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Wang L, Shu L, Hu Q, Jiang X, Yang H, Wang H, Rao L. Mechanism of self-recovery of hydrophobicity after surface damage of lotus leaf. PLANT METHODS 2024; 20:47. [PMID: 38515129 PMCID: PMC10956192 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-024-01174-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The surfaces of lotus leaves with micro- and nano-waxy cuticle structures are superhydrophobic and possess a self-healing ability to regain hydrophobicity after damage. Inspired by this phenomenon, the problem of water-repellent coatings used in natural environments failing to perform after damage can be solved if these coatings are endowed with rapid self-repair and self-growth functions. However, there has been almost no exploration into the hydrophobicity self-repair process in lotus leaves. The changes in surface morphology during the hydrophobicity recovery process are not understood. There is a lack of research on the hydrophobicity recovery in lotus leaves. In this study, the damage and recovery experiments on lotus leaf surfaces were carried out in an artificial climate chamber, and the water repellency recovery process and typical water repellency roughness parameters regained time were obtained. Upon analyzing the differences in the recovery process of different damage types, the recovery mechanism after lotus leaf surface damage was obtained. Finally, it was found that the microscopic roughness determined the static contact angle (WCA) of the lotus leaf surface, and the nanoscopic roughness determined the rolling angle (SA). The dual factors of the recovery of the extruded epidermal tissue and the regeneration of the epidermal wax crystals determined the hydrophobicity recovery process in damaged lotus leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Xuefeng Mountain Energy Equipment Safety National Observation and Research Station of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Lichun Shu
- Xuefeng Mountain Energy Equipment Safety National Observation and Research Station of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Qin Hu
- Xuefeng Mountain Energy Equipment Safety National Observation and Research Station of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
| | - Xingliang Jiang
- Xuefeng Mountain Energy Equipment Safety National Observation and Research Station of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Hang Yang
- Xuefeng Mountain Energy Equipment Safety National Observation and Research Station of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Xuefeng Mountain Energy Equipment Safety National Observation and Research Station of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Lipeng Rao
- Xuefeng Mountain Energy Equipment Safety National Observation and Research Station of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
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2
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Anggarani M, Lin YY, Fang SA, Wu HP, Wu CC, Jane WN, Roscoe TJ, Domergue F, Hsing YIC. Morphology and chemical composition of Taiwan oil millet (Eccoilopus formosanus) epicuticular wax. PLANTA 2024; 259:89. [PMID: 38467941 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04352-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Taiwan oil millet has two types of epicuticular wax: platelet wax composed primarily of octacosanol and filament wax constituted essentially by the singular compound of octacosanoic acid. Taiwan oil millet (TOM-Eccoilopus formosanus) is an orphan crop cultivated by the Taiwan indigenous people. It has conspicuous white powder covering its leaf sheath indicating abundant epicuticular waxes, that may contribute to its resilience. Here, we characterized the epicuticular wax secretion in TOM leaf blade and leaf sheath using various microscopy techniques, as well as gas chromatography to determine its composition. Two kinds of waxes, platelet and filaments, were secreted in both the leaf blades and sheaths. The platelet wax is secreted ubiquitously by epidermal cells, whereas the filament wax is secreted by a specific cell called epidermal cork cells. The newly developed filament waxes were markedly re-synthesized by the epidermal cork cells through papillae protrusions on the external periclinal cell wall. Ultrastructural images of cork cell revealed the presence of cortical endoplasmic reticulum (ER) tubules along the periphery of plasma membrane (PM) and ER-PM contact sites (EPCS). The predominant wax component was a C28 primary alcohol in leaf blade, and a C28 free fatty acid in the leaf sheath, pseudopetiole and midrib. The wax morphology present in distinct plant organs corresponds to the specific chemical composition: platelet wax composed of alcohols exists mainly in the leaf blade, whereas filament wax constituted mainly by the singular compound C28 free fatty acids is present abundantly in leaf sheath. Our study clarifies the filament wax composition in relation to a previous study in sorghum. Both platelet and filament waxes comprise a protection barrier for TOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marita Anggarani
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2 Academia Rd., Nankang, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ying Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2 Academia Rd., Nankang, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan
| | - Shao-An Fang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2 Academia Rd., Nankang, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan
| | - Hshin-Ping Wu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2 Academia Rd., Nankang, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chih Wu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2 Academia Rd., Nankang, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan
| | - Wann-Neng Jane
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2 Academia Rd., Nankang, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan
| | - Thomas James Roscoe
- Regulations Epigenetiques et Developpement de la Graine, ERL 5300 CNRS-IRD UMR DIADE, IRD Centre de Montpellier, 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier, France
| | - Frederic Domergue
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, LBM, UMR 5200, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Yue-Ie Caroline Hsing
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2 Academia Rd., Nankang, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan.
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3
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Vonna L. The Barthlott effect. QUANTITATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 4:e16. [PMID: 38156077 PMCID: PMC10753341 DOI: 10.1017/qpb.2023.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
In 1997, Barthlott and Neinhuis published a groundbreaking article entitled "Purity of the sacred lotus, or escape from contamination in biological surfaces" that caused a true paradigm shift in surface science. In this article, they explained the water-repellent and self-cleaning properties of plants, attributing the superhydrophobicity to nano- and micrometric wax textures on the surface of the leaves. This became known as the "Lotus Effect". In the late 1980s, Barthlott already demonstrated the microtexture of plant surfaces and its effect on wetting. However, this knowledge remained confined to botany until the 1997 article popularized it. The dissemination of this knowledge to the materials science community led to the development of countless synthetic superhydrophobic surfaces and a better understanding of wetting mechanisms. The story of this discovery and its consequences demonstrates the relevance of atypical approaches and emphasizes the urgency of respecting biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Vonna
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse, Université de Haute-Alsace, Université de Strabourg, Mulhouse, France
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4
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Chen JY, Kuruparan A, Zamani-Babgohari M, Gonzales-Vigil E. Dynamic changes to the plant cuticle include the production of volatile cuticular wax-derived compounds. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2307012120. [PMID: 38019866 PMCID: PMC10710056 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2307012120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The cuticle is a hydrophobic structure that seals plant aerial surfaces from the surrounding environment. To better understand how cuticular wax composition changes over development, we conducted an untargeted screen of leaf surface lipids from black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa). We observed major shifts to the lipid profile across development, from a phenolic and terpene-dominated profile in young leaves to an aliphatic wax-dominated profile in mature leaves. Contrary to the general pattern, levels of aliphatic cis-9-alkenes decreased in older leaves following their accumulation. A thorough examination revealed that the decrease in cis-9-alkenes was accompanied by a concomitant increase in aldehydes, one of them being the volatile compound nonanal. By applying exogenous alkenes to P. trichocarpa leaves, we show that unsaturated waxes in the cuticle undergo spontaneous oxidative cleavage to generate aldehydes and that this process occurs similarly in other alkene-accumulating systems such as balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera) leaves and corn (Zea mays) silk. Moreover, we show that the production of cuticular wax-derived compounds can be extended to other wax components. In bread wheat (Triticum aestivum), 9-hydroxy-14,16-hentriacontanedione likely decomposes to generate 2-heptadecanone and 7-octyloxepan-2-one (a caprolactone). These findings highlight an unusual route to the production of plant volatiles that are structurally encoded within cuticular wax precursors. These processes could play a role in modulating ecological interactions and open the possibility for engineering bioactive volatile compounds into plant waxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Y Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Aswini Kuruparan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Mahbobeh Zamani-Babgohari
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Eliana Gonzales-Vigil
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
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Sui X, Tam J, Keller H, Liang W, Erb U. Superhydrophobicity mechanism of refoliated quaking aspen leaves after complete defoliation by LDD (gypsy, spongy) moth caterpillars. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 330:111659. [PMID: 36813242 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Complete defoliation of trees due to periodic LDD (Lymantria dispar dispar) moth outbreaks in many parts of the world is a significant stress factor for the survival of individual trees and entire forests over vast areas. This study addresses such a mid-summer defoliation event in Ontario, Canada for quaking aspen trees during 2021. It is shown that complete refoliation in the same year is possible for these trees, albeit with significantly smaller leaf size. Regrown leaves showed the well-known non-wetting behaviour typically observed for the quaking aspen tree without a defoliation event. These leaves have the same hierarchical dual-scale surface structure consisting of nanometre-size epicuticular wax (ECW) crystals superimposed on micrometre-sized papillae. This structure provides for the Cassie-Baxter non-wetting state with a very high water contact angle on the adaxial surface of the leaves. Subtle differences in the leaf surface morphology of the refoliation leaves compared with the regular growth leaves are likely due to environmental factors such as seasonal temperature during the leaf growth period after budbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Sui
- College of Aerospace and Civil Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
| | - Jason Tam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
| | - Harald Keller
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
| | - Wenyan Liang
- College of Aerospace and Civil Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Uwe Erb
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada.
