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Patil M, Casari I, Warne LN, Falasca M. G protein-coupled receptors driven intestinal glucagon-like peptide-1 reprogramming for obesity: Hope or hype? Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 172:116245. [PMID: 38340396 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
'Globesity' is a foremost challenge to the healthcare system. The limited efficacy and adverse effects of available oral pharmacotherapies pose a significant obstacle in the fight against obesity. The biology of the leading incretin hormone glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1) has been highly captivated during the last decade owing to its multisystemic pleiotropic clinical outcomes beyond inherent glucoregulatory action. That fostered a pharmaceutical interest in synthetic GLP-1 analogues to tackle type-2 diabetes (T2D), obesity and related complications. Besides, mechanistic insights on metabolic surgeries allude to an incretin-based hormonal combination strategy for weight loss that emerged as a forerunner for the discovery of injectable 'unimolecular poly-incretin-agonist' therapies. Physiologically, intestinal enteroendocrine L-cells (EECs) are the prominent endogenous source of GLP-1 peptide. Despite comprehending the potential of various G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to stimulate endogenous GLP-1 secretion, decades of translational GPCR research have failed to yield regulatory-approved endogenous GLP-1 secretagogue oral therapy. Lately, a dual/poly-GPCR agonism strategy has emerged as an alternative approach to the traditional mono-GPCR concept. This review aims to gain a comprehensive understanding by revisiting the pharmacology of a few potential GPCR-based complementary avenues that have drawn attention to the design of orally active poly-GPCR agonist therapy. The merits, challenges and recent developments that may aid future poly-GPCR drug discovery are critically discussed. Subsequently, we project the mechanism-based therapeutic potential and limitations of oral poly-GPCR agonism strategy to augment intestinal GLP-1 for weight loss. We further extend our discussion to compare the poly-GPCR agonism approach over invasive surgical and injectable GLP-1-based regimens currently in clinical practice for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Patil
- Metabolic Signalling Group, Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Ilaria Casari
- Metabolic Signalling Group, Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Leon N Warne
- Little Green Pharma, West Perth, Western Australia 6872, Australia
| | - Marco Falasca
- University of Parma, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy.
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Mboumba Bouassa RS, Comeau E, Alexandrova Y, Pagliuzza A, Yero A, Samarani S, Needham J, Singer J, Lee T, Bobeuf F, Vertzagias C, Sebastiani G, Margolese S, Mandarino E, Klein MB, Lebouché B, Routy JP, Chomont N, Costiniuk CT, Jenabian MA. Effects of Oral Cannabinoids on Systemic Inflammation and Viral Reservoir Markers in People with HIV on Antiretroviral Therapy: Results of the CTN PT028 Pilot Clinical Trial. Cells 2023; 12:1811. [PMID: 37508476 PMCID: PMC10378564 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic HIV infection is characterized by persistent inflammation despite antiretroviral therapy (ART). Cannabinoids may help reduce systemic inflammation in people with HIV (PWH). To assess the effects of oral cannabinoids during HIV, ten PWH on ART were randomized (n = 5/group) to increasing doses of oral Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): cannabidiol (CBD) combination (2.5:2.5-15:15 mg/day) capsules or CBD-only (200-800 mg/day) capsules for 12 weeks. Blood specimens were collected prospectively 7-21 days prior to treatment initiation and at weeks 0 to 14. Plasma cytokine levels were determined via Luminex and ELISA. Immune cell subsets were characterized by flow cytometry. HIV DNA/RNA were measured in circulating CD4 T-cells and sperm by ultra-sensitive qPCR. Results from both arms were combined for statistical analysis. Plasma levels of IFN-γ, IL-1β, sTNFRII, and REG-3α were significantly reduced at the end of treatment (p ˂ 0.05). A significant decrease in frequencies of PD1+ memory CD4 T-cells, CD73+ regulatory CD4 T-cells, and M-DC8+ intermediate monocytes was also observed (p ˂ 0.05), along with a transient decrease in CD28-CD57+ senescent CD4 and CD8 T-cells. Ki-67+ CD4 T-cells, CCR2+ non-classical monocytes, and myeloid dendritic cells increased over time (p ˂ 0.05). There were no significant changes in other inflammatory markers or HIV DNA/RNA levels. These findings can guide future large clinical trials investigating cannabinoid anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph-Sydney Mboumba Bouassa
- Department of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 3Y7, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Eve Comeau
- Department of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 3Y7, Canada
| | - Yulia Alexandrova
- Department of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 3Y7, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Amélie Pagliuzza
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Alexis Yero
- Department of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 3Y7, Canada
| | - Suzanne Samarani
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Judy Needham
- CIHR Canadian HIV Trials Network, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Joel Singer
- CIHR Canadian HIV Trials Network, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Terry Lee
- CIHR Canadian HIV Trials Network, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Florian Bobeuf
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Claude Vertzagias
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Giada Sebastiani
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Shari Margolese
- CIHR Canadian HIV Trials Network, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | | | - Marina B Klein
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Bertrand Lebouché
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Centre for Outcomes Research & Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Cecilia T Costiniuk
