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Kawaharada Y, Sandal N, Gupta V, Jin H, Kawaharada M, Taniuchi M, Ruman H, Nadzieja M, Andersen KR, Schneeberger K, Stougaard J, Andersen SU. Natural variation identifies a Pxy gene controlling vascular organisation and formation of nodules and lateral roots in Lotus japonicus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:2459-2473. [PMID: 33759450 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Forward and reverse genetics using the model legumes Lotus japonicus and Medicago truncatula have been instrumental in identifying the essential genes governing legume-rhizobia symbiosis. However, little information is known about the effects of intraspecific variation on symbiotic signalling. Here, we use quantitative trait locus sequencing (QTL-seq) to investigate the genetic basis of the differentiated phenotypic responses shown by the Lotus accessions Gifu and MG20 to inoculation with the Mesorhizobium loti exoU mutant that produces truncated exopolysaccharides. We identified through genetic complementation the Pxy gene as a component of this differential exoU response. Lotus Pxy encodes a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase similar to Arabidopsis thaliana PXY, which regulates stem vascular development. We show that Lotus pxy insertion mutants displayed defects in root and stem vascular organisation, as well as lateral root and nodule formation. Our work links Pxy to de novo organogenesis in the root, highlights the genetic overlap between regulation of lateral root and nodule formation, and demonstrates that natural variation in Pxy affects nodulation signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Kawaharada
- Department of Plant BioSciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Niels Sandal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Vikas Gupta
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Haojie Jin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Maya Kawaharada
- Department of Plant BioSciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Makoto Taniuchi
- Department of Plant BioSciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Hafijur Ruman
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Marcin Nadzieja
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kasper R Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Korbinian Schneeberger
- Department for Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jens Stougaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Stig U Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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Aoki T, Kawaguchi M, Imaizumi-Anraku H, Akao S, Ayabe SI, Akashi T. Mutants of Lotus japonicus deficient in flavonoid biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2021; 134:341-352. [PMID: 33570676 PMCID: PMC7929969 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01258-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal features of anthocyanin accumulation in a model legume Lotus japonicus (Regel) K.Larsen were elucidated to develop criteria for the genetic analysis of flavonoid biosynthesis. Artificial mutants and wild accessions, with lower anthocyanin accumulation in the stem than the standard wild type (B-129 'Gifu'), were obtained by ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis and from a collection of wild-grown variants, respectively. The loci responsible for the green stem of the mutants were named as VIRIDICAULIS (VIC). Genetic and chemical analysis identified two loci, namely, VIC1 and VIC2, required for the production of both anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins), and two loci, namely, VIC3 and VIC4, required for the steps specific to anthocyanin biosynthesis. A mutation in VIC5 significantly reduced the anthocyanin accumulation. These mutants will serve as a useful system for examining the effects of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins on the interactions with herbivorous pests, pathogenic microorganisms and nitrogen-fixing symbiotic bacteria, Mesorhizobium loti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Aoki
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kawaguchi
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan.
| | - Haruko Imaizumi-Anraku
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Akao
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Ayabe
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Akashi
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan.
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Buraschi FB, Mollard FP, Grimoldi AA, Striker GG. Eco-Physiological Traits Related to Recovery from Complete Submergence in the Model Legume Lotus japonicus. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E538. [PMID: 32326202 PMCID: PMC7238009 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Submergence is a severe form of stress for most plants. Lotus japonicus is a model legume with potential use in assisting breeding programs of closely related forage Lotus species. Twelve L. japonicus genotypes (10 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) and 2 parental accessions) with different constitutive shoot to root dry mass ratios (S:R) were subjected to 7 days of submergence in clear water and allowed to recover for two weeks post-submergence; a set of non-submerged plants served as controls. Relative growth rate (RGR) was used to indicate the recovery ability of the plants. Leaf relative water content (RWC), stomatal conductance (gs), greenness of basal and apical leaves, and chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm, as a measure of photoinhibition) were monitored during recovery, and relationships among these variables and RGR were explored across genotypes. The main results showed (i) variation in recovery ability (RGR) from short-term complete submergence among genotypes, (ii) a trade-off between growth during vs. after the stress indicated by a negative correlation between RGR during submergence and RGR post-submergence, (iii) an inverse relationship between RGR during recovery and S:R upon de-submergence, (iv) positive relationships between RGR at early recovery and RWC and gs, which were negatively related to S:R, suggesting this parameter as a good estimator of plant water balance post-submergence, (v) chlorophyll retention allowed fast recovery as revealed by the positive relationship between greenness of basal and apical leaves and RGR during the first recovery week, and (vi) full repair of the submergence-damaged photosynthetic apparatus occurred more slowly (second recovery week) than full recovery of plant water relations. The inclusion of these traits contributing to submergence recovery in L. japonicus should be considered to speed up the breeding process of the closely related forage Lotus spp. used in current agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia B. Buraschi
- IFEVA, CONICET, Cátedra de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, Buenos Aires C1417DSE, Argentina; (F.B.B.); (F.P.O.M.)
| | - Federico P.O. Mollard
- IFEVA, CONICET, Cátedra de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, Buenos Aires C1417DSE, Argentina; (F.B.B.); (F.P.O.M.)
| | - Agustín A. Grimoldi
- IFEVA, CONICET, Cátedra de Forrajicultura, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, Buenos Aires C1417DSE, Argentina;
| | - Gustavo G. Striker
- IFEVA, CONICET, Cátedra de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, Buenos Aires C1417DSE, Argentina; (F.B.B.); (F.P.O.M.)
- UWA, School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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Hashiguchi M, Tanaka H, Muguerza M, Akashi R, Sandal NN, Andersen SU, Sato S. Lotus japonicus Genetic, Mutant, and Germplasm Resources. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 3:e20070. [PMID: 29927119 DOI: 10.1002/cppb.20070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A quarter of a century has passed since Lotus japonicus was proposed as a model legume because of its suitability for molecular genetic studies. Since then, a comprehensive set of genetic resources and tools has been developed, including recombinant inbred lines, a collection of wild accessions, published mutant lines, a large collection of mutant lines tagged with LORE1 insertions, cDNA clones with expressed sequence tag (EST) information, genomic clones with end-sequence information, and a reference genome sequence. Resource centers in Japan and Denmark ensure easy access to data and materials, and the resources have greatly facilitated L. japonicus research, thereby contributing to the molecular understanding of characteristic legume features such as endosymbiosis. Here, we provide detailed instructions for L. japonicus cultivation and describe how to order materials and access data using the resource center websites. The comprehensive overview presented here will make L. japonicus more easily accessible as a model system, especially for research groups new to L. japonicus research. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hidenori Tanaka
- University of Miyazaki, Faculty of Agriculture, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Melody Muguerza
- University of Miyazaki, Faculty of Agriculture, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Ryo Akashi
- University of Miyazaki, Faculty of Agriculture, Miyazaki, Japan
| | | | | | - Shusei Sato
- Tohoku University, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
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5
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Yamaya-Ito H, Shimoda Y, Hakoyama T, Sato S, Kaneko T, Hossain MS, Shibata S, Kawaguchi M, Hayashi M, Kouchi H, Umehara Y. Loss-of-function of ASPARTIC PEPTIDASE NODULE-INDUCED 1 (APN1) in Lotus japonicus restricts efficient nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with specific Mesorhizobium loti strains. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:5-16. [PMID: 29086445 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The nitrogen-fixing symbiosis of legumes and Rhizobium bacteria is established by complex interactions between the two symbiotic partners. Legume Fix- mutants form apparently normal nodules with endosymbiotic rhizobia but fail to induce rhizobial nitrogen fixation. These mutants are useful for identifying the legume genes involved in the interactions essential for symbiotic nitrogen fixation. We describe here a Fix- mutant of Lotus japonicus, apn1, which showed a very specific symbiotic phenotype. It formed ineffective nodules when inoculated with the Mesorhizobium loti strain TONO. In these nodules, infected cells disintegrated and successively became necrotic, indicating premature senescence typical of Fix- mutants. However, it formed effective nodules when inoculated with the M. loti strain MAFF303099. Among nine different M. loti strains tested, four formed ineffective nodules and five formed effective nodules on apn1 roots. The identified causal gene, ASPARTIC PEPTIDASE NODULE-INDUCED 1 (LjAPN1), encodes a nepenthesin-type aspartic peptidase. The well characterized Arabidopsis aspartic peptidase CDR1 could complement the strain-specific Fix- phenotype of apn1. LjAPN1 is a typical late nodulin; its gene expression was exclusively induced during nodule development. LjAPN1 was most abundantly expressed in the infected cells in the nodules. Our findings indicate that LjAPN1 is required for the development and persistence of functional (nitrogen-fixing) symbiosis in a rhizobial strain-dependent manner, and thus determines compatibility between M. loti and L. japonicus at the level of nitrogen fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Yamaya-Ito
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0800, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Shimoda
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Tsuneo Hakoyama
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Shusei Sato
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
| | - Takakazu Kaneko
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
| | - Md Shakhawat Hossain
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shibata
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | | | - Makoto Hayashi
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kouchi
- International Christian University, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8585, Japan
| | - Yosuke Umehara
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
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Chiasson DM, Haage K, Sollweck K, Brachmann A, Dietrich P, Parniske M. A quantitative hypermorphic CNGC allele confers ectopic calcium flux and impairs cellular development. eLife 2017; 6:25012. [PMID: 28933692 PMCID: PMC5716663 DOI: 10.7554/elife.25012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The coordinated control of Ca2+ signaling is essential for development in eukaryotes. Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel (CNGC) family members mediate Ca2+ influx from cellular stores in plants (Charpentier et al., 2016; Gao et al., 2016; Frietsch et al., 2007; Urquhart et al., 2007). Here, we report the unusual genetic behavior of a quantitative gain-of-function CNGC mutation (brush) in Lotus japonicus resulting in a leaky tetrameric channel. brush resides in a cluster of redundant CNGCs encoding subunits which resemble metazoan voltage-gated potassium (Kv1-Kv4) channels in assembly and gating properties. The recessive mongenic brush mutation impaired root development and infection by nitrogen-fixing rhizobia. The brush allele exhibited quantitative behavior since overexpression of the cluster subunits was required to suppress the brush phenotype. The results reveal a mechanism by which quantitative competition between channel subunits for tetramer assembly can impact the phenotype of the mutation carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Chiasson
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Genetics, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kristina Haage
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Genetics, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Sollweck
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Genetics, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Brachmann
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Genetics, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Petra Dietrich
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Parniske