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6
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Mandal M, Popek R, Przybysz A, Roy A, Das S, Sarkar A. Breathing Fresh Air in the City: Implementing Avenue Trees as a Sustainable Solution to Reduce Particulate Pollution in Urban Agglomerations. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1545. [PMID: 37050171 PMCID: PMC10097214 DOI: 10.3390/plants12071545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The issue of air pollution from particulate matter (PM) is getting worse as more and more people move into urban areas around the globe. Due to the complexity and diversity of pollution sources, it has long been hard to rely on source control techniques to manage this issue. Due to the fact that urban trees may provide a variety of ecosystem services, there is an urgent need to investigate alternative strategies for dramatically improving air quality. PM has always been a significant concern due to its adverse effects on humans and the entire ecosystem. The severity of this issue has risen in the current global environmental context. Numerous studies on respiratory and other human disorders have revealed a statistical relationship between human exposure to outdoor levels of particles or dust and harmful health effects. These risks are undeniably close to industrial areas where these airborne, inhalable particles are produced. The combined and individual effects of the particle and gaseous contaminants on plants' general physiology can be detrimental. According to research, plant leaves, the primary receptors of PM pollution, can function as biological filters to remove significant amounts of particles from the atmosphere of urban areas. This study showed that vegetation could provide a promising green infrastructure (GI) for better air quality through the canopy and leaf-level processes, going beyond its traditional role as a passive target and sink for air pollutants. Opportunities exist for urban GI as a natural remedy for urban pollution caused by PMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamun Mandal
- Laboratory of Applied Stress Biology, Department of Botany, University of Gour Banga, Malda 732103, West Bengal, India
| | - Robert Popek
- Section of Basic Research in Horticulture, Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Horticultural Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW (WULS-SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Przybysz
- Section of Basic Research in Horticulture, Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Horticultural Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW (WULS-SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anamika Roy
- Laboratory of Applied Stress Biology, Department of Botany, University of Gour Banga, Malda 732103, West Bengal, India
| | - Sujit Das
- Laboratory of Applied Stress Biology, Department of Botany, University of Gour Banga, Malda 732103, West Bengal, India
| | - Abhijit Sarkar
- Laboratory of Applied Stress Biology, Department of Botany, University of Gour Banga, Malda 732103, West Bengal, India
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7
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Kubásek J, Kalistová T, Janová J, Askanbayeva B, Bednář J, Šantrůček J. 13 CO 2 labelling as a tool for elucidating the mechanism of cuticle development: a case of Clusia rosea. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:202-215. [PMID: 36604855 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The plant cuticle is an important plant-atmosphere boundary, the synthesis and maintenance of which represents a significant metabolic cost. Only limited information regarding cuticle dynamics is available. We determined the composition and dynamics of Clusia rosea cuticular waxes and matrix using 13 CO2 labelling, compound-specific and bulk isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Collodion was used for wax collection; gas exchange techniques to test for any collodion effects on living leaves. Cutin matrix (MX) area density did not vary between young and mature leaves and between leaf sides. Only young leaves incorporated new carbon into their MX. Collodion-based sampling discriminated between epicuticular (EW) and intracuticular wax (IW) effectively. Epicuticular differed in composition from IW. The newly synthetised wax was deposited in IW first and later in EW. Both young and mature leaves synthetised IW and EW. The faster dynamics in young leaves were due to lower wax coverage, not a faster synthesis rate. Longer-chain alkanes were deposited preferentially on the abaxial, stomatous leaf side, producing differences between leaf sides in wax composition. We introduce a new, sensitive isotope labelling method and demonstrate that cuticular wax is renewed during leaf ontogeny of C. rosea. We discuss the ecophysiological significance of the new insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Kubásek
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760/31, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Kalistová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760/31, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Janová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760/31, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Balzhan Askanbayeva
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760/31, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Bednář
- Department of Ecosystem Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760/31, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Šantrůček
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760/31, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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8
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Wei Y, Wang F, Guo Z. Bio-inspired and metal-derived superwetting surfaces: Function, stability and applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 314:102879. [PMID: 36934513 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.102879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Due to their exceptional anti-icing, anti-corrosion, and anti-drag qualities, biomimetic metal-derived superwetting surfaces, which are widely employed in the aerospace, automotive, electronic, and biomedical industries, have raised significant concern. However, further applications in other domains have been hampered by the poor mechanical and chemical durability of superwetting metallic surfaces, which can result in metal fatigue and corrosion. The potential for anti-corrosion, anti-contamination, anti-icing, oil/water separation, and oil transportation on surfaces with superwettability has increased in recent years due to the advancement of research in biomimetic superwetting interface theory and practice. Recent developments in functionalized biomimetic metal-derived superwetting surfaces were summarized in this paper. Firstly, a detailed presentation of biomimetic metal-derived superwetting surfaces with unique capabilities was made. The problems with the long-term mechanical and chemical stability of biomimetic metal-derived superwetting surfaces were then examined, along with potential solutions. Finally, in an effort to generate fresh concepts for the study of biomimetic metal-derived superwetting surfaces, the applications of superwetting metallic surfaces in various domains were discussed in depth. The future direction of biomimetic metal-derived superwetting surfaces was also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuren Wei
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Fengyi Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Zhiguang Guo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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9
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Speckert TC, Petibon F, Wiesenberg GLB. Late-season biosynthesis of leaf fatty acids and n-alkanes of a mature beech ( Fagus sylvatica) tree traced via 13CO 2 pulse-chase labelling and compound-specific isotope analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1029026. [PMID: 36684794 PMCID: PMC9853289 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1029026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Leaf cuticular waxes play an important role in reducing evapotranspiration via diffusion. However, the ability of mature trees to regulate the biosynthesis of waxes to changing conditions (e.g., drought, light exposition) remain an open question, especially during the late growing season. This holds also true for one of the most widely distributed trees in Central Europe, the European beech tree (Fagus sylvatica L.). In order to investigate the ongoing formation of wax constituents like alkanes and fatty acids, we conducted a 13CO2 pulse-chase labelling experiment on sun-exposed and shaded branches of a mature beech tree during the late summer 2018. The 13C-label was traced via compound-specific δ13C isotope analysis of n-alkanes and fatty acids to determine the de-novo biosynthesis within these compound classes. We did not observe a significant change in lipid concentrations during the late growing season, but we found higher n-alkane concentrations in sun-exposed compared to shaded leaves in August and September. The n-alkane and fatty acid composition showed ongoing modifications during the late growing season. Together with the uptake and following subsequent decrease of the 13C-label, this suggests ongoing de-novo biosynthesis, especially of fatty acids in European beech leaves. Moreover, there is a high variability in the 13C-label among individual branches and between sun-exposed and shaded leaves. At the same time, sun-exposed leaves invest more of the assimilated C into secondary metabolites such as lipids than shaded leaves. This indicates that the investigated mature beech tree could adjust its lipid production and composition in order to acclimate to changes in microclimates within the tree crown and during the investigated period.
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10
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Recent advances in shape memory superhydrophobic surfaces: Concepts, mechanism, classification, applications and challenges. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Effect of Seasonal Variation on Leaf Cuticular Waxes’ Composition in the Mediterranean Cork Oak (Quercus suber L.). FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13081236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Quercus suber L. (cork oak) leaves were analyzed along one annual cycle for cuticular wax content and chemical composition. This species, well adapted to the long dry summer conditions prevailing in the Mediterranean, has a leaf life span of about one year. The cuticular wax revealed a seasonal variation with a coverage increase from the newly expanded leaves (115.7 µg/cm2 in spring) to a maximum value in fully expanded leaves (235.6 µg/cm2 after summer). Triterpenoids dominated the wax composition throughout the leaf life cycle, corresponding in young leaves to 26 µg/cm2 (22.6% of the total wax) and 116.0 µg/cm2 (49% of the total wax) in mature leaves, with lupeol constituting about 70% of this fraction. The total aliphatic compounds increased from 39 µg/cm2 (young leaves) to 71 µg/cm2 (mature leaves) and then decreased to 22 µg/cm2 and slightly increased during the remaining period. The major aliphatic compounds were fatty acids, mostly with C16 (hexadecanoic acid) and C28 (octacosanoic acid) chain lengths. Since pentacyclic triterpenoids are located almost exclusively within the cutin matrix (intracuticular wax), the increase in the cyclic-to-acyclic component ratio after summer shows an extensive deposition of intracuticular waxes in association with the establishment of mechanical and thermal stability and of water barrier properties in the mature leaf cuticle.
