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Tafere Abrha G, Li Q, Kuang X, Xiao D, Ayepa E, Wu J, Chen H, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Yu X, Xiang Q, Ma M. Phenotypic and comparative transcriptomics analysis of RDS1 overexpression reveal tolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to furfural. J Biosci Bioeng 2023; 136:270-277. [PMID: 37544800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2023.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae able to tolerate lignocellulose-derived inhibitors like furfural. Yeast strain performance tolerance has been measured by the length of the lag phase for cell growth in response to the furfural inhibitor challenge. The aims of this work were to obtain RDS1 yeast tolerant strain against furfural through overexpression using a method of in vivo homologous recombination. Here, we report that the overexpressing RDS1 recovered more rapidly and displayed a lag phase at about 12 h than its parental strain. Overexpressing RDS1 strain encodes a novel aldehyde reductase with catalytic function for reduction of furfural with NAD(P)H as the co-factor. It displayed the highest specific activity (24.8 U/mg) for furfural reduction using NADH as a cofactor. Fluorescence microscopy revealed improved accumulation of reactive oxygen species resistance to the damaging effects of inhibitor in contrast to the parental. Comparative transcriptomics revealed key genes potentially associated with stress responses to the furfural inhibitor, including specific and multiple functions involving defensive reduction-oxidation reaction process and cell wall response. A significant change in expression level of log2 (fold change >1) was displayed for RDS1 gene in the recombinant strain, which demonstrated that the introduction of RDS1 overexpression promoted the expression level. Such signature expressions differentiated tolerance phenotypes of RDS1 from the innate stress response of its parental strain. Overexpression of the RDS1 gene involving diversified functional categories is accountable for stress tolerance in yeast S. cerevisiae to survive and adapt the furfural during the lag phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getachew Tafere Abrha
- Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Xiaolin Kuang
- Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Difan Xiao
- Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Ellen Ayepa
- Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Jinjian Wu
- Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Zhengyue Zhang
- Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Yina Liu
- Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Xiumei Yu
- Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Quanju Xiang
- Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Menggen Ma
- Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Institute of Resources and Geographic Information Technology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China.
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Abrha GT, Li Q, Kuang X, Xiao D, Ayepa E, Wu J, Chen H, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Yu X, Xiang Q, Ma M. Contribution of YPRO15C Overexpression to the Resistance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4742 Strain to Furfural Inhibitor. Pol J Microbiol 2023; 72:177-186. [PMID: 37314359 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2023-019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is still considered a feasible source of bioethanol production. Saccharomyces cerevisiae can adapt to detoxify lignocellulose-derived inhibitors, including furfural. Tolerance of strain performance has been measured by the extent of the lag phase for cell proliferation following the furfural inhibitor challenge. The purpose of this work was to obtain a tolerant yeast strain against furfural through overexpression of YPR015C using the in vivo homologous recombination method. The physiological observation of the overexpressing yeast strain showed that it was more resistant to furfural than its parental strain. Fluorescence microscopy revealed improved enzyme reductase activity and accumulation of oxygen reactive species due to the harmful effects of furfural inhibitor in contrast to its parental strain. Comparative transcriptomic analysis revealed 79 genes potentially involved in amino acid biosynthesis, oxidative stress, cell wall response, heat shock protein, and mitochondrial-associated protein for the YPR015C overexpressing strain associated with stress responses to furfural at the late stage of lag phase growth. Both up- and down-regulated genes involved in diversified functional categories were accountable for tolerance in yeast to survive and adapt to the furfural stress in a time course study during the lag phase growth. This study enlarges our perceptions comprehensively about the physiological and molecular mechanisms implicated in the YPR015C overexpressing strain's tolerance under furfural stress. Construction illustration of the recombinant plasmid. a) pUG6-TEF1p-YPR015C, b) integration diagram of the recombinant plasmid pUG6-TEF1p-YPR into the chromosomal DNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getachew Tafere Abrha
- 1Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China
- 3Department of Biotechnology, College of Dry Land Agriculture and Natural Resources, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Qian Li
- 1Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaolin Kuang
- 1Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China
| | - Difan Xiao
- 1Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China
| | - Ellen Ayepa
- 1Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinjian Wu
- 1Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China
| | - Huan Chen
- 1Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhengyue Zhang
- 1Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China
| | - Yina Liu
- 1Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiumei Yu
- 1Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China
| | - Quanju Xiang
- 1Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China
| | - Menggen Ma
- 1Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China
- 2Institute of Natural Resources and Geographic Information Technology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China
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Ibe C, Munro CA. Fungal Cell Wall Proteins and Signaling Pathways Form a Cytoprotective Network to Combat Stresses. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7090739. [PMID: 34575777 PMCID: PMC8466366 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida species are part of the normal flora of humans, but once the immune system of the host is impaired and they escape from commensal niches, they shift from commensal to pathogen causing candidiasis. Candida albicans remains the primary cause of candidiasis, accounting for about 60% of the global candidiasis burden. The cell wall of C. albicans and related fungal pathogens forms the interface with the host, gives fungal cells their shape, and also provides protection against stresses. The cell wall is a dynamic organelle with great adaptive flexibility that allows remodeling, morphogenesis, and changes in its components in response to the environment. It is mainly composed of the inner polysaccharide rich layer (chitin, and β-glucan) and the outer protein coat (mannoproteins). The highly glycosylated protein coat mediates interactions between C. albicans cells and their environment, including reprograming of wall architecture in response to several conditions, such as carbon source, pH, high temperature, and morphogenesis. The mannoproteins are also associated with C. albicans adherence, drug resistance, and virulence. Vitally, the mannoproteins contribute to cell wall construction and especially cell wall remodeling when cells encounter physical and chemical stresses. This review describes the interconnected cell wall integrity (CWI) and stress-activated pathways (e.g., Hog1, Cek1, and Mkc1 mediated pathways) that regulates cell wall remodeling and the expression of some of the mannoproteins in C. albicans and other species. The mannoproteins of the surface coat is of great importance to pathogen survival, growth, and virulence, thus understanding their structure and function as well as regulatory mechanisms can pave the way for better management of candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chibuike Ibe
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Abia State University, Uturu 441107, Nigeria
- Correspondence:
| | - Carol A. Munro
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK;
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Behnami S, Bonetta D. With an Ear Up against the Wall: An Update on Mechanoperception in Arabidopsis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1587. [PMID: 34451632 PMCID: PMC8398075 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cells interpret mechanical signals and adjust their physiology or development appropriately. In plants, the interface with the outside world is the cell wall, a structure that forms a continuum with the plasma membrane and the cytoskeleton. Mechanical stress from cell wall damage or deformation is interpreted to elicit compensatory responses, hormone signalling, or immune responses. Our understanding of how this is achieved is still evolving; however, we can refer to examples from animals and yeast where more of the details have been worked out. Here, we provide an update on this changing story with a focus on candidate mechanosensitive channels and plasma membrane-localized receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dario Bonetta
- Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech University, 2000 Simcoe St N, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada;
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Jung KW, Jung JH, Park HY. Functional Roles of Homologous Recombination and Non-Homologous End Joining in DNA Damage Response and Microevolution in Cryptococcus neoformans. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7070566. [PMID: 34356945 PMCID: PMC8307084 DOI: 10.3390/jof7070566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are the most deleterious type of DNA lesions because they cause loss of genetic information if not properly repaired. In eukaryotes, homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) are required for DSB repair. However, the relationship of HR and NHEJ in DNA damage stress is unknown in the radiation-resistant fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. In this study, we found that the expression levels of HR- and NHEJ-related genes were highly induced in a Rad53-Bdr1 pathway-dependent manner under genotoxic stress. Deletion of RAD51, which is one of the main components in the HR, resulted in growth under diverse types of DNA damage stress, whereas perturbations of KU70 and KU80, which belong to the NHEJ system, did not affect the genotoxic stresses except when bleomycin was used for treatment. Furthermore, deletion of both RAD51 and KU70/80 renders cells susceptible to oxidative stress. Notably, we found that deletion of RAD51 induced a hypermutator phenotype in the fluctuation assay. In contrast to the fluctuation assay, perturbation of KU70 or KU80 induced rapid microevolution similar to that induced by the deletion of RAD51. Collectively, Rad51-mediated HR and Ku70/Ku80-mediated NHEJ regulate the DNA damage response and maintain genome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Woo Jung
- Radiation Research Division, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup-Si 56212, Jeollabuk-Do, Korea; (J.-H.J.); (H.-Y.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-63-570-3337
| | - Jong-Hyun Jung
- Radiation Research Division, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup-Si 56212, Jeollabuk-Do, Korea; (J.-H.J.); (H.-Y.P.)
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Ha-Young Park
- Radiation Research Division, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup-Si 56212, Jeollabuk-Do, Korea; (J.-H.J.); (H.-Y.P.)
