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Jiang L, Wang C, Al-Farraj SA, Hines HN, Hu X. Morphological and molecular examination of the ciliate family Lagynusidae (Protista, Ciliophora, Prostomatea) with descriptions of two new genera and two new species from China. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 5:178-195. [PMID: 37275546 PMCID: PMC10232704 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-023-00174-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ciliates in the class Prostomatea play an important role in the global microbial loop due to their significant abundances and broad feeding strategies at the foundation of food webs. Despite their importance in ecosystems, the taxonomy and systematics of this group of ciliates has long been poorly understood, with this being especially true for members of the family Lagynusidae. Here we examine four lagynusids collected from sandy beaches in China, using silver-staining and 18S rRNA gene sequencing techniques. These investigations revealed two new genera and two new species and provided details for two little known forms: Penardella marina gen. nov., sp. nov., Apolagynus cucumis (as reported by Penard. Études sur les infusoires d'eau douce. Georg and Cie, Genève, 1922) gen. nov., comb. nov., Lagynus minutus sp. nov., and Lagynus elegans (Engelmann in Z Wiss Zool 11:347-393, 1862) Quennerstedt (Acta Univ Lund 4:1-48, 1867). Penardella gen. nov. can be morphologically distinguished by having more than three dikinetidal perioral kineties. Apolagynus gen. nov. differs from the closely related genus Lagynus in the absence of a conspicuous neck-like region. The ciliature of Apolagynus cucumis is revealed here for the first time, which demonstrates the classification of this species within Lagynusidae. Furthermore, Apolagynus binucleatus (Jiang et al., 2021) comb. nov. is established according to the new finding. The results of our phylogenetic analyses based on the 18S rRNA gene support the establishment of two new genera and indicate that Lagynusidae is monophyletic, which further strengthens its valid taxonomic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Jiang
- College of Fisheries, and Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Congcong Wang
- College of Fisheries, and Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Saleh A. Al-Farraj
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Hunter N. Hines
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, FL 34982 USA
| | - Xiaozhong Hu
- College of Fisheries, and Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
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Adeniyi OV, Adeshina I, Setufe SB, Jarikre T, Albarka SM, Attahiru F. Effects of dietary Euphorbia heterophylla extract on the growth performance, physiological, antioxidative and immune responses of Clarias gariepinus juveniles. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2023. [PMID: 36876872 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Effects of dietary Euphorbia heterophylla extract (EH) on growth performance, feed utilization and haemato-biochemical parameters in African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, juveniles were evaluated in this study. Diets fortified with EH at 0 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0 g/kg were fed to the fish to apparent satiation for 84 days before challenging it with Aeromonas hydrophila. The weight gain, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio of fish fed EH-supplemented diets were significantly higher but lower feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05) than the control group. The villi height and width at the proximal, mid and the distal of the guts rose significantly with the increasing levels of EH from 0.5 to 1.5 g than the fish fed basal diet. Dietary EH enhanced (p < 0.05) the packed cell volume and haemoglobin, whereas 1.5 g EH boosted white blood cell, in relation to their counterpart in the control group. There were significant increase in the activities of glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase (p < 0.05) in the fish that were fed diets supplemented with EH than the control. Dietary EH also enhanced phagocytic activities, lysozyme activities and relative survival (RS) of C. gariepinus than the control group, with the highest RS obtained in fish that were fed diet containing EH at 1.5 g/kg level. These results revealed that the fish fed 1.5 g/kg dietary EH promoted growth performance, antioxidant and immune profiles, as well as protection against A. hydrophila infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olarinke V Adeniyi
- Department of Animal Production, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria
| | - Ibrahim Adeshina
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Seyramsarah B Setufe
- Department of Fisheries and Water Resources, University of Energy and Natural resources, Sunyani, Ghana
| | - Theophilus Jarikre
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Shehu M Albarka
- Department of Animal Production, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria
| | - Fauziyat Attahiru
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria
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Semwal A, Kumar A, Kumar N. A review on pathogenicity of Aeromonas hydrophila and their mitigation through medicinal herbs in aquaculture. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14088. [PMID: 36938468 PMCID: PMC10018484 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas hydrophila is a freshwater, facultatively anaerobic, chemo-organoheterotrophic bacterium that distressed fishes with gastroenteritis, septicemia and causes a disease known as Motile Aeromonas Septicemia (MAS), which affects the aquatic environment. Haemolysin, aerolysin, cytosine, gelatinase, enterotoxin and antimicrobial peptides have been identified as virulence factors in A. hydrophila. Medicinal herbs/plants and their uses are the instant, easily available, cost-effective, efficient and eco-friendly approach for socio-economic, sustainable development of modern aquaculture practice. Phytotherapy either through a dip or by incorporation into the diets is an alternative approach to synthetic pharmaceuticals to diminish the pathogenicity of aquatic environmental pathogens. Due to the presence of remarkable phytoconstituents like flavonoids, alkaloids, pigments, terpenoids, steroids and essential oils, the medicinal plant exhibits anti-microbial, appetite-stimulating, anti-stress, growth-promoting and immunostimulatory activities. Aqua-industry preferred phytotherapy-based techniques/compounds to develop resistance against a variety of aquatic pathogens in culturable fishes because they are inexpensive and environment-friendly. As a result, this review elaborates on the diverse applications of phytotherapy as a promising tool for disease management in aquaculture and a major step toward organic aquaculture.
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In Vitro Assessment of Berberine against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in Goldfish. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101207. [PMID: 36297264 PMCID: PMC9609421 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is a pathogenic ciliate parasite, which infects almost all freshwater teleost fish and leads to significant economic losses. The present study aimed to evaluate the acute toxicity of berberine to the free-living stages of I. multifiliis, that is, theronts and tomonts. Our results indicated that 99.30% of I. multifiliis theronts were killed by a concentration of 15 mg/L berberine during the 4 h exposure time, while berberine had no effect on protomonts. Nevertheless, berberine at a concentration of 5 mg/L could effectively reduce the release of theronts from tomonts treated for 4 h. Additionally, according to the transmission electron microscopy results, berberine at 15 mg/L could strongly change the shape of protomonts, destroy their organelles, and significantly decrease the number of ribosomes. The median lethal concentration (LC50) of berberine for goldfish at 96 h was 528.44 mg/L, which was almost 67 times the median effective concentration (EC50) of berberine for killing theronts (7.86 mg/L). The results demonstrated that berberine could be an effective and safe potential parasiticide for killing I. multifiliis.