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Genetics, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Acosta-Jurado S, Rodríguez-Navarro DN, Kawaharada Y, Perea JF, Gil-Serrano A, Jin H, An Q, Rodríguez-Carvajal MA, Andersen SU, Sandal N, Stougaard J, Vinardell JM, Ruiz-Sainz JE. Sinorhizobium fredii HH103 Invades Lotus burttii by Crack Entry in a Nod Factor-and Surface Polysaccharide-Dependent Manner. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2016; 29:925-937. [PMID: 27827003 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-16-0195-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Sinorhizobium fredii HH103-Rifr, a broad host range rhizobial strain, induces nitrogen-fixing nodules in Lotus burttii but ineffective nodules in L. japonicus. Confocal microscopy studies showed that Mesorhizobium loti MAFF303099 and S. fredii HH103-Rifr invade L. burttii roots through infection threads or epidermal cracks, respectively. Infection threads in root hairs were not observed in L. burttii plants inoculated with S. fredii HH103-Rifr. A S. fredii HH103-Rifr nodA mutant failed to nodulate L. burttii, demonstrating that Nod factors are strictly necessary for this crack-entry mode, and a noeL mutant was also severely impaired in L. burttii nodulation, indicating that the presence of fucosyl residues in the Nod factor is symbiotically relevant. However, significant symbiotic impacts due to the absence of methylation or to acetylation of the fucosyl residue were not detected. In contrast S. fredii HH103-Rifr mutants showing lipopolysaccharide alterations had reduced symbiotic capacity, while mutants affected in production of either exopolysaccharides, capsular polysaccharides, or both were not impaired in nodulation. Mutants unable to produce cyclic glucans and purine or pyrimidine auxotrophic mutants formed ineffective nodules with L. burttii. Flagellin-dependent bacterial mobility was not required for crack infection, since HH103-Rifr fla mutants nodulated L. burttii. None of the S. fredii HH103-Rifr surface-polysaccharide mutants gained effective nodulation with L. japonicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Acosta-Jurado
- 1 Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes 6, C.P. 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Yasuyuki Kawaharada
- 3 Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark; and
| | - Juan Fernández Perea
- 2 IFAPA, Centro Las Torres-Tomejil, Apartado Oficial 41200, Alcalá del Río, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonio Gil-Serrano
- 4 Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Calle Profesor García González 1, C. P. 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Haojie Jin
- 3 Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark; and
| | - Qi An
- 1 Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes 6, C.P. 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Miguel A Rodríguez-Carvajal
- 4 Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Calle Profesor García González 1, C. P. 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Stig U Andersen
- 3 Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark; and
| | - Niels Sandal
- 3 Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark; and
| | - Jens Stougaard
- 3 Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark; and
| | - José-María Vinardell
- 1 Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes 6, C.P. 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - José E Ruiz-Sainz
- 1 Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes 6, C.P. 41012, Sevilla, Spain
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Uchiya P, Escaray FJ, Bilenca D, Pieckenstain F, Ruiz OA, Menéndez AB. Salt effects on functional traits in model and in economically important Lotus species. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2016; 18:703-709. [PMID: 27007305 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A common stress on plants is NaCl-derived soil salinity. Genus Lotus comprises model and economically important species, which have been studied regarding physiological responses to salinity. Leaf area ratio (LAR), root length ratio (RLR) and their components, specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf mass fraction (LMF) and specific root length (SRL) and root mass fraction (RMF) might be affected by high soil salinity. We characterised L. tenuis, L. corniculatus, L. filicaulis, L. creticus, L. burtii and L. japonicus grown under different salt concentrations (0, 50, 100 and 150 mm NaCl) on the basis of SLA, LMF, SRL and RMF using PCA. We also assessed effects of different salt concentrations on LAR and RLR in each species, and explored whether changes in these traits provide fitness benefit. Salinity (150 mm NaCl) increased LAR in L. burtii and L. corniculatus, but not in the remaining species. The highest salt concentration caused a decrease of RLR in L. japonicus Gifu, but not in the remaining species. Changes in LAR and RLR would not be adaptive, according to adaptiveness analysis, with the exception of SLA changes in L. corniculatus. PCA revealed that under favourable conditions plants optimise surfaces for light and nutrient acquisition (SLA and SRL), whereas at higher salt concentrations they favour carbon allocation to leaves and roots (LMF and RMF) in detriment to their surfaces. PCA also showed that L. creticus subjected to saline treatment was distinguished from the remaining Lotus species. We suggest that augmented carbon partitioning to leaves and roots could constitute a salt-alleviating mechanism through toxic ion dilution.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Uchiya
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH/UNSAM-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - F J Escaray
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH/UNSAM-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - D Bilenca
- IEGEBA, UBA-CONICET - Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - F Pieckenstain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH/UNSAM-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - O A Ruiz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH/UNSAM-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A B Menéndez
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, PROPLAME-PRHIDEB (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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9
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Gentzbittel L, Andersen SU, Ben C, Rickauer M, Stougaard J, Young ND. Naturally occurring diversity helps to reveal genes of adaptive importance in legumes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:269. [PMID: 25954294 PMCID: PMC4404971 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Environmental changes challenge plants and drive adaptation to new conditions, suggesting that natural biodiversity may be a source of adaptive alleles acting through phenotypic plasticity and/or micro-evolution. Crosses between accessions differing for a given trait have been the most common way to disentangle genetic and environmental components. Interestingly, such man-made crosses may combine alleles that never meet in nature. Another way to discover adaptive alleles, inspired by evolution, is to survey large ecotype collections and to use association genetics to identify loci of interest. Both of these two genetic approaches are based on the use of biodiversity and may eventually help us in identifying the genes that plants use to respond to challenges such as short-term stresses or those due to global climate change. In legumes, two wild species, Medicago truncatula and Lotus japonicus, plus the cultivated soybean (Glycine max) have been adopted as models for genomic studies. In this review, we will discuss the resources, limitations and future plans for a systematic use of biodiversity resources in model legumes to pinpoint genes of adaptive importance in legumes, and their application in breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Gentzbittel
- EcoLab Laboratoire Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Toulouse, Université Fédérale de ToulouseCastanet Tolosan, France
- EcoLab Laboratoire Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueCastanet Tolosan, France
| | - Stig U. Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Aarhus UniversityAarhus, Denmark
| | - Cécile Ben
- EcoLab Laboratoire Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Toulouse, Université Fédérale de ToulouseCastanet Tolosan, France
- EcoLab Laboratoire Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueCastanet Tolosan, France
| | - Martina Rickauer
- EcoLab Laboratoire Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Toulouse, Université Fédérale de ToulouseCastanet Tolosan, France
- EcoLab Laboratoire Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueCastanet Tolosan, France
| | - Jens Stougaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Aarhus UniversityAarhus, Denmark
| | - Nevin D. Young
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of MinnesotaSt. Paul, MN, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of MinnesotaSt. Paul, MN, USA
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Striker GG, Casas C, Manzur ME, Ploschuk RA, Casal JJ. Phenomic networks reveal largely independent root and shoot adjustment in waterlogged plants of Lotus japonicus. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:2278-2293. [PMID: 24393069 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Waterlogging imposes severe stress to the plant, and the interplay between root and aerial organs in the adjustment to this stress is poorly understood. A set of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of Lotus japonicus (Gifu B-129 × Miyakojima MG-20) was subjected to control and waterlogging conditions for 21 d, and 12 traits related to leaf physiological functioning, root aerenchyma formation, shoot and root morphology, and dry mass accumulation were assessed to generate phenomic networks. The phenomic network became more complex under waterlogging as a result of the incorporation of root aerenchyma and dark-adapted Fv/Fm. Significant waterlogging-induced variation was found for stomatal conductance, dark-adapted Fv/Fm and aerenchyma. The RILs with stronger induction of aerenchyma in response to waterlogging tended to show reduced negative impact of this stress on root growth but suffered average impact on shoot growth. The RILs that retained higher stomatal conductance under waterlogging tended to retain higher dark-adapted Fv/Fm and shoot growth under waterlogging conditions but showed average impact on root traits. We propose a model where, although the stress experienced by the roots during waterlogging is transmitted to the shoot, shoots and roots deal with waterlogging in a less interdependent manner than often assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo G Striker
- IFEVA-CONICET, Cátedra de Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Avenida San Martín 4453, Buenos Aires, CPA, 1417 DSE, Argentina
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11
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Kato M, Kato S, Sassa H. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of S-RNase fragments for identification of S-genotypes of Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia). BREEDING SCIENCE 2012; 62:348-51. [PMID: 23341749 PMCID: PMC3528332 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.62.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) exhibits gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) controlled by a complex and multiallelic S locus. The pistil-part product of the S locus is the polymorphic ribonuclease, S-RNase. Information on S-genotypes is important for the production and breeding of Japanese pears. Molecular analyses of S-genotypes of Japanese pear have been conducted with the CAPS (cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence) system; PCR amplification of S-RNase fragments by a common primer pair followed by digestion with restriction enzymes each of which cleaves a specific S haplotype. Here, we show that the separation of S-RNase fragments by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) distinguishes four out of nine S haplotypes of Japanese pear without restriction digestion. S(3)-, S(5)-, S(6)- and S(8)-RNases were identified as distinct bands by PAGE. S(3)- and S(5)-RNases were separated by PAGE despite their identical fragment sizes. Using this system, three Japanese pear lines with unknown S-genotypes were analyzed. The newly determined S-genotypes of the lines were confirmed by CAPS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kato
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo 648, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8510, Japan
| | - Shu Kato
- Chiba Prefectural Agriculture and Forestry Research Center, Midori-ku, Chiba 266-0007, Japan
| | - Hidenori Sassa
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo 648, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8510, Japan
- Corresponding author (e-mail: )
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12
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De Luis A, Markmann K, Cognat V, Holt DB, Charpentier M, Parniske M, Stougaard J, Voinnet O. Two microRNAs linked to nodule infection and nitrogen-fixing ability in the legume Lotus japonicus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:2137-54. [PMID: 23071252 PMCID: PMC3510137 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.204883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Legumes overcome nitrogen shortage by developing root nodules in which symbiotic bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen in exchange for host-derived carbohydrates and mineral nutrients. Nodule development involves the distinct processes of nodule organogenesis, bacterial infection, and the onset of nitrogen fixation. These entail profound, dynamic gene expression changes, notably contributed to by microRNAs (miRNAs). Here, we used deep-sequencing, candidate-based expression studies and a selection of Lotus japonicus mutants uncoupling different symbiosis stages to identify miRNAs involved in symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Induction of a noncanonical miR171 isoform, which targets the key nodulation transcription factor Nodulation Signaling Pathway2, correlates with bacterial infection in nodules. A second candidate, miR397, is systemically induced in the presence of active, nitrogen-fixing nodules but not in that of noninfected or inactive nodule organs. It is involved in nitrogen fixation-related copper homeostasis and targets a member of the laccase copper protein family. These findings thus identify two miRNAs specifically responding to symbiotic infection and nodule function in legumes.
