Upregulated proteins in WT were separated and purified by solid phase extraction and Tricine SDS-PAGE, respectively. Following in-gel digestion, the peptide mixture was subjected to liquid chromatography mass spectrometry to identify proteins on the basis of their amino acid sequences. Immunohistochemistry was used to confirm the expression of differentially expressed inflammatory proteins. Of the proteins that were upregulated in WT, two proteins with mass/charge (m/z) ratio of 12,138 and 13,462 were identified as macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and C-X-C motif ligand 7 (CXCL7) chemokine, respectively. The expression of these two proteins was increased in WT compared with adjacent normal tissues and normal renal tissues, and increased with increasing clinical stage. In addition, their expression was significantly increased in patients with unfavorable pathological type, lymph node metastasis and vascular involvement compared with the groups with favorable type, and without lymph node metastasis or vascular involvement (P<0.05). Increased pro-inflammatory MIF and CXCL7 expression in WT is closely associated with the clinical stage, pathological type, lymph node metastasis and vascular involvement, and may represent biomarkers for the clinical diagnosis of WT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Guo
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Jiekai Yu
- Institute of Cancer, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
| | - Shu Zheng
- Institute of Cancer, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
| | - Jiaxiang Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
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35
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Macrophage migration inhibitory factor: A multifaceted cytokine implicated in multiple neurological diseases. Exp Neurol 2017; 301:83-91. [PMID: 28679106 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a conserved cytokine found as a homotrimer protein. It is found in a wide spectrum of cell types in the body including neuronal and non-neuronal cells. MIF is implicated in several biological processes; chemo-attraction, cytokine activity, and receptor binding, among other functions. More recently, a chaperone-like activity has been added to its repertoire. In this review, we focus on the implication of MIF in the central nervous system and peripheries, its role in neurological disorders, and the mechanisms by which MIF is regulated. Numerous studies have associated MIF with various disease settings. MIF plays an important role in advocating tumorigenic processes, Alzheimer's disease, and is also upregulated in autism-spectrum disorders and spinal cord injury where it contributes to the severity of the injured area. The protective effect of MIF has been reported in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by its reduction of aggregated misfolded SOD1, subsequently reducing the severity of this disease. Interestingly, a protective as well as pathological role for MIF has been implicated in stroke and cerebral ischemia, as well as depression. Thus, the role of MIF in neurological disorders appears to be diverse with both beneficial and adversary effects. Furthermore, its modulation is rather complex and it is regulated by different proteins, either on a molecular or protein level. This complexity might be dependent on the pathophysiological context and/or cellular microenvironment. Hence, further clarification of its diverse roles in neurological pathologies is warranted to provide new mechanistic insights which may lead in the future to the development of therapeutic strategies based on MIF, to fight some of these neurological disorders.
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36
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Kumar R, de Mooij T, Peterson TE, Kaptzan T, Johnson AJ, Daniels DJ, Parney IF. Modulating glioma-mediated myeloid-derived suppressor cell development with sulforaphane. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179012. [PMID: 28666020 PMCID: PMC5493295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common primary tumor of the brain and has few long-term survivors. The local and systemic immunosuppressive environment created by glioblastoma allows it to evade immunosurveillance. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a critical component of this immunosuppression. Understanding mechanisms of MDSC formation and function are key to developing effective immunotherapies. In this study, we developed a novel model to reliably generate human MDSCs from healthy-donor CD14+ monocytes by culture in human glioma-conditioned media. Monocytic MDSC frequency was assessed by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. The resulting MDSCs robustly inhibited T cell proliferation. A cytokine array identified multiple components of the GCM potentially contributing to MDSC generation, including Monocyte Chemoattractive Protein-1, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF). Of these, Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor is a particularly attractive therapeutic target as sulforaphane, a naturally occurring MIF inhibitor derived from broccoli sprouts, has excellent oral bioavailability. Sulforaphane inhibits the transformation of normal monocytes to MDSCs by glioma-conditioned media in vitro at pharmacologically relevant concentrations that are non-toxic to normal leukocytes. This is associated with a corresponding increase in mature dendritic cells. Interestingly, sulforaphane treatment had similar pro-inflammatory effects on normal monocytes in fresh media but specifically increased immature dendritic cells. Thus, we have used a simple in vitro model system to identify a novel contributor to glioblastoma immunosuppression for which a natural inhibitor exists that increases mature dendritic cell development at the expense of myeloid-derived suppressor cells when normal monocytes are exposed to glioma conditioned media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kumar
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Tristan de Mooij