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Huismann M, Gormley F, Dzait D, Speers RA, L. Maskell D. Unfilterable Beer Haze Part I: The Investigation of an India Pale Ale Haze. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/03610470.2021.1937460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Huismann
- International Centre for Brewing and Distilling, School of Engineering & Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | | | | | - R. Alex Speers
- International Centre for Brewing and Distilling, School of Engineering & Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Canadian Institute of Fermentation Technology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Dawn L. Maskell
- International Centre for Brewing and Distilling, School of Engineering & Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland
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Huismann M, Gormley F, Dzait D, Willoughby N, Stewart K, Speers RA, Maskell DL. Unfilterable Beer Haze Part II: Identifying Suspect Cell Wall Proteins. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/03610470.2021.1937461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Huismann
- International Centre for Brewing and Distilling, School of Engineering & Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | | | | | - Nik Willoughby
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Kelly Stewart
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - R. Alex Speers
- International Centre for Brewing and Distilling, School of Engineering & Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Canadian Institute of Fermentation Technology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Dawn L. Maskell
- International Centre for Brewing and Distilling, School of Engineering & Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland
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Queiroz MG, Elsztein C, Strahl S, de Morais Junior MA. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ncw2 protein works on the chitin/β-glucan organisation of the cell wall. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2021; 114:1141-1153. [PMID: 33945065 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-021-01584-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The NCW2 gene was recently described as encoding a GPI-bounded protein that assists in the re-modelling of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall (CW) and in the repair of damage caused by the polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) polymer to the cell wall. Its absence produces a re-organization of the CW structure that result in resistance to lysis by glucanase. Hence, the present study aimed to extend the analysis of the Ncw2 protein (Ncw2p) to determine its physiological role in the yeast cell surface. The results showed that Ncw2p is transported to the cell surface upon O-mannosylation mediated by the Pmt1p-Pmt2p enzyme complex. It co-localises with the yeast bud scars, a region in cell surface formed by chitin deposition. Once there, Ncw2p enables correct chitin/β-glucan structuring during the exponential growth. The increase in molecular mass by hyper-mannosylation coincides with the increasing in chitin deposition, and leads to glucanase resistance. Treatment of the yeast cells with PHMB produced the same biological effects observed for the passage from exponential to stationary growth phase. This might be a possible mechanism of yeast protection against cationic biocides. In conclusion, we propose that Ncw2p takes part in the mechanism involved in the control of cell surface rigidity by aiding on the linkage between chitin and glucan layers in the modelling of the cell wall during cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maise Gomes Queiroz
- Laboratory of Microbial Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Carolina Elsztein
- Laboratory of Microbial Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Sabine Strahl
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcos Antonio de Morais Junior
- Laboratory of Microbial Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil. .,Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50.670-901, Brasil.
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Atanasova L, Moreno-Ruiz D, Grünwald-Gruber C, Hell V, Zeilinger S. The GPI-Anchored GH76 Protein Dfg5 Affects Hyphal Morphology and Osmoregulation in the Mycoparasite Trichoderma atroviride and Is Interconnected With MAPK Signaling. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:601113. [PMID: 33643233 PMCID: PMC7902864 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.601113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal cell wall is composed of a cross-linked matrix of chitin, glucans, mannans, galactomannans, and cell wall proteins with mannan chains. Cell wall mannans are directly attached to the cell wall core, while the majority of mannoproteins is produced with a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor and then transferred to β-1,6-glucan in the cell wall. In this study, we functionally characterized the transmembrane protein Dfg5 of the glycoside hydrolase family 76 (GH76) in the fungal mycoparasite Trichoderma atroviride, whose ortholog has recently been proposed to cross-link glycoproteins into the cell wall of yeast and fungi. We show that the T. atroviride Dfg5 candidate is a GPI-anchored, transmembrane, 6-hairpin member of the GH76 Dfg5 subfamily that plays an important role in hyphal morphology in this mycoparasite. Alterations in the release of proteins associated with cell wall remodeling as well as a higher amount of non-covalently bonded cell surface proteins were detected in the mutants compared to the wild-type. Gene expression analysis suggests that transcript levels of genes involved in glucan synthesis, of proteases involved in mycoparasitism, and of the Tmk1 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-encoding gene are influenced by Dfg5, whereas Tmk3 governs Dfg5 transcription. We show that Dfg5 controls important physiological properties of T. atroviride, such as osmotic stress resistance, hyphal morphology, and cell wall stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Atanasova
- Department of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Clemens Grünwald-Gruber
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Core Facility Mass Spectrometry BOKU, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Viktoria Hell
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Susanne Zeilinger
- Department of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Porras-Agüera JA, Mauricio JC, Moreno-García J, Moreno J, García-Martínez T. A Differential Proteomic Approach to Characterize the Cell Wall Adaptive Response to CO 2 Overpressure during Sparkling Wine-Making Process. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1188. [PMID: 32759881 PMCID: PMC7465653 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a first proteomic approach was carried out to characterize the adaptive response of cell wall-related proteins to endogenous CO2 overpressure, which is typical of second fermentation conditions, in two wine Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains (P29, a conventional second fermentation strain, and G1, a flor yeast strain implicated in sherry wine making). The results showed a high number of cell wall proteins in flor yeast G1 under pressure, highlighting content at the first month of aging. The cell wall proteomic response to pressure in flor yeast G1 was characterized by an increase in both the number and content of cell wall proteins involved in glucan remodeling and mannoproteins. On the other hand, cell wall proteins responsible for glucan assembly, cell adhesion, and lipid metabolism stood out in P29. Over-represented proteins under pressure were involved in cell wall integrity (Ecm33p and Pst1p), protein folding (Ssa1p and Ssa2p), and glucan remodeling (Exg2p and Scw4p). Flocculation-related proteins were not identified under pressure conditions. The use of flor yeasts for sparkling wine elaboration and improvement is proposed. Further research based on the genetic engineering of wine yeast using those genes from protein biomarkers under pressure alongside the second fermentation in bottle is required to achieve improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio Porras-Agüera
- Department of Microbiology, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, C6 building, Campus de Rabanales, University of Córdoba, E-14014 Córdoba, Spain; (J.A.P.-A.); (J.M.-G.); (T.G.-M.)
| | - Juan Carlos Mauricio
- Department of Microbiology, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, C6 building, Campus de Rabanales, University of Córdoba, E-14014 Córdoba, Spain; (J.A.P.-A.); (J.M.-G.); (T.G.-M.)
| | - Jaime Moreno-García
- Department of Microbiology, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, C6 building, Campus de Rabanales, University of Córdoba, E-14014 Córdoba, Spain; (J.A.P.-A.); (J.M.-G.); (T.G.-M.)
| | - Juan Moreno
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, C3 building, Campus de Rabanales, University of Córdoba, E-14014 Córdoba, Spain;
| | - Teresa García-Martínez
- Department of Microbiology, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, C6 building, Campus de Rabanales, University of Córdoba, E-14014 Córdoba, Spain; (J.A.P.-A.); (J.M.-G.); (T.G.-M.)
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11
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Queiroz MG, Elsztein C, de Morais MA. The effects of the Ncw2 protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the positioning of chitin in response to cell wall damage. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2019; 113:265-277. [PMID: 31598818 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-019-01335-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The recently described NCW2 gene encodes a protein that is assumed to be located in the cell wall (CW). This protein was proposed to participate in the repair of CW damages induced by polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB). However, much of the information on the biological function(s) of Ncw2p still remains unclear. In view of this, this study seeks to extend the analysis of this gene in light of the way its protein functions in the Cell Wall Integrity (CWI) mechanism. Deletion of the NCW2 gene led to constitutive overexpression of some key CWI genes and increased chitin deposition in the walls of cells exposed to PHMB. This means the lack of Ncw2p might activate a compensatory mechanism that upregulates glucan CWI genes for cell protection by stiffening the CW. This condition seems to alleviate the response through the HOG pathway and makes cells sensitive to osmotic stress. However, Ncw2p may not have been directly involved in tolerance to osmotic stress itself. The results obtained definitely place the NCW2 gene in the list of CWI genes of S. cerevisiae and indicate that its protein has an auxiliary function in the maintenance of the glucan/chitin balance and ensuring the correct structure of the yeast cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maíse Gomes Queiroz
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Moraes Rego, 1235. Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50.670-901, Brasil
| | - Carolina Elsztein
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Moraes Rego, 1235. Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50.670-901, Brasil
| | - Marcos Antonio de Morais
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Moraes Rego, 1235. Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50.670-901, Brasil.