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Mohammad-Ali Jenabian
- Department of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 3Y7, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
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Premadasa LS, Lee E, McDew-White M, Alvarez X, Jayakumar S, Ling B, Okeoma CM, Byrareddy SN, Kulkarni S, Mohan M. Cannabinoid enhancement of lncRNA MMP25-AS1/MMP25 interaction reduces neutrophil infiltration and intestinal epithelial injury in HIV/SIV infection. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e167903. [PMID: 37036007 PMCID: PMC10132162 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.167903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction, a hallmark of HIV/SIV infection, persists despite viral suppression by combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Emerging evidence suggests a critical role for long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in maintaining epithelial homeostasis. We simultaneously profiled lncRNA/mRNA expression exclusively in colonic epithelium (CE) of SIV-infected rhesus macaques (RMs) administered vehicle (VEH) or Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Relative to controls, fewer lncRNAs were up- or downregulated in CE of THC/SIV compared with VEH/SIV RMs. Importantly, reciprocal expression of the natural antisense lncRNA MMP25-AS1 (up 2.3-fold) and its associated protein-coding gene MMP25 (attracts neutrophils by inactivating alpha-1 anti-trypsin/SERPINA1) (down 2.2-fold) was detected in CE of THC/SIV RMs. Computational analysis verified 2 perfectly matched complementary regions and an energetically stable (normalized binding free energy = -0.2626) MMP25-AS1/MMP25 duplex structure. MMP25-AS1 overexpression blocked IFN-γ-induced MMP25 mRNA and protein expression in vitro. Elevated MMP25 protein expression in CE of VEH/SIV but not THC/SIV RMs was associated with increased infiltration by myeloperoxidase/CD11b++ neutrophils (transendothelial migration) and epithelial CD47 (transepithelial migration) expression. Interestingly, THC administered in combination with cART increased MMP25-AS1 and reduced MMP25 mRNA/protein expression in jejunal epithelium of SIV-infected RMs. Our findings demonstrate that MMP25-AS1 is a potentially unique epigenetic regulator of MMP25 and that low-dose THC can reduce neutrophil infiltration and intestinal epithelial injury potentially by downregulating MMP25 expression through modulation of MMP25-AS1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakmini S. Premadasa
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Eunhee Lee
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Marina McDew-White
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Xavier Alvarez
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Sahana Jayakumar
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Binhua Ling
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Chioma M. Okeoma
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Siddappa N. Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Smita Kulkarni
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Mahesh Mohan
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Niloy N, Hediyal TA, Vichitra C, Sonali S, Chidambaram SB, Gorantla VR, Mahalakshmi AM. Effect of Cannabis on Memory Consolidation, Learning and Retrieval and Its Current Legal Status in India: A Review. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13010162. [PMID: 36671547 PMCID: PMC9855787 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis is one of the oldest crops grown, traditionally held religious attachments in various cultures for its medicinal use much before its introduction to Western medicine. Multiple preclinical and clinical investigations have explored the beneficial effects of cannabis in various neurocognitive and neurodegenerative diseases affecting the cognitive domains. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the major psychoactive component, is responsible for cognition-related deficits, while cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive phytocannabinoid, has been shown to elicit neuroprotective activity. In the present integrative review, the authors focus on the effects of cannabis on the different cognitive domains, including learning, consolidation, and retrieval. The present study is the first attempt in which significant focus has been imparted on all three aspects of cognition, thus linking to its usage. Furthermore, the investigators have also depicted the current legal position of cannabis in India and the requirement for reforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandi Niloy
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, SS Nagar, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Tousif Ahmed Hediyal
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, SS Nagar, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
- Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, SS Nagar, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Chandrasekaran Vichitra
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, SS Nagar, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
- Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, SS Nagar, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Sharma Sonali
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, SS Nagar, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
- Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, SS Nagar, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Saravana Babu Chidambaram
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, SS Nagar, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
- Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, SS Nagar, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Vasavi Rakesh Gorantla
- Department of Anatomical Science, St. George’s University, University Centre, St. Georges FZ818, Grenada
- Correspondence: (V.R.G.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Arehally M. Mahalakshmi
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, SS Nagar, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
- Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, SS Nagar, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
- Correspondence: (V.R.G.); (A.M.M.)