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Timothy E. Peterson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Tatiana Kaptzan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Aaron J. Johnson
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - David J. Daniels
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ian F. Parney
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
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37
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Guo X, Xu S, Gao X, Wang J, Xue H, Chen Z, Zhang J, Guo X, Qian M, Qiu W, Li G. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor promotes vasculogenic mimicry formation induced by hypoxia via CXCR4/AKT/EMT pathway in human glioblastoma cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:80358-80372. [PMID: 29113309 PMCID: PMC5655204 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is over-expressed and secreted in various cancer cells in particular in response to hypoxia. Recent studies have shown that, under hypoxic conditions, glioblastoma (GBM) cells display the ability to drive blood-perfused vasculogenic mimicry (VM). The aim of this study was to investigate the underlying mechanism of MIF in the regulation of hypoxia-induced VM in GBM cells. By analyzing clinical specimens, we observed the co-localization of MIF, C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and VM in hypoxic regions of gliomas. In vitro, the exposure of GBM cells (U87 and U251) to hypoxia increased the expression of MIF and CXCR4 and induced VMs. Other data demonstrated that ectogenic rhMIF promoted VMs in GBM cells and knock-down endogenous MIF attenuated hypoxia-induced VMs. In addition, we demonstrated that MIF augmented VM formation ability by enhancing the epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) through the CXCR4-AKT pathway. Moreover, in vivo, the subcutaneous injection of rhMIF resulted in the progression of EMT and VMs formation. On the contrary, CXCR4-AKT pathway inhibitors blocked the effects of rhMIF on EMT and VMs formation. Collectively, our results support a critical role for the MIF-CXCR4 signaling axis in regulating hypoxia-induced VMs formation, indicating the potential usefulness of MIF as a notable target for the anti-vascularization treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Shugang Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, P.R. China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Dezhou People's Hospital, Dezhou, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, P.R. China.,Brian Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, P.R. China.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5009-Bergen, Norway
| | - Hao Xue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Zihang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Jinsen Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofan Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Mingyu Qian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Wei Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, P.R. China.,Brian Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, P.R. China
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Castro BA, Flanigan P, Jahangiri A, Hoffman D, Chen W, Kuang R, De Lay M, Yagnik G, Wagner JR, Mascharak S, Sidorov M, Shrivastav S, Kohanbash G, Okada H, Aghi MK. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor downregulation: a novel mechanism of resistance to anti-angiogenic therapy. Oncogene 2017; 36:3749-3759. [PMID: 28218903 PMCID: PMC5491354 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Anti-angiogenic therapies for cancer such as VEGF neutralizing antibody bevacizumab have limited durability. While mechanisms of resistance remain undefined, it is likely that acquired resistance to anti-angiogenic therapy will involve alterations of the tumor microenvironment. We confirmed increased tumor-associated macrophages in bevacizumab-resistant glioblastoma patient specimens and two novel glioblastoma xenograft models of bevacizumab resistance. Microarray analysis suggested downregulated macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) to be the most pertinent mediator of increased macrophages. Bevacizumab-resistant patient glioblastomas and both novel xenograft models of resistance had less MIF than bevacizumab-naive tumors, and harbored more M2/protumoral macrophages that specifically localized to the tumor edge. Xenografts expressing MIF-shRNA grew more rapidly with greater angiogenesis and had macrophages localizing to the tumor edge which were more prevalent and proliferative, and displayed M2 polarization, whereas bevacizumab-resistant xenografts transduced to upregulate MIF exhibited the opposite changes. Bone marrow-derived macrophage were polarized to an M2 phenotype in the presence of condition-media derived from bevacizumab-resistant xenograft-derived cells, while recombinant MIF drove M1 polarization. Media from macrophages exposed to bevacizumab-resistant tumor cell conditioned media increased glioma cell proliferation compared with media from macrophages exposed to bevacizumab-responsive tumor cell media, suggesting that macrophage polarization in bevacizumab-resistant xenografts is the source of their aggressive biology and results from a secreted factor. Two mechanisms of bevacizumab-induced MIF reduction were identified: (1) bevacizumab bound MIF and blocked MIF-induced M1 polarization of macrophages; and (2) VEGF increased glioma MIF production in a VEGFR2-dependent manner, suggesting that bevacizumab-induced VEGF depletion would downregulate MIF. Site-directed biopsies revealed enriched MIF and VEGF at the enhancing edge in bevacizumab-naive patients. This MIF enrichment was lost in bevacizumab-resistant glioblastomas, driving a tumor edge M1-to-M2 transition. Thus, bevacizumab resistance is driven by reduced MIF at the tumor edge causing proliferative expansion of M2 macrophages, which in turn promotes tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Castro
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA
| | - P Flanigan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA
| | - A Jahangiri
