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Middleton R, Tunstad SA, Knapp A, Winters S, McCallum S, Whitney H. Self-assembled, disordered structural color from fruit wax bloom. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk4219. [PMID: 38324684 PMCID: PMC10849586 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk4219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Many visually guided frugivores have eyes highly adapted for blue sensitivity, which makes it perhaps surprising that blue pigmented fruits are not more common. However, some fruits are blue even though they do not contain blue pigments. We investigate dark pigmented fruits with wax blooms, like blueberries, plums, and juniper cones, and find that a structural color mechanism is responsible for their appearance. The chromatic blue-ultraviolet reflectance arises from the interaction of the randomly arranged nonspherical scatterers with light. We reproduce the structural color in the laboratory by recrystallizing wax bloom, allowing it to self-assemble to produce the blue appearance. We demonstrate that blue fruits and structurally colored fruits are not constrained to those with blue subcuticular structure or pigment. Further, convergent optical properties appear across a wide phylogenetic range despite diverse morphologies. Epicuticular waxes are elements of the future bioengineering toolbox as sustainable and biocompatible, self-assembling, self-cleaning, and self-repairing optical biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rox Middleton
- University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Sandra Winters
- University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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2
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Wu J, You Y, Wu X, Liu F, Li G, Yin H, Gu C, Qi K, Wei Q, Wang S, Yao Q, Zhan R, Zhang S. The dynamic changes of mango ( Mangifera indica L.) epicuticular wax during fruit development and effect of epicuticular wax on Colletotrichum gloeosporioides invasion. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1264660. [PMID: 37860233 PMCID: PMC10584308 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1264660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Mango fruits are susceptible to diseases, such as anthracnose, during fruit development, leading to yield reduction. Epicuticular wax is closely related to resistance of plants to pathogenic bacterial invasion. In this study, the effect of mango fruit epicuticular wax on the invasion of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides was investigated, followed by to understand the changes of wax chemical composition and crystal morphology during mango fruit development using GC-MS and SEM. Results showed that the epicuticular wax of mango fruits can prevent the invasion of C. gloeosporioides, and 'Renong' showed the strongest resistance to C. gloeosporioides. The wax content of four mango varieties first increased and then decreased from 40 days after full bloom (DAFB) to 120 DAFB. In addition, 95 compounds were detected in the epicuticular wax of the four mango varieties at five developmental periods, in which primary alcohols, terpenoids and esters were the main wax chemical composition. Furthermore, the surface wax structure of mango fruit changed dynamically during fruit development, and irregular platelet-like crystals were the main wax structure. The present study showed the changes of wax content, chemical composition and crystal morphology during mango fruit development, and the special terpenoids (squalene, farnesyl acetate and farnesol) and dense crystal structure in the epicuticular wax of 'Renong' fruit may be the main reason for its stronger resistance to C. gloeosporioides than other varieties. Therefore, these results provide a reference for the follow-up study of mango fruit epicuticular wax synthesis mechanism and breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Hainan Province for Postharvest Physiology and Technology of Tropical Horticultural Products, Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yuquan You
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Wu
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Hainan Province for Postharvest Physiology and Technology of Tropical Horticultural Products, Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Guoping Li
- Key Laboratory of Hainan Province for Postharvest Physiology and Technology of Tropical Horticultural Products, Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Hao Yin
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Gu
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kaijie Qi
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Wei
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Sanya Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Sanya, China
| | - Songbiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Hainan Province for Postharvest Physiology and Technology of Tropical Horticultural Products, Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Quansheng Yao
- Key Laboratory of Hainan Province for Postharvest Physiology and Technology of Tropical Horticultural Products, Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Rulin Zhan
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Sanya Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Sanya, China
| | - Shaoling Zhang
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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3
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Al-Shboul T, Sagala F, Nassar NN. Role of surfactants, polymers, nanoparticles, and its combination in inhibition of wax deposition and precipitation: A review. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 315:102904. [PMID: 37084545 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.102904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Oil wax deposition and precipitation are becoming a major problem during oil production, transportation, and refining. Deposition mitigation by chemical additives, like polymer and surfactants, are commonly used in the oil industry. Because there is no clarity in wax inhibition mechanisms of the additive with crude type and conditions, chemical wax inhibitors are still used in a trial-and-error manner in the oil fields, which is an expensive and inefficient methodology. Understanding the wax inhibition mechanism is important for the design of new inhibitors. This review aims to give an overview of the understanding and development of nanoparticle technology, surfactants, polymer, and their combination in the inhibition of wax deposition. The review looks into lab and pilot plant experiments reported in the recent literature, with more focus on the fundamentals of nanohybridization approaches in wax deposition control, testing methodologies (i.e., thermal, rheological, and morphological analysis), inhibition performance assessment, and mechanisms. The review begins with an overview of bibliometric analysis to shed light on the emerging areas in that field and also explore and analyze the large volumes of scientific data reported from 2000 to 2022 in this field. The performance parameters used for assessing the wax inhibitors in the laboratory are also summarized and addressed. Finally, the challenges and future remarks of the reported chemical inhibitors are reported in this paper. This review provides insights into the integration of nanomaterials into the existing technologies to overcome the existing challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamer Al-Shboul
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Farad Sagala
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Nashaat N Nassar
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.
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4
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Germination Development of Powdery Mildew on Natural and Artificial Wheat Leaf Surfaces: A Study to Investigate Plant Wax Signals. SMALL SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/smsc.202200092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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5
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The Plant Fatty Acyl Reductases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416156. [PMID: 36555796 PMCID: PMC9783961 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acyl reductase (FAR) is a crucial enzyme that catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of fatty acyl-CoA or acyl-ACP substrates to primary fatty alcohols, which in turn acts as intermediate metabolites or metabolic end products to participate in the formation of plant extracellular lipid protective barriers (e.g., cuticular wax, sporopollenin, suberin, and taproot wax). FARs are widely present across plant evolution processes and play conserved roles during lipid synthesis. In this review, we provide a comprehensive view of FAR family enzymes, including phylogenetic analysis, conserved structural domains, substrate specificity, subcellular localization, tissue-specific expression patterns, their varied functions in lipid biosynthesis, and the regulation mechanism of FAR activity. Finally, we pose several questions to be addressed, such as the roles of FARs in tryphine, the interactions between transcription factors (TFs) and FARs in various environments, and the identification of post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational regulators.
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6
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Bergmann JB, Moatsou D, Steiner U, Wilts BD. Bio-inspired materials to control and minimise insect attachment. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2022; 17:051001. [PMID: 36099911 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ac91b9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
More than three quarters of all animal species on Earth are insects, successfully inhabiting most ecosystems on the planet. Due to their opulence, insects provide the backbone of many biological processes, but also inflict adverse impacts on agricultural and stored products, buildings and human health. To countermeasure insect pests, the interactions of these animals with their surroundings have to be fully understood. This review focuses on the various forms of insect attachment, natural surfaces that have evolved to counter insect adhesion, and particularly features recently developed synthetic bio-inspired solutions. These bio-inspired solutions often enhance the variety of applicable mechanisms observed in nature and open paths for improved technological solutions that are needed in a changing global society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes B Bergmann
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Dafni Moatsou
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ullrich Steiner
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Bodo D Wilts
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Str. 2a, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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7
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Huth MA, Huth A, Schreiber L, Koch K. Design of a biomimetic, small-scale artificial leaf surface for the study of environmental interactions. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 13:944-957. [PMID: 36161251 PMCID: PMC9490070 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.13.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle with its superimposed epicuticular waxes represents the barrier of all aboveground parts of higher plant primary tissues. Epicuticular waxes have multiple effects on the interaction of plants with their living and non-living environment, whereby their shape, dimension, arrangement, and chemical composition play significant roles. Here, the ability of self-assembly of wax after isolation from the leaves was used to develop a small-scale wax-coated artificial leaf surface with the chemical composition and wettability of wheat (Triticum aestivum) leaves. By thermal evaporation of extracted plant waxes and adjustment of the evaporated wax amounts, the wettability and chemical character of the microstructure of the surface of wheat leaves were transferred onto a technical surface. For the use of these artificial leaves as a test system for biotic (e.g., germination of fungal pathogens) and non-biotic (e.g., applied surfactants) interactions on natural leaf surfaces, the chemical composition and the wetting behavior should be the same in both. Therefore, the morphology, chemistry, and wetting properties of natural and artificial surfaces with recrystallized wax structures were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and by the determination of water contact angles, contact angle hysteresis, and tilting angles. Wheat leaves of different ages were covered exclusively with wax platelets. The extracted wheat wax was composed of alcohols, aldehydes, esters, and acids. The main component was 1-octacosanol. The waxes recrystallized as three-dimensional structures on the artificial surfaces. The three tested wetting parameters resembled the ones of the natural surface, providing an artificial surface with the chemical information of epicuticular waxes and the wetting properties of a natural leaf surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Anna Huth
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences, Marie-Curie-Str. 1, 47533 Kleve, Germany
| | - Axel Huth
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences, Marie-Curie-Str. 1, 47533 Kleve, Germany
| | - Lukas Schreiber
- IZMB, Department of Ecophysiology, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kerstin Koch
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences, Marie-Curie-Str. 1, 47533 Kleve, Germany
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8
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Zhao Z, Ju Y, Kou M, Tian M, Christensen MJ, Zhang X, Nan Z. Cuticular Wax Modification by Epichloë Endophyte in Achnatherum inebrians under Different Soil Moisture Availability. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070725. [PMID: 35887480 PMCID: PMC9325231 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The cuticular wax serves as the outermost hydrophobic barrier of plants against nonstomatal water loss and various environmental stresses. An objective of this study was to investigate the contribution of the mutualistic fungal endophyte Epichloë gansuensis to leaf cuticular wax of Achnatherum inebrians under different soil moisture availability. Through a pot experiment and gas chromatography−mass spectrometry (GC−MS) analysis, our results indicated that the hydrocarbons were the dominant components of leaf cuticular wax, and the proportion of alcohols, aldehydes, amines, and ethers varied with the presence or absence of E. gansuensis and different soil moisture availability. Amines and ethers are unique in endophyte-free (EF) A. inebrians plants and endophyte-infected (EI) A. inebrians plants, respectively. By transcriptome analysis, we found a total of 13 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to cuticular biosynthesis, including FabG, desB, SSI2, fadD, BiP, KCS, KAR, FAR, and ABCB1. A model is proposed which provides insights for understanding cuticular wax biosynthesis in the association of A. inebrians plants with E. gansuensis. These results may help guide the functional analyses of candidate genes important for improving the protective layer of cuticular wax of endophyte-symbiotic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenrui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.J.); (M.K.); (Z.N.)
| | - Yawen Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.J.); (M.K.); (Z.N.)