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12
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Huang C, Zhao F, Lin Y, Zheng S, Liang S, Han S. RNA-Seq analysis of global transcriptomic changes suggests a roles for the MAPK pathway and carbon metabolism in cell wall maintenance in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae FKS1 mutant. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 500:603-608. [PMID: 29665361 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.04.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
FKS1 encodes a β-1,3-glucan synthase, which is a key player in cell wall assembly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here we analyzed the global transcriptomic changes in the FKS1 mutant to establish a correlation between the changes in the cell wall of the FKS1 mutant and the molecular mechanism of cell wall maintenance. These transcriptomic profiles showed that there are 1151 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the FKS1 mutant. Through KEGG pathway analysis of the DEGs, the MAPK pathway and seven pathways involved in carbon metabolism were significantly enriched. We found that the MAPK pathway is activated for FKS1 mutant survival and the synthesis of cell wall components are reinforced in the FKS1 mutant. Our results confirm that the FKS1 mutant has a β-1,3-glucan defect that affects the cell wall and partly elucidate the molecular mechanism responsible for cell wall synthesis. Our greater understanding of these mechanisms helps to explain how the FKS1 mutant survives, has useful implications for the study of similar pathways in other fungi, and increases the theoretical foundation for the regulation of the cell wall in S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Fengguang Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ying Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Suiping Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shuli Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shuangyan Han
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Cunha JT, Costa CE, Ferraz L, Romaní A, Johansson B, Sá-Correia I, Domingues L. HAA1 and PRS3 overexpression boosts yeast tolerance towards acetic acid improving xylose or glucose consumption: unravelling the underlying mechanisms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:4589-4600. [PMID: 29607452 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8955-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Acetic acid tolerance and xylose consumption are desirable traits for yeast strains used in industrial biotechnological processes. In this work, overexpression of a weak acid stress transcriptional activator encoded by the gene HAA1 and a phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase encoded by PRS3 in a recombinant industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain containing a xylose metabolic pathway was evaluated in the presence of acetic acid in xylose- or glucose-containing media. HAA1 or PRS3 overexpression resulted in superior yeast growth and higher sugar consumption capacities in the presence of 4 g/L acetic acid, and a positive synergistic effect resulted from the simultaneous overexpression of both genes. Overexpressing these genes also improved yeast adaptation to a non-detoxified hardwood hydrolysate with a high acetic acid content. Furthermore, the overexpression of HAA1 and/or PRS3 was found to increase the robustness of yeast cell wall when challenged with acetic acid stress, suggesting the involvement of the modulation of the cell wall integrity pathway. This study clearly shows HAA1 and/or, for the first time, PRS3 overexpression to play an important role in the improvement of industrial yeast tolerance towards acetic acid. The results expand the molecular toolbox and add to the current understanding of the mechanisms involved in higher acetic acid tolerance, paving the way for the further development of more efficient industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana T Cunha
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Carlos E Costa
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Luís Ferraz
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Aloia Romaní
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Björn Johansson
- Center of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Isabel Sá-Correia
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Lucília Domingues
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
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14
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Li C, Lev S, Desmarini D, Kaufman-Francis K, Saiardi A, Silva APG, Mackay JP, Thompson PE, Sorrell TC, Djordjevic JT. IP 3-4 kinase Arg1 regulates cell wall homeostasis and surface architecture to promote clearance of Cryptococcus neoformans infection in a mouse model. Virulence 2017; 8:1833-1848. [PMID: 28976803 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1385692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously identified a series of inositol polyphosphate kinases (IPKs), Arg1, Ipk1, Kcs1 and Asp1, in the opportunistic fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. Using gene deletion analysis, we characterized Arg1, Ipk1 and Kcs1 and showed that they act sequentially to convert IP3 to PP-IP5 (IP7), a key metabolite promoting stress tolerance, metabolic adaptation and fungal dissemination to the brain. We have now directly characterized the enzymatic activity of Arg1, demonstrating that it is a dual specificity (IP3/IP4) kinase producing IP5. We showed previously that IP5 is further phosphorylated by Ipk1 to produce IP6, which is a substrate for the synthesis of PP-IP5 by Kcs1. Phenotypic comparison of the arg1Δ and kcs1Δ deletion mutants (both PP-IP5-deficient) reveals that arg1Δ has the most deleterious phenotype: while PP-IP5 is essential for metabolic and stress adaptation in both mutant strains, PP-IP5 is dispensable for virulence-associated functions such as capsule production, cell wall organization, and normal N-linked mannosylation of the virulence factor, phospholipase B1, as these phenotypes were defective only in arg1Δ. The more deleterious arg1Δ phenotype correlated with a higher rate of arg1Δ phagocytosis by human peripheral blood monocytes and rapid arg1Δ clearance from lung in a mouse model. This observation is in contrast to kcs1Δ, which we previously reported establishes a chronic, confined lung infection. In summary, we show that Arg1 is the most crucial IPK for cryptococcal virulence, conveying PP-IP5-dependent and novel PP-IP5-independent functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Li
- a Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research , 176 Hawkesbury road, Westmead NSW 2145 , Australia.,b Sydney Medical School-Westmead, The University of Sydney , Westmead NSW 2145 , Australia.,c Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney , NSW Australia
| | - Sophie Lev
- a Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research , 176 Hawkesbury road, Westmead NSW 2145 , Australia.,b Sydney Medical School-Westmead, The University of Sydney , Westmead NSW 2145 , Australia.,c Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney , NSW Australia
| | - Desmarini Desmarini
- a Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research , 176 Hawkesbury road, Westmead NSW 2145 , Australia
| | - Keren Kaufman-Francis
- a Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research , 176 Hawkesbury road, Westmead NSW 2145 , Australia.,c Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney , NSW Australia
| | - Adolfo Saiardi
- d Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London , Gower street, London WC1E 6BT , UK
| | - Ana P G Silva
- e School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney , Camperdown , NSW 2006 , Australia
| | - Joel P Mackay
- e School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney , Camperdown , NSW 2006 , Australia
| | - Philip E Thompson
- f Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Monash University , 381 Royal Parade, Parkville , VIC 3052 , Australia
| | - Tania C Sorrell
- a Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research , 176 Hawkesbury road, Westmead NSW 2145 , Australia.,b Sydney Medical School-Westmead, The University of Sydney , Westmead NSW 2145 , Australia.,c Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney , NSW Australia.,g Westmead Hospital , Westmead , NSW 2145 , Australia
| | - Julianne T Djordjevic
- a Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research , 176 Hawkesbury road, Westmead NSW 2145 , Australia.,b Sydney Medical School-Westmead, The University of Sydney , Westmead NSW 2145 , Australia.,c Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney , NSW Australia.,g Westmead Hospital , Westmead , NSW 2145 , Australia
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15
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Bereketoglu C, Arga KY, Eraslan S, Mertoglu B. Genome reprogramming in Saccharomyces cerevisiae upon nonylphenol exposure. Physiol Genomics 2017; 49:549-566. [PMID: 28887370 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00034.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioaccumulative environmental estrogen, nonylphenol (NP; 4-nonylphenol), is widely used as a nonionic surfactant and can affect human health. Since genomes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and higher eukaryotes share many structural and functional similarities, we investigated subcellular effects of NP on S. cerevisiae BY4742 cells by analyzing genome-wide transcriptional profiles. We examined effects of low (1 mg/l; <15% cell number reduction) and high (5 mg/l; >65% cell number reduction) inhibitory concentration exposures for 120 or 180 min. After 120 and 180 min of 1 mg/l NP exposure, 187 (63 downregulated, 124 upregulated) and 103 genes (56 downregulated, 47 upregulated), respectively, were differentially expressed. Similarly, 678 (168 repressed, 510 induced) and 688 genes (215 repressed, 473 induced) were differentially expressed in cells exposed to 5 mg/l NP for 120 and 180 min, respectively. Only 15 downregulated and 63 upregulated genes were common between low and high NP inhibitory concentration exposure for 120 min, whereas 16 downregulated and 31 upregulated genes were common after the 180-min exposure. Several processes/pathways were prominently affected by either low or high inhibitory concentration exposure, while certain processes were affected by both inhibitory concentrations, including ion transport, response to chemicals, transmembrane transport, cellular amino acids, and carbohydrate metabolism. While minimal expression changes were observed with low inhibitory concentration exposure, 5 mg/l NP treatment induced substantial expression changes in genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation, cell wall biogenesis, ribosomal biogenesis, and RNA processing, and encoding heat shock proteins and ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes. Collectively, these results provide considerable information on effects of NP at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceyhun Bereketoglu
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University; Goztepe, Kadikoy, Istanbul, Turkey; .,Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Gümüşhane University; Baglarbasi, Gumushane, Turkey; and
| | - Kazim Yalcin Arga
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University; Goztepe, Kadikoy, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serpil Eraslan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bulent Mertoglu
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University; Goztepe, Kadikoy, Istanbul, Turkey
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16
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NCW2, a Gene Involved in the Tolerance to Polyhexamethylene Biguanide (PHMB), May Help in the Organisation of β-1,3-Glucan Structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cell Wall. Curr Microbiol 2016; 73:341-345. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-016-1067-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Hsu PH, Chiang PC, Liu CH, Chang YW. Characterization of Cell Wall Proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Clinical Isolates Elucidates Hsp150p in Virulence. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135174. [PMID: 26270963 PMCID: PMC4535956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has recently been described as an emerging opportunistic fungal pathogen. Fungal cell wall mannoproteins have been demonstrated to be involved in adhesion to inert surfaces and might be engaged in virulence. In this study, we observed four clinical isolates of S. cerevisiae with relatively hydrophobic cell surfaces. Yeast cell wall subproteome was evaluated quantitatively by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. We identified totally 25 cell wall proteins (CWPs) from log-phase cells, within which 15 CWPs were quantified. The abundance of Scw10p, Pst1p, and Hsp150p/Pir2p were at least 2 folds higher in the clinical isolates than in S288c lab strain. Hsp150p is one of the members in Pir family conserved in pathogenic fungi Candida glabrata and Candida albicans. Overexpression of Hsp150p in lab strain increased cell wall integrity and potentially enhanced the virulence of yeast. Altogether, these results demonstrated that quantitative cell wall subproteome was analyzed in clinical isolates of S. cerevisiae, and several CWPs, especially Hsp150p, were found to be expressed at higher levels which presumably contribute to strain virulence and fungal pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pang-Hung Hsu
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YC); (PH)
| | - Pei-Chi Chiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsun Liu
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Wen Chang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YC); (PH)
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18
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Ma J, Du G, Li X, Zhang C, Guo J. A major locus controlling malondialdehyde content under water stress is associated with Fusarium crown rot resistance in wheat. Mol Genet Genomics 2015; 290:1955-62. [PMID: 25939503 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-015-1053-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a naturally occurring product of lipid peroxidation and the level of MDA in plant is often used as a parameter to evaluate the damage to plants' cells due to stress. Plant with lower amounts of MDA under drought conditions is generally considered as more tolerant to drought. In this study, a population of recombinant inbred lines was used to map the quantitative trait locus (QTLs) that controlled MDA content under well-watered condition (WW) and water deficit (WD) condition. A major QTL, designated as Qheb.mda-3B, was detected on the long arm of chromosome 3B. Based on interval mapping analysis, Qheb.mda-3B explained 31.5 and 39.0 % of the phenotypic variance under WW and WD conditions, respectively. Qheb.mda-3B was located in the same interval as a previously identified QTL (Qcrs.cpi-3B) that controlled resistance to Fusarium crown rot (FCR), a fungal disease caused by Fusarium species. Three pairs of near-isogenic lines (NILs) previously developed for Qcrs.cpi-3B were found to show significant differences in MDA content under WD condition. These results suggested that same set of genes is likely to be involved in drought tolerance and FCR resistance in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.,CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, 306 Carmody Road, Brisbane, QLD, 4067, Australia
| | - Guangyue Du
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Agricultural University of Hebei, 071001, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Xihuan Li
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Agricultural University of Hebei, 071001, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Caiying Zhang
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Agricultural University of Hebei, 071001, Baoding, Hebei, China.
| | - Jinkao Guo
- Shijiazhuang Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 479 Shengli North Avenue, 050021, Shijiazhuang, China.