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Miranda-Cortés A, Mota-Rojas D, Crosignani-Outeda N, Casas-Alvarado A, Martínez-Burnes J, Olmos-Hernández A, Mora-Medina P, Verduzco-Mendoza A, Hernández-Ávalos I. The role of cannabinoids in pain modulation in companion animals. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:1050884. [PMID: 36686189 PMCID: PMC9848446 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1050884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of cannabinoids in both veterinary and human medicine is controversial for legal and ethical reasons. Nonetheless, the availability and therapeutic use of naturally occurring or synthetic phytocannabinoids, such as Δ9-tetrahydrocannabidiol and cannabidiol, have been the focus of attention in studies regarding their medical uses. This review aims to examine the role of cannabinoids in pain modulation by analyzing scientific findings regarding the signaling pathways of the endocannabinoid system and discussing the analgesic effects of synthetic cannabinoids compared to cannabinoid extracts and the extent and involvement of their receptors. In animals, studies have shown the analgesic properties of these substances and the role of the cannabinoid binding -1 (CB1) and cannabinoid binding -2 (CB2) receptors in the endocannabinoid system to modulate acute, chronic and neuropathic pain. This system consists of three main components: endogenous ligands (anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol), G protein-coupled receptors and enzymes that degrade and recycle the ligands. Evidence suggests that their interaction with CB1 receptors inhibits signaling in pain pathways and causes psychoactive effects. On the other hand, CB2 receptors are associated with anti-inflammatory and analgesic reactions and effects on the immune system. Cannabis extracts and their synthetic derivatives are an effective therapeutic tool that contributes to compassionate pain care and participates in its multimodal management. However, the endocannabinoid system interacts with different endogenous ligands and neurotransmitters, thus offering other therapeutic possibilities in dogs and cats, such is the case of those patients who suffer from seizures or epilepsy, contact and atopic dermatitis, degenerative myelopathies, asthma, diabetes and glaucoma, among other inflammatory diseases. Moreover, these compounds have been shown to possess antineoplastic, appetite-stimulating, and antiemetic properties. Ultimately, the study of the endocannabinoid system, its ligands, receptors, mechanism of action, and signaling, has contributed to the development of research that shows that hemp-derived and their synthetic derivatives are an effective therapeutic alternative in the multimodal management of pain in dogs and cats due to their ability to prevent peripheral and central sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agatha Miranda-Cortés
- Department of Biological Science, Clinical Pharmacology and Veterinary Anesthesia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), FESC, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Neurophysiology of Pain, Behavior and Assessment of Welfare in Domestic Animals, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, (UAM), Mexico City, Mexico,*Correspondence: Daniel Mota-Rojas ✉
| | - Nadia Crosignani-Outeda
- Department of Clinics and Veterinary Hospital, School of Veterinary, University of Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alejandro Casas-Alvarado
- Neurophysiology of Pain, Behavior and Assessment of Welfare in Domestic Animals, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, (UAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Julio Martínez-Burnes
- Animal Health Group, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, Mexico
| | - Adriana Olmos-Hernández
- Department Bioterio and Experimental Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Calzada México Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Patricia Mora-Medina
- Livestock Science Department, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), FESC, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Antonio Verduzco-Mendoza
- Department Bioterio and Experimental Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Calzada México Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ismael Hernández-Ávalos
- Department of Biological Science, Clinical Pharmacology and Veterinary Anesthesia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), FESC, Mexico City, Mexico,Ismael Hernández-Ávalos ✉
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The Enteric Glia and Its Modulation by the Endocannabinoid System, a New Target for Cannabinoid-Based Nutraceuticals? MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27196773. [PMID: 36235308 PMCID: PMC9570628 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a part of the autonomic nervous system that intrinsically innervates the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Whereas enteric neurons have been deeply studied, the enteric glial cells (EGCs) have received less attention. However, these are immune-competent cells that contribute to the maintenance of the GI tract homeostasis through supporting epithelial integrity, providing neuroprotection, and influencing the GI motor function and sensation. The endogenous cannabinoid system (ECS) includes endogenous classical cannabinoids (anandamide, 2-arachidonoylglycerol), cannabinoid-like ligands (oleoylethanolamide (OEA) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)), enzymes involved in their metabolism (FAAH, MAGL, COX-2) and classical (CB1 and CB2) and non-classical (TRPV1, GPR55, PPAR) receptors. The ECS participates in many processes crucial for the proper functioning of the GI tract, in which the EGCs are involved. Thus, the modulation of the EGCs through the ECS might be beneficial to treat some dysfunctions of the GI tract. This review explores the role of EGCs and ECS on the GI tract functions and dysfunctions, and the current knowledge about how EGCs may be modulated by the ECS components, as possible new targets for cannabinoids and cannabinoid-like molecules, particularly those with potential nutraceutical use.