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13
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Sawada Y, Nakabayashi R, Yamada Y, Suzuki M, Sato M, Sakata A, Akiyama K, Sakurai T, Matsuda F, Aoki T, Hirai MY, Saito K. RIKEN tandem mass spectral database (ReSpect) for phytochemicals: a plant-specific MS/MS-based data resource and database. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2012; 82:38-45. [PMID: 22867903 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The fragment pattern analysis of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) has long been used for the structural characterization of metabolites. The construction of a plant-specific MS/MS data resource and database will enable complex phytochemical structures to be narrowed down to candidate structures. Therefore, a web-based database of MS/MS data pertaining to phytochemicals was developed and named ReSpect (RIKEN tandem mass spectral database). Of the 3595 metabolites in ReSpect, 76% were derived from 163 literature reports, whereas the rest was obtained from authentic standards. As a main web application of ReSpect, a fragment search was established based on only the m/z values of query data and records. The confidence levels of the annotations were managed using the MS/MS fragmentation association rule, which is an algorithm for discovering common fragmentations in MS/MS data. Using this data resource and database, a case study was conducted for the annotation of untargeted MS/MS data that were selected after quantitative trait locus analysis of the accessions (Gifu and Miyakojima) of a model legume Lotus japonicus. In the case study, unknown metabolites were successfully narrowed down to putative structures in the website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Sawada
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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Tominaga A, Gondo T, Akashi R, Zheng SH, Arima S, Suzuki A. Quantitative trait locus analysis of symbiotic nitrogen fixation activity in the model legume Lotus japonicus. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2012; 125:395-406. [PMID: 22009016 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-011-0459-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Many legumes form nitrogen-fixing root nodules. An elevation of nitrogen fixation in such legumes would have significant implications for plant growth and biomass production in agriculture. To identify the genetic basis for the regulation of nitrogen fixation, quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis was conducted with recombinant inbred lines derived from the cross Miyakojima MG-20 × Gifu B-129 in the model legume Lotus japonicus. This population was inoculated with Mesorhizobium loti MAFF303099 and grown for 14 days in pods containing vermiculite. Phenotypic data were collected for acetylene reduction activity (ARA) per plant (ARA/P), ARA per nodule weight (ARA/NW), ARA per nodule number (ARA/NN), NN per plant, NW per plant, stem length (SL), SL without inoculation (SLbac-), shoot dry weight without inoculation (SWbac-), root length without inoculation (RLbac-), and root dry weight (RWbac-), and finally 34 QTLs were identified. ARA/P, ARA/NN, NW, and SL showed strong correlations and QTL co-localization, suggesting that several plant characteristics important for symbiotic nitrogen fixation are controlled by the same locus. QTLs for ARA/P, ARA/NN, NW, and SL, co-localized around marker TM0832 on chromosome 4, were also co-localized with previously reported QTLs for seed mass. This is the first report of QTL analysis for symbiotic nitrogen fixation activity traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiyoshi Tominaga
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
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15
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Hashiguchi M, Abe J, Aoki T, Anai T, Suzuki A, Akashi R. The National BioResource Project (NBRP) Lotus and Glycine in Japan. BREEDING SCIENCE 2012; 61:453-61. [PMID: 23136485 PMCID: PMC3406794 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.61.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the National BioResource Project (NBRP) in Japan is to collect, conserve and distribute biological materials for life sciences research. The project consists of twenty-eight bioresources, including animal, plant, microorganism and DNA resources. NBRP Lotus and Glycine aims to support the development of legume research through the collection, conservation, and distribution of these bioresources. Lotus japonicus is a perennial legume that grows naturally throughout Japan and is widely used as a model plant for legumes because of such advantages as its small genome size and short life cycle. Soybean (Glycine max) has been cultivated as an important crop since ancient times, and numerous research programs have generated a large amount of basic research information and valuable bioresources for this crop. We have also developed a "LegumeBase" a specialized database for the genera Lotus and Glycine, and are maintaining this database as a part of the NBRP. In this paper we will provide an overview of the resources available from the NBRP Lotus and Glycine database site, called "LegumeBase".
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatsugu Hashiguchi
- Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Jun Abe
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9, Nishi 9, Kita, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Toshio Aoki
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Anai
- Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1 Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Akihiro Suzuki
- Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1 Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Ryo Akashi
- Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
- Corresponding author (e-mail: )
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16
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Masunaka A, Hyakumachi M, Takenaka S. Plant growth-promoting fungus, Trichoderma koningi suppresses isoflavonoid phytoalexin vestitol production for colonization on/in the roots of Lotus japonicus. Microbes Environ 2011; 26:128-34. [PMID: 21502738 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me10176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between the colonization of Lotus japonicus by plant growth-promoting fungi (PGPF) and biosynthesis of the isoflavonoid phytoalexin vestitol, a major defensive response of leguminous plants, was analyzed. When PGPF including Trichoderma koningi, Fusarium equiseti, and Penicillium simplicissimum were inoculated onto L. japonicus roots, only T. koningi colonized the roots long-term and increased plant dry weight (126%). Microscopic observations of transverse sections of roots colonized by T. koningi demonstrated intercellular hyphal growth and the formation of yeast-like cells. The induction of plant defenses by fungal infections was examined by Northern analysis of genes involved in vestitol biosynthesis and HPLC of vestitol production in L. japonicus. Inoculation with symbiotic Mesorhizobium loti did not induce any accumulation of the transcripts. T. koningi immediately suppressed transcript levels to those induced by M. loti. The vestitol transuded from roots by T. koningi was detected at a level equivalent to that transuded by M. loti. Other PGPF and Calonectoria ilicola pathogenic to soybean but not to L. japonicus, stimulated continuous expression of genes and exudation of vestitol. These PGPF resembled mycorrhizal fungi in the establishment of symbiotic associations rather than fungal parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Masunaka
- National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region, Kasai, Hokkaido 082-0081, Japan.
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17
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Groth M, Takeda N, Perry J, Uchida H, Dräxl S, Brachmann A, Sato S, Tabata S, Kawaguchi M, Wang TL, Parniske M. NENA, a Lotus japonicus homolog of Sec13, is required for rhizodermal infection by arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi and rhizobia but dispensable for cortical endosymbiotic development. THE PLANT CELL 2010; 22:2509-26. [PMID: 20675572 PMCID: PMC2929109 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.109.069807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Revised: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Legumes form symbioses with arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi and nitrogen fixing root nodule bacteria. Intracellular root infection by either endosymbiont is controlled by the activation of the calcium and calmodulin-dependent kinase (CCaMK), a central regulatory component of the plant's common symbiosis signaling network. We performed a microscopy screen for Lotus japonicus mutants defective in AM development and isolated a mutant, nena, that aborted fungal infection in the rhizodermis. NENA encodes a WD40 repeat protein related to the nucleoporins Sec13 and Seh1. Localization of NENA to the nuclear rim and yeast two-hybrid experiments indicated a role for NENA in a conserved subcomplex of the nuclear pore scaffold. Although nena mutants were able to form pink nodules in symbiosis with Mesorhizobium loti, root hair infection was not observed. Moreover, Nod factor induction of the symbiotic genes NIN, SbtM4, and SbtS, as well as perinuclear calcium spiking, were impaired. Detailed phenotypic analyses of nena mutants revealed a rhizobial infection mode that overcame the lack of rhizodermal responsiveness and carried the hallmarks of crack entry, including a requirement for ethylene. CCaMK-dependent processes were only abolished in the rhizodermis but not in the cortex of nena mutants. These data support the concept of tissue-specific components for the activation of CCaMK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Groth
- Biocenter University of Munich (LMU), Genetics, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Naoya Takeda
- Biocenter University of Munich (LMU), Genetics, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jillian Perry
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Hisaki Uchida
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Stephan Dräxl
- Biocenter University of Munich (LMU), Genetics, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Andreas Brachmann
- Biocenter University of Munich (LMU), Genetics, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Shusei Sato
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tabata
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kawaguchi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Trevor L. Wang
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Parniske
- Biocenter University of Munich (LMU), Genetics, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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18
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Mizuno N, Yamasaki M, Matsuoka Y, Kawahara T, Takumi S. Population structure of wild wheat D-genome progenitor Aegilops tauschii Coss.: implications for intraspecific lineage diversification and evolution of common wheat. Mol Ecol 2010; 19:999-1013. [PMID: 20149088 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04537.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aegilops tauschii Coss. is the D-genome progenitor of hexaploid wheat. Aegilops tauschii, a wild diploid species, has a wide natural species range in central Eurasia, spreading from Turkey to western China. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis using a total of 122 accessions of Ae. tauschii was conducted to clarify the population structure of this widespread wild wheat species. Phylogenetic and principal component analyses revealed two major lineages in Ae. tauschii. Bayesian population structure analyses based on the AFLP data showed that lineages one (L1) and two (L2) were respectively significantly divided into six and three sublineages. Only four out of the six L1 sublineages were diverged from those of western habitats in the Transcaucasia and northern Iran region to eastern habitats such as Pakistan and Afghanistan. Other sublineages including L2 were distributed to a limited extent in the western region. Subspecies strangulata seemed to be differentiated in one sublineage of L2. Among three major haplogroups (HG7, HG9 and HG16) previously identified in the Ae. tauschii population based on chloroplast variation, HG7 accessions were widely distributed to both L1 and L2, HG9 accessions were restricted to L2, and HG16 accessions belonged to L1, suggesting that HG9 and HG16 were formed from HG7 after divergence of the first two lineages of the nuclear genome. These results on the population structure of Ae. tauschii and the genealogical relationship among Ae. tauschii accessions should provide important agricultural and evolutionary knowledge on genetic resources and conservation of natural genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Mizuno
- Laboratory of Plant Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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Klein MA, Grusak MA. Identification of nutrient and physical seed trait QTL in the model legume Lotus japonicus. Genome 2009; 52:677-91. [PMID: 19767898 DOI: 10.1139/g09-039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Legume seeds have the potential to provide a significant portion of essential micronutrients to the human diet. To identify the genetic basis for seed nutrient density, quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis was conducted with the Miyakojima MG-20 x Gifu B-129 recombinant inbred population from the model legume Lotus japonicus. This population was grown to seed under greenhouse conditions in 2006 and 2007. Phenotypic data were collected for seed calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), and zinc (Zn) concentrations and content. Data for physical seed traits (average seed mass and seed-pod allocation values) were also collected. Based on these phenotypic data, QTL analyses identified 103 QTL linked to 55 different molecular markers. Transgressive segregation, identified within this recombinant inbred population for both seed nutrient and physical traits, suggests new allelic combinations are available for agronomic trait improvement. QTL co-localization was also seen, suggesting that common transport processes might contribute to seed nutrient loading. Identification of loci involved in seed mineral density can be an important first step in identifying the genetic factors and, consequently, the physiological processes involved in mineral distribution to developing seeds. Longer term research efforts will focus on facilitating agronomic breeding efforts through ortholog identification in related crop legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda A Klein
- USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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20
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Perry J, Brachmann A, Welham T, Binder A, Charpentier M, Groth M, Haage K, Markmann K, Wang TL, Parniske M. TILLING in Lotus japonicus identified large allelic series for symbiosis genes and revealed a bias in functionally defective ethyl methanesulfonate alleles toward glycine replacements. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 151:1281-91. [PMID: 19641028 PMCID: PMC2773058 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.142190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We have established tools for forward and reverse genetic analysis of the legume Lotus (Lotus japonicus). A structured population of M2 progeny of 4,904 ethyl methanesulfonate-mutagenized M1 embryos is available for single nucleotide polymorphism mutation detection, using a TILLING (for Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes) protocol. Scanning subsets of this population, we identified a mutation load of one per 502 kb of amplified fragment. Moreover, we observed a 1:10 ratio between homozygous and heterozygous mutations in the M2 progeny. This reveals a clear difference in germline genetics between Lotus and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). In addition, we assembled M2 siblings with obvious phenotypes in overall development, starch accumulation, or nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbiosis in three thematic subpopulations. By screening the nodulation-defective population of M2 individuals for mutations in a set of 12 genes known to be essential for nodule development, we identified large allelic series for each gene, generating a unique data set that combines genotypic and phenotypic information facilitating structure-function studies. This analysis revealed a significant bias for replacements of glycine (Gly) residues in functionally defective alleles, which may be explained by the exceptional structural features of Gly. Gly allows the peptide chain to adopt conformations that are no longer possible after amino acid replacement. This previously unrecognized vulnerability of proteins at Gly residues could be used for the improvement of algorithms that are designed to predict the deleterious nature of single nucleotide polymorphism mutations. Our results demonstrate the power, as well as the limitations, of ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis for forward and reverse genetic studies. (Original mutant phenotypes can be accessed at http://data.jic.bbsrc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/lotusjaponicus Access to the Lotus TILLING facility can be obtained through http://www.lotusjaponicus.org or http://revgenuk.jic.ac.uk).
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21
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Yano K, Shibata S, Chen WL, Sato S, Kaneko T, Jurkiewicz A, Sandal N, Banba M, Imaizumi-Anraku H, Kojima T, Ohtomo R, Szczyglowski K, Stougaard J, Tabata S, Hayashi M, Kouchi H, Umehara Y. CERBERUS, a novel U-box protein containing WD-40 repeats, is required for formation of the infection thread and nodule development in the legume-Rhizobium symbiosis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 60:168-80. [PMID: 19508425 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2009.03943.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Endosymbiotic infection of legume plants by Rhizobium bacteria is initiated through infection threads (ITs) which are initiated within and penetrate from root hairs and deliver the endosymbionts into nodule cells. Despite recent progress in understanding the mutual recognition and early symbiotic signaling cascades in host legumes, the molecular mechanisms underlying bacterial infection processes and successive nodule organogenesis are still poorly understood. We isolated a novel symbiotic mutant of Lotus japonicus, cerberus, which shows defects in IT formation and nodule organogenesis. Map-based cloning of the causal gene allowed us to identify the CERBERUS gene, which encodes a novel protein containing a U-box domain and WD-40 repeats. CERBERUS expression was detected in the roots and nodules, and was enhanced after inoculation of Mesorhizobium loti. Strong expression was detected in developing nodule primordia and the infected zone of mature nodules. In cerberus mutants, Rhizobium colonized curled root hair tips, but hardly penetrated into root hair cells. The occasional ITs that were formed inside the root hair cells were mostly arrested within the epidermal cell layer. Nodule organogenesis was aborted prematurely, resulting in the formation of a large number of small bumps which contained no endosymbiotic bacteria. These phenotypic and genetic analyses, together with comparisons with other legume mutants with defects in IT formation, indicate that CERBERUS plays a critical role in the very early steps of IT formation as well as in growth and differentiation of nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Yano
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
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22
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Maekawa-Yoshikawa M, Müller J, Takeda N, Maekawa T, Sato S, Tabata S, Perry J, Wang TL, Groth M, Brachmann A, Parniske M. The temperature-sensitive brush mutant of the legume Lotus japonicus reveals a link between root development and nodule infection by rhizobia. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 149:1785-96. [PMID: 19176723 PMCID: PMC2663734 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.135160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The brush mutant of Lotus japonicus exhibits a temperature-dependent impairment in nodule, root, and shoot development. At 26 degrees C, brush formed fewer nodules, most of which were not colonized by rhizobia bacteria. Primary root growth was retarded and the anatomy of the brush root apical meristem revealed distorted cellular organization and reduced cell expansion. Reciprocal grafting of brush with wild-type plants indicated that this genotype only affected the root and that the shoot phenotype was a secondary effect. The root and nodulation phenotype cosegregated as a single Mendelian trait and the BRUSH gene could be mapped to the short arm of chromosome 2. At 18 degrees C, the brush root anatomy was rescued and similar to the wild type, and primary root length, number of infection threads, and nodule formation were partially rescued. Superficially, the brush root phenotype resembled the ethylene-related thick short root syndrome. However, treatment with ethylene inhibitor did not recover the observed phenotypes, although brush primary roots were slightly longer. The defects of brush in root architecture and infection thread development, together with intact nodule architecture and complete absence of symptoms from shoots, suggest that BRUSH affects cellular differentiation in a tissue-dependent way.
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23
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Dam S, Laursen BS, Ornfelt JH, Jochimsen B, Staerfeldt HH, Friis C, Nielsen K, Goffard N, Besenbacher S, Krusell L, Sato S, Tabata S, Thøgersen IB, Enghild JJ, Stougaard J. The proteome of seed development in the model legume Lotus japonicus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 149:1325-40. [PMID: 19129418 PMCID: PMC2649391 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.133405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Accepted: 01/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We have characterized the development of seeds in the model legume Lotus japonicus. Like soybean (Glycine max) and pea (Pisum sativum), Lotus develops straight seed pods and each pod contains approximately 20 seeds that reach maturity within 40 days. Histological sections show the characteristic three developmental phases of legume seeds and the presence of embryo, endosperm, and seed coat in desiccated seeds. Furthermore, protein, oil, starch, phytic acid, and ash contents were determined, and this indicates that the composition of mature Lotus seed is more similar to soybean than to pea. In a first attempt to determine the seed proteome, both a two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis approach and a gel-based liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry approach were used. Globulins were analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and five legumins, LLP1 to LLP5, and two convicilins, LCP1 and LCP2, were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. For two distinct developmental phases, seed filling and desiccation, a gel-based liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry approach was used, and 665 and 181 unique proteins corresponding to gene accession numbers were identified for the two phases, respectively. All of the proteome data, including the experimental data and mass spectrometry spectra peaks, were collected in a database that is available to the scientific community via a Web interface (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/cgi-bin/lotus/db.cgi). This database establishes the basis for relating physiology, biochemistry, and regulation of seed development in Lotus. Together with a new Web interface (http://bioinfoserver.rsbs.anu.edu.au/utils/PathExpress4legumes/) collecting all protein identifications for Lotus, Medicago, and soybean seed proteomes, this database is a valuable resource for comparative seed proteomics and pathway analysis within and beyond the legume family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svend Dam
- Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling , University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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Yokota K, Fukai E, Madsen LH, Jurkiewicz A, Rueda P, Radutoiu S, Held M, Hossain MS, Szczyglowski K, Morieri G, Oldroyd GED, Downie JA, Nielsen MW, Rusek AM, Sato S, Tabata S, James EK, Oyaizu H, Sandal N, Stougaard J. Rearrangement of actin cytoskeleton mediates invasion of Lotus japonicus roots by Mesorhizobium loti. THE PLANT CELL 2009; 21:267-84. [PMID: 19136645 PMCID: PMC2648097 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.108.063693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Revised: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Infection thread-dependent invasion of legume roots by rhizobia leads to internalization of bacteria into the plant cells, which is one of the salient features of root nodule symbiosis. We found that two genes, Nap1 (for Nck-associated protein 1) and Pir1 (for 121F-specific p53 inducible RNA), involved in actin rearrangements were essential for infection thread formation and colonization of Lotus japonicus roots by its natural microsymbiont, Mesorhizobium loti. nap1 and pir1 mutants developed an excess of uncolonized nodule primordia, indicating that these two genes were not essential for the initiation of nodule organogenesis per se. However, both the formation and subsequent progression of infection threads into the root cortex were significantly impaired in these mutants. We demonstrate that these infection defects were due to disturbed actin cytoskeleton organization. Short root hairs of the mutants had mostly transverse or web-like actin filaments, while bundles of actin filaments in wild-type root hairs were predominantly longitudinal. Corroborating these observations, temporal and spatial differences in actin filament organization between wild-type and mutant root hairs were also observed after Nod factor treatment, while calcium influx and spiking appeared unperturbed. Together with various effects on plant growth and seed formation, the nap1 and pir1 alleles also conferred a characteristic distorted trichome phenotype, suggesting a more general role for Nap1 and Pir1 in processes establishing cell polarity or polar growth in L. japonicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yokota
- Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Taguchi K, Ogata N, Kubo T, Kawasaki S, Mikami T. Quantitative trait locus responsible for resistance to Aphanomyces root rot (black root) caused by Aphanomyces cochlioides Drechs. in sugar beet. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2009; 118:227-234. [PMID: 18813904 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-008-0891-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Accepted: 09/09/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Aphanomyces root rot, caused by Aphanomyces cochlioides Drechs., is one of the most serious diseases of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). Identification and characterization of resistance genes is a major task in sugar beet breeding. To ensure the effectiveness of marker-assisted screening for Aphanomyces root rot resistance, genetic analysis of mature plants' phenotypic and molecular markers' segregation was carried out. At a highly infested field site, some 187 F(2) and 66 F(3) individuals, derived from a cross between lines 'NK-310mm-O' (highly resistant) and 'NK-184mm-O' (susceptible), were tested, over two seasons, for their level of resistance to Aphanomyces root rot. This resistance was classified into six categories according to the extent and intensity of whole plant symptoms. Simultaneously, two selected RAPD and 159 'NK-310mm-O'-coupled AFLP were used in the construction of a linkage map of 695.7 cM. Each of nine resultant linkage groups was successfully anchored to one of nine sugar beet chromosomes by incorporating 16 STS markers. Combining data for phenotype and molecular marker segregation, a single QTL was identified on chromosome III. This QTL explained 20% of the variance in F(2) population (in the year 2002) and 65% in F(3) lines (2003), indicating that this QTL plays a major role in the Aphanomyces root rot resistance. This is the first report of the genetic mapping of resistance to Aphanomyces-caused diseases in sugar beet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Taguchi
- Memuro Upland Farming Research Station, National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region (NARCH), Hokkaido, Japan.