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA
| | - D Hoffman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA
| | - W Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA
| | - R Kuang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA
| | - M De Lay
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA
| | - G Yagnik
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA
| | - J R Wagner
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA
| | - S Mascharak
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA
| | - M Sidorov
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA
| | - S Shrivastav
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA
| | - G Kohanbash
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA
| | - H Okada
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA
| | - M K Aghi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA
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39
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Johler SM, Fuchs J, Seitz G, Armeanu-Ebinger S. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is induced by cytotoxic drugs and is involved in immune escape and migration in childhood rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2016; 65:1465-1476. [PMID: 27629595 PMCID: PMC11029580 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-016-1896-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is known to be involved in oncogenic transformation, tumour progression, and immunosuppression and is overexpressed in many solid tumours, including paediatric rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS). We investigated the function of MIF in RMS during treatment with cytotoxic drugs. RMS cell lines were analysed by flow cytometry, immunofluorescence staining, and ELISA. We demonstrated the overexpression of MIF in RMS cells and the enhanced expression and secretion after treatment with cytotoxic agents. Migration assays of RMS cells revealed that inhibitors of MIF (ISO-1, Ant.III 4-IPP, Ant.V, sulforaphane (SF)) and blocking antibodies caused reduced migration, indicating a role for MIF in metastatic invasion. Additionally, we investigated the function of MIF in immune escape. The development of a population containing immunosuppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cells was promoted by incubation in conditioned medium of RMS cells comprising MIF and was reversed by MIF inhibitors but not by antibodies. Although most inhibitors may restore immune activity, Ant.III and 10 µM SF disturbed T cell proliferation in a CFSE assay, whereas T cell proliferation was not reduced by 3 µM SF, ISO-1 or antibodies. However, the inhibition of MIF by blocking antibodies did not increase the killing activity of allogenic PBMCs co-cultured with RMS cells. Our results reveal that MIF may be involved in an immune escape mechanism and demonstrate the involvement of MIF in immunogenic cell death during treatment with cytotoxic drugs. Targeting MIF may contribute to the restoration of immune sensitivity and the control of migration and metastatic invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Maria Johler
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Urology, University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Fuchs
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Urology, University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Guido Seitz
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Urology, University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sorin Armeanu-Ebinger
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Urology, University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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40
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Brown JS. Cancer Immune Equilibrium and Schizophrenia Have Similar Interferon-γ, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, and Interleukin Expression: A Tumor Model of Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2016; 42:1407-1417. [PMID: 27169466 PMCID: PMC5049534 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbw064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
For at least a century, a debate has continued as to whether cancer risk is reduced in schizophrenia. Genetic studies have also suggested the 2 conditions may share protein transcriptional pathways. The author predicted that if the pathophysiology of schizophrenia confers protection from cancer, then the immunology of schizophrenia should reflect a state of tumor suppression, ie, the opposite of tumor escape. To examine this possibility, the author performed a literature search for measurements of cytokines in drug-naïve first episode subjects with schizophrenia for comparison with cytokine expression in tumor escape vs tumor suppression. The comparison showed that instead of either tumor suppression or escape, schizophrenia appears to be in a state of tumor equilibrium. Based on this finding, the author hypothesized that the clinical presentation of schizophrenia may involve cell transformation similar to an early stage of cancer initiation or an attenuated tumorigenesis. While this condition could reflect the presence of an actual tumor such as an ovarian teratoma causing anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, it would only explain a small percentage of cases. To find a more likely tumor model, the author then compared the cytokine profile of schizophrenia to individual cancers and found the best match was melanoma. To demonstrate the viability of the theory, the author compared the hallmarks, emerging hallmarks, and enabling characteristics of melanoma to schizophrenia and found that many findings in schizophrenia are understood if schizophrenia is a condition of attenuated tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, VCU School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
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41
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Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF): Biological Activities and Relation with Cancer. Pathol Oncol Res 2016; 23:235-244. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-016-0138-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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42