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19
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Kim SK, Jin YS, Choi IG, Park YC, Seo JH. Enhanced tolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to multiple lignocellulose-derived inhibitors through modulation of spermidine contents. Metab Eng 2015; 29:46-55. [PMID: 25724339 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Fermentation inhibitors present in lignocellulose hydrolysates are inevitable obstacles for achieving economic production of biofuels and biochemicals by industrial microorganisms. Here we show that spermidine (SPD) functions as a chemical elicitor for enhanced tolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae against major fermentation inhibitors. In addition, the feasibility of constructing an engineered S. cerevisiae strain capable of tolerating toxic levels of the major inhibitors without exogenous addition of SPD was explored. Specifically, we altered expression levels of the genes in the SPD biosynthetic pathway. Also, OAZ1 coding for ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) antizyme and TPO1 coding for the polyamine transport protein were disrupted to increase intracellular SPD levels through alleviation of feedback inhibition on ODC and prevention of SPD excretion, respectively. Especially, the strain with combination of OAZ1 and TPO1 double disruption and overexpression of SPE3 not only contained spermidine content of 1.1mg SPD/g cell, which was 171% higher than that of the control strain, but also exhibited 60% and 33% shorter lag-phase period than that of the control strain under the medium containing furan derivatives and acetic acid, respectively. While we observed a positive correlation between intracellular SPD contents and tolerance phenotypes among the engineered strains accumulating different amounts of intracellular SPD, too much SPD accumulation is likely to cause metabolic burden. Therefore, genetic perturbations for intracellular SPD levels should be optimized in terms of metabolic burden and SPD contents to construct inhibitor tolerant yeast strains. We also found that the genes involved in purine biosynthesis and cell wall and chromatin stability were related to the enhanced tolerance phenotypes to furfural. The robust strains constructed in this study can be applied for producing chemicals and advanced biofuels from cellulosic hydrolysates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Ki Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Su Jin
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - In-Geol Choi
- College of Life sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Cheol Park
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence, Kookmin University, Seoul 136-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Seo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Bühligen F, Lindner P, Fetzer I, Stahl F, Scheper T, Harms H, Müller S. Analysis of aging in lager brewing yeast during serial repitching. J Biotechnol 2014; 187:60-70. [PMID: 25026460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Serial repitching of brewing yeast inoculates is an important economic factor in the brewing industry, as their propagation is time and resource intensive. Here, we investigated whether replicative aging and/or the population distribution status changed during serial repitching in three different breweries with the same brewing yeast strain but different abiotic backgrounds and repitching regimes with varying numbers of reuses. Next to bud scar numbers the DNA content of the Saccharomyces pastorianus HEBRU cells was analyzed. Gene expression patterns were investigated using low-density microarrays with genes for aging, stress, storage compound metabolism and cell cycle. Two breweries showed a stable rejuvenation rate during serial repitching. In a third brewery the fraction of virgin cells varied, which could be explained with differing wort aeration rates. Furthermore, the number of bud scars per cell and cell size correlated in all 3 breweries throughout all runs. Transcriptome analyses revealed that from the 6th run on, mainly for the cells positive gene expression could be seen, for example up-regulation of trehalose and glycogen metabolism genes. Additionally, the cells' settling in the cone was dependent on cell size, with the lowest and the uppermost cone layers showing the highest amount of dead cells. In general, cells do not progressively age during extended serial repitching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Bühligen
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Microbiology, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick Lindner
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Technical Chemistry, Callinstraße 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ingo Fetzer
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Microbiology, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Stockholm University, Stockholm Resilience Center, Kräftriket 2B, 11419 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Frank Stahl
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Technical Chemistry, Callinstraße 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Scheper
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Technical Chemistry, Callinstraße 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Hauke Harms
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Microbiology, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susann Müller
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Microbiology, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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21
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Hu Z, Chen K, Xia Z, Chavez M, Pal S, Seol JH, Chen CC, Li W, Tyler JK. Nucleosome loss leads to global transcriptional up-regulation and genomic instability during yeast aging. Genes Dev 2014; 28:396-408. [PMID: 24532716 PMCID: PMC3937517 DOI: 10.1101/gad.233221.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
All eukaryotic cells divide a finite number of times, yet the mechanistic basis of replicative aging remains unclear. Here, Tyler and colleagues investigate the effects of aging on chromatin structure and DNA instability in budding yeast. The use of spike-in controls reveals a global reduction in nucleosome occupancy during aging. Histone loss during aging leads to transcriptional induction of all yeast genes. Furthermore, the authors demonstrate elevated levels of DNA damage, retrotransposition, large-scale chromosome rearrangement, and translocation during aging. All eukaryotic cells divide a finite number of times, although the mechanistic basis of this replicative aging remains unclear. Replicative aging is accompanied by a reduction in histone protein levels, and this is a cause of aging in budding yeast. Here we show that nucleosome occupancy decreased by 50% across the whole genome during replicative aging using spike-in controlled micrococcal nuclease digestion followed by sequencing. Furthermore, nucleosomes became less well positioned or moved to sequences predicted to better accommodate histone octamers. The loss of histones during aging led to transcriptional induction of all yeast genes. Genes that are normally repressed by promoter nucleosomes were most induced, accompanied by preferential nucleosome loss from their promoters. We also found elevated levels of DNA strand breaks, mitochondrial DNA transfer to the nuclear genome, large-scale chromosomal alterations, translocations, and retrotransposition during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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22
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Patil VA, Greenberg ML. Cardiolipin-mediated cellular signaling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 991:195-213. [PMID: 23775697 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6331-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on recent studies showing that cardiolipin (CL), a unique mitochondrial phospholipid, regulates many cellular functions and signaling pathways, both inside and outside the mitochondria. Inside the mitochondria, CL is a critical target of mitochondrial generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and regulates signaling events related to apoptosis and aging. CL deficiency causes perturbation of signaling pathways outside the mitochondria, including the PKC-Slt2 cell integrity pathway and the high osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathway, and is a key player in the cross-talk between the mitochondria and the vacuole. Understanding these connections may shed light on the pathology of Barth syndrome, a disorder of CL remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay A Patil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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23
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Orlean P. Architecture and biosynthesis of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall. Genetics 2012; 192:775-818. [PMID: 23135325 PMCID: PMC3522159 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.112.144485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The wall gives a Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell its osmotic integrity; defines cell shape during budding growth, mating, sporulation, and pseudohypha formation; and presents adhesive glycoproteins to other yeast cells. The wall consists of β1,3- and β1,6-glucans, a small amount of chitin, and many different proteins that may bear N- and O-linked glycans and a glycolipid anchor. These components become cross-linked in various ways to form higher-order complexes. Wall composition and degree of cross-linking vary during growth and development and change in response to cell wall stress. This article reviews wall biogenesis in vegetative cells, covering the structure of wall components and how they are cross-linked; the biosynthesis of N- and O-linked glycans, glycosylphosphatidylinositol membrane anchors, β1,3- and β1,6-linked glucans, and chitin; the reactions that cross-link wall components; and the possible functions of enzymatic and nonenzymatic cell wall proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Orlean
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
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24
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Regulation of cell wall biogenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: the cell wall integrity signaling pathway. Genetics 2012; 189:1145-75. [PMID: 22174182 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.111.128264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 604] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast cell wall is a strong, but elastic, structure that is essential not only for the maintenance of cell shape and integrity, but also for progression through the cell cycle. During growth and morphogenesis, and in response to environmental challenges, the cell wall is remodeled in a highly regulated and polarized manner, a process that is principally under the control of the cell wall integrity (CWI) signaling pathway. This pathway transmits wall stress signals from the cell surface to the Rho1 GTPase, which mobilizes a physiologic response through a variety of effectors. Activation of CWI signaling regulates the production of various carbohydrate polymers of the cell wall, as well as their polarized delivery to the site of cell wall remodeling. This review article centers on CWI signaling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae through the cell cycle and in response to cell wall stress. The interface of this signaling pathway with other pathways that contribute to the maintenance of cell wall integrity is also discussed.
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25
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Protein Glycosylation in Aspergillus fumigatus Is Essential for Cell Wall Synthesis and Serves as a Promising Model of Multicellular Eukaryotic Development. Int J Microbiol 2011; 2012:654251. [PMID: 21977037 PMCID: PMC3184424 DOI: 10.1155/2012/654251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is a conserved posttranslational modification that is found in all eukaryotes, which helps generate proteins with multiple functions. Our knowledge of glycosylation mainly comes from the investigation of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and mammalian cells. However, during the last decade, glycosylation in the human pathogenic mold Aspergillus fumigatus has drawn significant attention. It has been revealed that glycosylation in A. fumigatus is crucial for its growth, cell wall synthesis, and development and that the process is more complicated than that found in the budding yeast S. cerevisiae. The present paper implies that the investigation of glycosylation in A. fumigatus is not only vital for elucidating the mechanism of fungal cell wall synthesis, which will benefit the design of new antifungal therapies, but also helps to understand the role of protein glycosylation in the development of multicellular eukaryotes. This paper describes the advances in functional analysis of protein glycosylation in A. fumigatus.
