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Nodera M, Oikawa M, Nakazato K, Ishida T, Takeishi Y. Sympathetic nervous remodeling is induced in the intermediolateral nucleus after myocardial infarction – Role of BDNF-TrkB axis-. Neurosci Lett 2018; 685:114-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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2
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Scott AL, Zhang M, Nurse CA. Enhanced BDNF signalling following chronic hypoxia potentiates catecholamine release from cultured rat adrenal chromaffin cells. J Physiol 2016; 593:3281-99. [PMID: 26095976 DOI: 10.1113/jp270725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS We investigated the role of the neurotrophin BDNF signalling via the TrkB receptor in rat adrenomedullary chromaffin cells (AMCs) exposed to normoxia (Nox; 21% O2) and chronic hypoxia (CHox; 2% O2) in vitro for ∼ 48 h. TrkB receptor expression was upregulated in primary AMCs and in immortalized chromaffin (MAH) cells exposed to CHox; this effect was absent in MAH cells deficient in the transcription factor, hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-2α. Relative to normoxic controls, activation of the TrkB receptor in chronically hypoxic AMCs led to a marked increase in membrane excitability, intracellular [Ca(2+)], and catecholamine secretion. The BDNF-induced rise of intracellular [Ca(2+)] in CHox cells was sensitive to the selective T-type Ca(2+) channel blocker TTA-P2 and tetrodotoxin (TTX), suggesting key roles of low threshold T-type Ca(2+) and voltage-gated Na(+) channels in the signalling pathway. Environmental stressors, including chronic hypoxia, enhance the ability of adrenomedullary chromaffin cells (AMCs) to secrete catecholamines; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we investigated the role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signalling in rat AMCs exposed to chronic hypoxia. In rat adrenal glands, BDNF and its tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) receptor are highly expressed in the cortex and medulla, respectively. Exposure of AMCs to chronic hypoxia (2% O2; 48 h) in vitro caused a significant increase to TrkB mRNA expression. A similar increase was observed in an immortalized chromaffin cell line (MAH cells); however, it was absent in MAH cells deficient in the transcription factor HIF-2α. A specific TrkB agonist, 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF), stimulated quantal catecholamine secretion from chronically hypoxic (CHox; 2% O2) AMCs to a greater extent than normoxic (Nox; 21% O2) controls. Activation of TrkB by BDNF or 7,8-DHF increased intracellular Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)]i), an effect that was significantly larger in CHox cells. The 7,8-DHF-induced [Ca(2+)]i rise was sensitive to the tyrosine kinase inhibitor K252a and nickel (2 mm), but not the Ca(2+) store-depleting agent cyclopiazonic acid. Blockade of T-type calcium channels with TTA-P2 (1 μm) or voltage-gated Na(+) channels with TTX inhibited BDNF-induced [Ca(2+)]i increases. BDNF also induced a dose-dependent enhancement of action potential firing in CHox cells. These data demonstrate that during chronic hypoxia, enhancement of BDNF-TrkB signalling increases voltage-dependent Ca(2+) influx and catecholamine secretion in chromaffin cells, and that T-type Ca(2+) channels play a key role in the signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela L Scott
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Colin A Nurse
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
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3
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Bartlang MS, Savelyev SA, Johansson AS, Reber SO, Helfrich-Förster C, Lundkvist GBS. Repeated psychosocial stress at night, but not day, affects the central molecular clock. Chronobiol Int 2014; 31:996-1007. [PMID: 25051430 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2014.940085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that the outcome of repeated social defeat (SD) on behavior, physiology and immunology is more negative when applied during the dark/active phase as compared with the light/inactive phase of male C57BL/6 mice. Here, we investigated the effects of the same stress paradigm, which combines a psychosocial and novelty stressor, on the circadian clock in transgenic PERIOD2::LUCIFERASE (PER2::LUC) and wildtype (WT) mice by subjecting them to repeated SD, either in the early light phase (social defeat light = SDL) or in the early dark phase (social defeat dark = SDD) across 19 days. The PER2::LUC rhythms and clock gene mRNA expression were analyzed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and the adrenal gland, and PER2 protein expression in the SCN was assessed. SDD mice showed increased PER2::LUC rhythm amplitude in the SCN, reduced Per2 and Cryptochrome1 mRNA