- Huaiyin Institute of Agricultural Sciences of Xuhuai Region in Jiangsu, Huai’an 223001, China
| | - Mingzhu Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.J.); (M.K.); (Z.N.)
| | - Mei Tian
- Institute of Horticulture, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan 750002, China
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (X.Z.)
| | | | - Xingxu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.J.); (M.K.); (Z.N.)
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (X.Z.)
| | - Zhibiao Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.J.); (M.K.); (Z.N.)
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9
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Wang L, Zheng Y, Duan L, Wang M, Wang H, Li H, Li R, Zhang H. Artificial Selection Trend of Wheat Varieties Released in Huang-Huai-Hai Region in China Evaluated Using DUS Testing Characteristics. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:898102. [PMID: 35755656 PMCID: PMC9226622 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.898102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Wheat has been widely cultivated all over the world. In China, the number of approved wheat varieties has steadily grown since 2010, with the most notable trend in the Huang-Huai-Hai region. Distinctiveness, uniformity, and stability (DUS) are the prerequisites for a new wheat variety to obtain a release permit. Yet, few reports are available on DUS testing characteristics of released wheat varieties. Here, 32 DUS testing characteristics of 195 wheat varieties released in the Huang-Huai-Hai region were investigated to study their artificial selection trend. The results showed that the means, ranges, and coefficients of variation for eight measured characteristics varied greatly, among which the number of sterile spikelets had the largest variation coefficient of all three wheat-growing areas in the Huang-Huai-Hai region. The difference in plant height between the three wheat-growing areas was the most significant. The mean plant height in the northern winter wheat area was the largest, while that in south Huanghuai was the smallest. The released varieties of the three wheat-growing areas in the region had similar artificial selection trends in some characteristics. For instance, flag leaf length and flag leaf width, grain number per ear, and grain volume weight showed an overall upward trend, while the plant height gradually decreased. The clustering results based on DUS testing characteristics showed that artificial selection of characteristics was consistent with ecological adaptation and breeding process as well as pedigree sources. Our findings indicated that with the current breeding objectives, the selection of some non-economic characteristics of wheat varieties, such as awn color, stem color, and glume color, seemed to be able to enrich the genetic diversity of varieties in the Huang-Huai-Hai region. These results could provide guidance for subsequent wheat breeding and production in this region, screening similar varieties, and determining the distinctness of applied varieties in DUS testing.
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10
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Zhou Y, Cao F, Luo F, Lin Q. Octacosanol and health benefits: Biological functions and mechanisms of action. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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11
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Tang TO, Holmes S, Boyd BJ, Simon GP. Extrusion and 3D printing of novel lipid-polymer blends for oral drug applications. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 137:212818. [PMID: 35929236 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Lipids are interesting biological materials that can offer a number of pharmaceutical benefits when used as carriers for drug delivery. However, 3D printing of lipids alone by fused deposition processing techniques is very difficult as they have very poor mechanical properties that cause their filaments to fail when they are loaded into a fused deposition 3D printer. If this problem could be overcome, then lipids could be 3D printed into bespoke tablets and assist progress towards such personalised medicines. This work aims to improve the mechanical properties of lipid filaments by developing novel lipid-EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate) blends suitable for 3D printing. Different types of lipids in varying proportions were melt blended with EVA and extruded using a micro compounder. The ultimate printability of the materials was tested by feeding the filaments into a material extrusion 3D printer. Flexural testing of the extruded blends demonstrates that a good balance between the strength and flexibility is required for a material to be printable and it was found that a filament has to have a modulus/strength ratio between 8 and 25 in order to be printable. SEM analysis of the fracture surface shows a network structure within the lipid matrix that could be playing a role in the improved properties of the best performing blends. DSC thermograms show a shift in thermal transitions, suggesting some level of miscibility of the components that could have contributed to a more robust structure. The TGA results show an onset of degradation of the blends greater than 200 °C, indicating that the materials can readily withstand the extrusion and printing temperatures. This study demonstrates the successful extrusion and 3D printing of novel EVA-lipid blends with lipid contents of up to 90%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany O Tang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Research Way, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
| | - Susan Holmes
- Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Research Way, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
| | - Ben J Boyd
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Pde, Parkville, 3052 Victoria, Australia.
| | - George P Simon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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12
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Sustainable lotus leaf wax nanocuticles integrated polydimethylsiloxane sorbent for instant removal of oily waste from water. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Zhang M, Zhang P, Lu S, Ou-Yang Q, Zhu-Ge Y, Tian R, Jia H, Fang J. Comparative Analysis of Cuticular Wax in Various Grape Cultivars During Berry Development and After Storage. Front Nutr 2022; 8:817796. [PMID: 35028308 PMCID: PMC8748257 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.817796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cuticular wax covering the surface of fleshy fruit is closely related to fruit glossiness, development, and post-harvest storage quality. However, the information about formation characteristics and molecular mechanisms of cuticular wax in grape berry is limited. In this study, crystal morphology, chemical composition, and gene expression of cuticular wax in grape berry were comprehensively investigated. Morphological analysis revealed high density of irregular lamellar crystal structures, which were correlated with the glaucous appearances of grape berry. Compositional analysis showed that the dominant wax compounds were triterpenoids, while the most diverse were alkanes. The amounts of triterpenoids declined sharply after véraison, while those of other compounds maintained nearly constant throughout the berry development. The amounts of each wax compounds varied among different cultivars and showed no correlation with berry skin colors. Moreover, the expression profiles of related genes were in accordance with the accumulation of wax compounds. Further investigation revealed the contribution of cuticular wax to the water preservation capacity during storage. These findings not only facilitate a better understanding of the characteristics of cuticular wax, but also shed light on the molecular basis of wax biosynthesis in grape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengwei Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peian Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Suwen Lu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qixia Ou-Yang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaxian Zhu-Ge
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruiping Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haifeng Jia
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinggui Fang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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14
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Habib MA, Wu S, Fan Q, Magu TO, Yao X, Lv J, Wang J. Bioinspired in situ repeatable self-recovery of superhydrophobicity by self-reconstructing the hierarchical surface structure. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:8425-8428. [PMID: 34346409 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02974f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by the biological self-recovery mechanism of superhydrophobicity, a new class of waxgel material with sustainable hierarchical surface micro-structures has been reported. After being damaged or removed, the waxgel material can self-reconstruct its surface layer both chemically and structurally, as well as successfully recovers its superhydrophobicity. In addition, it shows non-fluorinated composition, durability to severe mechanical challenges, and self-recoverable surface structures without external input of any kind such as; heat, UV, plasma etc., which distinguishes waxgel from any previous self-healing superhydrophobic systems. This strategy will open a new path for improving the long-term functionality of different interfacial materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ahsan Habib
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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15
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Huth MA, Huth A, Koch K. Self-assembly of Eucalyptus gunnii wax tubules and pure ß-diketone on HOPG and glass. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 12:939-949. [PMID: 34497741 PMCID: PMC8381832 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.12.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Eucalyptus trees and many plants from the grass family (Poaceae) and the heather family (Ericaceae) have a protective multifunctional wax coating on their surfaces made of branched ß-diketone tubules. ß-diketone tubules have a different size, shape, and chemical composition than the well-described nonacosanol tubules of the superhydrophobic leaves of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera). Until now the formation process of ß-diketone tubules is unknown. In this study, extracted wax of E. gunnii leaves and pure ß-diketone were recrystallized on two different artificial materials and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to study their formation process. Both the wax mixture and pure ß-diketone formed tubules similar to those on E. gunnii leaves. Deviating platelet-shaped and layered structures not found on leaves were also formed, especially on areas with high mass accumulation. High-resolution AFM images of recrystallized ß-diketone tubules are presented for the first time. The data showed that ß-diketone tubules are formed by self-assembly and confirmed that ß-diketone is the shape-determining component for this type of tubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Anna Huth
- Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Marie-Curie-Str. 1, 47533 Kleve, Germany
| | - Axel Huth
- Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Marie-Curie-Str. 1, 47533 Kleve, Germany
| | - Kerstin Koch
- Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Marie-Curie-Str. 1, 47533 Kleve, Germany
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16
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Wang P, Wang J, Zhang H, Wang C, Zhao L, Huang T, Qing K. Chemical Composition, Crystal Morphology, and Key Gene Expression of the Cuticular Waxes of Goji ( Lycium barbarum L.) Berries. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:7874-7883. [PMID: 34251203 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The cuticular wax of fruit is closely related to quality, storability, and pathogen susceptibility after harvest. However, little is known about the cuticular wax of goji berry (Lycium barbarum L.) cultivars. In the present study, the chemical composition, crystal structures, and expression levels of associated genes of the cuticular wax of six goji cultivars were investigated. We detected 70 epicuticular wax compounds in six goji cultivars. Among them, fatty acids, alkanes, and primary alcohols were the major components of the cuticular wax of goji berries, which were related to the formation of irregular lamellar crystal structures. The terpenoid compounds in the cuticular wax of goji berries were highly resistant to Alternaria rot. Moreover, the CER1, CER6, LACS1, MAH1, LTP4, ABC11, MYB96, and WIN1 genes in goji berries might be closely related to wax synthesis. These results provide valuable information for breeding and screening goji cultivars suitable for postharvest storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, College of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Junjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, College of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Huaiyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, College of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, College of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Lunaike Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, College of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Ting Huang
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan 750002, China
| | - Ken Qing
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan 750002, China
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17
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Guo J, Huang K, Cao R, Zhang J, Xu Y. Aliphatic extractive effects on acetic acid catalysis of typical agricultural residues to xylo-oligosaccharide and enzymatic hydrolyzability of cellulose. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:97. [PMID: 33865437 PMCID: PMC8052792 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01952-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xylo-oligosaccharide is the spotlight of functional sugar that improves the economic benefits of lignocellulose biorefinery. Acetic acid acidolysis technology provides a promising application for xylo-oligosaccharide commercial production, but it is restricted by the aliphatic (wax-like) compounds, which cover the outer and inner surfaces of plants. RESULTS We removed aliphatic compounds by extraction with two organic solvents. The benzene-ethanol extraction increased the yield of acidolyzed xylo-oligosaccharides of corncob, sugarcane bagasse, wheat straw, and poplar sawdust by 14.79, 21.05, 16.68, and 7.26% while ethanol extraction increased it by 11.88, 17.43, 1.26, and 13.64%, respectively. CONCLUSION The single ethanol extraction was safer, more environmentally friendly, and more cost-effective than benzene-ethanol solvent. In short, organic solvent extraction provided a promising auxiliary method for the selective acidolysis of herbaceous xylan to xylo-oligosaccharides, while it had minimal impact on woody poplar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Guo
- Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass-Based Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaixuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass-Based Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Rou Cao
- Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass-Based Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhua Zhang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, 712100, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass-Based Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China.