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Elsztein C, de Lucena RM, de Morais MA. The resistance of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to the biocide polyhexamethylene biguanide: involvement of cell wall integrity pathway and emerging role for YAP1. BMC Mol Biol 2011; 12:38. [PMID: 21854579 PMCID: PMC3175164 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-12-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) is an antiseptic polymer that is mainly used for cleaning hospitals and pools and combating Acantamoeba infection. Its fungicide activity was recently shown by its lethal effect on yeasts that contaminate the industrial ethanol process, and on the PE-2 strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, one of the main fermenting yeasts in Brazil. This pointed to the need to know the molecular mechanism that lay behind the cell resistance to this compound. In this study, we examined the factors involved in PHMB-cell interaction and the mechanisms that respond to the damage caused by this interaction. To achieve this, two research strategies were employed: the expression of some genes by RT-qPCR and the analysis of mutant strains. Results Cell Wall integrity (CWI) genes were induced in the PHMB-resistant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain JP-1, although they are poorly expressed in the PHMB-sensitive Saccharomyces cerevisiae PE2 strain. This suggested that PHMB damages the glucan structure on the yeast cell wall. It was also confirmed by the observed sensitivity of the yeast deletion strains, Δslg1, Δrom2, Δmkk2, Δslt2, Δknr4, Δswi4 and Δswi4, which showed that the protein kinase C (PKC) regulatory mechanism is involved in the response and resistance to PHMB. The sensitivity of the Δhog1 mutant was also observed. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity assay and gene expression analysis showed that the part played by YAP1 and CTT1 genes in cell resistance to PHMB is unrelated to oxidative stress response. Thus, we suggested that Yap1p can play a role in cell wall maintenance by controlling the expression of the CWI genes. Conclusion The PHMB treatment of the yeast cells activates the PKC1/Slt2 (CWI) pathway. In addition, it is suggested that HOG1 and YAP1 can play a role in the regulation of CWI genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Elsztein
- Interdepartmental Research Group in Metabolic Engineering, Av, Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901, Recife, PE, Brazil
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Li K, Ouyang H, Lü Y, Liang J, Wilson IBH, Jin C. Repression of N-glycosylation triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR) and overexpression of cell wall protein and chitin in Aspergillus fumigatus. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2011; 157:1968-1979. [PMID: 21527474 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.047712-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is the most common airborne fungal pathogen, causing fatal invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients. The crude mortality is 60-90 % and remains around 29-42 % even with treatment. The main reason for patient death is the low efficiency of the drug therapies. As protein N-glycosylation is involved in cell wall biogenesis in A. fumigatus, a deeper understanding of its role in cell wall biogenesis will help to develop new drug targets. The Afstt3 gene encodes the essential catalytic subunit of oligosaccharyltransferase, an enzyme complex responsible for the transfer of the N-glycan to nascent polypeptides. To evaluate the role of N-glycosylation in cell wall biosynthesis, we constructed the conditional mutant strain CPR-stt3 by replacing the endogenous promoter of Afstt3 with the nitrogen-dependent niiA promoter. Repression of the Afstt3 gene in the CPR-stt3 strain led to a severe retardation of growth and a slight defect in cell wall integrity (CWI). One of the most interesting findings was that upregulation of the cell wall-related genes was not accompanied by an activation of the MpkA kinase, which has been shown to be a central element in the CWI signalling pathway in both Saccharomyces cerevisiae and A. fumigatus. Considering that the unfolded protein response (UPR) was found to be activated, which might upregulate the expression of cell wall protein and chitin, our data suggest that the UPR, instead of the MpkA-dependent CWI signalling pathway, is the major compensatory mechanism induced by repression but not abolition of N-glycosylation in A. fumigatus. Our finding is a key to understanding the complex compensatory mechanisms of cell wall biosynthesis and may provide a new strategy for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Key Laboratory of Systematic Mycology and Lichenology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Haomiao Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Systematic Mycology and Lichenology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Yang Lü
- Key Laboratory of Systematic Mycology and Lichenology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Jingnan Liang
- Core Facility of Equipment, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Iain B H Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna A-1190, Austria
| | - Cheng Jin
- Key Laboratory of Systematic Mycology and Lichenology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
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28
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Ueno K, Namiki Y, Mitani H, Yamaguchi M, Chibana H. Differential cell wall remodeling of two chitin synthase deletants Δchs3A and Δchs3B in the pathogenic yeast Candida glabrata. FEMS Yeast Res 2011; 11:398-407. [PMID: 21453325 DOI: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2011.00728.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that cell wall remodeling and the salvaging pathway act to compensate for an impaired or a damaged cell wall. Lately, it has been indicated that this mechanism is partly required for resistance to the glucan synthesis inhibitor echinocandin. While cell wall remodeling has been described in mutants of glucan or mannan synthesis, it has not yet been reported in a chitin synthesis mutant. Here, we describe a novel cell wall remodeling and salvaging pathway in chitin synthesis mutants, Δchs3A and Δchs3B, of the pathogenic yeast Candida glabrata. Electron microscopic analysis revealed a thickened mannoprotein layer in Δchs3A cells and a thickened chitin-glucan layer of Δchs3B cells, and it indicated the hypothesis that mannan synthase and chitin-glucan synthase indemnify Δchs3A and Δchs3B cells, respectively. The double-mutant CHS3A and MNN10, encoding α-1,6-mannosyltransferase, showed synergistic stress sensitization, and the Δchs3B strain showed supersensitivity to echinocandins. Hence, these findings support the above hypothesis of remodeling. Furthermore, unlike Δchs3A cells, Δchs3B cells showed supersensitivity to calcineurin inhibitor FK506 and Tor1p kinase inhibitor rapamycin, indicating that the Δchs3B strain uses the calcineurin pathway and a Tor1p kinase for cell wall remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Ueno
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan
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29
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Toledo MS, Tagliari L, Suzuki E, Silva CM, Straus AH, Takahashi HK. Effect of anti-glycosphingolipid monoclonal antibodies in pathogenic fungal growth and differentiation. Characterization of monoclonal antibody MEST-3 directed to Manpalpha1-->3Manpalpha1-->2IPC. BMC Microbiol 2010; 10:47. [PMID: 20156351 PMCID: PMC2831884 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies carried out during the 1990's demonstrated the presence of fungal glycoinositol phosphorylceramides (GIPCs) with unique structures, some of them showed reactivity with sera of patients with histoplasmosis, paracoccidioidomycosis or aspergillosis. It was also observed that fungal GIPCs were able to inhibit T lymphocyte proliferation "in vitro", and studies regarding the importance of these molecules to fungal survival showed that many species of fungi are vulnerable to inhibitors of sphingolipid biosynthesis. Results In this paper, we describe a detailed characterization of an IgG2a monoclonal antibody (mAb), termed MEST-3, directed to the Paracoccidioides brasiliensis glycolipid antigen Pb-2 (Manpα1→3Manpα1→2IPC). mAb MEST-3 also recognizes GIPCs bearing the same structure in other fungi. Studies performed on fungal cultures clearly showed the strong inhibitory activity of MEST-3 on differentiation and colony formation of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Histoplasma capsulatum and Sporothrix schenckii. Similar inhibitory results were observed when these fungi where incubated with a different mAb, which recognizes GIPCs bearing terminal residues of β-D-galactofuranose linked to mannose (mAb MEST-1). On the other hand, mAb MEST-2 specifically directed to fungal glucosylceramide (GlcCer) was able to promote only a weak inhibition on fungal differentiation and colony formation. Conclusions These results strongly suggest that mAbs directed to specific glycosphingolipids are able to interfere on fungal growth and differentiation. Thus, studies on surface distribution of GIPCs in yeast and mycelium forms of fungi may yield valuable information regarding the relevance of glycosphingolipids in processes of fungal growth, morphological transition and infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos S Toledo
- Division of Glycoconjugate Immunochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo/Escola Paulista de Medicina, Rua Botucatu 862, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Vidal-Cardenas SL, Greider CW. Comparing effects of mTR and mTERT deletion on gene expression and DNA damage response: a critical examination of telomere length maintenance-independent roles of telomerase. Nucleic Acids Res 2009; 38:60-71. [PMID: 19850716 PMCID: PMC2800220 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkp855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomerase, the essential enzyme that maintains telomere length, contains two core components, TERT and TR. Early studies in yeast and mouse showed that loss of telomerase leads to phenotypes only after several generations, due to telomere shortening. However, recent studies have suggested additional roles for telomerase components in transcription and the response to DNA damage. To examine these potential telomere length maintenance-independent roles of telomerase components, we examined first generation mTR(-/-) and mTERT(-/-) mice with long telomeres. We used gene expression profiling and found no genes that were differentially expressed in mTR(-/-) G1 mice and mTERT(-/-) G1 mice compared with wild-type mice. We also compared the response to DNA damage in mTR(-/-)G1 and mTERT(-/-) G1 mouse embryonic fibroblasts, and found no increase in the response to DNA damage in the absence of either telomerase component compared to wild-type. We conclude that, under physiologic conditions, neither mTR nor mTERT acts as a transcription factor or plays a role in the DNA damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia L Vidal-Cardenas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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31
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Joshi AS, Zhou J, Gohil VM, Chen S, Greenberg ML. Cellular functions of cardiolipin in yeast. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2008; 1793:212-8. [PMID: 18725250 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2008] [Revised: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 07/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL), the signature lipid of mitochondria, plays a critical role in mitochondrial function and biogenesis. The availability of yeast mutants blocked in CL synthesis has facilitated studies of the biological role of this lipid. Perturbation of CL synthesis leads to growth defects not only during respiratory growth but also under conditions in which respiration is not essential. CL was shown to play a role in mitochondrial protein import, cell wall biogenesis, aging and apoptosis, ceramide synthesis, and translation of electron transport chain components. The genetic disorder Barth syndrome (BTHS) is caused by mutations in the tafazzin gene resulting in decreased total CL levels, accumulation of monolysocardiolipin (MLCL), and decreased unsaturated fatty acyl species of CL. The variation in clinical presentation of BTHS indicates that other physiological factors play a significant role in modifying the phenotype resulting from tafazzin deficiency. Elucidating the functions of CL is expected to shed light on the role of this important lipid in BTHS and other disorders of mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit S Joshi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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32
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A novel screening method for cell wall mutants in Aspergillus niger identifies UDP-galactopyranose mutase as an important protein in fungal cell wall biosynthesis. Genetics 2008; 178:873-81. [PMID: 18245853 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.107.073148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify cell wall biosynthetic genes in filamentous fungi and thus potential targets for the discovery of new antifungals, we developed a novel screening method for cell wall mutants. It is based on our earlier observation that the Aspergillus niger agsA gene, which encodes a putative alpha-glucan synthase, is strongly induced in response to cell wall stress. By placing the agsA promoter region in front of a selectable marker, the acetamidase (amdS) gene of A. nidulans, we reasoned that cell wall mutants with a constitutively active cell wall stress response pathway could be identified by selecting mutants for growth on acetamide as the sole nitrogen source. For the genetic screen, a strain was constructed that contained two reporter genes controlled by the same promoter: the metabolic reporter gene PagsA-amdS and PagsA-H2B-GFP, which encodes a GFP-tagged nuclear protein. The primary screen yielded 161 mutants that were subjected to various cell wall-related secondary screens. Four calcofluor white-hypersensitive, osmotic-remediable thermosensitive mutants were selected for complementation analysis. Three mutants were complemented by the same gene, which encoded a protein with high sequence identity with eukaryotic UDP-galactopyranose mutases (UgmA). Our results indicate that galactofuranose formation is important for fungal cell wall biosynthesis and represents an attractive target for the development of antifungals.