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Eyüpoglu IY, Savaskan NE. Epigenetics in Brain Tumors: HDACs Take Center Stage. Curr Neuropharmacol 2016; 14:48-54. [PMID: 26521944 PMCID: PMC4787285 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666151030162457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary tumors of the brain account for 2 % of all cancers with malignant gliomas taking the lion’s share at 70 %. Malignant gliomas (high grade gliomas WHO° III and °IV) belong to one of the most threatening tumor entities known for their disappointingly short median survival time of just 14 months despite maximum therapy according to current gold standards. Malignant gliomas manifest various factors, through which they adapt and manipulate the tumor microenvironment to their advantage. Epigenetic mechanisms operate on the tumor microenvironment by de- and methylation processes and imbalances between the histone deacetylases (HDAC) and histone acetylases (HAT). Many compounds have been discovered modulating epigenetically controlled signals. Recent studies indicate that xCT (system xc-, SLC7a11) and CD44 (H-CAM, ECM-III, HUTCH-1) functions as a bridge between these epigenetic regulatory mechanisms and malignant glioma progression. The question that ensues is the extent to which therapeutic intervention on these signaling pathways would exert influence on the treatment of malignant gliomas as well as the extent to which manipulation of HDAC activity can sensitize tumor cells for chemotherapeutics through ‘epigenetic priming’. In light of considering the current stagnation in the development of therapeutic options, the need for new strategies in the treatment of gliomas has never been so pressing. In this context the possibility of pharmacological intervention on tumor-associated genes by epigenetic priming opens a novel path in the treatment of primary brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilker Y Eyüpoglu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, University of Erlangen- Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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43
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Xu S, Guo X, Gao X, Xue H, Zhang J, Guo X, Qiu W, Zhang P, Li G. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor enhances autophagy by regulating ROCK1 activity and contributes to the escape of dendritic cell surveillance in glioblastoma. Int J Oncol 2016; 49:2105-2115. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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44
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Kindt N, Journe F, Laurent G, Saussez S. Involvement of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in cancer and novel therapeutic targets. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:2247-2253. [PMID: 27698786 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) was originally identified in 1966 by Bloom and Bennett as a pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in the inhibition of macrophage motility. Since then, studies have investigated the functional contribution of this pro-inflammatory cytokine in several immune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and lupus erythematous. Recently, MIF has been reported to be involved in a variety of neoplastic diseases. The present review discusses previous cancer research studies that have investigated the involvement of MIF in carcinogenesis, disease prognosis, tumor cell proliferation and invasion, and tumor-induced angiogenesis. Finally, potential therapeutic approaches based on the use of MIF antagonists and neutralizing antibodies are examined. The review concludes that MIF could be a good prognostic biomarker in several types of cancer, but also that the inhibition of MIF could represent a novel therapy against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadège Kindt
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, Mons 7000, Belgium
| | - Fabrice Journe
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, Mons 7000, Belgium; Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Free University of Brussels, Brussels 1000, Belgium
| | - Guy Laurent
- Laboratory of Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, Mons 7000, Belgium
| | - Sven Saussez
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, Mons 7000, Belgium; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Brussels 1000, Belgium
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45
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Eckert R, Huberty J, Gowin K, Mesa R, Marks L. Physical Activity as a Nonpharmacological Symptom Management Approach in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: Recommendations for Future Research. Integr Cancer Ther 2016; 16:439-450. [PMID: 27458250 PMCID: PMC5739136 DOI: 10.1177/1534735416661417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera, and myelofibrosis are rare chronic hematological malignancies known as myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) and are characterized by deregulated myeloid lineage cell production, splenomegaly, and heterogeneous symptom profiles. MPN patients suffer from a significant symptom burden (eg, fatigue, depressive symptoms, early satiety) and an impaired overall quality of life (QoL). Current treatments typically include pharmacological approaches, which may come with additional side effects and may be limited by treatment-associated toxicities (ie, cytopenias). Nonpharmacological approaches such as physical activity may be beneficial for reducing symptom burden and improving QoL. To date, no studies have examined physical activity as a nonpharmacological approach in MPN patients despite preliminary evidence supporting its benefit in other hematological cancers. The purpose of this article is to (1) review the literature related to physical activity and specific hematological cancer subtypes and to (2) make suggestions for future research involving physical activity in MPN patients as a symptom management strategy. METHODS A brief review of studies examining physical activity in leukemias, lymphomas, and myelomas (excluding stem-cell transplant patients) was conducted. RESULTS There is preliminary evidence to suggest that physical activity may be an effective approach to improve patient-reported outcomes (fatigue, depression, anxiety, sleep), physical fitness (cardiovascular fitness, balance, body composition), and overall QoL in other hematological cancers. CONCLUSIONS Based on encouraging findings in other hematological cancers, future research should examine the feasibility and effectiveness of physical activity in MPN patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Eckert