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Canizares D, Angers P, Ratti C. Organogelation Capacity of Epicuticular and Cuticular Waxes from Flax and Wheat Straws. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Canizares
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF) Laval University Quebec QC G1V 0A6 Canada
- Department of Food Science Laval University Quebec QC G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Paul Angers
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF) Laval University Quebec QC G1V 0A6 Canada
- Department of Food Science Laval University Quebec QC G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Cristina Ratti
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF) Laval University Quebec QC G1V 0A6 Canada
- Department of Soils Science and Agri‐Food Engineering Laval University Quebec QC G1V 0A6 Canada
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19
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Bragg J, Tomasi P, Zhang L, Williams T, Wood D, Lovell JT, Healey A, Schmutz J, Bonnette JE, Cheng P, Chanbusarakum L, Juenger T, Tobias CM. Environmentally responsive QTL controlling surface wax load in switchgrass. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2020; 133:3119-3137. [PMID: 32803378 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-020-03659-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Quantitation of leaf surface wax on a population of switchgrass identified three significant QTL present across six environments that contribute to leaf glaucousness and wax composition and that show complex genetic × environmental (G × E) interactions. The C4 perennial grass Panicum virgatum (switchgrass) is a native species of the North American tallgrass prairie. This adaptable plant can be grown on marginal lands and is useful for soil and water conservation, biomass production, and as a forage. Two major switchgrass ecotypes, lowland and upland, differ in a range of desirable traits, and the responsible underlying loci can be localized efficiently in a pseudotestcross design. An outbred four-way cross (4WCR) mapping population of 750 F2 lines was used to examine the genetic basis of differences in leaf surface wax load between two lowland (AP13 and WBC) and two upland (DAC and VS16) tetraploid cultivars. The objective of our experiments was to identify wax compositional variation among the population founders and to map underlying loci responsible for surface wax variation across environments. GCMS analyses of surface wax extracted from 4WCR F0 founders and F1 hybrids reveal higher levels of wax in lowland genotypes and show quantitative differences of β-diketones, primary alcohols, and other wax constituents. The full mapping population was sampled over two seasons from four field sites with latitudes ranging from 30 to 42 °N, and leaf surface wax was measured. We identified three high-confidence QTL, of which two displayed significant G × E effects. Over 50 candidate genes underlying the QTL regions showed similarity to genes in either Arabidopsis or barley known to function in wax synthesis, modification, regulation, and transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Bragg
- Western Regional Research Center, Crop Improvement and Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA, USA
| | - Pernell Tomasi
- Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Plant Physiology and Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Maricopa, AZ, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Integrative Biology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Tina Williams
- Western Regional Research Center, Crop Improvement and Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA, USA
| | - Delilah Wood
- Western Regional Research Center, Crop Improvement and Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA, USA
| | - John T Lovell
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Adam Healey
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Jeremy Schmutz
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jason E Bonnette
- Department of Integrative Biology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Prisca Cheng
- Western Regional Research Center, Crop Improvement and Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Chanbusarakum
- Western Regional Research Center, Crop Improvement and Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Juenger
- Department of Integrative Biology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Christian M Tobias
- Western Regional Research Center, Crop Improvement and Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA, USA.
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20
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Hu X, Pambou E, Gong H, Liao M, Hollowell P, Liu H, Wang W, Bawn C, Cooper J, Campana M, Ma K, Li P, Webster JRP, Padia F, Bell G, Lu JR. How does substrate hydrophobicity affect the morphological features of reconstituted wax films and their interactions with nonionic surfactant and pesticide? J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 575:245-253. [PMID: 32361410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Surfactants are widely used in agri-sprays to improve pesticide efficiency, but the mechanism underlying their interactions with the surface wax film on plants remains poorly understood. To facilitate physical characterisations, we have reconstituted wheat cuticular wax films onto an optically flat silicon substrate with and without octadecyltrimethoxysilane modification to control surface hydrophobicity. EXPERIMENTS Imaging techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) unravelled morphological features of the reconstituted wax films similar to those on leaves, showing little impact from the different substrates used. Neutron reflection (NR) established that reconstituted wax films were comprised of an underlying wax film decorated with top surface wax protrusions, a common feature irrespective of substrate hydrophobicity and highly consistent with what was observed from natural wax films. NR measurements, with the help of isotopic H/D substitutions to modify the scattering contributions of the wax and solvent, revealed different wax regimes within the wax films, illustrating the impact of surface hydrophilicity on the nanostructures within the wax films. FINDINGS It was observed from both spectroscopic ellipsometry and NR measurements that wax films formed on the hydrophobic substrate were more robust and durable against attack by nonionic surfactant C12E6 solubilised with pesticide Cyprodinil (CP) than films coated on the bare hydrophilic silica. Thus, the former could be a more feasible model for studying the wax-surfactant-pesticide interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuzhi Hu
- Biological Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Elias Pambou
- Biological Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Haoning Gong
- Biological Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Mingrui Liao
- Biological Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Peter Hollowell
- Biological Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Huayang Liu
- Biological Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Weimiao Wang
- Department of Materials and National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Carlo Bawn
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Jos Cooper
- STFC ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Mario Campana
- STFC ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Kun Ma
- STFC ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Peixun Li
- STFC ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - John R P Webster
- STFC ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Faheem Padia
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Gordon Bell
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Jian R Lu
- Biological Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
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21
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Chai Y, Li A, Chit Wai S, Song C, Zhao Y, Duan Y, Zhang B, Lin Q. Cuticular wax composition changes of 10 apple cultivars during postharvest storage. Food Chem 2020; 324:126903. [PMID: 32361095 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular wax chemicals differ among fruit cultivars and contribute to storage ability. However, wax analysis in apple cultivars, particularly during storage, has not been described. In this work, the chemicals and crystal structures of cuticular wax in 10 apple cultivars were analyzed to observe wax functions in apple during storage. Results showed that alkanes and primary alcohols decreased while fatty acids increased in stored fruits of all cultivars compared with the fruits before storage. Terpenoids, aldehydes, and phenols were observed in stored fruits but not in the fruits before storage in all cultivars except 'Red Star' fruit. The weight loss rate was significantly correlated with six components including C13 alcohol, C14 alkanes, total alkanes, total wax, C13 alkanes and C54 alkanes in 10 cultivar apple fruits during storage. Our findings indicate that the total wax, particularly alkanes, in the peel of apple fruits is essential for storage and quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Chai
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China; Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Ang Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Su Chit Wai
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Congcong Song
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaoyao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuquan Duan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Baiqing Zhang
- Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Li L, Qi Z, Chai L, Chen Z, Wang T, Zhang M, You M, Peng H, Yao Y, Hu Z, Xin M, Guo W, Sun Q, Ni Z. The semidominant mutation w5 impairs epicuticular wax deposition in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2020; 133:1213-1225. [PMID: 31965231 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-020-03543-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The semidominant EMS-induced mutant w5 affects epicuticular wax deposition and mapped to an approximately 194-kb region on chromosome 7DL. Epicuticular wax is responsible for the glaucous appearance of plants and protects against many biotic and abiotic stresses. In wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), β-diketone is a major component of epicuticular wax in adult plants and contributes to the glaucousness of the aerial organs. In the present study, we identified an ethyl methanesulfonate-induced epicuticular wax-deficient mutant from the elite wheat cultivar Jimai22. Compared to wild-type Jimai22, the mutant lacked β-diketone and failed to form the glaucous coating on all aerial organs. The mutant also had significantly increased in cuticle permeability, based on water loss and chlorophyll efflux. Genetic analysis indicated that the mutant phenotype is controlled by a single, semidominant gene on the long arm of chromosome 7D, which was not allelic to the known wax gene loci W1-W4, and was therefore designated W5. W5 was finely mapped to an ~ 194-kb region (flanked by the molecular markers SSR2 and STARP11) that harbored four annotated genes according to the reference genome of Chinese Spring (RefSeq v1.0). Collectively, these data will broaden the knowledge of the genetic basis underlying epicuticular wax deposition in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology/Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, The Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Beijing Municipality/China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhongqi Qi
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology/Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, The Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Beijing Municipality/China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lingling Chai
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology/Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, The Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Beijing Municipality/China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhaoyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology/Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, The Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Beijing Municipality/China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Tianya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Mingyi Zhang
- Dryland Agricultural Research Centre, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, 030031, China
| | - Mingshan You
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology/Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, The Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Beijing Municipality/China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Huiru Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology/Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, The Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Beijing Municipality/China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yingyin Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology/Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, The Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Beijing Municipality/China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhaorong Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology/Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, The Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Beijing Municipality/China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mingming Xin
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology/Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, The Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Beijing Municipality/China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Weilong Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology/Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, The Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Beijing Municipality/China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qixin Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology/Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, The Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Beijing Municipality/China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhongfu Ni
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology/Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, The Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Beijing Municipality/China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China.