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12
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Merrium S, Ali Z, Habib-Ur-Rahman M, Hakeem S, Khalid MA. Leaf rolling and leaf angle improve fog capturing and transport in wheat; adaptation for drought stress in an arid climate. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2022; 63:13. [PMID: 35575940 PMCID: PMC9110575 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-022-00343-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants use different mechanisms to transport the collected fog water. Leaf traits of wheat play an important role in directing fog water through leaf rolling and leaf angle into the root zone, where it can be stored for consumption. Wheat leaf traits can enhance fog capturing under drought stress. To examine this, 200 wheat genotypes were characterized for leaf rolling and leaf angle under optimal conditions in the field using a randomized complete block design. Seven different phenotypic combinations for leaf traits were observed. A core set of 44 genotypes was evaluated under drought stress. RESULTS Results show that variability for leaf traits existed among genotypes. An association was found between leaf rolling and leaf angle, moisture capturing, physiological parameters, and yield contributing traits using correlation. Physiological parameters, especially water use efficiency, were positively correlated with grain yield and moisture capturing at both growth stages. The genotypes (G11 at tillering and G24 at booting phonological phases) with inward to twisting type rolling and erect to semi-erect leaf angle capture more water (12-20%) within the root zone. Twenty-one genotypes were selected based on moisture capturing efficiency and evaluated for leaf surface wettability. Association was found between fog capturing and wettability. This shows that it was due to the leaf repellency validated from static contact angle measurements. CONCLUSION These results will give insights into fog capturing and the development of drought-tolerant crops in the semi-arid and arid regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabah Merrium
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, MNS-University of Agriculture, Multan, 60000, Pakistan
| | - Zulfiqar Ali
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, MNS-University of Agriculture, Multan, 60000, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Habib-Ur-Rahman
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Crop Science Group, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Sadia Hakeem
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, MNS-University of Agriculture, Multan, 60000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arslan Khalid
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, MNS-University of Agriculture, Multan, 60000, Pakistan
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13
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Sun H, Li T, Lei F, Lyu S, Yang Y, Li B, Han H, Wu B, Huang J, Zhang C, Li D, Sun D. Fast Self-Healing Superhydrophobic Thermal Energy Storage Coatings Fabricated by Bio-Based Beeswax and Artificially Cultivated Diatom Frustules. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:48088-48100. [PMID: 34582173 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c14065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Diatom frustules (DFs) with delicate hierarchical pores and a large specific surface area are extracted from artificially cultured diatoms, showing their utilization potential as shape-stabilized phase change materials (ss-PCMs). Herein, we successfully prepared a fully biomass-based ss-PCM, superhydrophobic thermal energy storage (STES) coating by employing beeswax (BW) as phase change materials (PCMs) and DFs as supporting materials via a facile spraying method. DFs can adsorb as much as 65 wt % BW without leakage, accompanied with a high heat storage capacity of 112.57 J/g. The thermal stability test demonstrates that the DF/BW coating can undergo 500 heating-freezing cycles with the reduction of the phase change enthalpy being less than 5%. Simultaneously, the DF also endows BW with a higher thermal degradation temperature (from ∼200 to ∼250 °C). In addition, the DF/BW coating shows superhydrophobicity due to the incorporation of the low surface energy of BW and the micro/nanostructures of DFs. This superhydrophobic surface can quickly and repeatedly recover its excellent water repellency through a simple heat treatment (80 °C, 20 min) after being damaged by a water impact or strong acid and alkali corrosion. This self-healing ability can effectively overcome the poor durability of traditional superhydrophobic materials. Our research can expand the application of DFs in the field of ss-PCMs and guide the preparation of durable superhydrophobic surfaces with rapid self-healing performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Tao Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Fan Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Sha Lyu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Ye Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Bin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - He Han
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Bangyao Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Jintao Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Chentao Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Dazhi Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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Smettem KRJ, Rye C, Henry DJ, Sochacki SJ, Harper RJ. Soil water repellency and the five spheres of influence: A review of mechanisms, measurement and ecological implications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 787:147429. [PMID: 33992948 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Soil water repellency (SWR) is a widespread phenomenon that influences patterns of soil wetting, runoff, evapotranspiration and availability of water for plants. In natural ecosystems there is emerging evidence that some plants can take advantage of non-uniform wetting patterns, leading to the emergence of co-evolutionary behaviour. In this review, SWR is considered in terms of five spheres of influence. Given the presence of hydrophobic organic material in the biosphere, the strength, severity and persistence of SWR is influenced by properties at the surface of the lithosphere and prevailing conditions in the atmosphere and hydrosphere. These in turn, can be modified by activities in the anthroposphere. This review thus examines the strength, severity and persistence of non-wetting behaviour with reference to these five spheres of influence and also the interactions between the spheres. It is focused on (i) how SWR is characterised to provide insight into how different measurement techniques have specific operational ranges, (ii) how SWR has developed as an indirect consequence of evolution in natural ecosystems and (iii) how feedbacks across the different spheres have emerged. It demonstrates that management and restoration of natural ecosystems with water repellent soils is very different from management of productive crops in monocultural agricultural systems, controlled in the anthroposphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R J Smettem
- Agricultural Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia; Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - C Rye
- Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - D J Henry
- Chemistry, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - S J Sochacki
- Agricultural Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - R J Harper
- Agricultural Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
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15
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Habib MA, Wu S, Fan Q, Magu TO, Yao X, Lv J, Wang J. Bioinspired in situ repeatable self-recovery of superhydrophobicity by self-reconstructing the hierarchical surface structure. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:8425-8428. [PMID: 34346409 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02974f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by the biological self-recovery mechanism of superhydrophobicity, a new class of waxgel material with sustainable hierarchical surface micro-structures has been reported. After being damaged or removed, the waxgel material can self-reconstruct its surface layer both chemically and structurally, as well as successfully recovers its superhydrophobicity. In addition, it shows non-fluorinated composition, durability to severe mechanical challenges, and self-recoverable surface structures without external input of any kind such as; heat, UV, plasma etc., which distinguishes waxgel from any previous self-healing superhydrophobic systems. This strategy will open a new path for improving the long-term functionality of different interfacial materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ahsan Habib
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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16
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Sam EK, Ge Y, Liu J, Lv X. Robust, self-healing, superhydrophobic fabric for efficient oil/water emulsion separation. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Li J, Xin M, Ma Z, Shi Y, Pan L. Nanomaterials and their applications on bio-inspired wearable electronics. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:472002. [PMID: 33592596 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abe6c7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Wearable electronics featuring conformal attachment, sensitive perception and intellectual signal processing have made significant progress in recent years. However, when compared with living organisms, artificial sensory devices showed undeniable bulky shape, poor adaptability, and large energy consumption. To make up for the deficiencies, biological examples provide inspirations of novel designs and practical applications. In the field of biomimetics, nanomaterials from nanoparticles to layered two-dimensional materials are actively involved due to their outstanding physicochemical properties and nanoscale configurability. This review focuses on nanomaterials related to wearable electronics through bioinspired approaches on three different levels, interfacial packaging, sensory structure, and signal processing, which comprehensively guided recent progress of wearable devices in leveraging both nanomaterial superiorities and biorealistic functionalities. In addition, opinions on potential development trend are proposed aiming at implementing bioinspired electronics in multifunctional portable sensors, health monitoring, and intelligent prosthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiean Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Xin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Shi
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijia Pan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
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18
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Arya M, Prakash S, Sougrakpam Y, Deswal R. Brassica juncea leaf cuticle proteome analysis shows myrosinase protein, antifreeze activity, and post-translationally modified secretory proteins. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 161:234-247. [PMID: 33647583 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant cuticle, the site of perception of stress signals, is an extracellular hydrophobic barrier that covers the epidermis of the above-ground parts. This lipidic layer has been explored for its cutin and wax composition. However, reports on the cuticle proteins are scanty. Therefore, leaf cuticle proteins of Brassica juncea isolated using organic solvents (chloroform-methanol, 2:1(v/v)) were analyzed using gel based and quantitative shotgun proteomics. Out of 615 proteins identified, 27% (169) had signal peptides supporting extracellular localization. Bioinformatics tool, QuickGO predicted the involvement of these proteins in catabolism (21%), peptidase activity (13%), oxidoreductase (12%), defense response (9%), fatty acid binding (9%), nutrient reservoir activity (8%), chitin binding (7%) and lipid transport (2%). Myrosinase-catalyzed glucosinolate hydrolysis releases bioactive compounds, which contribute to plant defense. This system is termed as "mustard oil bomb". Myrosinase and its associating protein, GDSL esterase/lipase ESM1 (involved in cuticle structuring and defense) were detected in the cuticle. GDSL-esterase/lipase ESM1 and β-glucanase (an antifreeze protein) showed in vitro activity. Analysis of cuticle extract by nanoliter osmometer-phase contrast microscopy detected antifreeze activity due to non-protein component. Post-translational modification analysis using PTM viewer predicted N-glycosylation (66%), N-terminal proteolysis (40%), and phosphorylation (32%) to be the dominant modification in the classical secretory proteins. N-glycosylation of myrosinase and GDSL esterase/lipase, ESM1 was confirmed by Con A affinoblotting. This study not only identified leaf cuticle proteins, but also laid the foundation for exploring the extracellular glucosinolate-myrosinase system, PTM crosstalk, and antifreeze activity as stress adaptive strategies in B. juncea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Arya
- Molecular Physiology and Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
| | - Satya Prakash
- Molecular Physiology and Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
| | - Yaiphabi Sougrakpam
- Molecular Physiology and Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
| | - Renu Deswal
- Molecular Physiology and Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
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19