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Abu-Elala NM, Attia MM, Abd-Elsalam RM, Gamal A, Younis NA. Peracetic acid treatment of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ciliophora: Ichthyophthiriidae) and Trichodina spp. reduces the infection by Aeromonas hydrophila and improves survival in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). AQUACULTURE 2021; 538:736591. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.736591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Pathania R, Chawla P, Khan H, Kaushik R, Khan MA. An assessment of potential nutritive and medicinal properties of Mucuna pruriens: a natural food legume. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:261. [PMID: 32477848 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02253-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucuna pruriens belongs to the Fabaceae family and is ordinarily known as velvet bean, in English cowitch and Hindi Kawaanch. The restorative quality of this bean makes it an excellent component in pharmaceutical and therapeutic applications. Apart from high protein and starch content, these beans contain (l-Dopa) 3, 4-dihydroxy-l-phenylalanine, which exhibits several medicinal properties. However, it is poisonous when ingested by ruminants. The obstruction to the advancement of Mucuna as nutrition or food is the nearness of antinutrients, which are high as opposed to other uncommon vegetables. Also, this legume is considered as a future restorative herb because of its anticholesterolemic, anti-Parkinson, antioxidant, antidiabetic, sexual enhancing, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antivenom activities. It also exhibits anticancer activities, but very few studies have been done. The seeds of Mucuna pruriens also contain a vast range of phytochemical constituents such as alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, reducing sugars, and tannins, which provide an avenue to explore it for wider applications. This review sheds light on the possible mechanism of action of Mucuna pruriens on some diseases (hypoglycemia, Parkinson's disease, microbial diseases and tumor). and also fills the gap in the studies of Mucuna pruriens. and Further more in vitro and in vivo studies should be done to explore the potential of these seeds against many diseases, its application as a food source, its antinutrient, and harmful properties as well as its nutraceutical perspective.
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Alavinia SJ, Mirzargar SS, Rahmati-Holasoo H, Mousavi HE. The in vitro and in vivo effect of tannic acid on Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in zebrafish (Danio rerio) to treat ichthyophthiriasis. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:1793-1802. [PMID: 30168579 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro antiparasitic effect of polyphenol tannic acid (TA) on Ichthyophthirius multifiliis theronts and tomonts was evaluated. In vitro antiparasitic assays revealed that TA in a dose- and time-dependent pattern through the damage of parasite plasma membrane could be 100% effective against I. multifiliis theronts at concentrations of 8 and 11 ppm during all the exposure times (45-270 min). The tomonts proliferation was completely inhibited by penetrating TA (at least 15 ppm for 22-hr exposure) into encysted tomont across the cyst wall. However, 10 ppm TA could result in a ninefold decrease in the population of live tomonts compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Although at theront concentrations of over 6,000 per zebrafish (Danio rerio), a 100% prevalence of ichthyophthiriasis during a 5-day exposure was recorded, results of in vivo tests showed that the parasite that pretreated up to 10 ppm TA for 70 min had not any capability to infect the studied zebrafish population. The acute toxicity (96 hr-LC50 ) of TA for zebrafish was 19.51 ppm. Thus, TA can be considered as a natural therapeutant to safely and efficiently improve the health of aquatic systems by controlling ichthyophthiriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Jalil Alavinia
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Saeed Mirzargar
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hooman Rahmati-Holasoo
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Hernández-Bolio GI, Kutzner E, Eisenreich W, de Jesús Torres-Acosta JF, Peña-Rodríguez LM. The use of 1 H-NMR Metabolomics to Optimise the Extraction and Preliminary Identification of Anthelmintic Products from the Leaves of Lysiloma latisiliquum. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2018; 29:413-420. [PMID: 28895238 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tannin-rich forages are recognised as an important alternative for the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in small ruminants. Lysiloma latisiliquum, a forage commonly consumed by goats and sheep, has shown anthelmintic activity when tested against Haemonchus contortus. However, to date, the metabolites responsible for the activity are not known. OBJECTIVE To use 1 H-NMR metabolomics in the extraction and identification of anthelmintic metabolites from L. latisiliquum. METHODOLOGY Eight different solvent systems were compared for the optimum extraction of anthelmintic metabolites from L. latisiliquum. 1 H-NMR spectra of the tannin-free extracts were measured in methanol-d4 using trimethylsilylpropanoic acid (TSP) as internal standard. Extracts were also evaluated for their anthelmintic activity using the larval exsheathment inhibition assay against H. contortus. These data were correlated by multivariate analysis [principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA)] and analysed. To validate the results obtained after the OPLS-DA, a bioassay-guided isolation of bioactive metabolites was conducted. RESULTS The PCA of the 1 H-NMR data allowed the identification of hydrophilic solvents as those best suited for the extraction of anthelmintics from L. latisiliquum and indicated that the bioactive metabolites are high-polarity, glycosylated products. Similarly, OPLS-DA of the data enabled the detection of activity-related signals, assigned to the glycosylated metabolites quercitrin and arbutin obtained from the bioassay-guided purification of the extract. CONCLUSION The results of this investigation confirm metabolomics as a useful tool in the detection of bioactive metabolites in plants without previous phytochemical studies. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Ivonne Hernández-Bolio
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 130, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán, 97200, México
| | - Erika Kutzner
- Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, D-85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Eisenreich
- Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, D-85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Juan Felipe de Jesús Torres-Acosta
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km 15.5 carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Luis Manuel Peña-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 130, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán, 97200, México
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Al-Jubury A, Lu C, Kania PW, von Gersdorff Jørgensen L, Liu Y, de Bruijn I, Raaijmakers J, Buchmann K. Impact of Pseudomonas H6 surfactant on all external life cycle stages of the fish parasitic ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:1147-1152. [PMID: 29671884 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A bacterial biosurfactant isolated from Pseudomonas (strain H6) has previously been shown to have a lethal effect on the oomycete Saprolegnia diclina infecting fish eggs. The present work demonstrates that the same biosurfactant has a strong in vitro antiparasitic effect on the fish pathogenic ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Three life cycle stages (the infective theront stage, the tomont and the tomocyst containing tomites) were all susceptible to the surfactant. Theronts were the most sensitive showing 100% mortality in as low concentrations as 10 and 13 μg/ml within 30 min. Tomonts were the most resistant but were killed in concentrations of 100 μg/ml. Tomocysts, which generally are considered resistant to chemical and medical treatment, due to the surrounding protective cyst wall, were also sensitive. The surfactant, in concentrations of 10 and 13 μg/ml, penetrated the cyst wall and killed the enclosed tomites within 60 min. Rainbow trout fingerlings exposed to the biosurfactant showed no adverse immediate or late signs following several hours incubation in concentrations effective for killing the parasite. This bacterial surfactant may be further developed for application as an antiparasitic control agent in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Al-Jubury
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - C Lu
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - P W Kania
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - L von Gersdorff Jørgensen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Y Liu
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - I de Bruijn
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - J Raaijmakers
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - K Buchmann
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Plant extracts as a natural treatment against the fish ectoparasite Neobenedenia sp. (Monogenea: Capsalidae). J Helminthol 2017; 93:57-65. [PMID: 29248015 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x17001122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of water-ethanol extracts of garlic (Allium sativum), ginger (Zingiber officinale), basil (Ocimum basilicum), bitter chaparro (Castela tortuousa), onion (Allium cepa) and papaya (Carica papaya) against adults, eggs and oncomiracidia of Neobenedenia spp. parasites was examined. Parasites were exposed to continuous immersion and treated as follows: extracts were tested at three dilutions: 1:10, 1:50 and 1:100 made with filtered seawater (35 g l-1); ethanol (70%) was evaluated at the same dilutions of 1:10 (7% ethanol), 1:50 (1.4% ethanol) and 1:100 (0.07% ethanol) and a seawater (35 g l-1) control. The antiparasitic effect was measured on: (1) adult survival, egg production and time to detachment from the culture vessel; (2) egg development and cumulative egg hatching; and (3) oncomiracidia survival. All three dilutions of ginger and dilutions 1:100 and 1:50 of basil extract reduced adult survival in vitro, time to detachment from the surface of the culture vessel, egg production and oncomiracidia survival. Bitter chaparro extract reduced adult egg production and oncomiracidia survival. Hatching success was significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in basil extract (1:100) to 86.6% compared to the seawater control (100%). Dilutions 1:10 of ginger and basil exhibited the highest impact on the biological parameters of Neobenedenia sp. Our study demonstrates that water-ethanol extracts of ginger, basil and bitter chaparro are toxic against Neobenedenia sp. life stages.