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Fujie M, Shintaku H, Maeno H, Kajihara R, Usami S, Yamada T. Molecular Cytological Analysis of Cysteine Proteinases from Nodules of Lotus japonicus. CYTOLOGIA 2009. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.74.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Fujie
- Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University
| | - Hiroshi Shintaku
- Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University
| | - Hiroki Maeno
- Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University
| | - Ryo Kajihara
- Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University
| | - Shoji Usami
- Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University
| | - Takashi Yamada
- Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University
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Sawada Y, Akiyama K, Sakata A, Kuwahara A, Otsuki H, Sakurai T, Saito K, Hirai MY. Widely targeted metabolomics based on large-scale MS/MS data for elucidating metabolite accumulation patterns in plants. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 50:37-47. [PMID: 19054808 PMCID: PMC2638709 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcn183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 11/23/2008] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics is an 'omics' approach that aims to analyze all metabolites in a biological sample comprehensively. The detailed metabolite profiling of thousands of plant samples has great potential for directly elucidating plant metabolic processes. However, both a comprehensive analysis and a high throughput are difficult to achieve at the same time due to the wide diversity of metabolites in plants. Here, we have established a novel and practical metabolomics methodology for quantifying hundreds of targeted metabolites in a high-throughput manner. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) using tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (TQMS), which monitors both the specific precursor ions and product ions of each metabolite, is a standard technique in targeted metabolomics, as it enables high sensitivity, reproducibility and a broad dynamic range. In this study, we optimized the MRM conditions for specific compounds by performing automated flow injection analyses with TQMS. Based on a total of 61,920 spectra for 860 authentic compounds, the MRM conditions of 497 compounds were successfully optimized. These were applied to high-throughput automated analysis of biological samples using TQMS coupled with ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). By this analysis, approximately 100 metabolites were quantified in each of 14 plant accessions from Brassicaceae, Gramineae and Fabaceae. A hierarchical cluster analysis based on the metabolite accumulation patterns clearly showed differences among the plant families, and family-specific metabolites could be predicted using a batch-learning self-organizing map analysis. Thus, the automated widely targeted metabolomics approach established here should pave the way for large-scale metabolite profiling and comparative metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Sawada
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
- JST, CREST, 4-1-8 Hon-chou, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012 Japan
| | - Kenji Akiyama
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Akane Sakata
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Ayuko Kuwahara
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
- JST, CREST, 4-1-8 Hon-chou, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012 Japan
| | - Hitomi Otsuki
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Tetsuya Sakurai
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 263-8522 Japan
| | - Masami Yokota Hirai
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
- JST, CREST, 4-1-8 Hon-chou, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012 Japan
- *Corresponding author: E-mail, ; Fax, +81-45-503-9491
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Tomita R, Murai J, Miura Y, Ishihara H, Liu S, Kubotera Y, Honda A, Hatta R, Kuroda T, Hamada H, Sakamoto M, Munemura I, Nunomura O, Ishikawa K, Genda Y, Kawasaki S, Suzuki K, Meksem K, Kobayashi K. Fine mapping and DNA fiber FISH analysis locates the tobamovirus resistance gene L3 of Capsicum chinense in a 400-kb region of R-like genes cluster embedded in highly repetitive sequences. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2008; 117:1107-1118. [PMID: 18663424 PMCID: PMC2755798 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-008-0848-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The tobamovirus resistance gene L(3) of Capsicum chinense was mapped using an intra-specific F2 population (2,016 individuals) of Capsicum annuum cultivars, into one of which had been introduced the C. chinense L(3) gene, and an inter-specific F2 population (3,391 individuals) between C. chinense and Capsicum frutescence. Analysis of a BAC library with an AFLP marker closely linked to L(3)-resistance revealed the presence of homologs of the tomato disease resistance gene I2. Partial or full-length coding sequences were cloned by degenerate PCR from 35 different pepper I2 homologs and 17 genetic markers were generated in the inter-specific combination. The L(3) gene was mapped between I2 homolog marker IH1-04 and BAC-end marker 189D23M, and located within a region encompassing two different BAC contigs consisting of four and one clones, respectively. DNA fiber FISH analysis revealed that these two contigs are separated from each other by about 30 kb. DNA fiber FISH results and Southern blotting of the BAC clones suggested that the L(3) locus-containing region is rich in highly repetitive sequences. Southern blot analysis indicated that the two BAC contigs contain more than ten copies of the I2 homologs. In contrast to the inter-specific F2 population, no recombinant progeny were identified to have a crossover point within two BAC contigs consisting of seven and two clones in the intra-specific F2 population. Moreover, distribution of the crossover points differed between the two populations, suggesting linkage disequilibrium in the region containing the L locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Tomita
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003 Japan
| | - J. Murai
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003 Japan
- Research Institute, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Osaka, Osaka 537-8511 Japan
| | - Y. Miura
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003 Japan
- Nippon Flour Mills Co., Ltd, Central Laboratory, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0041 Japan
| | - H. Ishihara
- Department of Plant, Soil and Agricultural Systems, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901-4415 USA
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - S. Liu
- Department of Plant, Soil and Agricultural Systems, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901-4415 USA
| | - Y. Kubotera
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003 Japan
| | - A. Honda
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003 Japan
| | - R. Hatta
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003 Japan
| | - T. Kuroda
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003 Japan
- Crop Center, Niigata Agricultural Research Institute, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-0826 Japan
| | - H. Hamada
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003 Japan
- National Agricultural Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8666 Japan
| | - M. Sakamoto
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003 Japan
| | - I. Munemura
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003 Japan
| | - O. Nunomura
- Japan Horticultural Production and Research Institute, Matsudo, Chiba 270-2221 Japan
| | - K. Ishikawa
- Japan Horticultural Production and Research Institute, Matsudo, Chiba 270-2221 Japan
| | - Y. Genda
- Japan Horticultural Production and Research Institute, Matsudo, Chiba 270-2221 Japan
| | - S. Kawasaki
- National Institute of Agrobiological Resources, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602 Japan
| | - K. Suzuki
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003 Japan
- School of Environmental Science, University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, Shiga 522-8533 Japan
| | - K. Meksem
- Department of Plant, Soil and Agricultural Systems, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901-4415 USA
| | - K. Kobayashi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003 Japan
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Wang X, Sato S, Tabata S, Kawasaki S. A high-density linkage map of Lotus japonicus based on AFLP and SSR markers. DNA Res 2008; 15:323-32. [PMID: 18794159 PMCID: PMC2575890 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsn022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A collection of 94 F6 individuals derived from crosses between Lotus japonicus, Gifu B-129 (G) and Miyakojima MG-20 (M) were used for mapping. By using the HEGS running system, 427 EcoRI/MseI primer pairs were selected to generate a total of 2053 markers, consisting of 739 G-associated dominant markers, 674 M-associated dominant markers, 640 co-dominant markers, 95 SSR markers and 2 dCAPS markers. Excluding heavily distorted markers, 1588 were mapped to six chromosomes of the L. japonicus genome based on the 97 reference markers. This linkage map consisted of 1023 unique markers (excluding duplicated markers) and covered a total of 508.5 cM of the genome with an average chromosome length of 84.7 cM and interval distance of 0.50 cM. Fifteen quantitative traits loci for eight morphological traits were also mapped. This linkage map will provide a useful framework for physical map construction in L. japonicus in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwang Wang
- 1 National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Kannon-dai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
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Khan NA, Githiri SM, Benitez ER, Abe J, Kawasaki S, Hayashi T, Takahashi R. QTL analysis of cleistogamy in soybean. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2008; 117:479-87. [PMID: 18506418 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-008-0792-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/02/2008] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Early-maturing cultivars of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] native to the shores of the Sea of Okhotsk (Sakhalin and Kuril Islands) and eastern Hokkaido (northern Japan) have a strong tendency to produce cleistogamous flowers throughout their blooming period. A previous study revealed that cleistogamy is controlled by a minimum of two genes with epistatic interaction, one of which is associated with a maturity gene responsible for insensitivity to incandescent long daylength (ILD). This study was conducted to determine the genetic basis of cleistogamy in more detail by QTL mapping. F2 to F4 progenies derived from a cross between a cleistogamous cv. Karafuto-1 and a chasmogamous cv. Toyosuzu were used. A molecular linkage map spanning 2,180 cM comprising 500 markers was constructed using 89 F2 plants. The markers were distributed in 25 linkage groups. An interval mapping method to analyze categorical traits identified four QTLs for cleistogamy, cl1, cl2, cl3 and cl4, in molecular linkage groups (MLGs) C2, D1a, I and L, respectively. Alleles derived from Karafuto-1 had additive effects to increase probability of cleistogamy at cl3 and cl4, whereas the alleles had additive effects to decrease the probablity at cl1 and cl2. Progeny test confirmed the effects of cl3, which had the highest LOD score (5.20). Composite interval mapping revealed four QTLs for flowering date, fd5-fd8. Judging from relative location with markers and association with ILD responses, fd7 and fd8 may correspond to maturity genes E4 and E3, respectively. cl3 and cl4 were located at similar positions as fd7 and fd8, suggesting that the two maturity genes may control cleistogamy by either pleiotropy or close linkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisar A Khan
- University of Tsukuba, 2-1-18 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan
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Abstract
Days to flowering and maturity are controlled by genes E1-E7 and J in soybean. Previous studies revealed that E1-E5 and E7 influence tolerances to low-temperature-induced seed coat browning in different directions at various intensities. The E4 locus is useful for the development of early maturing cultivars with chilling tolerance because the recessive allele conditions both the early-maturing habit and chilling tolerance. This study was conducted to obtain a fine map of E4 by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis using a F(8:9) family segregating for E4 that was developed from a cross between photoperiod-insensitive Japanese landraces, Sakamotowase (E4) and Miharudaizu (e4). AFLP analysis using a total of 4096 primer pairs detected 20 polymorphic markers between near-isogenic lines for E4. Linkage mapping incorporated 16 AFLP markers into a previously constructed genetic map around E4 in linkage group I. Eight AFLP markers were localized to unfilled areas between E4 and the closest markers identified previously. Two AFLP markers flanking E4, e48m41-8 and e18m38-8, were mapped at positions 0.6 and 5.4 cM apart from E4, respectively. They were dominant and in cis arrangement with the recessive allele (e4) conditioning the photoperiod insensitivity and chilling tolerance. These markers can be used in developing more precise markers for fine mapping and marker-assisted selection and in isolating the underlying gene via genome walking approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisakazu Matsumura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 2-1-18 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518 Japan