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Zhang W, Wang D, Sun Z, Song J, Deng X. Robust superhydrophobicity: mechanisms and strategies. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4031-4061. [PMID: 33554976 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00751j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Superhydrophobic surfaces hold great prospects for extremely diverse applications owing to their water repellence property. The essential feature of superhydrophobicity is micro-/nano-scopic roughness to reserve a large portion of air under a liquid drop. However, the vulnerability of the delicate surface textures significantly impedes the practical applications of superhydrophobic surfaces. Robust superhydrophobicity is a must to meet the rigorous industrial requirements and standards for commercial products. In recent years, major advancements have been made in elucidating the mechanisms of wetting transitions, design strategies and fabrication techniques of superhydrophobicity. This review will first introduce the mechanisms of wetting transitions, including the thermodynamic stability of the Cassie state and its breakdown conditions. Then we highlight the development, current status and future prospects of robust superhydrophobicity, including characterization, design strategies and fabrication techniques. In particular, design strategies, which are classified into passive resistance and active regeneration for the first time, are proposed and discussed extensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenluan Zhang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
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20
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Cheng Z, Zhang D, Luo X, Lai H, Liu Y, Jiang L. Superwetting Shape Memory Microstructure: Smart Wetting Control and Practical Application. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2001718. [PMID: 33058318 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Smart control of wettability on superwetting surfaces has aroused much attention in the past few years. Compared with traditional strategies such as adjusting the surface chemistry, regulating the surface microstructure is more difficult, though it can bring lots of new functions. Recently, it was found that, based on the shape memory effect of a shape memory polymer, the surface microstructure can be controlled more easily and precisely. Here, recent developments in the smart control of wettability on superwetting shape memory microstructures and corresponding applications are summarized. The primary concern is the superhydrophobic surfaces that have demonstrated numerous attractive functions, including controllable droplet storage, transportation, bouncing, capture/release, and reprogrammable gradient wetting, under variation of the surface microstructure. Finally, some achievements in wetting control on other superwetting surfaces (such as superomniphobic surfaces and superslippery surfaces) and perspectives on future research directions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjun Cheng
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, PR China
| | - Dongjie Zhang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, PR China
| | - Xin Luo
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, PR China
| | - Hua Lai
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, PR China
| | - Yuyan Liu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, PR China
| | - Lei Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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21
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Khanal BP, Imoro Y, Chen YH, Straube J, Knoche M. Surface moisture increases microcracking and water vapour permeance of apple fruit skin. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2021; 23:74-82. [PMID: 32881348 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Surface moisture induces microcracking in the cuticle of fruit skins. Our objective was to study the effects of surface moisture on cuticular microcracking, the permeance to water vapour and russeting in developing 'Pinova' apple fruit. Surface moisture was applied by fixing to the fruit a plastic tube containing deionized water. Microcracking was quantified by fluorescence microscopy and image analysis following infiltration with acridine orange. Water vapour permeance was determined gravimetrically using skin segments (ES) mounted in diffusion cells. Cumulative water loss through the ES increased linearly with time. Throughout development, surface moisture significantly increased skin permeance. The effect was largest during early development and decreased towards maturity. Recovery time courses revealed that following moisture treatment of young fruit for 12 days, skin permeance continued to increase until about 14 days after terminating the moisture treatment. Thereafter, skin permeance decreased over the next 28 days, then approaching the control level. This behaviour indicates gradual healing of the impaired cuticular barrier. Nevertheless, permeance still remained significantly higher compared with the untreated control. Similar patterns of permeance change were observed following moisture treatments at later stages of development. The early moisture treatment beginning at 23 DAFB resulted in russeting of the exposed surfaces. There was no russet in control fruit without a tube or in control fruit with a tube mounted for 12 days without water. The data demonstrate that surface moisture increases microcracking and water vapour permeance. This may lead to the formation of a periderm and, hence, a russeted fruit surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Khanal
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Fruit Science Section, Leibniz University Hanover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Y Imoro
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Fruit Science Section, Leibniz University Hanover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Y H Chen
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Fruit Science Section, Leibniz University Hanover, Hanover, Germany
| | - J Straube
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Leibniz University Hanover, Hanover, Germany
| | - M Knoche
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Fruit Science Section, Leibniz University Hanover, Hanover, Germany
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22
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Haghanifar S, Galante AJ, Leu PW. Challenges and Prospects of Bio-Inspired and Multifunctional Transparent Substrates and Barrier Layers for Optoelectronics. ACS NANO 2020; 14:16241-16265. [PMID: 33232118 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c06452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bio-inspiration and advances in micro/nanomanufacturing processes have enabled the design and fabrication of micro/nanostructures on optoelectronic substrates and barrier layers to create a variety of functionalities. In this review article, we summarize research progress in multifunctional transparent substrates and barrier layers while discussing future challenges and prospects. We discuss different optoelectronic device configurations, sources of bio-inspiration, photon management properties, wetting properties, multifunctionality, functionality durability, and device durability, as well as choice of materials for optoelectronic substrates and barrier layers. These engineered surfaces may be used for various optoelectronic devices such as touch panels, solar modules, displays, and mobile devices in traditional rigid forms as well as emerging flexible versions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Haghanifar
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Anthony J Galante
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Paul W Leu
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
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23
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Kane CN, Jordan GJ, Jansen S, McAdam SAM. A Permeable Cuticle, Not Open Stomata, Is the Primary Source of Water Loss From Expanding Leaves. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:774. [PMID: 32655593 PMCID: PMC7325764 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
High rates of water loss in young, expanding leaves have previously been attributed to open stomata that only develop a capacity to close once exposed to low humidity and high abscisic acid (ABA) levels. To test this model, we quantified water loss through stomata and cuticle in expanding leaves of Quercus rubra. Stomatal anatomy and density were observed using scanning electron microscopy. Leaves of Q. rubra less than 5 days after emergence have no stomata; therefore, water loss from these leaves must be through the cuticle. Once stomata develop, they are initially covered in a cuticle and have no outer cuticular ledge, implying that the majority of water lost from leaves in this phase of expansion is through the cuticle. Foliar ABA levels are high when leaves first expand and decline exponentially as leaves expand. Once leaves have expanded to maximum size, ABA levels are at a minimum, an outer cuticular ledge has formed on most stomata, cuticular conductance has declined, and most water loss is through the stomata. Similar sequences of events leading to stomatal regulation of water loss in expanding leaves may be general across angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cade N. Kane
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Gregory J. Jordan
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Scott A. M. McAdam
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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24
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Li L, Qi Z, Chai L, Chen Z, Wang T, Zhang M, You M, Peng H, Yao Y, Hu Z, Xin M, Guo W, Sun Q, Ni Z. The semidominant mutation w5 impairs epicuticular wax deposition in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2020; 133:1213-1225. [PMID: 31965231 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-020-03543-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The semidominant EMS-induced mutant w5 affects epicuticular wax deposition and mapped to an approximately 194-kb region on chromosome 7DL. Epicuticular wax is responsible for the glaucous appearance of plants and protects against many biotic and abiotic stresses. In wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), β-diketone is a major component of epicuticular wax in adult plants and contributes to the glaucousness of the aerial organs. In the present study, we identified an ethyl methanesulfonate-induced epicuticular wax-deficient mutant from the elite wheat cultivar Jimai22. Compared to wild-type Jimai22, the mutant lacked β-diketone and failed to form the glaucous coating on all aerial organs. The mutant also had significantly increased in cuticle permeability, based on water loss and chlorophyll efflux. Genetic analysis indicated that the mutant phenotype is controlled by a single, semidominant gene on the long arm of chromosome 7D, which was not allelic to the known wax gene loci W1-W4, and was therefore designated W5. W5 was finely mapped to an ~ 194-kb region (flanked by the molecular markers SSR2 and STARP11) that harbored four annotated genes according to the reference genome of Chinese Spring (RefSeq v1.0). Collectively, these data will broaden the knowledge of the genetic basis underlying epicuticular wax deposition in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology/Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, The Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Beijing Municipality/China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhongqi Qi
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology/Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, The Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Beijing Municipality/China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lingling Chai
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology/Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, The Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Beijing Municipality/China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhaoyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology/Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, The Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Beijing Municipality/China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Tianya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Mingyi Zhang
- Dryland Agricultural Research Centre, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, 030031, China
| | - Mingshan You
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology/Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, The Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Beijing Municipality/China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Huiru Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology/Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, The Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Beijing Municipality/China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yingyin Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology/Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, The Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Beijing Municipality/China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhaorong Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology/Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, The Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Beijing Municipality/China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mingming Xin
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology/Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, The Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Beijing Municipality/China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Weilong Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology/Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, The Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Beijing Municipality/China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qixin Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology/Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, The Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Beijing Municipality/China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhongfu Ni