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Yamin G, Falk R, Avtalion RR, Shoshana N, Ofek T, Smirnov R, Rubenstein G, van Rijn J. The protective effect of humic-rich substances on atypical Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida infection in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:1783-1790. [PMID: 28493490 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
When challenged with atypical Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, exposure of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) to different humic-rich compounds resulted in a significant reduction in infection rates. Specifically, in fish exposed to (i) humic-rich water and sludge from a recirculating system, (ii) a synthetic humic acid, and (iii) a Leonardite-derived humic-rich extract, infection rates were reduced to 14.9%, 17.0% and 18.8%, respectively, as compared to a 46.8% infection rate in the control treatment. An additional set of experiments was performed to examine the effect of humic-rich components on the growth of the bacterial pathogen. Liquid culture medium supplemented with either humic-rich water from the recirculating system, the synthetic humic acid or the Leonardite humic-rich extract resulted in a growth reduction of 41.1%, 45.2% and 61.6%, respectively, as compared to the growth of the Aeromonas strain in medium devoid of humic substances. Finally, in a third set of experiments it was found that while the innate immune system of the carps was not affected by their exposure to humic-rich substances, their acquired immune system was affected. Fish, immunized against bovine serum albumin, displayed elevated antibody titres as compared to immunized carps which were not exposed to the various sources of humic substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Yamin
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - R Falk
- Central Fish Health Laboratory, Aquaculture and Fisheries Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Nir David, Israel
| | - R R Avtalion
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology and Genetics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | | - T Ofek
- Central Fish Health Laboratory, Aquaculture and Fisheries Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Nir David, Israel
| | - R Smirnov
- Central Fish Health Laboratory, Aquaculture and Fisheries Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Nir David, Israel
| | - G Rubenstein
- Department of Fisheries, Ginosar Research Station, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ginosar, Israel
| | - J van Rijn
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Barani A, Tajik H. Malachite green residue in farmed fish in north-west part of Iran. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2017.1303708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Barani
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Hossein Tajik
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
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Valladão GMR, Gallani SU, Ikefuti CV, da Cruz C, Levy-Pereira N, Rodrigues MVN, Pilarski F. Essential oils to control ichthyophthiriasis in pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg): special emphasis on treatment with Melaleuca alternifolia. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2016; 39:1143-1152. [PMID: 26776242 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In vitro effect of the Melaleuca alternifolia, Lavandula angustifolia and Mentha piperita essential oils (EOs) against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and in vivo effect of M. alternifolia for treating ichthyophthiriasis in one of the most important South American fish, Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg), were evaluated. The in vitro test consisted of three EOs, each at concentrations of 57 μL L(-1) , 114 μL L (-1) , 227 μL L(-1) and 455 μL L (-1) , which were assessed once an hour for 4 h in microtitre plates (96 wells). The in vitro results demonstrated that all tested EOs showed a cytotoxic effect against I. multifiliis compared to control groups (P < 0.05). The in vivo treatment for white spot disease was performed in a bath for 2 h day(-1) for 5 days using the M. alternifolia EO (50 μL L (-1) ). In this study, 53.33% of the fish severely infected by I. multifiliis survived after the treatment with M. alternifolia (50 μL L (-1) ) and the parasitological analysis has shown an efficacy of nearly 100% in the skin and gills, while all the fish in the control group died. Furthermore, the potential positive effect of M. alternifolia EO against two emergent opportunistic bacteria in South America Edwardsiella tarda and Citrobacter freundii was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M R Valladão
- Aquaculture Center, Universidade Estadual Paulista (CAUNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S U Gallani
- Aquaculture Center, Universidade Estadual Paulista (CAUNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C V Ikefuti
- Center for Environmental Studies and Research of Weed (NEPEAM), Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C da Cruz
- Center for Environmental Studies and Research of Weed (NEPEAM), Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - N Levy-Pereira
- Aquaculture Center, Universidade Estadual Paulista (CAUNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M V N Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Multidisciplinary Center for Chemical, Biological and Agricultural Research (CPQBA), Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F Pilarski
- Aquaculture Center, Universidade Estadual Paulista (CAUNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
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Xu DH, Zhang QZ, Zhang D. Two in vitro methods for screening potential parasiticides against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis using Tetrahymena thermophila. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2016; 39:285-294. [PMID: 25857201 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich) is a ciliate parasite that infects many species of freshwater fishes worldwide and causes heavy economic losses in aquaculture. Currently, parasiticides for controlling this parasite are limited, and few pond-practical chemical therapies exist. Hence, the search for new parasiticides is urgently needed. One challenge confronting the screening of potential parasiticides is the difficulty in raising enough parasite for efficacy testing as Ich is an obligate parasite. This study used species of Tetrahymena, Ich-related and cultivable ciliate protozoa, to evaluate two in vitro methods to test parasiticides. Plate counting and MTS assays (CellTiter 96® AQueous Non-Radioactive Cell Proliferation Assay) were used to compare lethal concentrations or median lethal concentrations (LC50) of copper sulphate, formalin and malachite green between T. thermophila and Ich theronts or between T. thermophila and Ich tomonts. The parasiticides that killed T. thermophila have been demonstrated to kill theronts or tomonts. These in vitro methods using T. thermophila can be used to screen novel parasiticides against Ich.