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Suzuki H, Sasaki R, Ogata Y, Nakamura Y, Sakurai N, Kitajima M, Takayama H, Kanaya S, Aoki K, Shibata D, Saito K. Metabolic profiling of flavonoids in Lotus japonicus using liquid chromatography Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2008; 69:99-111. [PMID: 17669449 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2007] [Revised: 05/21/2007] [Accepted: 06/09/2007] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids detected from a model legume plant, Lotus japonicus accessions Miyakojima MG-20 and Gifu B-129, were profiled using liquid chromatography Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (LC-FTICR/MS). Five flavonols and two anthocyanidins were detected as aglycones. LC-FTICR/MS facilitated simultaneous detection of 61 flavonoids including compounds that have not been reported previously. Chemical information of the peaks such as retention time, lambdamax, m/z value of the quasi-molecular ion, m/z value of MS/MS fragment ions, and relative intensity of MS/MS fragments was obtained, along with the molecular formulas and conjugate structures. Fourteen were completely identified by comparison with authentic compounds. The high accuracy of m/z values, being 0.081 ppm between observed and theoretical values, allowed prediction of molecular formulas of unknown compounds with the help of isotope peak information for determination of chemical composition. Based on a predicted elemental composition, the presence of a novel nitrogen-containing flavonoid was proposed. A comparison of flavonoid profiles in flowers, stems, and leaves demonstrated that the flowers yielded the most complex profile, containing 30 flower-specific flavonoids including gossypetin glycosides and isorhamnetin glycosides. A comparison of flavonoid profiles between MG-20 and B-129 grown under the same conditions revealed that the accumulation of anthocyanins was higher in B-129 than MG-20, particularly in the stem. Developmental changes in the flavonoid profiles demonstrated that kaempferol glycosides increased promptly after germination. In contrast, quercetin glycosides, predominant flavonoids in the seeds, were not detectable in growing leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Suzuki
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kazusa-Kamatari 2-6-7, Kisarazu 292-0818, Japan
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Gondo T, Sato S, Okumura K, Tabata S, Akashi R, Isobe S. Quantitative trait locus analysis of multiple agronomic traits in the model legumeLotus japonicus. Genome 2007; 50:627-37. [PMID: 17893740 DOI: 10.1139/g07-040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The first quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of multiple agronomic traits in the model legume Lotus japonicus was performed with a population of recombinant inbred lines derived from Miyakojima MG-20 × Gifu B-129. Thirteen agronomic traits were evaluated in 2004 and 2005: traits of vegetative parts (plant height, stem thickness, leaf length, leaf width, plant regrowth, plant shape, and stem color), flowering traits (flowering time and degree), and pod and seed traits (pod length, pod width, seeds per pod, and seed mass). A total of 40 QTLs were detected that explained 5%–69% of total variation. The QTL that explained the most variation was that for stem color, which was detected in the same region of chromosome 2 in both years. Some QTLs were colocated, especially those for pod and seed traits. Seed mass QTLs were located at 5 locations that mapped to the corresponding genomic positions of equivalent QTLs in soybean, pea, chickpea, and mung bean. This study provides fundamental information for breeding of agronomically important legume crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Gondo
- University of Miyazaki, Frontier Science Research Center, 1-1 Nishi Gakuen-Kibanadai, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
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Poch HLC, López RHM, Clark SJ. Ecotypes of the model legume Lotus japonicus vary in their interaction phenotypes with the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2007; 99:1223-9. [PMID: 17475628 PMCID: PMC3243576 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcm058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Knowledge of host factors affecting plant-nematode interactions is scarce. Here, relevant interaction phenotypes between a nodulating model host, Lotus japonicus, and the endoparasitic root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita are assessed via a genetic screen. METHODS Within an alpha experimental design, 4-week-old replicate plants from 60 L. japonicus ecotypes were inoculated with 1000 nematodes from a single egg mass population, and evaluated for galling and nematode egg masses 6 weeks after inoculation. KEY RESULTS Statistical analysis of data for 57 ecotypes showed that ecotype susceptibilities ranged from 3.5 to 406 galls per root, and correlated strongly (r = 0.8, P < 0.001, log scale) with nematode reproduction (ranging from 0.6 to 34.5 egg masses per root). Some ecotypes, however, showed a significant discrepancy between disease severity and nematode reproduction. Necrosis and developmental malformations were observed in other infected ecotypes. CONCLUSIONS The first evidence is provided of significant variability in the interactions between L. japonicus and root-knot nematodes that may have further implications for the genetic dissection and characterization of host pathways involved in nematode parasitism and, possibly, in microbial symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Cabrera Poch
- Plant-Pathogen Interactions Division, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK.
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Holligan D, Zhang X, Jiang N, Pritham EJ, Wessler SR. The transposable element landscape of the model legume Lotus japonicus. Genetics 2006; 174:2215-28. [PMID: 17028332 PMCID: PMC1698628 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.106.062752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2006] [Accepted: 09/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The largest component of plant and animal genomes characterized to date is transposable elements (TEs). The availability of a significant amount of Lotus japonicus genome sequence has permitted for the first time a comprehensive study of the TE landscape in a legume species. Here we report the results of a combined computer-assisted and experimental analysis of the TEs in the 32.4 Mb of finished TAC clones. While computer-assisted analysis facilitated a determination of TE abundance and diversity, the availability of complete TAC sequences permitted identification of full-length TEs, which facilitated the design of tools for genomewide experimental analysis. In addition to containing all TE types found in previously characterized plant genomes, the TE component of L. japonicus contained several surprises. First, it is the second species (after Oryza sativa) found to be rich in Pack-MULEs, with >1000 elements that have captured and amplified gene fragments. In addition, we have identified what appears to be a legume-specific MULE family that was previously identified only in fungal species. Finally, the L. japonicus genome contains many hundreds, perhaps thousands of Sireviruses: Ty1/copia-like elements with an extra ORF. Significantly, several of the L. japonicus Sireviruses have recently amplified and may still be actively transposing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn Holligan
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, USA
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Chen JH, Pang JL, Wang LL, Luo YH, Li X, Cao XL, Lin K, Ma W, Hu XH, Luo D. Wrinkled petals and stamens 1, is required for the morphogenesis of petals and stamens in Lotus japonicus. Cell Res 2006; 16:499-506. [PMID: 16699545 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cr.7310061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although much progress has been made in understanding how floral organ identity is determined during the floral development, less is known about how floral organ is elaborated in the late floral developmental stages. Here we describe a novel floral mutant, wrinkled petals and stamens1 (wps1), which shows defects in the development of petals and stamens. Genetic analysis indicates that wps1 mutant is corresponding to a single recessive locus at the long arm of chromosome 3. The early development of floral organs in wps1 mutant is similar to that in wild type, and the malfunction of the mutant commences in late developmental stages, displaying a defect on the appearance of petals and stamens. In the mature flower, petals and stamen filaments in the mutant are wrinkled or folded, and the cellular morphology under L1 layer of petals and stamen filaments is abnormal. It is found that the expression patterns of floral organ identity genes are not affected in wps1 mutants compared with that of wild type, consistent with the unaltered development of all floral organs. Furthermore, the identities of epidermal cells in different type of petals are maintained. The histological analysis shows that in wps1 flowers all petals are irregularly folded, and there are knotted structures in the petals, while the shape and arrangement of inner cells are malformed and unorganized. Based on these results, we propose that Wps1 acts downstream to the class B floral organ identity genes, and functions to modulate the cellular differentiation during the late flower developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Hua Chen
- National Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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Yano K, Tansengco ML, Hio T, Higashi K, Murooka Y, Imaizumi-Anraku H, Kawaguchi M, Hayashi M. New nodulation mutants responsible for infection thread development in Lotus japonicus. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2006; 19:801-10. [PMID: 16838792 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-19-0801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Legume plants develop specialized root organs, the nodules, through a symbiotic interaction with rhizobia. The developmental process of nodulation is triggered by the bacterial microsymbiont but regulated systemically by the host legume plants. Using ethylmethane sulfonate mutagenesis as a tool to identify plant genes involved in symbiotic nodule development, we have isolated and analyzed five nodulation mutants, Ljsym74-3, Ljsym79-2, Ljsym79-3, Ljsym80, and Ljsym82, from the model legume Lotus japonicus. These mutants are defective in developing functional nodules and exhibit nitrogen starvation symptoms after inoculation with Mesorhizobium loti. Detailed observation revealed that infection thread development was aborted in these mutants and the nodules formed were devoid of infected cells. Mapping and complementation tests showed that Ljsym74-3, and Ljsym79-2 and Ljsym79-3, were allelic with reported mutants of L. japonicus, alb1 and crinkle, respectively. The Ljsym82 mutant is unique among the mutants because the infection thread was aborted early in its development. Ljsym74-3 and Ljsym80 were characterized as mutants with thick infection threads in short root hairs. Map-based cloning and molecular characterization of these genes will help us understand the genetic mechanism of infection thread development in L. japonicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Yano
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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38
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Degtjareva G, Kramina T, Sokoloff D, Samigullin T, Valiejo-Roman C, Antonov A. Phylogeny of the genus Lotus (Leguminosae, Loteae): evidence from nrITS sequences and morphology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1139/b06-035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lotus (120–130 species) is the largest genus of the tribe Loteae. The taxonomy of Lotus is complicated, and a comprehensive taxonomic revision of the genus is needed. We have conducted phylogenetic analyses of Lotus based on nrITS data alone and combined with data on 46 morphological characters. Eighty-one ingroup nrITS accessions representing 71 Lotus species are studied; among them 47 accessions representing 40 species are new. Representatives of all other genera of the tribe Loteae are included in the outgroup (for three genera, nrITS sequences are published for the first time). Forty-two of 71 ingroup species were not included in previous morphological phylogenetic studies. The most important conclusions of the present study are (1) addition of morphological data to the nrITS matrix produces a better resolved phylogeny of Lotus; (2) previous findings that Dorycnium and Tetragonolobus cannot be separated from Lotus at the generic level are well supported; (3) Lotus creticus should be placed in section Pedrosia rather than in section Lotea; (4) a broad treatment of section Ononidium is unnatural and the section should possibly not be recognized at all; (5) section Heinekenia is paraphyletic; (6) section Lotus should include Lotus conimbricensis; then the section is monophyletic; (7) a basic chromosome number of x = 6 is an important synapomorphy for the expanded section Lotus; (8) the segregation of Lotus schimperi and allies into section Chamaelotus is well supported; (9) there is an apparent functional correlation between stylodium and keel evolution in Lotus.