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Rinaldi V, Boari A, Ressel L, Bongiovanni L, Crisi PE, Cabibbo E, Finotello R. Expression of cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 in canine cutaneous mast cell tumours. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:530-536. [PMID: 36179546 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) belong to endocannabinoid system (ECS), which is also composed from endocannabinoids and the enzymatic systems involved in their biosynthesis and degradation. The expression of CB1 and CB2 have been previously identified in normal canine mast cell and in atopic dermatitis. Canine cutaneous mast cell tumours (cMCTs) are among the most common cutaneous neoplasms in dogs and have a highly variable clinical behaviour. Expression of CB1-CB2 was assessed by means of immunohistochemistry in thirty-seven dogs (from 2019 to 2021) with proven histological diagnosis of cMCT. Dogs were divided in two groups according to the Kiupel's grading system: high-grade (HG) cMCT and low-grade (LG) cMCT. A semiquantitative (score 0-3) and quantitative assessment of immunoreactivity (IR) was performed for each case. Our results show that there CB1 and CB2 are highly expressed in LG- cMCT, in contrast to HG- cMCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Rinaldi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Andrea Boari
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Ressel
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy Phisiology and Pathology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Science, Faculty of Health and life Science, University of Liverpool, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Bongiovanni
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Paolo Emidio Crisi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Emanuele Cabibbo
- Clinica Veterinaria Jenner, VetPartners, Via Jenner 37, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Riccardo Finotello
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Science, Faculty of Health and life Science, University of Liverpool, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
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8
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Chiocchetti R, Salamanca G, De Silva M, Gobbo F, Aspidi F, Cunha RZ, Galiazzo G, Tagliavia C, Sarli G, Morini M. Cannabinoid receptors in the inflammatory cells of canine atopic dermatitis. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:987132. [PMID: 36187821 PMCID: PMC9521433 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.987132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundAtopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common cutaneous inflammatory and pruritic diseases in dogs. Considering its multifactorial nature, AD can be a challenging disease to manage, and the therapeutic strategy must often be multimodal. In recent years, research has been moving toward the use of natural products which have beneficial effects on inflammation and itching, and no side effects. Cannabinoid receptors have been demonstrated to be expressed in healthy and diseased skin; therefore, one of the potential alternative therapeutic targets for investigating AD is the endocannabinoid system (ECS).ObjectiveTo immunohistochemically investigate the expression of the cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2R), and the cannabinoid-related receptors G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55), transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) in mast cells (MCs), macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), T cells, and neutrophils of the skin of dogs with AD.AnimalsSamples of skin tissues were collected from eight dogs with AD (AD-dogs).Materials and methodsThe immunofluorescent stained cryosections of the skins of 8 dogs with AD having antibodies against CB2R, GPR55, TRPV1, TRPA1 were semiquantitatively evaluated. The inflammatory cells were identified using antibodies against tryptase (mast cells), ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBA1) (macrophages/DCs), CD3 (T cells), and calprotectin (neutrophils). The proportions of MCs, macrophages/DCs, T cells, and neutrophils expressing CB2R, GPR55, TRPV1 and TRPA1 were evaluated.ResultsThe cells of the inflammatory infiltrate showed immunoreactivity (IR) for all or for some of the cannabinoid and cannabinoid-related receptors studied. In particular, MCs and macrophages/DCs showed CB2R-, GPR55-, TRPA1-, and TRPV1-IR; T cells showed CB2R-, GPR55- and TRPA1-IR, and neutrophils expressed GPR55-IR. Co-localization studies indicated that CB2R-IR was co-expressed with TRPV1-, TRPA1-, and GPR55-IR in different cellular elements of the dermis of the AD-dogs.Conclusions and clinical importanceCannabinoid receptor 2, and cannabinoid-related receptors GPR55, TRPV1 and TRPA1 were widely expressed in the inflammatory infiltrate of the AD-dogs. Based on the present findings, the ECS could be considered to be a potential therapeutic target for dogs with AD, and may mitigate itch and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Chiocchetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- *Correspondence: Roberto Chiocchetti
| | - Giulia Salamanca
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Margherita De Silva
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Gobbo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Aspidi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rodrigo Zamith Cunha
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgia Galiazzo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Tagliavia
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Località Piano D'Accio, Teramo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sarli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Morini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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9
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della Rocca G, Re G. Palmitoylethanolamide and Related ALIAmides for Small Animal Health: State of the Art. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091186. [PMID: 36139024 PMCID: PMC9496254 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