expression in the adrenal gland, and increased PER2 protein expression in the posterior part of the SCN compared with single-housed control (SHC) and SDL mice. In contrast, PER2::LUC rhythms in the SCN of SDL mice were not affected. However, SDL mice exhibited a 2-hour phase advance of the PER2::LUC rhythm in the adrenal gland compared to SHC mice. Furthermore, plasma levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and BDNF mRNA in the SCN were elevated in SDL mice. Taken together, these results show that the SCN molecular rhythmicity is affected by repeated SDD, but not SDL, while the adrenal peripheral clock is influenced mainly by SDL. The observed increase in BDNF in the SDL group may act to protect against the negative consequences of repeated psychosocial stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela S Bartlang
- Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
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4
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Saruta J, To M, Hayashi T, Kawashima R, Shimizu T, Kamata Y, Kato M, Takeuchi M, Tsukinoki K. Relationship between brain-derived neurotrophic factor and stress in saliva and salivary glands. JOURNAL OF ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY MEDICINE AND PATHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoms.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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5
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Arias ER, Valle-Leija P, Morales MA, Cifuentes F. Differential contribution of BDNF and NGF to long-term potentiation in the superior cervical ganglion of the rat. Neuropharmacology 2014; 81:206-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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6
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Geibel M, Badurek S, Horn JM, Vatanashevanopakorn C, Koudelka J, Wunderlich CM, Brönneke HS, Wunderlich FT, Minichiello L. Ablation of TrkB signalling in CCK neurons results in hypercortisolism and obesity. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3427. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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7
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Pham K, Sacirbegovic F, Russell SM. Polarized cells, polarized views: asymmetric cell division in hematopoietic cells. Front Immunol 2014; 5:26. [PMID: 24550912 PMCID: PMC3909886 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been recognized that alterations in cell shape and polarity play important roles in coordinating lymphocyte functions. In the last decade, a new aspect of lymphocyte polarity has attracted much attention, termed asymmetric cell division (ACD). ACD has previously been shown to dictate or influence many aspects of development in model organisms such as the worm and the fly, and to be disrupted in disease. Recent observations that ACD also occurs in lymphocytes led to exciting speculations that ACD might influence lymphocyte differentiation and function, and leukemia. Dissecting the role that ACD might play in these activities has not been straightforward, and the evidence to date for a functional role in lymphocyte fate determination has been controversial. In this review, we discuss the evidence to date for ACD in lymphocytes, and how it might influence lymphocyte fate. We also discuss current gaps in our knowledge, and suggest approaches to definitively test the physiological role of ACD in lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Pham
- Immune Signalling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , East Melbourne, VIC , Australia ; Centre for Micro-Photonics, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology , Hawthorn, VIC , Australia
| | - Faruk Sacirbegovic
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - Sarah M Russell
- Immune Signalling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , East Melbourne, VIC , Australia ; Centre for Micro-Photonics, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology , Hawthorn, VIC , Australia ; Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia ; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
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8