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Affiliation(s)
- D-H Xu
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Q-Z Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, PR China
| | - D Zhang
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Auburn, AL, USA
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15
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Yin F, Sun P, Tang B, Gong H, Ke Q, Li A. Anti-parasitic effects of Leptomycin B isolated from Streptomyces sp. CJK17 on marine fish ciliate Cryptocaryon irritans. Vet Parasitol 2016; 217:89-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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Fu YW, Zhang QZ, Xu DH, Wang B, Liang JH, Lin DJ. Cynatratoside-C efficacy against theronts of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, and toxicity tests on grass carp and mammal blood cells. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2015; 117:13-20. [PMID: 26575152 DOI: 10.3354/dao02925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Infection by Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, a ciliated protozoan parasite, results in high fish mortality and causes severe economic losses in aquaculture. To find new, efficient anti-I. multifiliis agents, cynatratoside-C was isolated from Cynanchum atratum by bioassay-guided fractionation in a previous study. The present study investigated the anti-theront activity, determined the toxicity of cynatratoside-C to grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus and mammalian blood cells, and evaluated the protection of cynatratoside-C against I. multifiliis theront infection in grass carp. Results showed that all theronts were killed by 0.25 mg l-1 of cynatratoside-C in 186.7 ± 5.8 min. Cynatratoside-C at 0.25 mg l-1 was effective in treating infected grass carp and protecting naive fish from I. multifiliis infestation. The 96 h median lethal concentration (LC50) of cynatratoside-C to grass carp and 4 h median effective concentration (EC50) of cynatratoside-C to theront were 46.8 and 0.088 mg l-1, respectively. In addition, the hemolysis assay demonstrated that cynatratoside-C had no cytotoxicity to rabbit red blood cells. Therefore, cynatratoside-C could be a safe and effective potential parasiticide for controlling I. multifiliis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Wu Fu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
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17
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Evaluation of an anti-parasitic compound extracted from Streptomyces sp. HL-2-14 against fish parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Parasitology 2015; 142:910-6. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182015000116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYThe present study was conducted to evaluate the anti-parasitic activity of a pure compound from Streptomyces sp. HL-2-14 against fish parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, and elucidate its chemical structure. By electron ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum (1H NMR and 13C NMR), the compound was identified as amphotericin B (AmB). The in vitro trials revealed that AmB can effectively kill the theronts and tomonts of I. multifiliis with the median lethal concentration (LC50) of 0·8 mg L−1 at 30 min for the theronts and 4·3 mg L−1 at 2 h for the tomonts, respectively. AmB at 5 mg L−1 significantly reduced I. multifiliis infectivity prevalence and intensity on grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), and consequently decreased fish mortality, from 100% in control group to 30% in treated group. The 72 h acute toxicity (LC50) of AmB on grass carp was 20·6 mg L−1, but fish mortality was occurred when exposure to 13·0 mg L−1. These results indicated that AmB was effective in the therapy of I. multifiliis infection, but the safety concentration margin is relatively narrow. Further efforts aiming to decrease the toxicity and improve the therapeutic profile remain to be needed.
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18
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Liang JH, Fu YW, Zhang QZ, Xu DH, Wang B, Lin DJ. Identification and effect of two flavonoids from root bark of Morus alba against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in grass carp. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:1452-1459. [PMID: 25603693 DOI: 10.1021/jf505544e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich) is an important ciliate that parasitizes gills and skin of freshwater fish and causes massive fish mortality. In this study, two flavonoids (kuwanons G and O) with anti-Ich activity were isolated by bioassay-guided fractionation from the root bark of Morus alba, an important plant for sericulture. The chemical structures of kuwanons G and O were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses. Kuwanons G and O caused 100% mortality of I. multifiliis theronts at the concentration of 2 mg/L and possessed a median effective concentration (EC50) of 0.8 ± 0.04 mg/L against the theronts. In addition, kuwanons G and O significantly reduced the infectivity of I. multifiliis theronts at concentrations of 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/L. The median lethal concentrations (LC50) of kuwanons G and O to grass carp were 38.0 ± 0.82 and 26.9 ± 0.51 mg/L, which were approximately 50 and 35 times the EC50 for killing theronts. The results indicate that kuwanons G and O have the potential to become safe and effective drugs to control ichthyophthiriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Han Liang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University , West 601 Huangpu Avenue, Tianhe, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
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19
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Valladão GMR, Gallani SU, Pilarski F. Phytotherapy as an alternative for treating fish disease. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2015; 38:417-28. [PMID: 25620601 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Intensification of livestock rearing often promotes an increase in inappropriate practices that disregard care for the environment, animal health, and workers' health. Intensive fish farming systems are often associated with higher stocking density and massive use of artificial feed. Currently, outbreaks of parasitic, bacterial, and fungal diseases act as major limiting factors for fish farming, meaning that producers have to make use of massive amounts of antibiotics, disinfectants, and pesticides in order to control mortality and avoid huge economic losses. Because of adverse effects on the aquatic environment, terrestrial organisms, and human health (both fish handlers and consumers), this therapy has been criticized. Use of herbal medicines within animal production has shown promise, in that it is natural and biodegradable and has antimicrobial activity against various pathogens, including those relating to fish. Recently, researchers have reported promising effects from many herbal medicines for treating parasitic diseases caused by protozoa and metazoa, and broad activity against bacteria and fungi. This review addresses the current issues regarding indiscriminate use of chemicals and antibiotics in aquaculture and discusses the main findings and methodologies of the latest research on herbal medicines to stimulate and accelerate research in this field, especially in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M R Valladão
- Laboratory of Aquatic Organisms Pathology, Aquaculture Center of São Paulo State University (CAUNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - S U Gallani
- Laboratory of Aquatic Organisms Pathology, Aquaculture Center of São Paulo State University (CAUNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - F Pilarski
- Laboratory of Aquatic Organisms Pathology, Aquaculture Center of São Paulo State University (CAUNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
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20