ALIAmides are a family of fatty acid amides whose name comes from their mechanism of action, i.e., the Autacoid Local Injury Antagonism (ALIA). Actually, the ALIAmide parent molecule, palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), is locally produced on demand from a cell membrane precursor in order to control immune-inflammatory cell responses, avert chronic non-resolving inflammation, and limit the resulting clinical signs. ALIAmide sister compounds, such as Adelmidrol and palmitoylglucosamine, share mechanisms of action with PEA and may also increase endogenous levels of PEA. Provided that their respective bioavailability is properly addressed (e.g., through decreasing the particle size through micronization), exogenously administered ALIAmides thus mimic or sustain the prohomeostatic functions of endogenous PEA. The aim of the present paper is to review the main findings on the use of ALIAmides in small animals as a tribute to the man of vision who first believed in this “according-to-nature” approach, namely Francesco della Valle. After briefly presenting some key issues on the molecular targets, metabolism, and pharmacokinetics of PEA and related ALIAmides, here we will focus on the preclinical and clinical studies performed in dogs and cats. Although more data are still needed, ALIAmides may represent a novel and promising approach to small animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia della Rocca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Centro di Ricerca sul Dolore Animale (CeRiDA), University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Giovanni Re
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
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10
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Kupczyk P, Rykala M, Serek P, Pawlak A, Slowikowski B, Holysz M, Chodaczek G, Madej JP, Ziolkowski P, Niedzwiedz A. The cannabinoid receptors system in horses: Tissue distribution and cellular identification in skin. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:1508-1524. [PMID: 35801813 PMCID: PMC9308437 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is composed of cannabinoid receptors type 1 (CBR1) and type 2 (CBR2), cannabinoid-based ligands (endogenous chemically synthesized phytocannabinoids), and endogenous enzymes controlling their concentrations. Cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) have been identified in invertebrates and in almost all vertebrate species in the central and peripheral nervous system as well as in immune cells, where they control neuroimmune homeostasis. In humans, rodents, dogs, and cats, CBRs expression has been confirmed in the skin, and their expression and tissue distribution become disordered in pathological conditions. Cannabinoid receptors may be a possible therapeutic target in skin diseases. OBJECTIVES To characterize the distribution and cellular expression of CBRs in the skin of horses under normal conditions. ANIMALS Fifteen healthy horses. METHODS Using full-thickness skin punch biopsy samples, skin-derived primary epidermal keratinocytes and dermal-derived cells, we performed analysis of Cnr1 and Cnr2 genes using real-time PCR and CBR1 and CBR2 protein expression by confocal microscopy and Western blotting. RESULTS Normal equine skin, including equine epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblast-like cells, all exhibited constant gene and protein expression of CBRs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Our results represent a starting point for developing and translating new veterinary medicine-based pharmacotherapies using ECS as a possible target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kupczyk
- Division of General and Experimental Pathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marta Rykala
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Serek
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Pawlak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz Slowikowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Karol Marcinkowski Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marcin Holysz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Karol Marcinkowski Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Chodaczek
- Bioimaging Laboratory, Lukasiewicz Research Network - PORT Polish Center for Technology Development, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jan P Madej
- Department of Immunology, Pathophysiology and Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Ziolkowski
- Division of General and Experimental Pathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Artur Niedzwiedz
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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11
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Schiano Moriello A, Di Marzo V, Petrosino S. Mutual Links between the Endocannabinoidome and the Gut Microbiome, with Special Reference to Companion Animals: A Nutritional Viewpoint. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030348. [PMID: 35158670 PMCID: PMC8833664 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that perturbation of the gut microbiome, known as “dysbiosis”, is associated with the pathogenesis of human and veterinary diseases that are not restricted to the gastrointestinal tract. In this regard, recent studies have demonstrated that dysbiosis is linked to the pathogenesis of central neuroinflammatory disorders, supporting the existence of the so-called microbiome-gut-brain axis. The endocannabinoid system is a recently recognized lipid signaling system and termed endocannabinoidome monitoring a variety of body responses. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that a profound link exists between the gut microbiome and the endocannabinoidome, with mutual interactions controlling intestinal homeostasis, energy metabolism and neuroinflammatory responses during physiological conditions. In the present review, we summarize the latest data on the microbiome-endocannabinoidome mutual link in health and disease, focalizing the attention on gut dysbiosis and/or altered endocannabinoidome tone that may distort the bidirectional crosstalk between these two complex systems, thus leading to gastrointestinal and metabolic diseases (e.g., idiopathic inflammation, chronic enteropathies and obesity) as well as neuroinflammatory disorders (e.g., neuropathic pain and depression). We also briefly discuss the novel possible dietary interventions based not only on probiotics and/or prebiotics, but also, and most importantly, on endocannabinoid-like modulators (e.g., palmitoylethanolamide) for intestinal health and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniello Schiano Moriello
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Napoli, Italy; (A.S.M.); (V.D.M.)