- 1 Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | | | - Ruben Mesa
- 2 Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Lisa Marks
- 2 Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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46
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Otvos B, Silver DJ, Mulkearns-Hubert EE, Alvarado AG, Turaga SM, Sorensen MD, Rayman P, Flavahan WA, Hale JS, Stoltz K, Sinyuk M, Wu Q, Jarrar A, Kim SH, Fox PL, Nakano I, Rich JN, Ransohoff RM, Finke J, Kristensen BW, Vogelbaum MA, Lathia JD. Cancer Stem Cell-Secreted Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Stimulates Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cell Function and Facilitates Glioblastoma Immune Evasion. Stem Cells 2016; 34:2026-39. [PMID: 27145382 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Shifting the balance away from tumor-mediated immune suppression toward tumor immune rejection is the conceptual foundation for a variety of immunotherapy efforts currently being tested. These efforts largely focus on activating antitumor immune responses but are confounded by multiple immune cell populations, including myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), which serve to suppress immune system function. We have identified immune-suppressive MDSCs in the brains of GBM patients and found that they were in close proximity to self-renewing cancer stem cells (CSCs). MDSCs were selectively depleted using 5-flurouracil (5-FU) in a low-dose administration paradigm, which resulted in prolonged survival in a syngeneic mouse model of glioma. In coculture studies, patient-derived CSCs but not nonstem tumor cells selectively drove MDSC-mediated immune suppression. A cytokine screen revealed that CSCs secreted multiple factors that promoted this activity, including macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), which was produced at high levels by CSCs. Addition of MIF increased production of the immune-suppressive enzyme arginase-1 in MDSCs in a CXCR2-dependent manner, whereas blocking MIF reduced arginase-1 production. Similarly to 5-FU, targeting tumor-derived MIF conferred a survival advantage to tumor-bearing animals and increased the cytotoxic T cell response within the tumor. Importantly, tumor cell proliferation, survival, and self-renewal were not impacted by MIF reduction, demonstrating that MIF is primarily an indirect promoter of GBM progression, working to suppress immune rejection by activating and protecting immune suppressive MDSCs within the GBM tumor microenvironment. Stem Cells 2016;34:2026-2039.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balint Otvos
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA.,Rose Ella Burkhardt Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA
| | - Daniel J Silver
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA
| | - Erin E Mulkearns-Hubert
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA
| | - Alvaro G Alvarado
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case, Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA
| | - Soumya M Turaga
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA
| | - Mia D Sorensen
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Patricia Rayman
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA
| | - William A Flavahan
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case, Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA
| | - James S Hale
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA
| | - Kevin Stoltz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA
| | - Maksim Sinyuk
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA
| | - Qiulian Wu
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA
| | - Awad Jarrar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA
| | - Sung-Hak Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - Paul L Fox
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case, Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
| | - Ichiro Nakano
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - Jeremy N Rich
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA.,Rose Ella Burkhardt Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case, Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
| | - Richard M Ransohoff
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case, Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA
| | - James Finke
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case, Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
| | - Bjarne W Kristensen
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Michael A Vogelbaum
- Rose Ella Burkhardt Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case, Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
| | - Justin D Lathia
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA.,Rose Ella Burkhardt Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case, Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
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47