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Fu YW, Zhang QZ, Xu DH, Liang JH, Wang B. Antiparasitic effect of cynatratoside-C from Cynanchum atratum against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis on grass carp. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:7183-7189. [PMID: 24980562 DOI: 10.1021/jf5018675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich), a fish ectoparasite, comprises an important challenge in the aquaculture industry. In this study, a steroidal glycoside, cynatratoside-C, isolated from Cynanchum atratum roots by bioassay-guided fractionation was used to treat I. multifiliis. The cynatratoside-C at 0.25 mg/L demonstrated a 100% mortality of I. multifiliis in vitro after 5 h exposure. The 5 h median effective concentration (EC50) of cynatratoside-C to nonencysted tomonts was 0.083 mg/L. In addition, cynatratoside-C at concentrations of 0.125 and 0.06 mg/L could completely terminate the reproduction of encysted tomonts. The cynatratoside-C at 2 mg/L could cure the infected grass carp within 48 h. The exact mechanism of cynatratoside-C for killing I. multifiliis is unknown, but it manifests itself microscopically through loss of membrane integrity of nonencysted tomonts or through releasing immature theronts from encysted tomonts. The immature theronts finally died before infecting fish. On the basis of these results, cynatratoside-C could be used as a natural anti-I. multifiliis agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Wu Fu
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
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21
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Fu Y, Zhang Q, Xu DH, Xia H, Cai X, Wang B, Liang J. Parasiticidal effects of Morus alba root bark extracts against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis infecting grass carp. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2014; 108:129-136. [PMID: 24553418 DOI: 10.3354/dao02708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich), an important fish parasite, can cause significant losses in aquaculture. To find efficacious drugs to control Ich, the root bark of white mulberry Morus alba was evaluated for its antiprotozoal activity. Bark was powdered and extracted with 1 of 5 organic solvents: petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone, or methanol. The extracts were concentrated, dissolved in 0.1% (v/v) DMSO, and used for anti-Ich trials. Acetone and ethyl acetate extracts significantly reduced the survival of Ich tomonts and theronts. In vitro, acetone extract at 25 mg l-1 killed all non-encysted tomonts, at 50 mg l-1 eradicated all encysted tomonts, and at 8 mg l-1 caused mortality of all theronts. Ethyl acetate extract at 50 mg l-1 eliminated all non-encysted tomonts, at 100 mg l-1 killed all encysted tomonts and terminated tomont reproduction, and at 8 mg l-1 killed all theronts. Low concentrations (2 and 4 mg l-1) of acetone and ethyl acetate extracts could not kill all theronts after 4 h exposure, but a significant decrease in theront infectivity was observed following 30 min of pretreatment with the extracts. The 96 h LC(50) values of acetone and ethyl acetate extracts to grass carp were 79.46 and 361.05 mg l-1, i.e. much higher than effective doses for killing Ich theronts (8 mg l-1 for both extracts) and non-encysted tomonts (12.5 and 25 mg l-1, respectively). Thus M. alba extract may be a potential new, safe, and efficacious drug to control Ich.
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Affiliation(s)
- YaoWu Fu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
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22
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Abdel-Hafez G, Lahnsteiner F, Mansour N. Possibilities to control Ichthyophthirius multifiliis infestation with medicated feed in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and chub (Leuciscus cephalus). Parasitol Res 2014; 113:1119-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3749-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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23
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Shan XF, Meng QF, Kang YH, Bian Y, Gao YH, Wang WL, Qian AD. Isolation of active compounds from methanol extracts of Toddalia asiatica against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Vet Parasitol 2014; 199:250-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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24
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Zhang Q, Xu DH, Klesius PH. Evaluation of an antiparasitic compound extracted from Galla chinensis against fish parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Vet Parasitol 2013; 198:45-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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Assessment of the anti-protozoal activity of crude Carica papaya seed extract against Trypanosoma cruzi. Molecules 2013; 18:12621-32. [PMID: 24126379 PMCID: PMC6270640 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181012621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to determine the in vivo activity against the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, two doses (50 and 75 mg/kg) of a chloroform extract of Carica papaya seeds were evaluated compared with a control group of allopurinol. The activity of a mixture of the three main compounds (oleic, palmitic and stearic acids in a proportion of 45.9% of oleic acid, 24.1% of palmitic and 8.52% of stearic acid previously identified in the crude extract of C. papaya was evaluated at doses of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg. Both doses of the extracts were orally administered for 28 days. A significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the number of blood trypomastigotes was observed in animals treated with the evaluated doses of the C. papaya extract in comparison with the positive control group (allopurinol 8.5 mg/kg). Parasitemia in animals treated with the fatty acids mixture was also significantly reduced (p < 0.05), compared to negative control animals. These results demonstrate that the fatty acids identified in the seed extracts of C. papaya (from ripe fruit) are able to reduce the number of parasites from both parasite stages, blood trypomastigote and amastigote (intracellular stage).
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26
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Kumar S, Raman RP, Kumar K, Pandey PK, Kumar N, Mallesh B, Mohanty S, Kumar A. Effect of azadirachtin on haematological and biochemical parameters of Argulus-infested goldfish Carassius auratus (Linn. 1758). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2013; 39:733-747. [PMID: 23090629 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-012-9736-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Argulosis hampers aquaculture production and alters the host physiology and growth. Azadirachtin is recognized as a potential antiparasitic agent against Argulus sp. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of different concentration of azadirachtin solution on haematological and serum biochemical parameters of Argulus-infested goldfish Carassius auratus. Ninety Argulus-infested goldfish were randomly divided into six equal groups. Fish of group 1-5 were treated with azadirachtin solution through bath of 1, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg L(-1) as T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively, and group 6 was exposed to 2% DMSO solution without azadirachtin and considered as negative control T0(-). Along with six treatment groups, a positive control T0(+) of healthy goldfish free from Argulus infestation was also maintained. Parasitic mortality was evaluated after 3 days of consecutive bath treatment. After 7 days of post-treatment, the blood and serum were drawn from each of the treatment groups and haematological and serum biochemical parameters were evaluated. Total leucocyte count (TLC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), blood glucose, total protein (TP), globulin, serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) were significantly (p < 0.05) high in negative control group when compared with positive control group. It could be concluded that Argulus infestation altered marked haematological and serum biochemical parameters. However, in treated groups complete elimination of Argulus was found in T4 and T5 groups. Also significant (p < 0.05) reduction in haematological and serum biochemical parameters of all the treatment groups were recorded in comparison with negative control group. In addition, T4 and T5 groups showed significantly (p < 0.05) high superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, total erythrocyte count (TEC) and haemoglobin (Hb). However, higher mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), blood glucose and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in T5 group revealed that higher concentration of azadirachtin have notable effects on activity of vital tissues function and physiology of the host. Argulus spp. from infested goldfish could be eliminated using bath treatment with solution of azadirachtin having concentration of 15 mg L(-1) and that also shifted haematological and serum biochemical parameters towards homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurav Kumar
- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai 400061, India.