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23
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Hu X, Gong H, Li Z, Ruane S, Liu H, Hollowell P, Pambou E, Bawn C, King S, Rogers S, Ma K, Li P, Padia F, Bell G, Ren Lu J. How does solubilisation of plant waxes into nonionic surfactant micelles affect pesticide release? J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 556:650-657. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.08.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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24
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Grubbs BA, Etter NP, Slaughter WE, Pittsford AM, Smith CR, Schmitt PD. A Low-Cost Beam-Scanning Second Harmonic Generation Microscope with Application for Agrochemical Development and Testing. Anal Chem 2019; 91:11723-11730. [PMID: 31424922 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A low-cost second harmonic generation (SHG) microscope was constructed, and, for the first time, SHG microscopy was used for imaging agrochemical materials directly on the surface of common commercial crop leaves. The microscope uses a chromatically fixed (1560 nm) femtosecond fiber laser, a commercial 2D galvanometer mirror system, and a PCIe digital oscilloscope card, which together kept total instrument costs under $40 000 (USD), a significant decrease in cost and complexity from common systems (commercial and home-built) using tunable lasers and faster beam-scanning architectures. The figures of merit of the low-cost system still enabled a variety of measurements of agrochemical materials. Following confirmation of largely background-free SHG imaging of common crop leaves (soybean, maize, wheatgrass), SHG microscopy was used to image active ingredient crystallization after solution-phase deposition directly on the leaf surface, including at industrially relevant active ingredient concentrations (<0.05% w/w). Crystallization was also followed in real-time, with differences in crystallization time observed for different application procedures (spraying vs single droplet deposition). A strong dependency of active ingredient crystallization on the substrate was found, with an increased crystallization tendency observed on leaves vs on glass slides. Different crystal habits for the same active ingredient were also observed on different plant species. Finally, a model extended-release formulation was prepared, with a decrease in active ingredient crystallinity observed vs solution-phase deposition. These collective results demonstrate the need for making diagnostic measurements directly on the leaf surface and could help inform the next generation of pesticide products that ensure optimized agricultural output for a growing world population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Grubbs
- Department of Chemistry , Wabash College , Crawfordsville , Indiana 47933 , United States
| | - Nicholas P Etter
- Department of Chemistry , Wabash College , Crawfordsville , Indiana 47933 , United States
| | - Wesley E Slaughter
- Department of Chemistry , Wabash College , Crawfordsville , Indiana 47933 , United States
| | - Alexander M Pittsford
- Department of Chemistry , Wabash College , Crawfordsville , Indiana 47933 , United States
| | - Connor R Smith
- Department of Chemistry , Wabash College , Crawfordsville , Indiana 47933 , United States
| | - Paul D Schmitt
- Department of Chemistry , Wabash College , Crawfordsville , Indiana 47933 , United States
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Cholakova D, Denkov N. Rotator phases in alkane systems: In bulk, surface layers and micro/nano-confinements. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 269:7-42. [PMID: 31029984 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Medium- and long-chain alkanes and their mixtures possess a remarkable physical property - they form intermediate structured phases between their isotropic liquid phase and their fully ordered crystal phase. These intermediate phases are called "rotator phases" or "plastic phases" (soft solids) because the incorporated alkane molecules possess a long-range positional order while preserving certain mobility to rotate, which results in complex visco-plastic rheological behaviour. The current article presents a brief overview of our current understanding of the main phenomena involved in the formation of rotator phases from single alkanes and their mixtures. In bulk, five rotator phases with different structures were identified and studied in detail. Along with the thermodynamically stable rotator phases, metastable and transient (short living) rotator phases were observed. Bulk rotator phases provided important information about several interfacial phenomena of high scientific interest, such as the energy of crystal nucleation, entropy and enthalpy of alkane freezing, interfacial energy between a crystal and its melt, etc. In alkane mixtures, the region of existence of rotator phases increases significantly, reflecting the disturbed packing of different molecules. All these phenomena are very important in the context of alkane applications as lubricants, in cosmetics, as phase-change materials for energy storage, etc. Significant expansion of the domain of rotator phases was observed also in confinements - in the pores of solid materials impregnated with alkanes, in polymeric microcapsules containing alkanes, and in micrometer sized emulsion droplets. The rotator phases were invoked to explain the mechanisms of two recently discovered phenomena in cooled alkane-in-water emulsions - the spontaneous "self-shaping" and the spontaneous "self-bursting" (fragmentation) of emulsion drops. The so-called "α-phases" formed by fatty acids and alcohols, and the "gel phase" formed in phospholipid and soap systems exhibit structural characteristics similar to those in the alkane rotator phases. The subtle connections between all these diverse systems are outlined, providing a unified outlook of the main phenomena related to the formation of such soft solid materials. The occurrence of alkane rotator phases in natural materials and in several technological applications is also reviewed to illustrate the general importance of these unique materials and the related phenomena.
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Koch K, Barthlott W. Plant Epicuticular Waxes: Chemistry, Form, Self-Assembly and Function. Nat Prod Commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0600101123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant epicuticular waxes represent the outermost boundary layer of the majority of land plants. Based on their micromorphology and chemical composition they form a multifunctional surface. Their most important functions are the protection against uncontrolled water loss, reflection of solar radiation from UV to visible light, and their crucial influence on surface wettability and particle adhesion. The three-dimensional epicuticular wax crystals are of particular importance for the majority of these interfacial interactions. This article provides an overview on plant epicuticular waxes, focusing on chemical composition, morphology, self-assembly and function. It is dedicated to Prof. Dr. Eckhard Wollenweber on the occasion of his 65th birthday, and his continuous and fundamental work on a special class of plant secondary metabolites that are collectively called flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Koch
- Nees-Institut für Biodiversität der Pflanzen, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 170, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Barthlott
- Nees-Institut für Biodiversität der Pflanzen, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 170, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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Wu X, Yin H, Shi Z, Chen Y, Qi K, Qiao X, Wang G, Cao P, Zhang S. Chemical Composition and Crystal Morphology of Epicuticular Wax in Mature Fruits of 35 Pear ( Pyrus spp.) Cultivars. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:679. [PMID: 29875784 PMCID: PMC5974152 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
An evaluation of fruit wax components will provide us with valuable information for pear breeding and enhancing fruit quality. Here, we dissected the epicuticular wax concentration, composition and structure of mature fruits from 35 pear cultivars belonging to five different species and hybrid interspecies. A total of 146 epicuticular wax compounds were detected, and the wax composition and concentration varied dramatically among species, with the highest level of 1.53 mg/cm2 in Pyrus communis and the lowest level of 0.62 mg/cm2 in Pyrus pyrifolia. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analysis showed amorphous structures of the epicuticular wax crystals of different pear cultivars. Cluster analysis revealed that the Pyrus bretschneideri cultivars were grouped much closer to Pyrus pyrifolia and Pyrus ussuriensis, and the Pyrus sinkiangensis cultivars were clustered into a distant group. Based on the principal component analysis (PCA), the cultivars could be divided into three groups and five groups according to seven main classes of epicuticular wax compounds and 146 wax compounds, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wu
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Yin
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zebin Shi
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yangyang Chen
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kaijie Qi
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Qiao
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoming Wang
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Cao
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shaoling Zhang
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Duba A, Goriewa-Duba K, Wachowska U. A Review of the Interactions between Wheat and Wheat Pathogens: Zymoseptoria tritici, Fusarium spp. and Parastagonospora nodorum. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1138. [PMID: 29642627 PMCID: PMC5979484 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Zymoseptoria tritici is a hemibiotrophic pathogen which causes Septoria leaf blotch in wheat. The pathogenesis of the disease consists of a biotrophic phase and a necrotrophic phase. The pathogen infects the host plant by suppressing its immune response in the first stage of infection. Hemibiotrophic pathogens of the genus Fusarium cause Fusarium head blight, and the necrotrophic Parastagonosporanodorum is responsible for Septoria nodorum blotch in wheat. Cell wall-degrading enzymes in plants promote infections by necrotrophic and hemibiotrophic pathogens, and trichothecenes, secondary fungal metabolites, facilitate infections caused by fungi of the genus Fusarium. There are no sources of complete resistance to the above pathogens in wheat. Defense mechanisms in wheat are controlled by many genes encoding resistance traits. In the wheat genome, the characteristic features of loci responsible for resistance to pathogenic infections indicate that at least several dozen genes encode resistance to pathogens. The molecular interactions between wheat and Z. tritici, P. nodorum and Fusarium spp. pathogens have been insufficiently investigated. Most studies focus on the mechanisms by which the hemibiotrophic Z. tritici suppresses immune responses in plants and the role of mycotoxins and effector proteins in infections caused by P. nodorum and Fusarium spp. fungi. Trichothecene glycosylation and effector proteins, which are involved in defense responses in wheat, have been described at the molecular level. Recent advances in molecular biology have produced interesting findings which should be further elucidated in studies of molecular interactions between wheat and fungal pathogens. The Clustered Regularly-Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/ CRISPR associated (CRISPR/Cas) system can be used to introduce targeted mutations into the wheat genome and confer resistance to selected fungal diseases. Host-induced gene silencing and spray-induced gene silencing are also useful tools for analyzing wheat-pathogens interactions which can be used to develop new strategies for controlling fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Duba
- Department of Entomology, Phytopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 17, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Klaudia Goriewa-Duba
- Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Production, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, pl. Łódzki 3, 10-724 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Urszula Wachowska