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Xue H, Yuan G, Guo X, Liu Q, Zhang J, Gao X, Guo X, Xu S, Li T, Shao Q, Yan S, Li G. A novel tumor-promoting mechanism of IL6 and the therapeutic efficacy of tocilizumab: Hypoxia-induced IL6 is a potent autophagy initiator in glioblastoma via the p-STAT3-MIR155-3p-CREBRF pathway. Autophagy 2016; 12:1129-52. [PMID: 27163161 PMCID: PMC4990999 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1178446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia induces protective autophagy in glioblastoma cells and new therapeutic avenues that target this process may improve the outcome for glioblastoma patients. Recent studies have suggested that the autophagic process is upregulated in glioblastomas in response to extensive hypoxia. Hypoxia also induces the upregulation of a specific set of proteins and microRNAs (miRNAs) in a variety of cell types. IL6 (interleukin 6), an inflammatory autocrine and paracrine cytokine that is overexpressed in glioblastoma, has been reported to be a biomarker for poor prognosis because of its tumor-promoting effects. Here, we describe a novel tumor-promoting mechanism of IL6, whereby hypoxia-induced IL6 acts as a potent initiator of autophagy in glioblastoma via the phosphorylated (p)-STAT3-MIR155-3p pathway. IL6 and p-STAT3 levels correlated with the abundance of autophagic cells and HIF1A levels in human glioma tissues and with the grade of human glioma, whereas inhibition of exogenous or endogenous IL6 repressed autophagy in glioblastoma cells in vitro. Knockdown of endogenous MIR155-3p inhibited IL6-induced autophagy, and enforced expression of MIR155-3p restored the anti-autophagic activity of IL6 inhibitors. We show that the hypoxia-IL6-p-STAT3-MIR155-3p-CREBRF-CREB3-ATG5 pathway plays a central role in malignant glioma progression, with blockade of the IL6 receptor by tocilizumab demonstrating a certain level of therapeutic efficacy in a xenograft model in vivo, especially in combination with temozolomide. Moreover, tocilizumab inhibits autophagy by promoting tumor apoptosis. Collectively, our findings provide new insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying hypoxia-induced glioma cell autophagy and point toward a possible efficacious adjuvant therapy for glioblastoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xue
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Qilu Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong Province , China.,b Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong Province , China
| | - Guang Yuan
- c Department of Neurosurgery , Central Hospital of Zibo City , Zibo , Shandong Province , China
| | - Xing Guo
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Qilu Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong Province , China.,b Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong Province , China
| | - Qinglin Liu
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Qilu Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong Province , China
| | - Jinsen Zhang
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Qilu Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong Province , China.,b Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong Province , China
| | - Xiao Gao
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Qilu Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong Province , China
| | - Xiaofan Guo
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Qilu Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong Province , China
| | - Shugang Xu
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Qilu Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong Province , China.,d Department of Neurosurgery , Dezhou People's Hospital , Dezhou , Shandong Province , China
| | - Tong Li
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Qilu Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong Province , China
| | - Qianqian Shao
- e Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong Province , China
| | - Shaofeng Yan
- b Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong Province , China
| | - Gang Li
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Qilu Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong Province , China.,b Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong Province , China
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Ghoochani A, Schwarz MA, Yakubov E, Engelhorn T, Doerfler A, Buchfelder M, Bucala R, Savaskan NE, Eyüpoglu IY. MIF-CD74 signaling impedes microglial M1 polarization and facilitates brain tumorigenesis. Oncogene 2016; 35:6246-6261. [PMID: 27157615 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Microglial cells in the brain tumor microenvironment are associated with enhanced glioma malignancy. They persist in an immunosuppressive M2 state at the peritumoral site and promote the growth of gliomas. Here, we investigated the underlying factors contributing to the abolished immune surveillance. We show that brain tumors escape pro-inflammatory M1 conversion of microglia via CD74 activation through the secretion of the cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), which results in a M2 shift of microglial cells. Interruption of this glioma-microglial interaction through an antibody-neutralizing approach or small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated inhibition prolongs survival time in glioma-implanted mice by reinstating the microglial pro-inflammatory M1 function. We show that MIF-CD74 signaling inhibits interferon (IFN)-γ secretion in microglia through phosphorylation of microglial ERK1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2). The inhibition of MIF signaling or its receptor CD74 promotes IFN-γ release and amplifies tumor death either through pharmacological inhibition or through siRNA-mediated knockdown. The reinstated IFN-γ secretion leads both to direct inhibition of glioma growth as well as inducing a M2 to M1 shift in glioma-associated microglia. Our data reveal that interference with the MIF signaling pathway represents a viable therapeutic option for the restoration of IFN-γ-driven immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ghoochani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Medical Faculty of the Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - M A Schwarz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Medical Faculty of the Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - E Yakubov
- Department of Neurosurgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Medical Faculty of the Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - T Engelhorn