- Epitech Group SpA, Via Einaudi 13, 35030 Padova, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Napoli, Italy; (A.S.M.); (V.D.M.)
- Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, CRIUCPQ and INAF, Centre NUTRISS, Faculties of Medicine and Agriculture and Food Sciences, Université Laval, Quebéc City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Stefania Petrosino
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Napoli, Italy; (A.S.M.); (V.D.M.)
- Epitech Group SpA, Via Einaudi 13, 35030 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence:
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12
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Polidoro G, Galiazzo G, Giancola F, Papadimitriou S, Kouki M, Sabattini S, Rigillo A, Chiocchetti R. Expression of cannabinoid and cannabinoid-related receptors in the oral mucosa of healthy cats and cats with chronic gingivostomatitis. J Feline Med Surg 2021; 23:679-691. [PMID: 33174485 PMCID: PMC10812186 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x20970510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS) is an oral disease. Cats with FCGS experience intense oral pain. Some cats remain refractory to current therapies based on dental extraction and adjuvant medical treatment; it is therefore necessary to investigate alternative therapeutic targets involved in inflammatory mechanisms and pain, namely the endocannabinoid system (ECS). The present study investigated the expression of cannabinoid receptors type 1 (CB1R) and 2 (CB2R), and cannabinoid-related receptors G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55), transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) and serotonin 1a receptor (5-HT1aR), in the oral mucosa of healthy cats to determine whether there was altered expression and distribution in cats with FCGS. METHODS Samples of caudal oral mucosa were collected from eight control cats (CTRL cats) and from eight cats with FCGS (FCGS cats). Tissue samples were processed using an immunofluorescence assay with cat-specific antibodies, and the immunolabelling of the receptors studied was semiquantitatively evaluated. RESULTS The mucosal epithelium of the CTRL cats showed CB1R, TRPA1 and 5-HT1aR immunoreactivity (IR), while CB2R and GPR55 IR were generally not expressed. In the CTRL cats, the subepithelial inflammatory cells expressed CB2R, GPR55 and 5-HT1aR IR. In the FCGS cats, all the receptors studied were markedly upregulated in the epithelium and inflammatory infiltrate. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Cannabinoid and cannabinoid-related receptors are widely expressed in the oral mucosa of healthy cats and are upregulated during the course of FCGS. The presence of cannabinoid and cannabinoid-related receptors in healthy tissues suggests the possible role of the ECS in the homeostasis of the feline oral mucosa, while their overexpression in the inflamed tissues of FCGS cats suggests the involvement of the ECS in the pathogenesis of this disease, with a possible role in the related inflammation and pain. Based on the present findings, ECS could be considered a potential therapeutic target for patients with FCGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Polidoro
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Companion Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Giorgia Galiazzo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fiorella Giancola
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Serafeim Papadimitriou
- Companion Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Kouki
- Companion Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Silvia Sabattini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonella Rigillo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Chiocchetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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13
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Nutraceuticals and Enteric Glial Cells. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123762. [PMID: 34205534 PMCID: PMC8234579 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Until recently, glia were considered to be a structural support for neurons, however further investigations showed that glial cells are equally as important as neurons. Among many different types of glia, enteric glial cells (EGCs) found in the gastrointestinal tract, have been significantly underestimated, but proved to play an essential role in neuroprotection, immune system modulation and many other functions. They are also said to be remarkably altered in different physiopathological conditions. A nutraceutical is defined as any food substance or part of a food that provides medical or health benefits, including prevention and treatment of the disease. Following the description of these interesting peripheral glial cells and highlighting their role in physiological and pathological changes, this article reviews all the studies on the effects of nutraceuticals as modulators of their functions. Currently there are only a few studies available concerning the effects of nutraceuticals on EGCs. Most of them evaluated molecules with antioxidant properties in systemic conditions, whereas only a few studies have been performed using models of gastrointestinal disorders. Despite the scarcity of studies on the topic, all agree that nutraceuticals have the potential to be an interesting alternative in the prevention and/or treatment of enteric gliopathies (of systemic or local etiology) and their associated gastrointestinal conditions.