- Department of Entomology, Phytopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 17, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
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Pambou E, Hu X, Li Z, Campana M, Hughes A, Li P, Webster JRP, Bell G, Lu JR. Structural Features of Reconstituted Cuticular Wax Films upon Interaction with Nonionic Surfactant C 12E 6. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:3395-3404. [PMID: 29444568 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of nonionic surfactant hexaethylene glycol monododecyl ether (C12E6) with a reconstituted cuticular wheat wax film has been investigated by spectroscopic ellipsometry and neutron reflection (NR) to help understand the role of the leaf wax barrier during pesticide uptake, focusing on the mimicry of the actions adjuvants impose on the physical integrity and transport of the cuticular wax films against surfactant concentration. As the C12E6 concentration was increased up to the critical micelle concentration (CMC = 0.067 mM), an increasing amount of surfactant mass was deposited onto the wax film. Alongside surface adsorption, C12E6 was also observed to penetrate the wax film, which is evident from the NR measurements using fully protonated and chain-deuterated surfactants. Furthermore, surfactant action upon the model wax film was found to be physically reversible below the CMC, as water rinsing could readily remove the adsorbed surfactant, leaving the wax film in its original state. Above the CMC, the detergency action of the surfactant became dominant, and a significant proportion of the wax film was removed, causing structural damage. The results thus reveal that both water and C12E6 could easily penetrate the wax film throughout the concentration range measured, indicating a clear pathway for the transport of active ingredients while the removal of the wax components above the CMC must have enhanced the transport process. As the partial removal of the wax film could also expose the underlying cutaneous substrate to the environment and undermine the plant's health, this study has a broad implication to the roles of surfactants in crop care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Pambou
- Biological Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy , University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
| | - Xuzhi Hu
- Biological Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy , University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
| | - Zongyi Li
- Biological Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy , University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
| | - Mario Campana
- STFC ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory , Didcot OX11 0QX , U.K
| | - Arwel Hughes
- STFC ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory , Didcot OX11 0QX , U.K
| | - Peixun Li
- STFC ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory , Didcot OX11 0QX , U.K
| | - John R P Webster
- STFC ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory , Didcot OX11 0QX , U.K
| | - Gordon Bell
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre , Bracknell , Berkshire RG42 6EY , U.K
| | - Jian R Lu
- Biological Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy , University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
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Chai G, Li C, Xu F, Li Y, Shi X, Wang Y, Wang Z. Three endoplasmic reticulum-associated fatty acyl-coenzyme a reductases were involved in the production of primary alcohols in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:41. [PMID: 29506473 PMCID: PMC5836450 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1256-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cuticle covers the surface of the polysaccharide cell wall of leaf epidermal cells and forms an essential diffusion barrier between the plant and the environment. The cuticle is composed of cutin and wax. Cuticular wax plays an important role in the survival of plants by serving as the interface between plants and their biotic and abiotic environments, especially restricting nonstomatal water loss. Leaf cuticular waxes of hexaploid wheat at the seedling stage mainly consist of primary alcohols, aldehydes, fatty acids, alkane and esters. Primary alcohols account for more than 80% of the total wax load. Therefore, we cloned several genes encoding fatty acyl-coenzyme A reductases from wheat and analyzed their function in yeast and plants. We propose the potential use of these genes in wheat genetic breeding. RESULTS We reported the cloning and characterization of three TaFARs, namely TaFAR6, TaFAR7 and TaFAR8, encoding fatty acyl-coenzyme A reductases (FAR) in wheat leaf cuticle. Expression analysis revealed that TaFAR6, TaFAR7 and TaFAR8 were expressed at the higher levels in the seedling leaf blades, and were expressed moderately or weakly in stamen, glumes, peduncle, flag leaf blade, sheath, spike, and pistil. The heterologous expression of three TaFARs in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) led to the production of C24:0 and C26:0 primary alcohols. Transgenic expression of the three TaFARs in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and rice (Oryza sativa) led to increased accumulation of C24:0-C30:0 primary alcohols. Transient expression of GFP protein-tagged TaFARs revealed that the three TaFAR proteins were localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the site of wax biosynthesis. The three TaFAR genes were transcriptionally induced by drought, cold, heat, powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis) infection, abscisic acid (ABA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJa) treatments. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that wheat TaFAR6, TaFAR7 and TaFAR8 are involved in biosynthesis of very-long-chain primary alcohols in hexaploid wheat and in response to multiple environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guaiqiang Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Chunlian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Feng Xu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Xue Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
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Gao Y, Xiang Q, Wang Y, Men Y, Yang X, Wang Q, Yang Z, Geng X. Microstructures and grease layer of water strider and its influence on superhydrophobicity. BIOINSPIRED BIOMIMETIC AND NANOBIOMATERIALS 2018. [DOI: 10.1680/jbibn.17.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the microstructures of the water strider surface were observed by scanning electron microscopy. The surfaces, including wings, legs, back and abdomen, all exhibited various compound microstructures, which are the important factors influencing the superhydrophobicity with a contact angle (CA) of up to 153°. Furthermore, the grease of the water strider on different substrates was studied by self-assembly of the grease for 14 d. Images of the grease indicated that the morphology and spatial orientation of the grease depend on the substrate chosen. The grease decreased the substrate wettability by approximately 30° on highly ordered pyrolytic graphite and about 23° on the silicon substrates. Gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry was also used to study the chemical composition of the grease layer of water strider surface. The grease layer is composed of a mixture of aliphatic compounds, which possess hydrophobicity based on the chemical structure. Grease protects the microstructures of water strider surfaces and thus results in higher CAs and hydrophobic properties. The microstructure and the grease of the water strider jointly render the hydrophobic properties of the water strider surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gao
- Changchun Institute of Technology, Changchun, China
| | - Qian Xiang
- Changchun Institute of Technology, Changchun, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Changchun Institute of Technology, Changchun, China
| | - Yuzhuo Men
- Changchun Institute of Technology, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun, China
| | | | - Zhuojuan Yang
- Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaohui Geng
- Changchun Institute of Technology, Changchun, China
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Wang Y, Sun Y, You Q, Luo W, Wang C, Zhao S, Chai G, Li T, Shi X, Li C, Jetter R, Wang Z. Three Fatty Acyl-Coenzyme A Reductases, BdFAR1, BdFAR2 and BdFAR3, are Involved in Cuticular Wax Primary Alcohol Biosynthesis in Brachypodium distachyon. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:527-543. [PMID: 29329458 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant cuticular wax is a heterogeneous mixture of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) and their derivatives. Primary alcohols are the dominant wax components throughout leaf development of Brachypodium distachyon (Brachypodium). However, the genes involved in primary alcohol biosynthesis have not been investigated and their exact biological function remains unclear in Brachypodium to date. Here, we monitored the leaf wax profile and crystal morphology during Brachypodium leaf morphogenesis, and isolated three Brachypodium fatty acyl-CoA reductase (FAR) genes, named BdFAR1, BdFAR2 and BdFAR3, then analyzed their biochemical activities, substrate specificities, expression patterns, subcellular localization and stress induction. Transgenic expression of BdFAR genes in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and Brachypodium increased the production of primary alcohols. The three BdFAR genes were preferentially expressed in Brachypodium aerial tissues, consistent with known sites of wax primary alcohol deposition, and localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in Arabidopsis protoplasts. Finally, expression of the BdFAR genes was induced by drought, cold and ABA treatments, and drought stress significantly increased cuticular wax accumulation in Brachypodium. Taken together, these results indicate that the three BdFAR genes encode active FARs involved in the biosynthesis of Brachypodium wax primary alcohols and respond to abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yulin Sun
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Qiuye You
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Wenqiao Luo
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Cong Wang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guaiqiang Chai
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tingting Li
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xue Shi
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chunlian Li
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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Lavergne FD, Broeckling CD, Cockrell DM, Haley SD, Peairs FB, Jahn CE, Heuberger AL. GC-MS Metabolomics to Evaluate the Composition of Plant Cuticular Waxes for Four Triticum aestivum Cultivars. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E249. [PMID: 29360745 PMCID: PMC5855543 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an important food crop, and biotic and abiotic stresses significantly impact grain yield. Wheat leaf and stem surface waxes are associated with traits of biological importance, including stress resistance. Past studies have characterized the composition of wheat cuticular waxes, however protocols can be relatively low-throughput and narrow in the range of metabolites detected. Here, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) metabolomics methods were utilized to provide a comprehensive characterization of the chemical composition of cuticular waxes in wheat leaves and stems. Further, waxes from four wheat cultivars were assayed to evaluate the potential for GC-MS metabolomics to describe wax composition attributed to differences in wheat genotype. A total of 263 putative compounds were detected and included 58 wax compounds that can be classified (e.g., alkanes and fatty acids). Many of the detected wax metabolites have known associations to important biological functions. Principal component analysis and ANOVA were used to evaluate metabolite distribution, which was attributed to both tissue type (leaf, stem) and cultivar differences. Leaves contained more primary alcohols than stems such as 6-methylheptacosan-1-ol and octacosan-1-ol. The metabolite data were validated using scanning electron microscopy of epicuticular wax crystals which detected wax tubules and platelets. Conan was the only cultivar to display alcohol-associated platelet-shaped crystals on its abaxial leaf surface. Taken together, application of GC-MS metabolomics enabled the characterization of cuticular wax content in wheat tissues and provided relative quantitative comparisons among sample types, thus contributing to the understanding of wax composition associated with important phenotypic traits in a major crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent D Lavergne