- Department of Neuroradiology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Medical Faculty of the Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - A Doerfler
- Department of Neuroradiology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Medical Faculty of the Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Buchfelder
- Department of Neurosurgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Medical Faculty of the Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - R Bucala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - N E Savaskan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Medical Faculty of the Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.,BiMECON Ent., Kurfürstenstrasse 21, Berlin, Germany
| | - I Y Eyüpoglu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Medical Faculty of the Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
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49
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WANG ZHENHUA, XUE YIXUE, WANG PING, ZHU JIAQI, MA JUN. miR-608 inhibits the migration and invasion of glioma stem cells by targeting macrophage migration inhibitory factor. Oncol Rep 2016; 35:2733-42. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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50
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Samadi AK, Bilsland A, Georgakilas AG, Amedei A, Amin A, Bishayee A, Azmi AS, Lokeshwar BL, Grue B, Panis C, Boosani CS, Poudyal D, Stafforini DM, Bhakta D, Niccolai E, Guha G, Vasantha Rupasinghe HP, Fujii H, Honoki K, Mehta K, Aquilano K, Lowe L, Hofseth LJ, Ricciardiello L, Ciriolo MR, Singh N, Whelan RL, Chaturvedi R, Ashraf SS, Shantha Kumara HMC, Nowsheen S, Mohammed SI, Keith WN, Helferich WG, Yang X. A multi-targeted approach to suppress tumor-promoting inflammation. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35 Suppl:S151-S184. [PMID: 25951989 PMCID: PMC4635070 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancers harbor significant genetic heterogeneity and patterns of relapse following many therapies are due to evolved resistance to treatment. While efforts have been made to combine targeted therapies, significant levels of toxicity have stymied efforts to effectively treat cancer with multi-drug combinations using currently approved therapeutics. We discuss the relationship between tumor-promoting inflammation and cancer as part of a larger effort to develop a broad-spectrum therapeutic approach aimed at a wide range of targets to address this heterogeneity. Specifically, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, cyclooxygenase-2, transcription factor nuclear factor-κB, tumor necrosis factor alpha, inducible nitric oxide synthase, protein kinase B, and CXC chemokines are reviewed as important antiinflammatory targets while curcumin, resveratrol, epigallocatechin gallate, genistein, lycopene, and anthocyanins are reviewed as low-cost, low toxicity means by which these targets might all be reached simultaneously. Future translational work will need to assess the resulting synergies of rationally designed antiinflammatory mixtures (employing low-toxicity constituents), and then combine this with similar approaches targeting the most important pathways across the range of cancer hallmark phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan Bilsland
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematics and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Amr Amin
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Larkin Health Sciences Institute, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Asfar S Azmi
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State Univeristy, Karmanos Cancer Center, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Bal L Lokeshwar
- Department of Urology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States; Miami Veterans Administration Medical Center, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Brendan Grue
- Department of Environmental Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Carolina Panis
- Laboratory of Inflammatory Mediators, State University of West Paraná, UNIOESTE, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Chandra S Boosani
- Department of BioMedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Deepak Poudyal
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Diana M Stafforini
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Dipita Bhakta
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Gunjan Guha
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - H P Vasantha Rupasinghe
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Hiromasa Fujii
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Kanya Honoki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Kapil Mehta
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Katia Aquilano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Leroy Lowe
- Getting to Know Cancer, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada.
| | - Lorne J Hofseth
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Luigi Ricciardiello
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Neetu Singh
- Advanced Molecular Science Research Centre (Centre for Advanced Research), King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Richard L Whelan
- Department of Surgery, St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY, United States
| | - Rupesh Chaturvedi
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - S Salman Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - H M C Shantha Kumara
- Department of Surgery, St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY, United States
| | - Somaira Nowsheen
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Medical School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Sulma I Mohammed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - W Nicol Keith
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Xujuan Yang
- University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
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