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14
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Febo E, Crisi PE, Oddi S, Pietra M, Galiazzo G, Piscitelli F, Gramenzi A, Prinzio RD, Di Tommaso M, Bernabò N, Bisogno T, Maccarrone M, Boari A. Circulating Endocannabinoids as Diagnostic Markers of Canine Chronic Enteropathies: A Pilot Study. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:655311. [PMID: 34124221 PMCID: PMC8187750 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.655311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic enteropathies (CEs) in dogs, according to the treatment response to consecutive trials, are classified as food-responsive (FRE), antibiotic-responsive (ARE), and immunosuppressive-responsive (IRE) enteropathy. In addition to this classification, dogs with loss of protein across the gut are grouped as protein-losing enteropathy (PLE). At present, the diagnosis of CEs is time-consuming, costly and sometimes invasive, also because non-invasive biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity are not yet available. Therefore, this study aimed at assessing the levels of circulating endocannabinoids in plasma as potential diagnostic markers of canine CEs. Thirty-three dogs with primary chronic gastrointestinal signs presented to Veterinary Teaching Hospitals of Teramo and Bologna (Italy) were prospectively enrolled in the study, and 30 healthy dogs were included as a control group. Plasma levels of N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA), 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), N-palmitoylethanolamine (PEA), and N-oleoylethanolamine (OEA) were measured at the time of the first visit in dogs with different CEs, as well as in healthy subjects. Plasma levels of 2-AG (p = 0.001) and PEA (p = 0.008) were increased in canine CEs compared to healthy dogs. In particular, PEA levels were increased in the FRE group compared to healthy dogs (p = 0.04), while 2-AG was higher in IRE than in healthy dogs (p = 0.0001). Dogs affected by FRE also showed decreased 2-AG (p = 0.0001) and increased OEA levels (p = 0.0018) compared to IRE dogs. Moreover, dogs with PLE showed increased 2-AG (p = 0.033) and decreased AEA (p = 0.035), OEA (p = 0.016) and PEA (p = 0.023) levels, when compared to dogs affected by CEs without loss of proteins. The areas under ROC curves for circulating 2-AG (0.91; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.79–1.03) and OEA (0.81; 95% CI, 0.65–0.97) showed a good accuracy in distinguishing the different forms of CEs under study (FRE, ARE and IRE), at the time of the first visit. The present study demonstrated that endocannabinoid signaling is altered in canine CEs, and that CE subtypes showed distinct profiles of 2-AG, PEA and OEA plasma levels, suggesting that these circulating bioactive lipids might have the potential to become candidate biomarkers for canine CEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elettra Febo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Sergio Oddi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy.,European Center for Brain Research/Santa Lucia Foundation Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Pietra
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgia Galiazzo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Nicola Bernabò
- Faculty of Bioscience, and Technology for Food Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy.,Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bisogno
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- European Center for Brain Research/Santa Lucia Foundation Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy.,Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Andrea Boari
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
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15
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della Rocca G, Gamba D. Chronic Pain in Dogs and Cats: Is There Place for Dietary Intervention with Micro-Palmitoylethanolamide? Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:952. [PMID: 33805489 PMCID: PMC8065429 DOI: 10.3390/ani11040952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The management of chronic pain is an integral challenge of small animal veterinary practitioners. Multiple pharmacological agents are usually employed to treat maladaptive pain including opiates, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, and others. In order to limit adverse effects and tolerance development, they are often combined with non-pharmacologic measures such as acupuncture and dietary interventions. Accumulating evidence suggests that non-neuronal cells such as mast cells and microglia play active roles in the pathogenesis of maladaptive pain. Accordingly, these cells are currently viewed as potential new targets for managing chronic pain. Palmitoylethanolamide is an endocannabinoid-like compound found in several food sources and considered a body's own analgesic. The receptor-dependent control of non-neuronal cells mediates the pain-relieving effect of palmitoylethanolamide. Accumulating evidence shows the anti-hyperalgesic effect of supplemented palmitoylethanolamide, especially in the micronized and co-micronized formulations (i.e., micro-palmitoylethanolamide), which allow for higher bioavailability. In the present paper, the role of non-neuronal cells in pain signaling is discussed and a large number of studies on the effect of palmitoylethanolamide in inflammatory and neuropathic chronic pain are reviewed. Overall, available evidence suggests that there is place for micro-palmitoylethanolamide in the dietary management of chronic pain in dogs and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia della Rocca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Centro di Ricerca sul Dolore Animale (CeRiDA), Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Davide Gamba