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33
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Meyer V, Damveld RA, Arentshorst M, Stahl U, van den Hondel CAMJJ, Ram AFJ. Survival in the presence of antifungals: genome-wide expression profiling of Aspergillus niger in response to sublethal concentrations of caspofungin and fenpropimorph. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:32935-48. [PMID: 17804411 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705856200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
How yeast cells respond to cell wall stress is relatively well understood; however, how filamentous fungi cope with cell wall damage is largely unexplored. Here we report the first transcriptome analysis of Aspergillus niger exposed to the antifungal compounds caspofungin, an inhibitor of beta-1,3-glucan synthesis, and fenpropimorph, which inhibits ergosterol synthesis. The presence of sublethal drug concentrations allowed A. niger to adapt to the stress conditions and to continue growth by the establishment of new polarity axes and formation of new germ tubes. By comparing the expression profile between caspofungin-exposed and nonexposed A. niger germlings, we identified a total of 172 responsive genes out of 14,509 open reading frames present on the Affymetrix microarray chips. Among 165 up-regulated genes, mainly genes predicted to function in (i) cell wall assembly and remodeling, (ii) cytoskeletal organization, (iii) signaling, and (iv) oxidative stress response were affected. Fenpropimorph modulated expression of 43 genes, of which 41 showed enhanced expression. Here, genes predicted to function in (i) membrane reconstruction, (ii) lipid signaling, (iii) cell wall remodeling, and (iv) oxidative stress response were identified. Northern analyses of selected genes were used to confirm the microarray analyses. The results further show that expression of the agsA gene encoding an alpha-1,3-glucan synthase is up-regulated by both compounds. Using two PagsA-GFP reporter strains of A. niger and subjecting them to 16 different antifungal compounds, including caspofungin and fenpropimorph, we could show that agsA is specifically activated by compounds interfering directly or indirectly with cell wall biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Meyer
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Biotechnology, Berlin University of Technology, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, Berlin, Germany.
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34
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Fujioka T, Mizutani O, Furukawa K, Sato N, Yoshimi A, Yamagata Y, Nakajima T, Abe K. MpkA-Dependent and -independent cell wall integrity signaling in Aspergillus nidulans. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2007; 6:1497-510. [PMID: 17601879 PMCID: PMC1951132 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00281-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall integrity signaling (CWIS) maintains cell wall biogenesis in fungi, but only a few transcription factors (TFs) and target genes downstream of the CWIS cascade in filamentous fungi are known. Because a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MpkA) is a key CWIS enzyme, the transcriptional regulation of mpkA and of cell wall-related genes (CWGs) is important in cell wall biogenesis. We cloned Aspergillus nidulans mpkA; rlmA, a TF gene orthologous to Saccharomyces cerevisiae RLM1 that encodes Rlm1p, a major Mpk1p-dependent TF that regulates the transcription of MPK1 besides that of CWGs; and Answi4 and Answi6, homologous to S. cerevisiae SWI4 and SWI6, encoding the Mpk1p-activating TF complex Swi4p-Swi6p, which regulates CWG transcription in a cell cycle-dependent manner. A. nidulans rlmA and mpkA cDNA functionally complemented S. cerevisiae rlm1Delta and mpk1Delta mutants, respectively, but Answi4 and Answi6 cDNA did not complement swi4Delta and swi6Delta mutants. We constructed A. nidulans rlmA, Answi4 and Answi6, and mpkA disruptants (rlmADelta, Answi4Delta Answi6Delta, and mpkADelta strains) and analyzed mpkA and CWG transcripts after treatment with a beta-1,3-glucan synthase inhibitor (micafungin) that could activate MpkA via CWIS. Levels of mpkA transcripts in the mutants as well as those in the wild type were changed after micafungin treatment. The beta-glucuronidase reporter gene controlled by the mpkA promoter was expressed in the wild type but not in the mpkADelta strain. Thus, mpkA transcription seems to be autoregulated by CWIS via MpkA but not by RlmA or AnSwi4-AnSwi6. The transcription of most CWGs except alpha-1,3-glucan synthase genes (agsA and agsB) was independent of RlmA and AnSwi4-AnSwi6 and seemed to be regulated by non-MpkA signaling. The transcriptional regulation of mpkA and of CWGs via CWIS in A. nidulans differs significantly from that in S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Fujioka
- Laboratory of Enzymology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Amamiya, Tsutsumi-dori, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
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35
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Zhong Q, Li G, Gvozdenovic-Jeremic J, Greenberg ML. Up-regulation of the cell integrity pathway in saccharomyces cerevisiae suppresses temperature sensitivity of the pgs1Delta mutant. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:15946-53. [PMID: 17426021 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m701055200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that mutants in the cardiolipin (CL) pathway exhibit temperature-sensitive growth defects that are not associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. The pgs1Delta mutant, lacking the first enzyme of the CL pathway, phosphatidylglycerolphosphate synthase (Pgs1p), has a defective cell wall due to decreased beta-1,3-glucan (Zhong, Q., Gvozdenovic-Jeremic, J., Webster, P., Zhou, J., and Greenberg, M. L. (2005) Mol. Biol. Cell 16, 665-675). Disruption of KRE5, a gene involved in cell wall biogenesis, restores beta-1,3-glucan synthesis and suppresses pgs1Delta temperature sensitivity. To gain insight into the mechanisms underlying the cell wall defect in pgs1Delta, we show in the current report that pgs1Delta cells have reduced glucan synthase activity and diminished levels of Fks1p, the glucan synthase catalytic subunit. In addition, activation of Slt2p, the downstream effector of the protein kinase C (PKC)-activated cell integrity pathway, was defective in pgs1Delta. The kre5W1166X suppressor restored Slt2p activation and dramatically increased (>10-fold) mRNA levels of FKS2, the alternate catalytic subunit of glucan synthase, partially restoring glucan synthase activity. Consistent with these results, up-regulation of PKC-Slt2 signaling and overexpression of FKS1 or FKS2 alleviated sensitivity of pgs1Delta to cell wall-perturbing agents and restored growth at elevated temperature. These findings demonstrate that functional Pgs1p is essential for cell wall biogenesis and activation of the PKC-Slt2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Zhong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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36
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Cullen PJ, Xu-Friedman R, Delrow J, Sprague GF. Genome-wide analysis of the response to protein glycosylation deficiency in yeast. FEMS Yeast Res 2007; 6:1264-73. [PMID: 17156023 PMCID: PMC4447327 DOI: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2006.00120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein modification by glycosylation occurs through an essential biochemical pathway that produces mannosyl side chain substrates, which are covalently attached to proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. We used DNA microarray analysis to characterize the cellular response to a conditional defect (pmi40-101) in the protein glycosylation pathway. Expression profiles were obtained from DNA microarrays containing essentially every gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We validated the microarray analysis by examining the expression patterns of induced genes using transcriptional lacZ fusions. The major class of genes differentially expressed in the glycosylation mutant overlapped significantly with that of a starvation response and included those required for gluconeogenesis, the tricarboxylic acid and glyoxylate cycles, and protein and amino acid biosynthesis. Two mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways were also activated in the mutant, the filamentous growth and protein kinase C pathways. Taken together, our results suggest that a checkpoint is activated in response to a protein glycosylation defect, allowing the cell to mount an adaptive response by the activation of multiple MAP kinase pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Cullen
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260-1300, USA.