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Corey D Broeckling
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Darren M Cockrell
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Scott D Haley
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Frank B Peairs
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Courtney E Jahn
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Adam L Heuberger
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Strategies for Micropatterned, Nanopatterned, and Hierarchically Structured Lotus-like Surfaces. Biomimetics (Basel) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-71676-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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35
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Hagedorn O, Fleute-Schlachter I, Mainx HG, Zeisler-Diehl V, Koch K. Surfactant-induced enhancement of droplet adhesion in superhydrophobic soybean ( Glycine max L.) leaves. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 8:2345-2356. [PMID: 29181291 PMCID: PMC5687054 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.8.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study performed with soybean (Glycine max L.), one of the most important crops for human and animal nutrition, demonstrates that changes in the leaf surface structure can increase the adhesion of applied droplets, even on superhydrophobic leaves, to reduce undesirable soil contamination by roll-off of agrochemical formulations from the plant surfaces. The wettability and morphology of soybean (Glycine max L.) leaf surfaces before and after treatment with six different surfactants (Agnique® SBO10 and five variations of nonionic surfactants) have been investigated. The leaf surface structures show a hierarchical organization, built up by convex epidermal cells (microstructure) and superimposed epicuticular platelet-shaped wax crystals (micro- to nanostructure). Chemical analysis of the epicuticular wax showed that 1-triacontanol (C30H61OH) is the main wax component of the soybean leaf surfaces. A water contact angle (CA) of 162.4° (σ = 3.6°) and tilting angle (TA) of 20.9° (σ = 10.0°) were found. Adherence of pure water droplets on the superhydrophobic leaves is supported by the hydrophilic hairs on the leaves. Agnique® SBO10 and the nonionic surfactant XP ED 75 increased the droplet adhesion and caused an increase of the TA from 20.9° to 85° and 90°, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy showed that surfactants with a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance value below 10 caused a size reduction of the epicuticular wax structures and a change from Cassie-Baxter wetting to an intermediate wetting regime with an increase of droplet adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Hagedorn
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Rhine-Waal University of Applied Science, Marie-Curie-Straße 1, 47533 Kleve, Germany
| | | | - Hans Georg Mainx
- BASF Personal Care and Nutrition GmbH, Henkelstr. 67, 40589 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Viktoria Zeisler-Diehl
- Department of Ecophysiology, IZMB, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kerstin Koch
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Rhine-Waal University of Applied Science, Marie-Curie-Straße 1, 47533 Kleve, Germany
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Pambou E, Li Z, Campana M, Hughes A, Clifton L, Gutfreund P, Foundling J, Bell G, Lu JR. Structural features of reconstituted wheat wax films. J R Soc Interface 2017; 13:rsif.2016.0396. [PMID: 27466439 PMCID: PMC4971226 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2016.0396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cuticular waxes are essential for the well-being of all plants, from controlling the transport of water and nutrients across the plant surface to protecting them against external environmental attacks. Despite their significance, our current understanding regarding the structure and function of the wax film is limited. In this work, we have formed representative reconstituted wax film models of controlled thicknesses that facilitated an ex vivo study of plant cuticular wax film properties by neutron reflection (NR). Triticum aestivum L. (wheat) waxes were extracted from two different wheat straw samples, using two distinct extraction methods. Waxes extracted from harvested field-grown wheat straw using supercritical CO2 are compared with waxes extracted from laboratory-grown wheat straw via wax dissolution by chloroform rinsing. Wax films were produced by spin-coating the two extracts onto silicon substrates. Atomic force microscopy and cryo-scanning electron microscopy imaging revealed that the two reconstituted wax film models are ultrathin and porous with characteristic nanoscale extrusions on the outer surface, mimicking the structure of epicuticular waxes found upon adaxial wheat leaf surfaces. On the basis of solid–liquid and solid–air NR and ellipsometric measurements, these wax films could be modelled into two representative layers, with the diffuse underlying layer fitted with thicknesses ranging from approximately 65 to 70 Å, whereas the surface extrusion region reached heights exceeding 200 Å. Moisture-controlled NR measurements indicated that water penetrated extensively into the wax films measured under saturated humidity and under water, causing them to hydrate and swell significantly. These studies have thus provided a useful structural basis that underlies the function of the epicuticular waxes in controlling the water transport of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Pambou
- Biological Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Zongyi Li
- Biological Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Mario Campana
- STFC ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Arwel Hughes
- STFC ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Luke Clifton
- STFC ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Philipp Gutfreund
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Jill Foundling
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Gordon Bell
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Jian R Lu
- Biological Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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Barthlott W, Mail M, Bhushan B, Koch K. Plant Surfaces: Structures and Functions for Biomimetic Innovations. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2017; 9:23. [PMID: 30464998 PMCID: PMC6223843 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-016-0125-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
An overview of plant surface structures and their evolution is presented. It combines surface chemistry and architecture with their functions and refers to possible biomimetic applications. Within some 3.5 billion years biological species evolved highly complex multifunctional surfaces for interacting with their environments: some 10 million living prototypes (i.e., estimated number of existing plants and animals) for engineers. The complexity of the hierarchical structures and their functionality in biological organisms surpasses all abiotic natural surfaces: even superhydrophobicity is restricted in nature to living organisms and was probably a key evolutionary step with the invasion of terrestrial habitats some 350-450 million years ago in plants and insects. Special attention should be paid to the fact that global environmental change implies a dramatic loss of species and with it the biological role models. Plants, the dominating group of organisms on our planet, are sessile organisms with large multifunctional surfaces and thus exhibit particular intriguing features. Superhydrophilicity and superhydrophobicity are focal points in this work. We estimate that superhydrophobic plant leaves (e.g., grasses) comprise in total an area of around 250 million km2, which is about 50% of the total surface of our planet. A survey of structures and functions based on own examinations of almost 20,000 species is provided, for further references we refer to Barthlott et al. (Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 374: 20160191, 1). A basic difference exists between aquatic non-vascular and land-living vascular plants; the latter exhibit a particular intriguing surface chemistry and architecture. The diversity of features is described in detail according to their hierarchical structural order. The first underlying and essential feature is the polymer cuticle superimposed by epicuticular wax and the curvature of single cells up to complex multicellular structures. A descriptive terminology for this diversity is provided. Simplified, the functions of plant surface characteristics may be grouped into six categories: (1) mechanical properties, (2) influence on reflection and absorption of spectral radiation, (3) reduction of water loss or increase of water uptake, moisture harvesting, (4) adhesion and non-adhesion (lotus effect, insect trapping), (5) drag and turbulence increase, or (6) air retention under water for drag reduction or gas exchange (Salvinia effect). This list is far from complete. A short overview of the history of bionics and the impressive spectrum of existing and anticipated biomimetic applications are provided. The major challenge for engineers and materials scientists, the durability of the fragile nanocoatings, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm Barthlott
- Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University of Bonn, Venusbergweg 22, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Mail
- Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University of Bonn, Venusbergweg 22, 53115 Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES) – Horticultural Science, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University of Bonn, Auf dem Hügel 6, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Bharat Bhushan
- Nanoprobe Laboratory for Bio & Nanotechnology and Biomimetics, The Ohio State University, 201 W. 19th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1142 USA
| | - Kerstin Koch
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences, Marie Curie-Straße 1, 47533 Kleve, Germany
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Barthlott W, Mail M, Bhushan B, Koch K. Plant Surfaces: Structures and Functions for Biomimetic Applications. SPRINGER HANDBOOK OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-54357-3_36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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Neinhuis C. Innovations from the "ivory tower": Wilhelm Barthlott and the paradigm shift in surface science. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 8:394-402. [PMID: 28326228 PMCID: PMC5331180 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.8.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This article is mainly about borders that have tremendous influence on our daily life, although many of them exist and act mostly unrecognized. In this article the first objective will be to address more generally the relation between university and society or industry, borders within universities, borders in thinking and the huge amount of misunderstandings and losses resulting from these obvious or hidden borders. In the second part and in more detail, the article will highlight the impact of the research conducted by Wilhelm Barthlott throughout his scientific career during which not only one border was removed, shifted or became more penetrable. Among the various fields of interest not mentioned here (e.g., systematics of Cactaceae, diversity and evolution of epiphytes, the unique natural history of isolated rocky outcrops called inselbergs, or the global distribution of biodiversity), plant surfaces and especially the tremendous diversity of minute structures on leaves, fruits, seeds and other parts of plants represent a common thread through 40 years of scientific career of Wilhelm Barthlott. Based on research that was regarded already old-fashioned in the 1970s and 1980s, systematic botany, results and knowledge were accumulated that, some 20 years later, initiated a fundamental turnover in how surfaces were recognized not only in biology, but even more evident in materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Neinhuis