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology/Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, The Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Beijing Municipality/China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Li C, Jiao Y, Lv X, Wu S, Chen C, Zhang Y, Li J, Hu Y, Wu D, Chu J. In Situ Reversible Tuning from Pinned to Roll-Down Superhydrophobic States on a Thermal-Responsive Shape Memory Polymer by a Silver Nanowire Film. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:13464-13472. [PMID: 32100537 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b20223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Shape memory polymer (SMP) surfaces with tunable wettability have attracted extensive attention due to their widespread applications. However, there have been rare reports on in situ tuning wettability with SMP materials. In this paper, we reported a kind of distinct superhydrophobic SMP microconed surface on the silver nanowire (AgNW) film to achieve in situ reversible transition between pinned and roll-down states. The mechanism is taking advantage of the in situ heating functionality of the silver nanowire film by voltage, which provides the transition energy for SMP to achieve the fixation and recovery of temporary shape. It is noteworthy that the reversible transition could be repeated many times (>100 cycles), and we quantitatively investigate the shape memory ability of microcones with varied height and space under different applied voltages. These results show that the tilted microcones could recover its original upright state under a small voltage (4-11 V) in a short time, and the shortest recovery time is about 0.5 min under an applied voltage of ∼10 V. Finally, we utilize SMP microcone arrays with tunable wettability to realize lossless droplet transportation, and the tilted microconed surface also achieves liquid unidirectional transport due to its anisotropic water adhesion force. The robust microconed SMP surface with reversible morphology transitions will have far-ranging applications including droplet manipulation, reprogrammable fog harvesting, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanzong Li
- School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Yunlong Jiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiaodong Lv
- School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Sizhu Wu
- School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Chao Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yiyuan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jiawen Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yanlei Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Dong Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jiaru Chu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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26
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Zhu X, Lu J, Li X, Wang B, Song Y, Miao X, Wang Z, Ren G. Simple Way to a Slippery Lubricant Impregnated Coating with Ultrastability and Self-Replenishment Property. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b01176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotao Zhu
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264405, China
| | - Jingwei Lu
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264405, China
| | - Xiangming Li
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264405, China
| | - Bo Wang
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264405, China
| | - Yuanming Song
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264405, China
| | - Xiao Miao
- Shandong Key Laboratory
of Optical Communication Science and Technology, School of Physics Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Zhijuan Wang
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264405, China
| | - Guina Ren
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264405, China
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27
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Valant-Vetschera KM, Brem B. Chemodiversity of Exudate Flavonoids, as Highlighted by Selected Publications of Eckhard Wollenweber. Nat Prod Commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0600101102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemodiversity, as a new research concept, is highlighted by a discussion of selected publications of Professor Dr E. Wollenweber. Excretion phenomena of flavonoid aglycones are addressed, such as localization, chemosystematic, and applied aspects. Various classes of flavonoids have been reported from exudates; even flavonoid glycosides and biflavonoids were accumulated on the leaf surfaces of plants. The production of other exudate constituents outside the flavonoid pathway is briefly addressed. The connective role to biological disciplines is stressed, particularly as far as secretory structures are concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin M. Valant-Vetschera
- Department of Plant Systematics and Evolution - Comparative and Ecological Phytochemistry Institute of Botany, University of Vienna, A-1030 Vienna, Rennweg 14, Austria
| | - Brigitte Brem
- Department of Plant Systematics and Evolution - Comparative and Ecological Phytochemistry Institute of Botany, University of Vienna, A-1030 Vienna, Rennweg 14, Austria
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28
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Koch K, Barthlott W. Plant Epicuticular Waxes: Chemistry, Form, Self-Assembly and Function. Nat Prod Commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0600101123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant epicuticular waxes represent the outermost boundary layer of the majority of land plants. Based on their micromorphology and chemical composition they form a multifunctional surface. Their most important functions are the protection against uncontrolled water loss, reflection of solar radiation from UV to visible light, and their crucial influence on surface wettability and particle adhesion. The three-dimensional epicuticular wax crystals are of particular importance for the majority of these interfacial interactions. This article provides an overview on plant epicuticular waxes, focusing on chemical composition, morphology, self-assembly and function. It is dedicated to Prof. Dr. Eckhard Wollenweber on the occasion of his 65th birthday, and his continuous and fundamental work on a special class of plant secondary metabolites that are collectively called flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Koch
- Nees-Institut für Biodiversität der Pflanzen, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 170, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Barthlott
- Nees-Institut für Biodiversität der Pflanzen, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 170, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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29
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de Carvalho Faria MA, da Silva Sousa M, Dos Santos KF, de Souza NC, Silva JR. Preparation and characterization of epicuticular wax films. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01319. [PMID: 30906896 PMCID: PMC6411503 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipping films from epicuticular wax (EW) were prepared as model systems of epicuticular wax films found in plants. In these films, the growth uniformity, surface morphology, and hydrophobicity were examined. It was observed growth uniformity (linear growth) only from the fifth layer onwards because of the influence of substrate. The surface morphology of the films was found to be composed of pores formed by aggregates of EW molecules, both with a fractal form. An increase in the number of film layers resulted in the increase of the number of pores up to a maximum value followed by a decrease. Such increase was assigned to the growth of aggregates whereas the decrease was explained by the increase of pore sizes, because during the growth of the aggregates, the small pores are replaced by the large pores. Hydrophobicity increased with the number of layers, which was associated with the increase of irregularities on the surface caused by the pores and aggregates. In addition, it was observed that the number of pores increased with temperature. This was explained by the increase in the mobility of EW molecules, which led to a larger amount of EW molecules deposited. Based on our results and the advantages offered by dipping films – including the control of thickness and structure – this type of film is feasible as a model for studies of cuticular water transport in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcos da Silva Sousa
- Grupo de Materiais Nanoestruturados, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Kevin Figueiredo Dos Santos
- Grupo de Materiais Nanoestruturados, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Nara C de Souza
- Grupo de Materiais Nanoestruturados, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Josmary R Silva
- Grupo de Materiais Nanoestruturados, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, Brazil
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30
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Frezza C, De Vita D, Spinaci G, Sarandrea M, Venditti A, Bianco A. Secondary metabolites of Tilia tomentosa Moench inflorescences collected in Central Italy: chemotaxonomy relevance and phytochemical rationale of traditional use. Nat Prod Res 2019; 34:1167-1174. [PMID: 30638062 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1550487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Frezza
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Roma, Italy
| | - Daniela De Vita
- Grupo de Química Medicinal do IQSC/USP, Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Giulia Spinaci
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Roma, Italy
| | - Marco Sarandrea
- Azienda Sarandrea Marco & Co. S.r.l., Collepardo Frosinone, Italy
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31
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Zhang D, Cheng Z, Liu Y. Smart Wetting Control on Shape Memory Polymer Surfaces. Chemistry 2018; 25:3979-3992. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongjie Zhang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy, Conversion and StorageSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 P.R. China
| | - Zhongjun Cheng
- Academy of Fundamental and Interdisciplinary SciencesHarbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150090 P.R. China
| | - Yuyan Liu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy, Conversion and StorageSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 P.R. China
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32
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Kim DW, Kim SW, Jeong U. Lipids: Source of Static Electricity of Regenerative Natural Substances and Nondestructive Energy Harvesting. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1804949. [PMID: 30387241 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201804949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
It is familiar to everyone that human skin and hair easily lose electrons and cause static electricity as they undergo friction with other materials. Such natural regenerative substances take a high ranking in the triboelectric series. Even though the static electricity of regenerative natural substances has been a long-term curiosity in human history, it is not yet clear which of their components causes the positive static charges. This study reveals that lipid layers on the surface of regenerative substances (skin, hair, leaves, cells) and even synthetic lipids are responsible for this positive static electricity and shows that it is possible to manufacture lipid-based triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). Using the characteristic that lipids on leaves regenerate within a few hours, lipids from living tree leaves are collected, and lipid-based nondestructive TENGs are fabricated. The concept of energy-harvesting vines is also presented, which can generate electricity when they are wrapped loosely on living tree branches. This study suggests how to harvest electricity while preserving nature as it is.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wook Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Woo Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Cheoncheon-dong 300, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Unyong Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
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33
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Rich BB, Pokroy B. A study on the wetting properties of broccoli leaf surfaces and their time dependent self-healing after mechanical damage. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:7782-7792. [PMID: 30079427 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01115j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants are protected from the elements by a complex hierarchical epicuticular wax layer which has inspired the creation of super-hydrophobic and self-cleaning surfaces. Although many studies have been conducted on different plant wax systems to determine the mechanisms of water repulsion hardly any have studied the recovery of the epicuticular wax layer. In the current study the wetting properties and crystallographic nature of the wax surface of Brassica oleracea var. italica (broccoli) has been studied, as well as the time-dependent recovery of the surface after mechanical damage. It was found that the surface of the broccoli leaves is not only super-repulsive and self-cleaning in regards to water but also in regards to glycerol and formamide, both of which have considerably lower surface tension values. Furthermore, it was shown that the surface properties do indeed recover after damage and that this recovery is multi-stepped and strongly dependent on the recovery of the roughness of the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B Rich
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel.