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Affiliation(s)
- G.V. Degtjareva
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
- Higher Plants Department, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
- Department of Evolutionary Biochemistry, A.N. Belozersky Institute, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - T.E. Kramina
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
- Higher Plants Department, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
- Department of Evolutionary Biochemistry, A.N. Belozersky Institute, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - D.D. Sokoloff
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
- Higher Plants Department, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
- Department of Evolutionary Biochemistry, A.N. Belozersky Institute, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - T.H. Samigullin
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
- Higher Plants Department, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
- Department of Evolutionary Biochemistry, A.N. Belozersky Institute, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - C.M. Valiejo-Roman
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
- Higher Plants Department, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
- Department of Evolutionary Biochemistry, A.N. Belozersky Institute, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - A.S. Antonov
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
- Higher Plants Department, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
- Department of Evolutionary Biochemistry, A.N. Belozersky Institute, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
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Tirichine L, James EK, Sandal N, Stougaard J. Spontaneous root-nodule formation in the model legume Lotus japonicus: a novel class of mutants nodulates in the absence of rhizobia. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2006; 19:373-82. [PMID: 16610740 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-19-0373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Root-nodule development in legumes is an inducible developmental process initially triggered by perception of lipochitin-oligosaccharide signals secreted by the bacterial microsymbiont. In nature, rhizobial colonization and invasion of the legume root is therefore a prerequisite for formation of nitrogen-fixing root nodules. Here, we report isolation and characterization of chemically induced spontaneously nodulating mutants in a model legume amenable to molecular genetics. Six mutant lines of Lotus japonicus were identified in a screen for spontaneous nodule development under axenic conditions, i.e., in the absence of rhizobia. Spontaneous nodules do not contain rhizobia, bacteroids, or infection threads. Phenotypically, they resemble ineffective white nodules formed by some bacterial mutants on wild-type plants or certain plant mutants inoculated with wild-type Mesorhizobium loti. Spontaneous nodules formed on mutant lines show the ontogeny and characteristic histological features described for rhizobia-induced nodules on wild-type plants. Physiological responses to nitrate and ethylene are also maintained, as elevated levels inhibit spontaneous nodulation. Activation of the nodule developmental program in spontaneous nodules was shown for the early nodulin genes Enod2 and Nin, which are both upregulated in spontaneous nodules as well as in rhizobial nodules. Both monogenic recessive and dominant spontaneous nodule formation (snf) mutations were isolated in this mutant screen, and map positions were determined for three loci. We suggest that future molecular characterization of these mutants will identify key plant determinants involved in regulating nodulation and provide new insight into plant organ development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leïla Tirichine
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Aarhus, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, DK-8000 C Aarhus, Denmark
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40
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Takeda N, Okamoto S, Hayashi M, Murooka Y. Expression of LjENOD40 genes in response to symbiotic and non-symbiotic signals: LjENOD40-1 and LjENOD40-2 are differentially regulated in Lotus japonicus. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 46:1291-8. [PMID: 15937327 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pci138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen fixation in nodules provides leguminous plants with an ability to grow in nitrogen-starved soil. Infection of the host plants by microsymbionts triggers various physiological and morphological changes during nodule formation. In Lotus japonicus, expression of early nodulin (ENOD) genes is triggered by perception of bacterial signal molecules, nodulation factors (Nod factors). We examined the expression patterns of ENOD40 genes during the nodule formation process. Two ENOD40 genes of L. japonicus were specifically expressed in the nodule formation process, but they showed different expression patterns upon infection. Each ENOD40 gene demonstrates an individual specificity and regulation with regard to rhizobial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Takeda
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
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41
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Ooki Y, Banba M, Yano K, Maruya J, Sato S, Tabata S, Saeki K, Hayashi M, Kawaguchi M, Izui K, Hata S. Characterization of the Lotus japonicus symbiotic mutant lot1 that shows a reduced nodule number and distorted trichomes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 137:1261-71. [PMID: 15793069 PMCID: PMC1088319 DOI: 10.1104/pp.104.056630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2004] [Revised: 01/17/2005] [Accepted: 01/31/2005] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We isolated a recessive symbiotic mutant of Lotus japonicus that defines a genetic locus, LOT1 (for low nodulation and trichome distortion). The nodule number per plant of the mutant was about one-fifth of that of the wild type. The lot1 mutant showed a moderate dwarf phenotype and distorted trichomes, but its root hairs showed no apparent differences to those of the wild type. Infection thread formation after inoculation of Mesorhizobium loti was repressed in lot1 compared to that in the wild type. The nodule primordia of lot1 did not result in any aborted nodule-like structure, all nodules becoming mature and exhibiting high nitrogen fixation activity. The mutant was normally colonized by mycorrhizal fungi. lot1 also showed higher sensitivity to nitrate than the wild type. The grown-up seedlings of lot1 were insensitive to any ethylene treatments with regard to nodulation, although the mutant showed normal triple response on germination. It is conceivable that a nodulation-specific ethylene signaling pathway is constitutively activated in the mutant. Grafting experiments with lot1 and wild-type seedlings suggested that the root genotype mainly determines the low nodulation phenotype of the mutant, while the trichome distortion is regulated by the shoot genotype. Grafting of har1-4 shoots to lot1 roots resulted in an intermediate nodule number, i.e. more than that of lot1 and less than that of har1-4. Putative double mutants of lot1 and har1 also showed intermediate nodulation. Thus, it was indicated that LOT1 is involved in a distinct signal transduction pathway independent of HAR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Ooki
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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42
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Imaizumi-Anraku H, Takeda N, Charpentier M, Perry J, Miwa H, Umehara Y, Kouchi H, Murakami Y, Mulder L, Vickers K, Pike J, Downie JA, Wang T, Sato S, Asamizu E, Tabata S, Yoshikawa M, Murooka Y, Wu GJ, Kawaguchi M, Kawasaki S, Parniske M, Hayashi M. Plastid proteins crucial for symbiotic fungal and bacterial entry into plant roots. Nature 2004; 433:527-31. [PMID: 15616514 DOI: 10.1038/nature03237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2004] [Accepted: 11/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The roots of most higher plants form arbuscular mycorrhiza, an ancient, phosphate-acquiring symbiosis with fungi, whereas only four related plant orders are able to engage in the evolutionary younger nitrogen-fixing root-nodule symbiosis with bacteria. Plant symbioses with bacteria and fungi require a set of common signal transduction components that redirect root cell development. Here we present two highly homologous genes from Lotus japonicus, CASTOR and POLLUX, that are indispensable for microbial admission into plant cells and act upstream of intracellular calcium spiking, one of the earliest plant responses to symbiotic stimulation. Surprisingly, both twin proteins are localized in the plastids of root cells, indicating a previously unrecognized role of this ancient endosymbiont in controlling intracellular symbioses that evolved more recently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruko Imaizumi-Anraku
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
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43
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Arimura GI, Ozawa R, Kugimiya S, Takabayashi J, Bohlmann J. Herbivore-induced defense response in a model legume. Two-spotted spider mites induce emission of (E)-beta-ocimene and transcript accumulation of (E)-beta-ocimene synthase in Lotus japonicus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 135:1976-83. [PMID: 15310830 PMCID: PMC520769 DOI: 10.1104/pp.104.042929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2004] [Revised: 06/04/2004] [Accepted: 06/04/2004] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Indirect defense of plants against herbivores often involves the induced emission of volatile infochemicals including terpenoids that attract natural enemies of the herbivores. We report the isolation and characterization of a terpene synthase cDNA (LjEbetaOS) from a model legume, Lotus japonicus. Recombinant LjEbetaOS enzyme produced (E)-beta-ocimene (98%) and its Z-isomer (2%). Transcripts of LjEbetaOS were induced in L. japonicus plants infested with two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae), coinciding with increasing emissions of (E)-beta-ocimene as well as other volatiles, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene, by the infested plants. We suggest that LjEbetaOS is involved in the herbivore-induced indirect defense response of spider mite-infested L. japonicus via de novo formation and emission (E)-beta-ocimene. Mechanical wounding of the leaves or application of alamethicin (ALA), a potent fungal elicitor of plant volatile emission, also induced transiently increased levels of LjEbetaOS transcripts in L. japonicus. However, wounding or ALA did not result in elevated release of (E)-beta-ocimene. Differences in volatile emissions after herbivory, mechanical wounding, or treatment with ALA suggest that neither a single mechanical wounding event nor ALA simulate the effect of herbivore activity and indicate that herbivore-induced emission of (E)-beta-ocimene in L. japonicus involves control mechanisms in addition to up-regulation of LjEbetaOS transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen-ichiro Arimura
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, and Department of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, British Columbia, Canada.