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27
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Ling F, Lu C, Tu X, Yi Y, Huang A, Zhang Q, Wang G. Antiprotozoal screening of traditional medicinal plants: evaluation of crude extract of Psoralea corylifolia against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in goldfish. Parasitol Res 2013; 112:2331-40. [PMID: 23559379 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3397-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (also called "ich") is an external protozoan parasite that may infest almost all freshwater fish species and caused significant economic damage to the aquaculture industry. Since the use of malachite green was banned, there have been relatively few effective alternative strategies for controlling I. multifiliis infections. The present study was designed to screen potential antiparasitic medicinal plants based on our previous studies, and comprehensively evaluate in vitro and in vivo anti-ich activity of selected plant extracts. The screening results showed that the methanol extract of Psoralea corylifolia had the highest activity against I. multifiliis theronts. In vivo theront trials demonstrated that 1.25 mg/L or more concentrations of P. corylifolia methanol extract caused 100 % mortality during the 4-h exposure period, and the subsequent in vitro trials indicated that the minimum concentration of P. corylifolia methanol extract that prevented the initial infestation was 2.50 mg/L. Protomonts and encysted tomonts surviving trials suggested that encysted tomonts were less susceptible to P. corylifolia methanol extract than protomonts, and the methanol extract of P. corylifolia at a concentration of 5.00 mg/L could kill 100 % of protomonts and 88.89 % of encysted tomonts. It was also observed that after 12-h exposure of protomonts or encysted tomonts to 2.50 mg/L of P. corylifolia methanol extract, the theronts emerged from encysted tomonts led to more infection level than the ones in the other groups. The results suggested that whether the protomonts finish encystment is crucial to the survival, reproduction, and theronts infectivity. In addition, our results showed that long duration (24 h) and high concentration (5.00 mg/L) significantly reduced the survival and reproduction of I. multifiliis tomont exited from the fish after in-bath treatment, and it is indicated that P. corylifolia methanol extract had a potential detrimental effect on I. multifiliis trophont in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ling
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, People's Republic of China
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28
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Yi YL, Lu C, Hu XG, Ling F, Wang GX. Antiprotozoal activity of medicinal plants against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Parasitol Res 2012; 111:1771-8. [PMID: 22864919 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-3022-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Ichthyophthiriasis is a widespread disease in aquaculture and causes mass mortalities of fish. The development of new antiprotozoal agents for the treatment of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis infections is of increasing interest. The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of 30 medicinal plants against I. multifiliis. The results showed that the methanol extracts of Magnolia officinalis and Sophora alopecuroides displayed the highest antiprotozoal activity against theronts, with 4-h LC(50) values estimated to be 2.45 and 3.43 mg L(-1), respectively. Concentrations of 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0 mg L(-1) of M. officinalis extracts resulted in tomont mortality of 9.7, 43.7, 91.3, and 100% at 20 h, respectively. From 40 to 320 mg L(-1) of S. alopecuroides extracts, tomont mortality increased from 29.7 to 100%. Antiprotozoal efficacy against settled tomonts (2 and 10 h) was also applied; the results indicated that encysted I. multifiliis tomonts were less susceptible to these plant extract treatments. In vivo experiments demonstrated that high concentrations of M. officinalis and S. alopecuroides extracts could kill tomonts, and M. officinalis significantly reduced its reproduction (P < 0.05). These results suggested that the methanol extracts of M. officinalis and S. alopecuroides have the potential to be used as an eco-friendly approach for the control of I. multifiliis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Lei Yi
- College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
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29
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Ling F, Wang JG, Lu C, Wang GX, Lui YH, Gong XN. Effects of aqueous extract of Capsicum frutescens (Solanaceae) against the fish ectoparasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Parasitol Res 2012; 111:841-8. [PMID: 22526288 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-2907-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is an important fish ectoparasite that often results in significant economic losses to freshwater aquaculture. The search of alternative substances to control infections of I. multifiliis became stringent after malachite green, an effective and widely used chemotherapeutant, is banned on fish farms because of its carcinogenicity and teratogenicity. In this study, the effects of the aqueous extract of Capsicum frutescens, which is readily available and affordable, were evaluated under in vitro and in vivo conditions. The results in the in vitro conditions showed that the aqueous extracts of C. frutescens with the ratios (V (SS)/V (T)-V (SS), the volume of stock solution; V (T), the volume of total solution) of 1:32 and 1:64 led to more than 70 % mortality of I. multifiliis theronts during 4 h of exposure and significantly reduced the survival of the tomonts and the total number of theronts released by the tomonts within 22 h (P < 0.05). A 96-h bioassay was carried out to determine the acute toxicity of the aqueous extract of C. frutescens to goldfish. No visible effect was observed in the treatments with the aqueous extracts of C. frutescens with the ratios (V (SS)/V (T)) of 1:32, 1:64 and 1:128, while in the other treatments, the erratic behaviour of fish was noted. In addition, in vitro tests demonstrated that the aqueous extract of C. frutescens had an adverse effect on I. multifiliis trophonts in situ. Fish treated with the aqueous extracts of C. frutescens in ratios V (SS)/V (T) of 1:32 and 1:64 carried significantly fewer parasites than the control and the other treatments (P < 0.05). These results suggest, therefore, that aqueous extracts of C. frutescens have potential for the control of ichthyophthiriasis in the aquaculture industry, though further phytochemical studies will need to be performed for isolation and identification of the active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ling
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, People's Republic of China.
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30
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Yao JY, Zhou ZM, Li XL, Yin WL, Ru HS, Pan XY, Hao GJ, Xu Y, Shen JY. Antiparasitic efficacy of dihydrosanguinarine and dihydrochelerythrine from Macleaya microcarpa against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in richadsin (Squaliobarbus curriculus). Vet Parasitol 2011; 183:8-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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An assessment of the use of drug and non-drug interventions in the treatment ofIchthyophthirius multifiliisFouquet, 1876, a protozoan parasite of freshwater fish. Parasitology 2011; 139:149-90. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182011001867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYInfection by the ciliate protozoanIchthyophthirius multifiliisFouquet, 1876 causes significant economic losses in freshwater aquaculture worldwide. Following the ban on the use of malachite green for treating food fish, there has been extensive research aimed at identifying suitable replacements. In this paper we critically assess drug and non-drug interventions, which have been tested for use or have been employed against this parasite and evaluate possibilities for their application in farm systems. Current treatments include the administration of formaldehyde, sodium chloride (salt), copper sulphate and potassium permanganate. However, purportedly more environmentally friendly drugs such as humic acid, potassium ferrate (VI), bronopol and the peracetic acid-based products have recently been tested and represent promising alternatives. Further investigation, is required to optimize the treatments and to establish precise protocols in order to minimize the quantity of drug employed whilst ensuring the most efficacious performance. At the same time, there needs to be a greater emphasis placed on the non-drug aspects of management strategies, including the use of non-chemical interventions focusing on the removal of free-swimming stages and tomocysts ofI. multifiliisfrom farm culture systems. Use of such strategies provides the hope of more environmentally friendly alternatives for the control ofI. multifiliisinfections.