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34
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Guo Y, Li JJ, Busta L, Jetter R. Coverage and composition of cuticular waxes on the fronds of the temperate ferns Pteridium aquilinum, Cryptogramma crispa, Polypodium glycyrrhiza, Polystichum munitum and Gymnocarpium dryopteris. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:555-568. [PMID: 30252045 PMCID: PMC6153475 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The cuticular waxes sealing plant surfaces against excessive water loss are complex mixtures of very-long-chain aliphatics, with compositions that vary widely between plant species. To help fill the gap in our knowledge about waxes of non-flowering plant taxa, and thus about the cuticle of ancestral land plants, this study provides comprehensive analyses of waxes on temperate fern species from five different families. METHODS The wax mixtures on fronds of Pteridium aquilinum, Cryptogramma crispa, Polypodium glycyrrhiza, Polystichum munitum and Gymnocarpium dryopteris were analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for identification, and gas chromatography-flame ionization detection for quantification. KEY RESULTS The wax mixtures from all five fern species contained large amounts of C36-C54 alkyl esters, with species-specific homologue distributions. They were accompanied by minor amounts of fatty acids, primary alcohols, aldehydes and/or alkanes, whose chain length profiles also varied widely between species. In the frond wax of G. dryopteris, C27-C33 secondary alcohols and C27-C35 ketones with functional groups exclusively on even-numbered carbons (C-10 to C-16) were identified; these are characteristic structures similar to secondary alcohols and ketones in moss, gymnosperm and basal angiosperm waxes. The ferns had total wax amounts varying from 3.9 μg cm-2 on P. glycyrrhiza to 16.9 μg cm-2 on G. dryopteris, thus spanning a range comparable with that on leaves of flowering plants. CONCLUSIONS The characteristic compound class compositions indicate that all five fern species contain the full complement of wax biosynthesis enzymes previously described for the angiosperm arabidopsis. Based on the isomer profiles, we predict that each fern species, in contrast to arabidopsis, has multiple ester synthase enzymes, each with unique substrate specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Guo
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jia Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lucas Busta
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Present address: Center for Plant Science Innovation, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- For correspondence. E-mail
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35
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Moreau RA, Harron AF, Hoyt JL, Powell MJ, Hums ME. Analysis of wax esters in seven commercial waxes using C30 reverse phase HPLC. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2018.1485036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Moreau
- US Department of Agriculture, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Wyndmoor, PA, USA
| | - Andrew F. Harron
- US Department of Agriculture, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Wyndmoor, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan L. Hoyt
- US Department of Agriculture, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Wyndmoor, PA, USA
| | - Michael J. Powell
- US Department of Agriculture, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Wyndmoor, PA, USA
| | - Megan E. Hums
- US Department of Agriculture, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Wyndmoor, PA, USA
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36
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Peng C, Chen Z, Tiwari MK. All-organic superhydrophobic coatings with mechanochemical robustness and liquid impalement resistance. NATURE MATERIALS 2018; 17:355-360. [PMID: 29581573 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-018-0044-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Superhydrophobicity is a remarkable evolutionary adaption manifested by several natural surfaces. Artificial superhydrophobic coatings with good mechanical robustness, substrate adhesion and chemical robustness have been achieved separately. However, a simultaneous demonstration of these features along with resistance to liquid impalement via high-speed drop/jet impact is challenging. Here, we describe all-organic, flexible superhydrophobic nanocomposite coatings that demonstrate strong mechanical robustness under cyclic tape peels and Taber abrasion, sustain exposure to highly corrosive media, namely aqua regia and sodium hydroxide solutions, and can be applied to surfaces through scalable techniques such as spraying and brushing. In addition, the mechanical flexibility of our coatings enables impalement resistance to high-speed drops and turbulent jets at least up to ~35 m s-1 and a Weber number of ~43,000. With multifaceted robustness and scalability, these coatings should find potential usage in harsh chemical engineering as well as infrastructure, transport vehicles and communication equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyi Peng
- Nanoengineered Systems Laboratory, UCL Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Zhuyang Chen
- Nanoengineered Systems Laboratory, UCL Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Manish K Tiwari
- Nanoengineered Systems Laboratory, UCL Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK.
- Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, University College London, London, UK.
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37
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Dora SK, Koch K, Barthlott W, Wandelt K. Kinetics of solvent supported tubule formation of Lotus ( Nelumbo nucifera) wax on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) investigated by atomic force microscopy. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 9:468-481. [PMID: 29515959 PMCID: PMC5815289 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.9.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The time dependence of the formation of lotus wax tubules after recrystallization from various chloroform-based solutions on an HOPG surface at room temperature was studied by atomic force microscopy (magnetic AC mode) taking series of consecutive images of the formation process. The growth of the tubules oriented in an upright fashion follows a sequential rodlet→ring→tubule behavior. The influence of a number of factors, e.g., different wax concentration in chloroform, the additional presence of water, or salts [(NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3] or a mixture of salt/water in the solution on the growth rate and orientation of the tubules is also investigated. Different wax concentrations were found to have no effect on the growth rate or the orientation of tubules in none of the solutions. The presence of water, however, considerably increased the growth rate of tubule formation, while the presence of salt was again found to have no effect on growth rate or orientation of tubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujit Kumar Dora
- Institute of Theoretical and Physical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Wegelerstrasse 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kerstin Koch
- Rhine-Waal University of Applied Science, Faculty of Live Sciences, Marie-Curie Str. 1, 47533 Kleve, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Barthlott
- Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Venusbergweg 22, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Klaus Wandelt
- Institute of Theoretical and Physical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Wegelerstrasse 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Wroclaw, pl. M. Borna 9, 50-204 Wrocław, Poland
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38
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Pambou E, Li Z, Campana M, Hughes A, Clifton L, Gutfreund P, Foundling J, Bell G, Lu JR. Structural features of reconstituted wheat wax films. J R Soc Interface 2017; 13:rsif.2016.0396. [PMID: 27466439 PMCID: PMC4971226 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2016.0396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cuticular waxes are essential for the well-being of all plants, from controlling the transport of water and nutrients across the plant surface to protecting them against external environmental attacks. Despite their significance, our current understanding regarding the structure and function of the wax film is limited. In this work, we have formed representative reconstituted wax film models of controlled thicknesses that facilitated an ex vivo study of plant cuticular wax film properties by neutron reflection (NR). Triticum aestivum L. (wheat) waxes were extracted from two different wheat straw samples, using two distinct extraction methods. Waxes extracted from harvested field-grown wheat straw using supercritical CO2 are compared with waxes extracted from laboratory-grown wheat straw via wax dissolution by chloroform rinsing. Wax films were produced by spin-coating the two extracts onto silicon substrates. Atomic force microscopy and cryo-scanning electron microscopy imaging revealed that the two reconstituted wax film models are ultrathin and porous with characteristic nanoscale extrusions on the outer surface, mimicking the structure of epicuticular waxes found upon adaxial wheat leaf surfaces. On the basis of solid–liquid and solid–air NR and ellipsometric measurements, these wax films could be modelled into two representative layers, with the diffuse underlying layer fitted with thicknesses ranging from approximately 65 to 70 Å, whereas the surface extrusion region reached heights exceeding 200 Å. Moisture-controlled NR measurements indicated that water penetrated extensively into the wax films measured under saturated humidity and under water, causing them to hydrate and swell significantly. These studies have thus provided a useful structural basis that underlies the function of the epicuticular waxes in controlling the water transport of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Pambou
- Biological Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Zongyi Li
- Biological Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Mario Campana
- STFC ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Arwel Hughes
- STFC ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Luke Clifton
- STFC ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Philipp Gutfreund
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Jill Foundling
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Gordon Bell
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Jian R Lu
- Biological Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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39
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Wang L, Urata C, Sato T, England MW, Hozumi A. Self-Healing Superhydrophobic Materials Showing Quick Damage Recovery and Long-Term Durability. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:9972-9978. [PMID: 28836787 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Superhydrophobic coatings/materials are important for a wide variety of applications, but the majority of these man-made coatings/materials still suffer from poor durability because of their lack of self-healing ability. Here, we report novel superhydrophobic materials which can quickly self-heal from various severe types of damage. In this study, we used poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) infused with two liquids: trichloropropylsilane, which reacts with ambient moisture to self-assemble into grass-like microfibers (named silicone micro/nanograss) on the surfaces and low-viscosity silicone oil (SO), which remains within the PDMS matrices and acts as a self-healing agent. Because of the silicone micro/nanograss structures on the PDMS surfaces and the effective preserve/protection system of a large quantity of SO within the PDMS matrices, our superhydrophobic materials showed quick superhydrophobic recovery under ambient conditions (within 1-2 h) even after exposure to plasma (24 h), boiling water, chemicals, and outside environments. Such an ability is superior to the best self-healing superhydrophobic coatings/materials reported so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Wang
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , 2266-98, Anagahora, Shimoshidami, Moriyama, Nagoya 463-8560, Japan
| | - Chihiro Urata
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , 2266-98, Anagahora, Shimoshidami, Moriyama, Nagoya 463-8560, Japan
| | - Tomoya Sato
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , 2266-98, Anagahora, Shimoshidami, Moriyama, Nagoya 463-8560, Japan