- Operational Unit of Anesthesia, Centro Veterinario Gregorio VII, 00165 Roma, Italy;
- Freelance, DG Vet Pain Therapy, 24124 Bergamo, Italy
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16
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Toschi A, Galiazzo G, Piva A, Tagliavia C, Mazzuoli-Weber G, Chiocchetti R, Grilli E. Cannabinoid and Cannabinoid-Related Receptors in the Myenteric Plexus of the Porcine Ileum. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:263. [PMID: 33494452 PMCID: PMC7912003 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
An important piece of evidence has shown that molecules acting on cannabinoid receptors influence gastrointestinal motility and induce beneficial effects on gastrointestinal inflammation and visceral pain. The aim of this investigation was to immunohistochemically localize the distribution of canonical cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) and type 2 (CB2R) and the cannabinoid-related receptors transient potential vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1), transient potential ankyrin receptor 1 (TRPA1), and serotonin receptor 5-HT1a (5-HT1aR) in the myenteric plexus (MP) of pig ileum. CB1R, TRPV1, TRPA1, and 5-HT1aR were expressed, with different intensities in the cytoplasm of MP neurons. For each receptor, the proportions of the immunoreactive neurons were evaluated using the anti-HuC/HuD antibody. These receptors were also localized on nerve fibers (CB1R, TRPA1), smooth muscle cells of tunica muscularis (CB1R, 5-HT1aR), and endothelial cells of blood vessels (TRPV1, TRPA1, 5-HT1aR). The nerve varicosities were also found to be immunoreactive for both TRPV1 and 5-HT1aR. No immunoreactivity was documented for CB2R. Cannabinoid and cannabinoid-related receptors herein investigated showed a wide distribution in the enteric neurons and nerve fibers of the pig MP. These results could provide an anatomical basis for additional research, supporting the therapeutic use of cannabinoid receptor agonists in relieving motility disorders in porcine enteropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Toschi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, Italy; (A.T.); (G.G.); (A.P.); (C.T.); (E.G.)
| | - Giorgia Galiazzo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, Italy; (A.T.); (G.G.); (A.P.); (C.T.); (E.G.)
| | - Andrea Piva
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, Italy; (A.T.); (G.G.); (A.P.); (C.T.); (E.G.)
- R&D Division, Vetagro S.p.A., via Porro 2, 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Claudio Tagliavia
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, Italy; (A.T.); (G.G.); (A.P.); (C.T.); (E.G.)
| | - Gemma Mazzuoli-Weber
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Roberto Chiocchetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, Italy; (A.T.); (G.G.); (A.P.); (C.T.); (E.G.)
| | - Ester Grilli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, Italy; (A.T.); (G.G.); (A.P.); (C.T.); (E.G.)
- R&D Division, Vetagro, Inc., 116 W. Jackson Blvd., Suite #320, Chicago, IL 60604, USA
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17
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Abstract
Surgery is regarded by many as the go-to treatment option for severe obesity; yet how physically altering the gastrointestinal tract produces such striking results on body weight and overall metabolic health is poorly understood. In a recent issue of Cell Reports Ye et al. (2020) compare mouse models of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG), the two most commonly performed weight loss surgeries in the clinic today, to show that the former reconfiguring procedure selectively increases resting metabolic rate through splanchnic nerve-mediated browning of mesenteric white fat. More significantly, they demonstrate that this effect for RYGB is required for the maintained negative energy balance and improved glycemic control that it confers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed K Hankir
- Department of Experimental Surgery, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, 97080, Germany
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18
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Palmitoylethanolamide and Related ALIAmides: Prohomeostatic Lipid Compounds for Animal Health and Wellbeing. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7020078. [PMID: 32560159 PMCID: PMC7355440 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Virtually every cellular process is affected by diet and this represents the foundation of dietary management to a variety of small animal disorders. Special attention is currently being paid to a family of naturally occurring lipid amides acting through the so-called autacoid local injury antagonism, i.e., the ALIA mechanism. The parent molecule of ALIAmides, palmitoyl ethanolamide (PEA), has being known since the 1950s as a nutritional factor with protective properties. Since then, PEA has been isolated from a variety of plant and animal food sources and its proresolving function in the mammalian body has been increasingly investigated. The discovery of the close interconnection between ALIAmides and the endocannabinoid system has greatly stimulated research efforts in this field. The multitarget and highly redundant mechanisms through which PEA exerts prohomeostatic functions fully breaks with the classical pharmacology view of “one drug, one target, one disease”, opening a new era in the management of animals’ health, i.e., an according-to-nature biomodulation of body responses to different stimuli and injury. The present review focuses on the direct and indirect endocannabinoid receptor agonism by PEA and its analogues and also targets the main findings from experimental and clinical studies on ALIAmides in animal health and wellbeing.
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