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Shinn AP, Picón-Camacho SM, Bron JE, Conway D, Yoon GH, Guo FC, Taylor NGH. The anti-protozoal activity of bronopol on the key life-stages of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouquet, 1876 (Ciliophora). Vet Parasitol 2011; 186:229-36. [PMID: 22153260 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Pyceze™ (Novartis Animal Vaccines Ltd.) is licensed as a veterinary medicine to treat fungal infections in salmon, trout and their eggs. The active ingredient is bronopol, which due to its broad-spectrum activity has the potential to be an effective treatment against other important aquatic pathogens. In this study the efficacy of bronopol against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis was tested both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro trials demonstrated a 30 min exposure to 100 mg L(-1) bronopol killed 51.7% of the infective theronts. In vitro exposure of the protomonts to bronopol (0, 20, 50 and 100 mg L(-1)) for 30 min was observed to kill 0%, 76.2%, 97.2% and 100% respectively. Protomonts surviving treatment, demonstrated delayed development with the time taken from protomont until the release of theronts ranging from 28.3h for 0 mg L(-1) exposure, to 70 h for parasites in 20 and 50 mg L(-1) exposure groups. These concentrations also caused asymmetric cell division of the encysted tomonts. Exposure of encysted tomonts (min. 8 cell stage) to 100 mg L(-1) bronopol for 30 min, killed 50% within this period, with the remainder dying within the subsequent 42 h post exposure. Lower doses of bronopol were less effective in killing encysted tomonts than the higher doses (3.3% of parasites were killed in 20 mg L(-1); 10% in 50 mg L(-1)), but they still delayed theront release significantly (25.7 h for 0 mg L(-1) to 46.2h for parasites exposed to 20-50 mg L(-1)). Long, low dose (1 mg L(-1)) exposure to bronopol was also efficacious against theronts. Survival after 12h was 29% (c.f. 100% in control parasites), and <1% after 24 h exposure (c.f. 74% in control parasites). Theronts surviving these exposures demonstrated reduced infection success compared to control theronts. The findings of this study demonstrate that bronopol (Pyceze™) affects the survival of all free-living stages of I. multifiliis (protomonts, tomont and theronts), thus suggesting that bronopol may serve a useful role in the control of I. multifiliis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Shinn
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK.
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Kumar S, Raman RP, Kumar K, Pandey PK, Kumar N, Mohanty S, Kumar A. In vitro and in vivo antiparasitic activity of Azadirachtin against Argulus spp. in Carassius auratus (Linn. 1758). Parasitol Res 2011; 110:1795-800. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2701-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Bioactivity of Carica papaya (Caricaceae) against Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Molecules 2011; 16:7502-9. [PMID: 21892128 PMCID: PMC6264221 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16097502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 08/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The composition of a chloroform seed extract of C. papaya was determined by GC-MS. Nineteen compounds were identified, with oleic (45.97%), palmitic (24.1%) and stearic (8.52%) acids being the main components. The insecticidal and insectistatic activities of the extract and the three main constituents were tested. Larval duration increased by 3.4 d and 2.5 d when the extract was used at 16,000 and 9,600 ppm, respectively, whereas the pupal period increased by 2.2 d and 1.1 d at the same concentrations. Larval viability values were 0%, 29.2%, and 50% when the extract was applied at 24,000, 16,000, and 9,600 ppm, respectively; pupal viability was 42.9% and 66.7% at 16,000 and 9,600 ppm; and pupal weight decreased by 25.4% and 11.5% at 16,000 and 9,600 ppm. The larval viability of the main compounds was 33.3%, 48.5%, and 62.5% when exposed to 1,600 ppm of palmitic acid, oleic acid, or stearic acid, respectively.
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In vitro assessment of the chemotherapeutic action of a specific hydrogen peroxide, peracetic, acetic, and peroctanoic acid-based formulation against the free-living stages of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ciliophora). Parasitol Res 2011; 110:1029-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2575-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Schumacher IV, Wedekind H, El-Matbouli M. Efficacy of quinine against ichthyophthiriasis in common carp Cyprinus carpio. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2011; 95:217-224. [PMID: 21932533 DOI: 10.3354/dao02360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ichthyophthiriasis, caused by Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, is an economically important worldwide parasitic disease that infects all freshwater fish. Since the banning of malachite green for use in food fish, there has been a great need for alternative therapeutants. The goal of this study was to investigate the efficacy of quinine against I. multifiliis. Parasite developmental stages from our laboratory-established life cycle in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were exposed to quinine in vitro, and a dual fluorescent staining technique was used to allow a clear distinction between viable and damaged parasites. Furthermore, the effect of quinine was assessed in vivo by oral administration and intraperitoneal injections in common carp Cyprinus carpio. The results of the in vitro experiments proved quinine to be effective against the parasite. Quinine injected at a dosage of 60 mg kg(-1) body weight resulted in a significantly lower number of trophonts. In contrast, in-feed trials did not show a significant reduction of trophonts after treatment commencing 1 d after infection with concentrations of up to 20 g quinine kg(-1) feed for 3 d. After a 14-d treatment at concentrations of up to 10 g quinine kg(-1) feed prior to theront exposure, there was also no significant difference in parasite numbers between treated and control groups. The results of oral versus parenteral application of quinine indicate that the substance is not completely absorbed from the intestinal tract of common carp. However, medicated feed containing higher concentrations of quinine was less readily accepted by the fish, presumably due to the bitter taste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilka V Schumacher
- Bavarian State Research Centre for Agriculture, Institute for Fisheries, 82319 Starnberg, Germany
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Bala V, Debnath A, Shill A, Bose U. Anti-Inflammatory, Diuretic and Antibacterial Activities of Aerial Parts of Mucuna pruriens Linn. INT J PHARMACOL 2011. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2011.498.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Ling F, Wang JG, Wang GX, Gong XN. Effect of potassium ferrate(VI) on survival and reproduction of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis tomonts. Parasitol Res 2011; 109:1423-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2389-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Picón-Camacho SM, Ruiz de Ybáñez MR, Holzer AS, Arizcun Arizcun M, Muñoz P. In vitro treatments for the theront stage of the ciliate protozoan Cryptocaryon irritans. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2011; 94:167-172. [PMID: 21648246 DOI: 10.3354/dao02315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The ciliate protozoan Cryptocaryon irritans Brown, 1951, the 'marine white spot', causes one of the most important parasitic fish diseases, with extensive losses every year in mariculture and in the ornamental fish industry. In the present study, we explore the in vitro use of 8 different compounds against the theront (infective) stage of C. irritans; these compounds include extracts of natural products (epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), L-DOPA, papain), peracetic acid-based compounds (Proxitane 5:23 and 15% peracetic acid, PAA), quinine-based compounds (quinacrine hydrochloride and chloroquine diphosphate) and hydrogen peroxide. All of these compounds had an effect on theront survival; however, only EGCG caused significant theront mortality when applied in doses > or =50 mg l(-1) and over a period of 3 h; papain caused a maximum theront mortality of <50%. We discuss the type of application and potential utility of the compounds tested as part of a management control strategy for C. irritans infections in marine aquaculture and the ornamental fish industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Picón-Camacho