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44
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Torregrosa C, Cluzet S, Fournier J, Huguet T, Gamas P, Prospéri JM, Esquerré-Tugayé MT, Dumas B, Jacquet C. Cytological, genetic, and molecular analysis to characterize compatible and incompatible interactions between Medicago truncatula and Colletotrichum trifolii. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2004; 17:909-20. [PMID: 15305612 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2004.17.8.909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a new pathosystem was established using the model plant Medicago truncatula and Colletotrichum trifolii, the causal agent of anthracnose on Medicago sativa. Screening of a few M. truncatula lines identified Jemalong and F83005.5 as resistant and susceptible to Colletotrichum trifolii race 1, respectively. Symptom analysis and cytological studies indicated that resistance of Jemalong was associated with a hypersensitive response of the plant. The two selected lines were crossed, and inoculations with C. trifolii were performed on the resulting F1 and F2 progenies. Examination of the disease phenotypes indicated that resistance was dominant and was probably due to a major resistance gene. Molecular components of the resistance were analyzed through macroarray experiments. Expression profiling of 126 expressed sequence tags corresponding to 92 genes, which were selected for their putative functions in plant defense or signal transduction, were compared in Jemalong and F83005.5 lines. A strong correlation was observed between the number of up-regulated genes and the resistance phenotype. Large differences appeared at 48 h postinoculation; more than 40% of the tested genes were up-regulated in the Jemalong line compared with only 10% in the susceptible line. Interestingly, some nodulin genes were also induced in the resistant line upon inoculation with C. trifolii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Torregrosa
- UMR 5546 CNRS-UPS, Pô1e de Biotechnologie Végétale, 24 Chemin de Borde Rouge, BP17 Auzeville, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
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45
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Stracke S, Sato S, Sandal N, Koyama M, Kaneko T, Tabata S, Parniske M. Exploitation of colinear relationships between the genomes of Lotus japonicus, Pisum sativum and Arabidopsis thaliana, for positional cloning of a legume symbiosis gene. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2004; 108:442-9. [PMID: 14557858 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-003-1438-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2003] [Accepted: 08/11/2003] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The Lotus japonicus LjSYM2 gene, and the Pisum sativum orthologue PsSYM19, are required for the formation of nitrogen-fixing root nodules and arbuscular mycorrhiza. Here we describe the map-based cloning procedure leading to the isolation of both genes. Marker information from a classical AFLP marker-screen in Lotus was integrated with a comparative genomics approach, utilizing Arabidopsis genome sequence information and the pea genetic map. A network of gene-based markers linked in all three species was identified, suggesting local colinearity in the region around LjSYM2/PsSYM19. The closest AFLP marker was located just over 200 kb from the LjSYM2 gene, the marker SHMT, which was converted from a marker on the pea map, was only 7.9 kb away. The LjSYM2/PsSYM19 region corresponds to two duplicated segments of the Arabidopsis chromosomes AtII and AtIV. Lotus homologues of Arabidopsis genes within these segments were mapped to three clusters on LjI, LjII and LjVI, suggesting that during evolution the genomic segment surrounding LjSYM2 has been subjected to duplication events. However, one marker, AUX-1, was identified based on colinearity between Lotus and Arabidopsis that mapped in physical proximity of the LjSym2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stracke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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46
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Suganuma N, Nakamura Y, Yamamoto M, Ohta T, Koiwa H, Akao S, Kawaguchi M. The Lotus japonicus Sen1 gene controls rhizobial differentiation into nitrogen-fixing bacteroids in nodules. Mol Genet Genomics 2003; 269:312-20. [PMID: 12684880 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-003-0840-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2003] [Accepted: 03/10/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A Lotus japonicus mutant, Ljsym75, which forms ineffective symbiotic nodules and defines a new locus involved in the process of nitrogen fixation, was characterized in detail in order to identify the stage of developmental arrest of the nodules. No nitrogen-fixing activity was detectable in Ljsym75 nodules at any stage during plant development, and plant growth was markedly retarded. Ljsym75 plants formed twice as many nodules as the wild-type Gifu, and this phenotype was not influenced by the application of low concentrations of nitrate. Although the ineffective nodules formed on Ljsym75 were anatomically similar to effective Gifu nodules, Ljsym75 nodules senesced prematurely. Microscopic examination revealed that bacteria endocytosed into Ljsym75 nodules failed to differentiate into bacteroids. Moreover, the bacteria contained no nitrogenase proteins, whereas leghemoglobin was detected in the cytosol of the nodules. These results indicate that Ljsym75 is required for bacterial differentiation into nitrogen-fixing bacteroids in nodules, and thus the Ljsym75 gene was renamed sen1 (for stationary endosymbiont nodule). Linkage analysis using DNA markers showed that Sen1 is located on chromosome 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Suganuma
- Department of Life Science, Aichi University of Education, Kariya, Aichi 448-8542, Japan.
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47
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Construction of High-Density Map, Genome Library, and Saturation Mapping of Nodulation Genes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-05036-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
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48
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Nishimura R, Hayashi M, Wu GJ, Kouchi H, Imaizumi-Anraku H, Murakami Y, Kawasaki S, Akao S, Ohmori M, Nagasawa M, Harada K, Kawaguchi M. HAR1 mediates systemic regulation of symbiotic organ development. Nature 2002; 420:426-9. [PMID: 12442172 DOI: 10.1038/nature01231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2002] [Accepted: 10/21/2002] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Symbiotic root nodules are beneficial to leguminous host plants; however, excessive nodulation damages the host because it interferes with the distribution of nutrients in the plant. To keep a steady balance, the nodulation programme is regulated systemically in leguminous hosts. Leguminous mutants that have lost this ability display a hypernodulating phenotype. Through the use of reciprocal and self-grafting studies using Lotus japonicus hypernodulating mutants, har1 (also known as sym78), we show that the shoot genotype is responsible for the negative regulation of nodule development. A map-based cloning strategy revealed that HAR1 encodes a protein with a relative molecular mass of 108,000, which contains 21 leucine-rich repeats, a single transmembrane domain and serine/threonine kinase domains. The har1 mutant phenotype was rescued by transfection of the HAR1 gene. In a comparison of Arabidopsis receptor-like kinases, HAR1 showed the highest level of similarity with CLAVATA1 (CLV1). CLV1 negatively regulates formation of the shoot and floral meristems through cell-cell communication involving the CLV3 peptide. Identification of hypernodulation genes thus indicates that genes in leguminous plants bearing a close resemblance to CLV1 regulate nodule development systemically, by means of organ-organ communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rieko Nishimura
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 163-8902, Japan
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49
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Nishimura R, Ohmori M, Fujita H, Kawaguchi M. A Lotus basic leucine zipper protein with a RING-finger motif negatively regulates the developmental program of nodulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:15206-10. [PMID: 12397181 PMCID: PMC137568 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.222302699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The developmental program of nodulation is regulated systemically in leguminous host species. A mutant astray (Ljsym77) in Lotus japonicus has lost some sort of its ability to regulate this symtem, and shows enhanced and early nodulation. In the absence of rhizobia, this mutant exhibits characteristics associated with defects in light and gravity responses. These nonsymbiotic phenotypes of astray are very similar to those observed in photomorphogenic Arabidopsis mutant hy5. Based on this evidence, we predicted that astray might contain a mutation in the HY5 homologue of L. japonicus. The homologue, named LjBzf, encodes a basic leucine zipper protein in the C-terminal half that shows the highest level of identity with HY5 of all Arabidopsis proteins. It also encodes legume-characteristic combination of motifs, including a RING-finger motif and an acidic region in the N-terminal half. The astray phenotypes were cosegregated with LjBzf, and the failure to splice the intron was detected. Nonsymbiotic and symbiotic phenotypes of astray were complemented by introduction of CaMV35SLjBzf. It is noteworthy that although Arabidopsis hy5 showed an enhancement of lateral root initiation, Lotus astray showed an enhancement of nodule initiation but not of lateral root initiation. Legume-characteristic combination of motifs of ASTRAY may play specific roles in the regulation of nodule development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rieko Nishimura
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Japan
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Kawaguchi M, Imaizumi-Anraku H, Koiwa H, Niwa S, Ikuta A, Syono K, Akao S. Root, root hair, and symbiotic mutants of the model legume Lotus japonicus. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2002; 15:17-26. [PMID: 11843301 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2002.15.1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
To gain an overview of plant factors controlling nodule number and organogenesis, an extensive screening using model legume Lotus japonicus was carried out. This screening involved 40,000 M2 seeds, and 32 stable mutant lines were isolated. From these, 16 mutant lines maintaining the phenotypic variation were selected and genetically analyzed. With respect to nodule number, four loci were identified, Ljsym77, Ljsym78, slippery root (slp), and radial organization1 (rdo1). The former two mutants have an increased number of nodules, while the latter two have a decreased number. Ljsym78-1 and Ljsym78-2 are hypernodulating mutants with a branched root system and were found to be allelic to Ljsym16. The phenotype of the Ljsym77 mutant was highly pleiotropic, being deficient in light and gravity responses. The slp mutant was isolated as a low-nodulating mutant lacking root hairs. Concerning nodule organogenesis, nine symbiotic loci were identified, including the two loci alb1 and fen1. Mutants affecting the developmental process of nodule organogenesis were placed in three phenotypic categories: Nod- (Ljsym70 to Ljsym73), Hist- (alb1-1, alb1-2, and Ljsym79), and Fix- (fen1, Ljsym75, and Ljsym81).
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Kawaguchi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan.
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