- Institute for Botany, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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Barthlott W, Mail M, Neinhuis C. Superhydrophobic hierarchically structured surfaces in biology: evolution, structural principles and biomimetic applications. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2016; 374:20160191. [PMID: 27354736 PMCID: PMC4928508 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2016.0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive survey of the construction principles and occurrences of superhydrophobic surfaces in plants, animals and other organisms is provided and is based on our own scanning electron microscopic examinations of almost 20 000 different species and the existing literature. Properties such as self-cleaning (lotus effect), fluid drag reduction (Salvinia effect) and the introduction of new functions (air layers as sensory systems) are described and biomimetic applications are discussed: self-cleaning is established, drag reduction becomes increasingly important, and novel air-retaining grid technology is introduced. Surprisingly, no evidence for lasting superhydrophobicity in non-biological surfaces exists (except technical materials). Phylogenetic trees indicate that superhydrophobicity evolved as a consequence of the conquest of land about 450 million years ago and may be a key innovation in the evolution of terrestrial life. The approximate 10 million extant species exhibit a stunning diversity of materials and structures, many of which are formed by self-assembly, and are solely based on a limited number of molecules. A short historical survey shows that bionics (today often called biomimetics) dates back more than 100 years. Statistical data illustrate that the interest in biomimetic surfaces is much younger still. Superhydrophobicity caught the attention of scientists only after the extreme superhydrophobicity of lotus leaves was published in 1997. Regrettably, parabionic products play an increasing role in marketing.This article is part of the themed issue 'Bioinspired hierarchically structured surfaces for green science'.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Barthlott
- Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Venusbergweg 22, Bonn 53115, Germany
| | - M Mail
- Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Venusbergweg 22, Bonn 53115, Germany Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES)-Horticultural Science, University of Bonn, Auf dem Hügel 6, Bonn 53121, Germany
| | - C Neinhuis
- Institute of Botany, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, Dresden 01217, Germany B CUBE Innovation Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Arnoldstrasse 18, Dresden 01217, Germany
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Peirce CAE, Priest C, McBeath TM, McLaughlin MJ. Uptake of phosphorus from surfactant solutions by wheat leaves: spreading kinetics, wetted area, and drying time. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:209-18. [PMID: 26457870 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm01380a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The delivery and uptake of nutrients at the surface of plant leaves is an important physicochemical phenomenon that depends on leaf surface morphology and chemistry, fertilizer formulation chemistry (including adjuvant and associated surfactants), wetting dynamics, and many other physical, chemical and biological factors. In this study, the role of spreading dynamics in determining uptake of the macronutrient phosphorus from phosphoric acid fertilizer solution in combination with three different adjuvants was measured in the absence of droplet run-off and splashing. When run-off and splashing losses were zero, spreading and drying rates had a small to negligible effect on the uptake efficiency. The results suggest that uptake may be much less sensitive to the specific choice of adjuvant and long time-scale spreading behaviour than one might intuitively expect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney A E Peirce
- The University of Adelaide School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, PB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
| | - Craig Priest
- Ian Wark Research Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Therese M McBeath
- The University of Adelaide School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, PB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia. and CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, Waite Campus, PB 2, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Mike J McLaughlin
- The University of Adelaide School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, PB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia. and CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, Waite Campus, PB 2, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
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Guo J, Xu W, Yu X, Shen H, Li H, Cheng D, Liu A, Liu J, Liu C, Zhao S, Song J. Cuticular Wax Accumulation Is Associated with Drought Tolerance in Wheat Near-Isogenic Lines. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1809. [PMID: 27965701 PMCID: PMC5129171 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that wheat grain yield is seriously affected by drought stress, and leaf cuticular wax is reportedly associated with drought tolerance. However, most studies have focused on cuticular wax biosynthesis and model species. The effects of cuticular wax on wheat drought tolerance have rarely been studied. The aims of the current study were to study the effects of leaf cuticular wax on wheat grain yield under drought stress using the above-mentioned wheat NILs and to discuss the possible physiological mechanism of cuticular wax on high grain yield under drought stress. Compared to water-irrigated (WI) conditions, the cuticular wax content (CWC) in glaucous and non-glaucous NILs under drought-stress (DS) conditions both increased; mean increase values were 151.1 and 114.4%, respectively, which was corroborated by scanning electronic microscopy images of large wax particles loaded on the surfaces of flag leaves. The average yield of glaucous NILs was higher than that of non-glaucous NILs under DS conditions in 2014 and 2015; mean values were 7368.37 kg·ha-1 and 7103.51 kg·ha-1. This suggested that glaucous NILs were more drought-tolerant than non-glaucous NILs (P = 0.05), which was supported by the findings of drought tolerance indices TOL and SSI in both years, the relatively high water potential and relative water content, and the low ELWL. Furthermore, the photosynthesis rate (Pn ) of glaucous and non-glaucous wheat NILs under DS conditions decreased by 7.5 and 9.8%, respectively; however, glaucous NILs still had higher mean values of Pn than those of non-glaucous NILs, which perhaps resulted in the higher yield of glaucous NILs. This could be explained by the fact that glaucous NILs had a smaller Fv/Fm reduction, a smaller PI reduction and a greater ABS/RC increase than non-glaucous NILs under DS conditions. This is the first report to show that wheat cuticular wax accumulation is associated with drought tolerance. Moreover, the leaf CWC can be an effective selection criterion in the development of drought-tolerant wheat cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Guo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Maize and Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement in North Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture, Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural SciencesJinan, China
| | - Wen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaian, China
| | - Xiaocong Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Maize and Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement in North Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture, Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural SciencesJinan, China
| | - Hao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaian, China
| | - Haosheng Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Maize and Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement in North Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture, Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural SciencesJinan, China
| | - Dungong Cheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Maize and Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement in North Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture, Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural SciencesJinan, China
| | - Aifeng Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Maize and Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement in North Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture, Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural SciencesJinan, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Maize and Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement in North Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture, Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural SciencesJinan, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Maize and Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement in North Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture, Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural SciencesJinan, China
| | - Shijie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaian, China
- *Correspondence: Shijie Zhao
| | - Jianmin Song
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Maize and Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement in North Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture, Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural SciencesJinan, China
- Jianmin Song
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Fabrication and Characterization of Micro-, Nano- and Hierarchically Structured Lotus-Like Surfaces. Biomimetics (Basel) 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-28284-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Nadiminti PP, Rookes JE, Boyd BJ, Cahill DM. Confocal laser scanning microscopy elucidation of the micromorphology of the leaf cuticle and analysis of its chemical composition. PROTOPLASMA 2015; 252:1475-1486. [PMID: 25712592 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0777-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Electron microscopy techniques such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have been invaluable tools for the study of the micromorphology of plant cuticles. However, for electron microscopy, the preparation techniques required may invariably introduce artefacts in cuticle preservation. Further, there are a limited number of methods available for quantifying the image data obtained through electron microscopy. Therefore, in this study, optical microscopy techniques were coupled with staining procedures and, along with SEM were used to qualitatively and quantitatively assess the ultrastructure of plant leaf cuticles. Leaf cryosections of Triticum aestivum (wheat), Zea mays (maize), and Lupinus angustifolius (lupin) were stained with either fat-soluble azo stain Sudan IV or fluorescent, diarylmethane Auramine O and were observed under confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). For all the plant species tested, the cuticle on the leaf surfaces could be clearly resolved in many cases into cuticular proper (CP), external cuticular layer (ECL), and internal cuticular layer (ICL). Novel image data analysis procedures for quantifying the epicuticular wax micromorphology were developed, and epicuticular waxes of L. angustifolius were described here for the first time. Together, application of a multifaceted approach involving the use of a range of techniques to study the plant cuticle has led to a better understanding of cuticular structure and provides new insights into leaf surface architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavani P Nadiminti
- School of life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Deakin University, Geelong Campus at Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC, 3217, Australia
| | - James E Rookes
- School of life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Deakin University, Geelong Campus at Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC, 3217, Australia
| | - Ben J Boyd
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University Parkville Campus, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - David M Cahill
- School of life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Deakin University, Geelong Campus at Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC, 3217, Australia.