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37
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Cabib E, Blanco N, Grau C, Rodríguez-Peña JM, Arroyo J. Crh1p and Crh2p are required for the cross-linking of chitin to ?(1-6)glucan in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall. Mol Microbiol 2007; 63:921-35. [PMID: 17302808 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05565.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In budding yeast, chitin is found in three locations: at the primary septum, largely in free form, at the mother-bud neck, partially linked to beta(1-3)glucan, and in the lateral wall, attached in part to beta(1-6)glucan. By using a recently developed strategy for the study of cell wall cross-links, we have found that chitin linked to beta(1-6)glucan is diminished in mutants of the CRH1 or the CRH2/UTR2 gene and completely absent in a double mutant. This indicates that Crh1p and Crh2p, homologues of glycosyltransferases, ferry chitin chains from chitin synthase III to beta(1-6)glucan. Deletion of CRH1 and/or CRH2 aggravated the defects of fks1Delta and gas1Delta mutants, which are impaired in cell wall synthesis. A temperature shift from 30 degrees C to 38 degrees C increased the proportion of chitin attached to beta(1-6)glucan. The expression of CRH1, but not that of CRH2, was also higher at 38 degrees C in a manner dependent on the cell integrity pathway. Furthermore, the localization of both Crh1p and Crh2p at the cell cortex, the area where the chitin-beta(1-6)glucan complex is found, was greatly enhanced at 38 degrees C. Crh1p and Crh2p are the first proteins directly implicated in the formation of cross-links between cell wall components in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Cabib
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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38
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Varelas X, Stuart D, Ellison MJ, Ptak C. The Cdc34/SCF ubiquitination complex mediates Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall integrity. Genetics 2006; 174:1825-39. [PMID: 17028344 PMCID: PMC1698636 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.106.059154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify novel functions for the Cdc34/SCF ubiquitination complex, we analyzed genomewide transcriptional profiles of cdc53-1 and cdc34-2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants. This analysis revealed altered expression for several gene families, including genes involved in the regulation of cell wall organization and biosynthesis. This led us to uncover a role for the Cdc34/SCF complex in the regulation of cell wall integrity. In support of this, cdc53-1 and cdc34-2 mutants exhibit phenotypes characteristic of cell wall integrity mutants, such as SDS sensitivity and temperature-sensitive suppression by osmotic stabilizers. Examination of these mutants revealed defects in their induction of Slt2 phosphorylation, indicating defects in Pkc1-Slt2 MAPK signaling. Consistent with this, synthetic genetic interactions were observed between the genes encoding the Cdc34/SCF complex and key components of the Pck1-Slt2 MAPK pathway. Further analysis revealed that Cdc34/SCF mutants have reduced levels of active Rho1, suggesting that these defects stem from the deregulated activity of the Rho1 GTPase. Altering the activity of Rho1 via manipulation of the Rho1-GAPs LRG1 or SAC7 affected Cdc34/SCF mutant growth. Strikingly, however, deletion of LRG1 rescued the growth defects associated with Cdc34/SCF mutants, whereas deletion of SAC7 enhanced these defects. Given the differential roles that these GAPs play in the regulation of Rho1, these observations indicate the importance of coordinating Cdc34/SCF activity with specific Rho1 functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xaralabos Varelas
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biomolecular Design, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
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39
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Abstract
An extracellular matrix composed of a layered meshwork of beta-glucans, chitin, and mannoproteins encapsulates cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This organelle determines cellular morphology and plays a critical role in maintaining cell integrity during cell growth and division, under stress conditions, upon cell fusion in mating, and in the durable ascospore cell wall. Here we assess recent progress in understanding the molecular biology and biochemistry of cell wall synthesis and its remodeling in S. cerevisiae. We then review the regulatory dynamics of cell wall assembly, an area where functional genomics offers new insights into the integration of cell wall growth and morphogenesis with a polarized secretory system that is under cell cycle and cell type program controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Lesage
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, PQ H3A 1B1, Canada
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40
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Smits GJ, Schenkman LR, Brul S, Pringle JR, Klis FM. Role of cell cycle-regulated expression in the localized incorporation of cell wall proteins in yeast. Mol Biol Cell 2006; 17:3267-80. [PMID: 16672383 PMCID: PMC1483055 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e05-08-0738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast cell wall is an essential organelle that protects the cell from mechanical damage and antimicrobial peptides, participates in cell recognition and adhesion, and is important for the generation and maintenance of normal cell shape. We studied the localization of three covalently bound cell wall proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Tip1p was found only in mother cells, whereas Cwp2p was incorporated in small-to-medium-sized buds. When the promoter regions of TIP1 and CWP2 (responsible for transcription in early G1 and S/G2 phases, respectively) were exchanged, the localization patterns of Tip1p and Cwp2p were reversed, indicating that the localization of cell wall proteins can be completely determined by the timing of transcription during the cell cycle. The third protein, Cwp1p, was incorporated into the birth scar, where it remained for several generations. However, we could not detect any role of Cwp1p in strengthening the birth scar wall or any functional interaction with the proteins that mark the birth scar pole as a potential future budding site. Promoter-exchange experiments showed that expression in S/G2 phase is necessary but not sufficient for the normal localization of Cwp1p. Studies of mutants in which septum formation is perturbed indicate that the normal asymmetric localization of Cwp1p also depends on the normal timing of septum formation, composition of the septum, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertien J Smits
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, BioCentrum Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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41
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Bowman SM, Piwowar A, Al Dabbous M, Vierula J, Free SJ. Mutational analysis of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor pathway demonstrates that GPI-anchored proteins are required for cell wall biogenesis and normal hyphal growth in Neurospora crassa. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2006; 5:587-600. [PMID: 16524913 PMCID: PMC1398062 DOI: 10.1128/ec.5.3.587-600.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Using mutational and proteomic approaches, we have demonstrated the importance of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor pathway for cell wall synthesis and integrity and for the overall morphology of the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa. Mutants affected in the gpig-1, gpip-1, gpip-2, gpip-3, and gpit-1 genes, which encode components of the N. crassa GPI anchor biosynthetic pathway, have been characterized. GPI anchor mutants exhibit colonial morphologies, significantly reduced rates of growth, altered hyphal growth patterns, considerable cellular lysis, and an abnormal "cell-within-a-cell" phenotype. The mutants are deficient in the production of GPI-anchored proteins, verifying the requirement of each altered gene for the process of GPI-anchoring. The mutant cell walls are abnormally weak, contain reduced amounts of protein, and have an altered carbohydrate composition. The mutant cell walls lack a number of GPI-anchored proteins, putatively involved in cell wall biogenesis and remodeling. From these studies, we conclude that the GPI anchor pathway is critical for proper cell wall structure and function in N. crassa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun M Bowman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cooke Hall, Room 109, The University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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42
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Damveld RA, Arentshorst M, Franken A, vanKuyk PA, Klis FM, van den Hondel CAMJJ, Ram AFJ. The Aspergillus niger MADS-box transcription factor RlmA is required for cell wall reinforcement in response to cell wall stress. Mol Microbiol 2006; 58:305-19. [PMID: 16164567 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04827.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In Aspergillus niger, the genes coding for glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (gfaA) and alpha-1,3-glucan synthase (agsA) are induced in response to cell wall stress. In silico analysis of the promoter region of the two genes revealed the presence of putative DNA binding sites for transcription factors involved in stress responses, including sites identical to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rlm1p and Msn2p/Msn4p transcription factors. Promoter analysis indicated that the induction of the agsA gene in response to cell wall stress is fully dependent on a putative Rlm1p binding site in its promoter region. Database searches revealed the presence of S. cerevisiae Rlm1p homologues in most filamentous fungi examined, including A. niger. Deletion of the RLM1 homologue, named rlmA in A. niger, completely eliminated the induction of agsA and resulted in a twofold reduced induction of gfaA during Calcofluor White-induced cell wall stress. The rise in cell wall chitin in the presence of Calcofluor White was also affected in the rlmA deletion strain. In addition, the deletion strain was more sensitive towards cell wall stress agents. Our results indicate that A. niger responds to cell wall stress by transcriptional activation of cell wall reinforcing genes including agsA and gfaA through an Rlm1p-like transcription factor. We propose that such a cell wall salvage mechanism is wide spread in filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robbert A Damveld
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Clusius Laboratory, Fungal Genetics Research Group, Wassenaarseweg 64, 2333 AL, Leiden, the Netherlands
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43
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Bruno VM, Kalachikov S, Subaran R, Nobile CJ, Kyratsous C, Mitchell AP. Control of the C. albicans cell wall damage response by transcriptional regulator Cas5. PLoS Pathog 2006; 2:e21. [PMID: 16552442 PMCID: PMC1401495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2005] [Accepted: 01/31/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungal cell wall is vital for growth, development, and interaction of cells with their environment. The response to cell wall damage is well understood from studies in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, where numerous cell wall integrity (CWI) genes are activated by transcription factor ScRlm1. Prior evidence suggests the hypothesis that both response and regulation may be conserved in the major fungal pathogen Candida albicans. We have tested this hypothesis by using a new C. albicans genetic resource: we have screened mutants defective in putative transcription factor genes for sensitivity to the cell wall biosynthesis inhibitor caspofungin. We find that the zinc finger protein CaCas5, which lacks a unique ortholog in S. cerevisiae, governs expression of many CWI genes. CaRlm1 has a modest role in this response. The transcriptional coactivator CaAda2 is also required for expression of many CaCas5-dependent genes, as expected if CaCas5 recruits CaAda2 to activate target gene transcription. Many caspofungin-induced C. albicans genes specify endoplasmic reticulum and secretion functions. Such genes are not induced in S. cerevisiae, but promote its growth in caspofungin. We have used a new resource to identify a key C. albicans transcriptional regulator of CWI genes and antifungal sensitivity. Our gene expression findings indicate that both divergent and conserved response genes may have significant functional roles. Our strategy may be broadly useful for identification of pathogen-specific regulatory pathways and critical response genes. For microbial pathogens, the cell wall is critical for interaction with both host and environment. The major fungal pathogen, Candida albicans, has a cell wall that resembles that of the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and much of what is known about C. albicans cell wall biogenesis and repair comes via extrapolation from S. cerevisiae. Here, Bruno and colleagues inquired directly into the mechanisms that C. albicans uses to respond to disruption of cell wall biogenesis by the antifungal drug caspofungin, using a genetic strategy newly developed for C. albicans. They found that the response itself has many similarities to that of S. cerevisiae, but the regulatory circuitry is distinct: the major C. albicans regulatory gene has no clear counterpart among S. cerevisiae genes. Their findings provide a new example of a unique C. albicans regulatory function and one that may prove useful in identifying new drugs and in understanding possible resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent M Bruno
- Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Biophysical Studies, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sergey Kalachikov
- Columbia Genome Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ryan Subaran
- Department of Microbiology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Clarissa J Nobile
- Biological Sciences Program, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Christos Kyratsous
- Department of Microbiology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Aaron P Mitchell
- Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Biophysical Studies, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Biological Sciences Program, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Abstract
In this review, we discuss new insights in cell wall architecture and cell wall construction in the ascomycetous yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Transcriptional profiling studies combined with biochemical work have provided ample evidence that the cell wall is a highly adaptable organelle. In particular, the protein population that is anchored to the stress-bearing polysaccharides of the cell wall, and forms the interface with the outside world, is highly diverse. This diversity is believed to play an important role in adaptation of the cell to environmental conditions, in growth mode and in survival. Cell wall construction is tightly controlled and strictly coordinated with progression of the cell cycle. This is reflected in the usage of specific cell wall proteins during consecutive phases of the cell cycle and in the recent discovery of a cell wall integrity checkpoint. When the cell is challenged with stress conditions that affect the cell wall, a specific transcriptional response is observed that includes the general stress response, the cell wall integrity pathway and the calcineurin pathway. This salvage mechanism includes increased expression of putative cell wall assemblases and some potential cross-linking cell wall proteins, and crucial changes in cell wall architecture. We discuss some more enzymes involved in cell wall construction and also potential inhibitors of these enzymes. Finally, we use both biochemical and genomic data to infer that the architectural principles used by S. cerevisiae to build its cell wall are also used by many other ascomycetous yeasts and also by some mycelial ascomycetous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frans M Klis
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, BioCentrum Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Davydenko SG, Feng D, Jäntti J, Keränen S. Characterization of GPI14/YJR013w mutation that induces the cell wall integrity signalling pathway and results in increased protein production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 2005; 22:993-1009. [PMID: 16134120 DOI: 10.1002/yea.1286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here identification and characterization of a mutation in the GPI14 gene, the yeast homologue of the mammalian PIG-M that functions in the synthesis of the GPI moiety anchoring proteins to the plasma membrane. We show that the first putative transmembrane domain of Gpi14p is not essential for its function. Downregulation of GPI14 expression/reduced protein function due to an amino terminal deletion resulted in increased transcription and production of an endogenous and a heterologous secreted protein expressed from HSP150 and ADH1 promoter, respectively. In these cells, unfolded protein response was induced but was not responsible for the enhanced production of these proteins. A cell wall defect in the gpi14 mutant cells was suggested by cell aggregation phenotype, increased sensitivity to Calcofluor white, an increased release of Gas1p and total protein into the culture medium. In the gpi14 mutant cells, transcription of RLM1, a transcription factor participating in the cell wall integrity signalling pathway, was increased, and deletion of RLM1 resulted in a synthetic lethal phenotype with the gpi14 mutation. These results suggest that partial inactivation of Gpi14p causes defects in the cell wall structure and suggest that compromised GPI anchor synthesis results in enhanced protein production via the cell wall integrity signalling pathway.
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Wong SL, Roth FP. Transcriptional compensation for gene loss plays a minor role in maintaining genetic robustness in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 2005; 171:829-33. [PMID: 15998714 PMCID: PMC1456790 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.105.046060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2005] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
If a gene is mutated and its function lost, are compensatory genes upregulated? We investigated whether genes are transcriptionally upregulated when their synthetic sick or lethal (SSL) partners are lost. We identified several new examples; however, remarkably few SSL pairs exhibited this phenomenon, suggesting that transcriptional compensation by SSL partners is a rare mechanism for maintaining genetic robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharyl L Wong
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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47
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Damveld RA, Arentshorst M, VanKuyk PA, Klis FM, van den Hondel CAMJJ, Ram AFJ. Characterisation of CwpA, a putative glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored cell wall mannoprotein in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger. Fungal Genet Biol 2005; 42:873-85. [PMID: 16154783 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2005.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2005] [Revised: 06/22/2005] [Accepted: 06/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins in fungi are found at the cell surface, either as plasma membrane proteins (GPI-PMPs) or attached by a remnant of the GPI-anchor to the cell wall (GPI-CWPs). GPI-CWPs can be extracted from the cell wall by treatment with hydrofluoric acid (HF), which cleaves the phosphodiester bond that is present in the remnant of the GPI-anchor. The filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger contains at least seven HF-extractable cell wall mannoproteins. One gene encoding an HF-extractable cell wall mannoprotein, cwpA, was cloned and further characterised. The protein sequence of CwpA indicated the presence of two hydrophobic signal sequences both at the N-terminus and C-terminus of the protein, for entering the ER and the addition of a GPI-anchor, respectively. A CwpA-specific antiserum was raised and in combination with fractionation experiments, we show that this protein was abundantly present as an HF-extractable protein in the cell wall of A. niger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robbert A Damveld
- Institute of Biology, Clusius Laboratory, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 64, 2333 AL Leiden, The Netherlands
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48
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Krysan DJ, Ting EL, Abeijon C, Kroos L, Fuller RS. Yapsins are a family of aspartyl proteases required for cell wall integrity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2005; 4:1364-74. [PMID: 16087741 PMCID: PMC1214537 DOI: 10.1128/ec.4.8.1364-1374.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2005] [Accepted: 06/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The yeast cell wall is a crucial extracellular organelle that protects the cell from lysis during environmental stress and morphogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that the yapsin family of five glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked aspartyl proteases is required for cell wall integrity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yapsin null mutants show hypersensitivity to cell wall perturbation, and both the yps1Delta2Delta mutant and the quintuple yapsin mutant (5ypsDelta) undergo osmoremedial cell lysis at 37 degrees C. The cell walls of both 5ypsDelta and yps1Delta2Delta mutants have decreased amounts of 1,3- and 1,6-beta-glucan. Although there is decreased incorporation of both 1,3- and 1,6-beta-glucan in the 5ypsDelta mutant in vivo, in vitro specific activity of both 1,3- and 1,6-beta-glucan synthesis is similar to wild type, indicating that the yapsins affect processes downstream of glucan synthesis and that the yapsins may be involved in the incorporation or retention of cell wall glucan. Presumably as a response to the significant alterations in cell wall composition, the cell wall integrity mitogen-activated kinase signaling cascade (PKC1-MPK pathway) is basally active in 5ypsDelta. YPS1 expression is induced during cell wall stress and remodeling in a PKC1-MPK1-dependent manner, indicating that Yps1p is a direct, and important, output of the cell wall integrity response. The Candida albicans (SAP9) and Candida glabrata (CgYPS1) homologues of YPS1 complement the phenotypes of the yps1Delta mutant. Taken together, these data indicate that the yapsins play an important role in glucan homeostasis in S. cerevisiae and that yapsin homologues may play a similar role in the pathogenic yeasts C. albicans and C. glabrata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian J Krysan
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Hospitals, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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49
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Liu TT, Lee REB, Barker KS, Lee RE, Wei L, Homayouni R, Rogers PD. Genome-wide expression profiling of the response to azole, polyene, echinocandin, and pyrimidine antifungal agents in Candida albicans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:2226-36. [PMID: 15917516 PMCID: PMC1140538 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.6.2226-2236.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antifungal agents exert their activity through a variety of mechanisms, some of which are poorly understood. We examined changes in the gene expression profile of Candida albicans following exposure to representatives of the four currently available classes of antifungal agents used in the treatment of systemic fungal infections. Ketoconazole exposure increased expression of genes involved in lipid, fatty acid, and sterol metabolism, including NCP1, MCR1, CYB5, ERG2, ERG3, ERG10, ERG25, ERG251, and that encoding the azole target, ERG11. Ketoconazole also increased expression of several genes associated with azole resistance, including CDR1, CDR2, IFD4, DDR48, and RTA3. Amphotericin B produced changes in the expression of genes involved in small-molecule transport (ENA21), and in cell stress (YHB1, CTA1, AOX1, and SOD2). Also observed was decreased expression of genes involved in ergosterol biosynthesis, including ERG3 and ERG11. Caspofungin produced changes in expression of genes encoding cell wall maintenance proteins, including the beta-1,3-glucan synthase subunit GSL22, as well as PHR1, ECM21, ECM33, and FEN12. Flucytosine increased the expression of proteins involved in purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis, including YNK1, FUR1, and that encoding its target, CDC21. Real-time reverse transcription-PCR was used to confirm microarray results. Genes responding similarly to two or more drugs were also identified. These data shed new light on the effects of these classes of antifungal agents on C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa T Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, and Le Bonheur Children's Medical Center, Room 304 West Patient Tower, Children's Foundation Research Center, 50 North Dunlap Street, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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50
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Abstract
The yeast cell wall is a highly dynamic structure that is responsible for protecting the cell from rapid changes in external osmotic potential. The wall is also critical for cell expansion during growth and morphogenesis. This review discusses recent advances in understanding the various signal transduction pathways that allow cells to monitor the state of the cell wall and respond to environmental challenges to this structure. The cell wall integrity signaling pathway controlled by the small G-protein Rho1 is principally responsible for orchestrating changes to the cell wall periodically through the cell cycle and in response to various forms of cell wall stress. This signaling pathway acts through direct control of wall biosynthetic enzymes, transcriptional regulation of cell wall-related genes, and polarization of the actin cytoskeleton. However, additional signaling pathways interface both with the cell wall integrity signaling pathway and with the actin cytoskeleton to coordinate polarized secretion with cell wall expansion. These include Ca(2+) signaling, phosphatidylinositide signaling at the plasma membrane, sphingoid base signaling through the Pkh1 and -2 protein kinases, Tor kinase signaling, and pathways controlled by the Rho3, Rho4, and Cdc42 G-proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Levin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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