| | - Matt W England
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , 2266-98, Anagahora, Shimoshidami, Moriyama, Nagoya 463-8560, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hozumi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , 2266-98, Anagahora, Shimoshidami, Moriyama, Nagoya 463-8560, Japan
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Konnerup D, Winkel A, Herzog M, Pedersen O. Leaf gas film retention during submergence of 14 cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum). FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2017; 44:877-887. [PMID: 32480616 DOI: 10.1071/fp16401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Flooding of fields after sudden rainfall events can result in crops being completely submerged. Some terrestrial plants, including wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), possess superhydrophobic leaf surfaces that retain a thin gas film when submerged, and the gas films enhance gas exchange with the floodwater. However, the leaves lose their hydrophobicity during submergence, and the gas films subsequently disappear. We tested gas film retention time of 14 different wheat cultivars and found that wheat could retain the gas films for a minimum of 2 days, whereas the wild wetland grass Glyceria fluitans (L.) R.Br. had thicker gas films and could retain its gas films for a minimum of 4 days. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the wheat cultivars and G. fluitans possessed high densities of epicuticular wax platelets, which could explain their superhydrophobicity. However, G. fluitans also had papillae that contributed to higher hydrophobicity during the initial submergence and could explain why G. fluitans retained gas films for a longer period of time. The loss of gas films was associated with the leaves being covered by an unidentified substance. We suggest that leaf gas film is a relevant trait to use as a selection criterion to improve the flood tolerance of crops that become temporarily submerged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Konnerup
- Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd floor, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Winkel
- Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd floor, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Max Herzog
- Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd floor, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Pedersen
- Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd floor, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Lihavainen J, Ahonen V, Keski-Saari S, Sõber A, Oksanen E, Keinänen M. Low vapor pressure deficit reduces glandular trichome density and modifies the chemical composition of cuticular waxes in silver birch leaves. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:1166-1181. [PMID: 28460081 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular wax layer is the first barrier against the outside environment and the first defense encountered by herbivores and pathogens. The effects of environmental factors on cuticular chemistry, and on the formation of glandular trichomes that account for the storage and secretion of lipophilic compounds to the leaf surface are poorly understood. Low vapor pressure deficit (VPD) has shown to reduce the nitrogen (N) status of plants. Thus, we studied the effects of elevated air humidity, indicated as VPD, and the effect of N fertilization on cuticular waxes and glandular trichome density in silver birch (Betula pendula Roth). Experiments were carried out in growth chambers with juvenile plants and in a long-term field experiment with older trees. Low VPD reduced the glandular trichome density in both experiments, in chamber and in field. The contents of the major triterpenoid and flavonoid aglycones correlated positively with glandular trichome density, which supports the role of trichomes in the exudation of secondary compounds to the leaf surface. A closer examination of the cuticular wax chemistry in the chamber experiment revealed that low VPD and N supply affected the composition of cuticular waxes, but not the total wax content. The deposition of different wax compounds followed a co-ordinated pattern in birch leaves, but different compound groups varied in their responses to N fertilization and low VPD. Low VPD reduced the hydrophobicity of cuticular waxes, as demonstrated by lower alkane content and less hydrophobic flavonoid profile in low VPD than in high VPD. Reduced hydrophobicity of the wax layer is presumed to increase leaf wettability. Together with reduced trichome density in low VPD it may enhance the susceptibility of trees to fungal pathogens and herbivores. High N supply under low VPD reduced the effect of low VPD on the cuticular wax composition. Total fatty acid content and the expression of β-amyrin synthase were lower under high N supply than under moderate N supply irrespective of VPD treatment. Nitrogen availability and decreasing VPD will modify leaf surface properties in silver birch and thereby affect tree defence against abiotic and biotic stress factors that emerge under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Lihavainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Viivi Ahonen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sarita Keski-Saari
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Anu Sõber
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Elina Oksanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Markku Keinänen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
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Wang Y, Yao X, Wu S, Li Q, Lv J, Wang J, Jiang L. Bioinspired Solid Organogel Materials with a Regenerable Sacrificial Alkane Surface Layer. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1700865. [PMID: 28452153 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201700865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In nature, lifetime-long functionalities of land plant leaves rely on the regenerability as well as the solid feature of the epicuticular wax layer. Inspired by the regenerable solid epicuticular wax on land plant leaf surfaces, herein a type of solid organogel material with regenerable sacrificial alkane surface layer is reported. This type of surface material is demonstrated to be of great practical importance for tackling solid deposition, such as anti-icing, antigraffiti, and antifouling, since the deposited foreign materials can be easily removed together with the alkane surface layer. Significantly, the solid alkane layer does not contaminate nearby surfaces due to its solid nature in both working and stand-by conditions, which is completely different to liquid-infused materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xi Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Shuwang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qunyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jianyong Lv
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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Goldsmith GR, Bentley LP, Shenkin A, Salinas N, Blonder B, Martin RE, Castro‐Ccossco R, Chambi‐Porroa P, Diaz S, Enquist BJ, Asner GP, Malhi Y. Variation in leaf wettability traits along a tropical montane elevation gradient. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 214:989-1001. [PMID: 27463359 PMCID: PMC5412938 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Leaf wetting is often considered to have negative effects on plant function, such that wet environments may select for leaves with certain leaf surface, morphological, and architectural traits that reduce leaf wettability. However, there is growing recognition that leaf wetting can have positive effects. We measured variation in two traits, leaf drip tips and leaf water repellency, in a series of nine tropical forest communities occurring along a 3300-m elevation gradient in southern Peru. To extend this climatic gradient, we also assembled published leaf water repellency values from 17 additional sites. We then tested hypotheses for how these traits should vary as a function of climate. Contrary to expectations, we found that the proportion of species with drip tips did not increase with increasing precipitation. Instead, drip tips increased with increasing temperature. Moreover, leaf water repellency was very low in our sites and the global analysis indicated high repellency only in sites with low precipitation and temperatures. Our findings suggest that drip tips and repellency may not solely reflect the negative effects of wetting on plant function. Understanding the drivers of leaf wettability traits can provide insight into the effects of leaf wetting on plant, community, and ecosystem function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R. Goldsmith
- Environmental Change InstituteSchool of Geography and the EnvironmentUniversity of OxfordOxford, OX1 3QYUK
- Ecosystem Fluxes GroupLaboratory for Atmospheric ChemistryPaul Scherrer Institute5232 VilligenSwitzerland
| | - Lisa Patrick Bentley
- Environmental Change InstituteSchool of Geography and the EnvironmentUniversity of OxfordOxford, OX1 3QYUK
| | - Alexander Shenkin
- Environmental Change InstituteSchool of Geography and the EnvironmentUniversity of OxfordOxford, OX1 3QYUK
| | - Norma Salinas
- Environmental Change InstituteSchool of Geography and the EnvironmentUniversity of OxfordOxford, OX1 3QYUK
- Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del CuscoAvenida de la Cultura, Nro. 733CuscoPeru
| | - Benjamin Blonder
- Environmental Change InstituteSchool of Geography and the EnvironmentUniversity of OxfordOxford, OX1 3QYUK
| | - Roberta E. Martin
- Department of Global EcologyCarnegie Institution for Science260 Panama StreetStanfordCA 94305USA
| | - Rosa Castro‐Ccossco
- Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del CuscoAvenida de la Cultura, Nro. 733CuscoPeru
| | - Percy Chambi‐Porroa
- Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del CuscoAvenida de la Cultura, Nro. 733CuscoPeru
| | - Sandra Diaz
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal and FCEFyNUniversidad Nacional de Córdoba – CONICETC.C. 4955000 CórdobaArgentina
| | - Brian J. Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZ 85721USA
| | - Gregory P. Asner
- Department of Global EcologyCarnegie Institution for Science260 Panama StreetStanfordCA 94305USA
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change InstituteSchool of Geography and the EnvironmentUniversity of OxfordOxford, OX1 3QYUK
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Barthlott W, Mail M, Bhushan B, Koch K. Plant Surfaces: Structures and Functions for Biomimetic Innovations. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2017; 9:23. [PMID: 30464998 PMCID: PMC6223843 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-016-0125-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
An overview of plant surface structures and their evolution is presented. It combines surface chemistry and architecture with their functions and refers to possible biomimetic applications. Within some 3.5 billion years biological species evolved highly complex multifunctional surfaces for interacting with their environments: some 10 million living prototypes (i.e., estimated number of existing plants and animals) for engineers. The complexity of the hierarchical structures and their functionality in biological organisms surpasses all abiotic natural surfaces: even superhydrophobicity is restricted in nature to living organisms and was probably a key evolutionary step with the invasion of terrestrial habitats some 350-450 million years ago in plants and insects. Special attention should be paid to the fact that global environmental change implies a dramatic loss of species and with it the biological role models. Plants, the dominating group of organisms on our planet, are sessile organisms with large multifunctional surfaces and thus exhibit particular intriguing features. Superhydrophilicity and superhydrophobicity are focal points in this work. We estimate that superhydrophobic plant leaves (e.g., grasses) comprise in total an area of around 250 million km2, which is about 50% of the total surface of our planet. A survey of structures and functions based on own examinations of almost 20,000 species is provided, for further references we refer to Barthlott et al. (Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 374: 20160191, 1). A basic difference exists between aquatic non-vascular and land-living vascular plants; the latter exhibit a particular intriguing surface chemistry and architecture. The diversity of features is described in detail according to their hierarchical structural order. The first underlying and essential feature is the polymer cuticle superimposed by epicuticular wax and the curvature of single cells up to complex multicellular structures. A descriptive terminology for this diversity is provided. Simplified, the functions of plant surface characteristics may be grouped into six categories: (1) mechanical properties, (2) influence on reflection and absorption of spectral radiation, (3) reduction of water loss or increase of water uptake, moisture harvesting, (4) adhesion and non-adhesion (lotus effect, insect trapping), (5) drag and turbulence increase, or (6) air retention under water for drag reduction or gas exchange (Salvinia effect). This list is far from complete. A short overview of the history of bionics and the impressive spectrum of existing and anticipated biomimetic applications are provided. The major challenge for engineers and materials scientists, the durability of the fragile nanocoatings, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm Barthlott
- Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University of Bonn, Venusbergweg 22, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Mail
- Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University of Bonn, Venusbergweg 22, 53115 Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES) – Horticultural Science, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University of Bonn, Auf dem Hügel 6, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Bharat Bhushan
- Nanoprobe Laboratory for Bio & Nanotechnology and Biomimetics, The Ohio State University, 201 W. 19th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1142 USA
| | - Kerstin Koch
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences, Marie Curie-Straße 1, 47533 Kleve, Germany
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45
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Barthlott W, Mail M, Bhushan B, Koch K. Plant Surfaces: Structures and Functions for Biomimetic Applications. SPRINGER HANDBOOK OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-54357-3_36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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46
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Lv T, Cheng Z, Zhang E, Kang H, Liu Y, Jiang L. Self-Restoration of Superhydrophobicity on Shape Memory Polymer Arrays with Both Crushed Microstructure and Damaged Surface Chemistry. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1503402. [PMID: 26822176 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201503402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recently, self-healing superhydrophobic surfaces have become a new research focus due to their recoverable wetting performances and wide applications. However, until now, on almost all reported surfaces, only one factor (surface chemistry or microstructure) can be restored. In this paper, a new superhydrophobic surface with self-healing ability in both crushed microstructure and damaged surface chemistry is prepared by creating lotus-leaves-like microstructure on the epoxy shape memory polymer (SMP). Through a simple heating process, the crushed surface microstructure, the damaged surface chemistry, and the surface superhydrophobicity that are destroyed under the external pressure and/or O2 plasma action can be recovered, demonstrating that the obtained superhydrophobic surface has a good self-healing ability in both of the two factors that govern the surface wettability. The special self-healing ability is ascribed to the good shape memory effect of the polymer and the reorganization effect of surface molecules. This paper reports the first use of SMP material to demonstrate the self-healing ability of surface superhydrophobicity, which opens up some new perspectives in designing self-healing superhydrophobic surfaces. Given the properties of this surface, it could be used in many applications, such as self-cleaning coatings, microfluidic devices, and biodetection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Lv
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Zhongjun Cheng
- Natural Science Research Center, Academy of Fundamental and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, P. R. China
| | - Enshuang Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Hongjun Kang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Yuyan Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080, P. R. China
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Wu M, An N, Li Y, Sun J. Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Fluorine-Free Polyelectrolyte-Surfactant Complexes for the Fabrication of Self-Healing Superhydrophobic Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:12361-12369. [PMID: 27560556 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b02607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fluorine-free self-healing superhydrophobic films are of significance for practical applications because of their extended service life and cost-effective and eco-friendly preparation process. In this study, we report the fabrication of fluorine-free self-healing superhydrophobic films by layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly of poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS)-1-octadecylamine (ODA) complexes (PSS-ODA) and poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH)-sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS) (PAH-SDS) complexes. The wettability of the LbL-assembled PSS-ODA/PAH-SDS films depends on the film structure and can be tailored by changing the NaCl concentration in aqueous dispersions of PSS-ODA complexes and the number of film deposition cycles. The freshly prepared PSS-ODA/PAH-SDS film with micro- and nanoscaled hierarchical structures is hydrophilic and gradually changes to superhydrophobic in air because the polyelectrolyte-complexed ODA and SDS surfactants tend to migrate to the film surface to cover the film with hydrophobic alkyl chains to lower its surface energy. The large amount of ODA and SDS surfactants loaded in the superhydrophobic PSS-ODA/PAH-SDS films and the autonomic migration of these surfactants to the film surface endow the resultant superhydrophobic films with an excellent self-healing ability to restore the damaged superhydrophobicity. The self-healing superhydrophobic PSS-ODA/PAH-SDS films are mechanically robust and can be deposited on various flat and nonflat substrates. The LbL assembly of oppositely charged polyelectrolyte-surfactant complexes provides a new way for the fabrication of fluorine-free self-healing superhydrophobic films with satisfactory mechanical stability, enhanced reliability, and extended service life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengchun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry (NMAC), College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Ni An
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry (NMAC), College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry (NMAC), College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Junqi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry (NMAC), College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
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Barthlott W, Mail M, Neinhuis C. Superhydrophobic hierarchically structured surfaces in biology: evolution, structural principles and biomimetic applications. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2016; 374:20160191. [PMID: 27354736 PMCID: PMC4928508 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2016.0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive survey of the construction principles and occurrences of superhydrophobic surfaces in plants, animals and other organisms is provided and is based on our own scanning electron microscopic examinations of almost 20 000 different species and the existing literature. Properties such as self-cleaning (lotus effect), fluid drag reduction (Salvinia effect) and the introduction of new functions (air layers as sensory systems) are described and biomimetic applications are discussed: self-cleaning is established, drag reduction becomes increasingly important, and novel air-retaining grid technology is introduced. Surprisingly, no evidence for lasting superhydrophobicity in non-biological surfaces exists (except technical materials). Phylogenetic trees indicate that superhydrophobicity evolved as a consequence of the conquest of land about 450 million years ago and may be a key innovation in the evolution of terrestrial life. The approximate 10 million extant species exhibit a stunning diversity of materials and structures, many of which are formed by self-assembly, and are solely based on a limited number of molecules. A short historical survey shows that bionics (today often called biomimetics) dates back more than 100 years. Statistical data illustrate that the interest in biomimetic surfaces is much younger still. Superhydrophobicity caught the attention of scientists only after the extreme superhydrophobicity of lotus leaves was published in 1997. Regrettably, parabionic products play an increasing role in marketing.This article is part of the themed issue 'Bioinspired hierarchically structured surfaces for green science'.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Barthlott
- Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Venusbergweg 22, Bonn 53115, Germany
| | - M Mail
- Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Venusbergweg 22, Bonn 53115, Germany Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES)-Horticultural Science, University of Bonn, Auf dem Hügel 6, Bonn 53121, Germany
| | - C Neinhuis
- Institute of Botany, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, Dresden 01217, Germany B CUBE Innovation Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Arnoldstrasse 18, Dresden 01217, Germany
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49
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Budke JM, Goffinet B. Comparative Cuticle Development Reveals Taller Sporophytes Are Covered by Thicker Calyptra Cuticles in Mosses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:832. [PMID: 27379125 PMCID: PMC4906049 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The calyptra is a maternal structure that protects the sporophyte offspring from dehydration, and positively impacts sporophyte survival and fitness in mosses. We explore the relationship between cuticle protection and sporophyte height as a proxy for dehydration stress in Funariaceae species with sporophytes across a range of sizes. Calyptrae and sporophytes from four species were collected from laboratory-grown populations at two developmental stages. Tissues were embedded, sectioned, and examined using transmission electron microscopy. Cuticle thickness was measured from three epidermal cells per organ for each individual and compared statistically. All four species have cuticles consisting of a cuticle proper and a cuticular layer on the calyptra and sporophyte at both developmental stages. Across species, shorter sporophytes are associated with smaller calyptra and thinner calyptra cuticles, whereas taller sporophytes are associated with larger calyptra and thicker calyptra cuticles. Independent of size, young sporophytes have a thin cuticle that thickens later during development, while calyptrae have a mature cuticle produced early during development that persists throughout development. This study adds to our knowledge of maternal effects influencing offspring survival in plants. Released from the pressures to invest in protection for their sporophyte offspring, maternal resources can be allocated to other processes that support sporophyte reproductive success. Using a comparative developmental framework enables us to broaden our understanding of cuticle development across species and provides structural evidence supporting the waterproofing role of the moss calyptra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Budke
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, DavisCA, USA
| | - Bernard Goffinet
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, StorrsCT, USA
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50
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Guo N, Gao J, He Y, Guo Y. Compositae Plants Differed in Leaf Cuticular Waxes between High and Low Altitudes. Chem Biodivers 2016; 13:710-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201500208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Na Guo
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology; Southwest University; Chongqing 400716 P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Gao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology; Southwest University; Chongqing 400716 P. R. China
| | - Yuji He
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology; Southwest University; Chongqing 400716 P. R. China
| | - Yanjun Guo
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology; Southwest University; Chongqing 400716 P. R. China
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