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Wang Y, Wang J, Chai G, Li C, Hu Y, Chen X, Wang Z. Developmental Changes in Composition and Morphology of Cuticular Waxes on Leaves and Spikes of Glossy and Glaucous Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141239. [PMID: 26506246 PMCID: PMC4624236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The glossy varieties (A14 and Jing 2001) and glaucous varieties (Fanmai 5 and Shanken 99) of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were selected for evaluation of developmental changes in the composition and morphology of cuticular waxes on leaves and spikes. The results provide us with two different wax development patterns between leaf and spike. The general accumulation trend of the total wax load on leaf and spike surfaces is first to increase and then decrease during the development growth period, but these changes were caused by different compound classes between leaf and spike. Developmental changes of leaf waxes were mainly the result of variations in composition of alcohols and alkanes. In addition, diketones were the third important contributor to the leaf wax changes in the glaucous varieties. Alkanes and diketones were the two major compound classes that caused the developmental changes of spike waxes. For leaf waxes, β- and OH-β-diketones were first detected in flag leaves from 200-day-old plants, and the amounts of β- and OH-β-diketones were significantly higher in glaucous varieties compared with glossy varieties. In spike waxes, β-diketone existed in all varieties, but OH-β-diketone was detectable only in the glaucous varieties. Unexpectedly, the glaucous variety Fanmai 5 yielded large amounts of OH-β-diketone. There was a significant shift in the chain length distribution of alkanes between early stage leaf and flag leaf. Unlike C28 alcohol being the dominant chain length in leaf waxes, the dominant alcohol chain length of spikes was C24 or C26 depending on varieties. Epicuticular wax crystals on wheat leaf and glume were comprised of platelets and tubules, and the crystal morphology changed constantly throughout plant growth, especially the abaxial leaf crystals. Moreover, our results suggested that platelets and tubules on glume surfaces could be formed rapidly within a few days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiahuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guaiqiang Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chunlian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yingang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Wang Y, Wang M, Sun Y, Hegebarth D, Li T, Jetter R, Wang Z. Molecular Characterization of TaFAR1 Involved in Primary Alcohol Biosynthesis of Cuticular Wax in Hexaploid Wheat. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015. [PMID: 26220905 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular waxes are complex mixtures of very long chain (VLC) fatty acids and their derivatives in which primary alcohols are the most abundant components in the leaf surface of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). However, the genes involved in primary alcohol biosynthesis in wheat are still largely unknown. Here we identified, via a homology-based approach, the TaFAR1 gene belonging to the fatty acyl-CoA reductases (FARs) from wheat. Heterologous expression of TaFAR1 in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and in the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) cer4-3 mutant afforded production of C22 primary alcohol and C22-C24 primary alcohols, respectively, and transgenic expression of TaFAR1 in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cv MicroTom leaves and fruits resulted in the accumulation of C26-C30 primary alcohols and C30-C34 primary alcohols, respectively. The TaFAR1 protein was localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in rice (Oryza sativa L.) leaf protoplasts. Moreover, the TaFAR1 expression pattern across various organs correlated with the levels of primary alcohols accumulating in corresponding waxes, and with the presence of platelet-shaped epicuticular wax crystals formed by primary alcohols. A nullisomic-tetrasomic wheat line lacking TaFAR1 had significantly reduced levels of primary alcohols in its leaf blade and anther wax. TaFAR1 was located on chromosome 4AL and appeared to be highly conserved, with only one haplotype among 32 wheat cultivars. Finally, TaFAR1 expression was induced by drought and cold stress in an ABA-dependent manner. Taken together, our results show that TaFAR1 is an active enzyme forming primary alcohols destined for the wheat cuticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Meiling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Yulin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Daniela Hegebarth
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4 Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
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Cheng Y, Yao J, Zhang H, Huang L, Kang Z. Cytological and molecular analysis of nonhost resistance in rice to wheat powdery mildew and leaf rust pathogens. PROTOPLASMA 2015; 252:1167-1179. [PMID: 25547964 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-014-0750-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cereal powdery mildews caused by Blumeria graminis and cereal rusts caused by Puccinia spp. are constant disease threats that limit the production of almost all important cereal crops. Rice is an intensively grown agricultural cereal that is atypical because of its immunity to all powdery mildew and rust fungi. We analyzed the nonhost interactions between rice and the wheat powdery mildew fungus B. graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt) and the wheat leaf rust fungus Puccinia triticina (Ptr) to identify the basis of nonhost resistance (NHR) in rice against cereal powdery mildew and rust fungi at cytological and molecular levels. No visible symptoms were observed on rice leaves inoculated with Bgt or Ptr. Microscopic observations showed that both pathogens exhibited aberrant differentiation and significantly reduced penetration frequencies on rice compared to wheat. The development of Bgt and Ptr was also completely arrested at early infection stages in cases of successful penetration into rice leaves. Attempted infection of rice by Bgt and Ptr induced similar defense responses, including callose deposition, accumulation of reactive oxygen species, and hypersensitive response in rice epidermal and mesophyll cells, respectively. Furthermore, a set of defense-related genes were upregulated in rice against Bgt and Ptr infection. Rice is an excellent monocot model for genetic and molecular studies. Therefore, our results demonstrate that rice is a useful model to study the mechanisms of NHR to cereal powdery mildew and rust fungi, which provides useful information for the development of novel and durable strategies to control these important pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
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Taneda H, Watanabe-Taneda A, Chhetry R, Ikeda H. A theoretical approach to the relationship between wettability and surface microstructures of epidermal cells and structured cuticles of flower petals. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 115:923-937. [PMID: 25851137 PMCID: PMC4407063 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The epidermal surface of a flower petal is composed of convex cells covered with a structured cuticle, and the roughness of the surface is related to the wettability of the petal. If the surface remains wet for an excessive amount of time the attractiveness of the petal to floral visitors may be impaired, and adhesion of pathogens may be promoted. However, it remains unclear how the epidermal cells and structured cuticle contribute to surface wettability of a petal. METHODS By considering the additive effects of the epidermal cells and structured cuticle on petal wettability, a thermodynamic model was developed to predict the wetting mode and contact angle of a water droplet at a minimum free energy. Quantitative relationships between petal wettability and the geometries of the epidermal cells and the structured cuticle were then estimated. Measurements of contact angles and anatomical traits of petals were made on seven herbaceous species commonly found in alpine habitats in eastern Nepal, and the measured wettability values were compared with those predicted by the model using the measured geometries of the epidermal cells and structured cuticles. KEY RESULTS The model indicated that surface wettability depends on the height and interval between cuticular steps, and on a height-to-width ratio for epidermal cells if a thick hydrophobic cuticle layer covers the surface. For a petal epidermis consisting of lenticular cells, a repellent surface results when the cuticular step height is greater than 0·85 µm and the height-to-width ratio of the epidermal cells is greater than 0·3. For an epidermis consisting of papillate cells, a height-to-width ratio of greater than 1·1 produces a repellent surface. In contrast, if the surface is covered with a thin cuticle layer, the petal is highly wettable (hydrophilic) irrespective of the roughness of the surface. These predictions were supported by the measurements of petal wettability made on flowers of alpine species. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that surface roughness caused by epidermal cells and a structured cuticle produces a wide range of petal wettability, and that this can be successfully modelled using a thermodynamic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhiko Taneda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan, National Herbarium and Plant Laboratories, Department of Plant Resources, Kathomandu, Nepal and The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ayako Watanabe-Taneda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan, National Herbarium and Plant Laboratories, Department of Plant Resources, Kathomandu, Nepal and The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Rita Chhetry
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan, National Herbarium and Plant Laboratories, Department of Plant Resources, Kathomandu, Nepal and The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ikeda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan, National Herbarium and Plant Laboratories, Department of Plant Resources, Kathomandu, Nepal and The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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Wang Y, Wang M, Sun Y, Wang Y, Li T, Chai G, Jiang W, Shan L, Li C, Xiao E, Wang Z. FAR5, a fatty acyl-coenzyme A reductase, is involved in primary alcohol biosynthesis of the leaf blade cuticular wax in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:1165-78. [PMID: 25468933 PMCID: PMC4438443 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A waxy cuticle that serves as a protective barrier against non-stomatal water loss and environmental damage coats the aerial surfaces of land plants. It comprises a cutin polymer matrix and waxes. Cuticular waxes are complex mixtures of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) and their derivatives. Results show that primary alcohols are the major components of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) leaf blade cuticular waxes. Here, the characterization of TaFAR5 from wheat cv Xinong 2718, which is allelic to TAA1b, an anther-specific gene, is reported. Evidence is presented for a new function for TaFAR5 in the biosynthesis of primary alcohols of leaf blade cuticular wax in wheat. Expression of TaFAR5 cDNA in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) led to production of C22:0 primary alcohol. The transgenic expression of TaFAR5 in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cv MicroTom leaves resulted in the accumulation of C26:0, C28:0, and C30:0 primary alcohols. TaFAR5 encodes an alcohol-forming fatty acyl-coenzyme A reductase (FAR). Expression analysis revealed that TaFAR5 was expressed at high levels in the leaf blades, anthers, pistils, and seeds. Fully functional green fluorescent protein-tagged TaFAR5 protein was localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the site of primary alcohol biosynthesis. SDS-PAGE analysis indicated that the TaFAR5 protein possessed a molecular mass of 58.4kDa, and it was also shown that TaFAR5 transcript levels were regulated in response to drought, cold, and abscisic acid (ABA). Overall, these data suggest that TaFAR5 plays an important role in the synthesis of primary alcohols in wheat leaf blade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Meiling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yulin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yanting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Guaiqiang Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Wenhui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Liwei Shan
- College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chunlian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Enshi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Lee JY, Pechook S, Pokroy B, Yeo JS. Multilevel hierarchy of fluorinated wax on CuO nanowires for superoleophobic surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:15568-15573. [PMID: 25469548 DOI: 10.1021/la5040273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the multilevel hierarchy of nanoscale wax crystals on nanowire (NW) structures that strongly repels not only water but also olive oil and hexadecane. We deposited C24F50-fluorinated wax (F-wax) using thermal evaporation on the surface of CuO NWs. Fluorinated wax crystals are self-assembled on the CuO NWs forming three-dimensional hierarchical structures. The achieved multilevel hierarchy has strongly repelled water, glycerol, ethylene glycol, and olive oil with contact angles (CAs) exceeding 160°. When sufficient F-wax is crystallized on the CuO NWs, crystals that are assembled perpendicularly to the longitudinal NW axis form a re-entrant curvature allowing superoleophobic characteristics with strong repellence of hexadecane with CAs of ∼150° and a small contact angle hysteresis of <10°. Furthermore, the surfaces can repel extremely small water droplets (∼100 pL), an indication of an ability to withstand condensation. These types of multilevel hierarchies can be formed on numerous roughened surfaces as the wax can be easily applied to various substrates without affecting the mechanical integrity of base structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Lee
- School of Integrated Technology, Yonsei University , 162-1, Songdo-dong, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
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