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
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In vivo evaluation of anthelmintic potential of medicinal plant extracts against Dactylogyrus intermedius (Monogenea) in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Parasitol Res 2010; 108:1557-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-2211-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Wang KY, Yao L, Du YH, Xie JB, Huang JL, Yin ZQ. Anthelmintic activity of the crude extracts, fractions, and osthole from Radix angelicae pubescentis against Dactylogyrus intermedius in goldfish (Carassius auratus) in vivo. Parasitol Res 2010; 108:195-200. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-2058-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Effect of sanguinarine from the leaves of Macleaya cordata against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Parasitol Res 2010; 107:1035-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-1966-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Harikrishnan R, Balasundaram C, Heo MS. Scuticociliatosis and its recent prophylactic measures in aquaculture with special reference to South Korea Taxonomy, diversity and diagnosis of scuticociliatosis: Part I Control strategies of scuticociliatosis: Part II. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 29:15-31. [PMID: 20211263 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2010.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Revised: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Scuticociliatosis caused by about 20 species belonging to the Phylum Ciliophora has been recognized as an emerging problem inflicting significant economic loss in aquaculture industry in the world. Among these Philasterides dicentrarchi, Miamiensis avidus, and Uronema marinum are the three species responsible for scuticociliatosis in olive flounder farms of South Korea. Some of the parasites living or scavenger ciliates also have become parasites of aquaculture fish. The major clinico-pathological manifestations of scuticociliatosis infected fishes are anemia, weight loss, dark coloration, enteritis, excessive body mucus, yellowish intestinal mucus, loss of scales, hemorrhagic and/or bleached spots on the skin, and dermal necrotic lesions that finally destroy tissues lead to high mortalities. Affected fish exhibit organ-specific pathological changes in the brain, eyes, muscle, gills, liver, kidney, intestine, and stomach that lead to severe mortality. At present, farmers in South Korea manage scuticociliatosis by using therapeutic measures, such as application of antibiotics like oxytetracycline, gentamycine, tetracycline, amoxycililin, and cefazolin and chemicals, such as formalin, hydrogen peroxide, malachite green, and jenoclean at a concentration of 350 +/- 150 ppm. However till date, no systematic scientific study has been conducted under field condition on the efficacy of these management measures. Under laboratory condition the ciliate can be effectively controlled with the antibiotics and chemicals while on the host, but on entering the host no systemic chemotherapeutic treatment has been yet proven effective. Furthermore the indiscriminate uses of harmful chemicals in aquaculture are increasingly becoming a cause of concern. Recently formalin and malachite green, the most widely used chemicals have been banned in food fish production by FDA as not consumer friendly and being carcinogenic respectively. Vaccines and immunostimulants can induce good immune response and protect against scuticociliatosis as it has been proved in the case of freshwater Ich. Now a days a number of probiotics and herbal formulations are in use against freshwater bacterial and fungal diseases, while, little information is available regarding the different prophylactic measures against marine scuticociliatosis. This review attempts to provide information on the various prophylaxic measures practiced against scuticociliatosis with special reference to olive flounder farms in South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramasamy Harikrishnan
- Marine Applied Microbes & Aquatic Organism Disease Control Lab, Department of Aquatic Biomedical Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, College of Ocean Science & Marine and Environmental Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea.
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Wang G, Zhou Z, Cheng C, Yao J, Yang Z. Osthol and isopimpinellin from Fructus cnidii for the control of Dactylogyrus intermedius in Carassius auratus. Vet Parasitol 2008; 158:144-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Revised: 07/12/2008] [Accepted: 07/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pieters N, Brunt J, Austin B, Lyndon A. Efficacy of in-feed probiotics againstAeromonas bestiarumandIchthyophthirius multifiliisskin infections in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum). J Appl Microbiol 2008; 105:723-32. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03817.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Jaiswal P, Singh D. Molluscicidal activity of Carica papaya and Areca catechu against the freshwater snail Lymnaea acuminata. Vet Parasitol 2008; 152:264-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2007] [Revised: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Calzada F, Yépez-Mulia L, Aguilar A. In vitro susceptibility of Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia to plants used in Mexican traditional medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2006; 108:367-70. [PMID: 16846708 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2006] [Revised: 05/17/2006] [Accepted: 05/20/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In our search for new antiprotozoal chemotherapy, we collected a selection of 26 plants used in Mexican traditional medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. Methanolic extracts of these species were screened for their antiprotozoal activity against Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia trophozoites using in vitro tests. Among the tested extracts, the derivates of following species showed selectivity and significant antiprotozoal activity: Chiranthodendron pentadactylon, Annona cherimola and Punica granatum were the most active on Entamoeba histolytica with IC50 < 30 microg/ml. Dorstenia contrajerva, Senna villosa and Ruta chalepensis were the most active toward Giardia lamblia with IC50 < 38 microg/ml. The potency of Chiranthodendron pentadactylon (IC50 2.5 microg/ml) on Entamoeba histolytica was close that of to emetine, but far less than metronidazole, drugs used as control. The results of the antiprotozoal screening support the popular uses of the studied species for the treatment of diarrhoea and dysentery in Mexican traditional medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Calzada
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Farmacología de Productos Naturales, Hospital de Pediatría, 2 Piso, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Av. Cuauhtemoc 330, Col. Doctores, CP 06725, México, DF, Mexico.
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