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Hougland MT, Harrison BJ, Magnuson DSK, Rouchka EC, Petruska JC. The Transcriptional Response of Neurotrophins and Their Tyrosine Kinase Receptors in Lumbar Sensorimotor Circuits to Spinal Cord Contusion is Affected by Injury Severity and Survival Time. Front Physiol 2013; 3:478. [PMID: 23316162 PMCID: PMC3540763 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) results in changes to the anatomical, neurochemical, and physiological properties of cells in the central and peripheral nervous system. Neurotrophins, acting by binding to their cognate Trk receptors on target cell membranes, contribute to modulation of anatomical, neurochemical, and physiological properties of neurons in sensorimotor circuits in both the intact and injured spinal cord. Neurotrophin signaling is associated with many post-SCI changes including maladaptive plasticity leading to pain and autonomic dysreflexia, but also therapeutic approaches such as training-induced locomotor improvement. Here we characterize expression of mRNA for neurotrophins and Trk receptors in lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal cord after two different severities of mid-thoracic injury and at 6 and 12 weeks post-SCI. There was complex regulation that differed with tissue, injury severity, and survival time, including reversals of regulation between 6 and 12 weeks, and the data suggest that natural regulation of neurotrophins in the spinal cord may continue for months after birth. Our assessments determined that a coordination of gene expression emerged at the 12-week post-SCI time point and bioinformatic analyses address possible mechanisms. These data can inform studies meant to determine the role of the neurotrophin signaling system in post-SCI function and plasticity, and studies using this signaling system as a therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tyler Hougland
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville Louisville, KY, USA ; Laboratory of Neural Physiology and Plasticity, Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery Louisville, KY, USA
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9
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Meyer M, Gonzalez Deniselle M, Gargiulo-Monachelli G, Garay L, Schumacher M, Guennoun R, De Nicola A. Progesterone effects on neuronal brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cells during progression of Wobbler mouse neurodegeneration. Neuroscience 2012; 201:267-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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10
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Kondo Y, Saruta J, To M, Shiiki N, Sato C, Tsukinoki K. Expression and Role of the BDNF Receptor-TrkB in Rat Adrenal Gland under Acute Immobilization Stress. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2010; 43:139-47. [PMID: 21245980 PMCID: PMC3015051 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.10027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We reported that plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was maximally elevated following a 60-min period of acute immobilization stress and that salivary glands were the main source of plasma BDNF under this stress condition. However, the expression pattern of the BDNF receptor, Tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB), under this condition has yet to be determined. We therefore investigated the effect of this stress on the expression level of TrkB in various rat organs using real-time PCR. No significant differences were found between controls and 60 min-stressed rats with respect to TrkB level in various organs. Only adrenal glands showed significantly increased TrkB mRNA levels after 60 min of stress. TrkB mRNA and protein were observed to localize in chromaffin cells. In addition, we investigated whether BDNF-TrkB interaction influences the release of stress hormones from PC12 cells, derived from chromaffin cells. Truncated receptor, TrkB-T1, was identified in PC12 cells using RT-PCR. Exposure of PC12 cells to BDNF induced the release of catecholamine. This BDNF-evoked release was totally blocked by administration of the K252a in which an inhibitor of Trk receptors. Thus, BDNF-TrkB interactions may modulate catecholamine release from adrenal chromaffin cells under acute stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kondo
- Department of Oral Pathology, Kanagawa Dental College Postgraduate School
- Research Institute of Salivary Gland and Health Medicine, Kanagawa Dental College
| | - Juri Saruta
- Department of Oral Pathology, Kanagawa Dental College Postgraduate School
- Department of Craniofacial Growth and Development Dentistry, Division of Orthodontics, Kanagawa Dental College
- Research Institute of Salivary Gland and Health Medicine, Kanagawa Dental College
| | - Masahiro To
- Department of Oral Pathology, Kanagawa Dental College Postgraduate School
- Research Institute of Salivary Gland and Health Medicine, Kanagawa Dental College
| | - Naoto Shiiki
- Department of Oral Pathology, Kanagawa Dental College Postgraduate School
- Research Institute of Salivary Gland and Health Medicine, Kanagawa Dental College
| | - Chikatoshi Sato
- Department of Oral Pathology, Kanagawa Dental College Postgraduate School
- Research Institute of Salivary Gland and Health Medicine, Kanagawa Dental College
| | - Keiichi Tsukinoki
- Department of Oral Pathology, Kanagawa Dental College Postgraduate School
- Research Institute of Salivary Gland and Health Medicine, Kanagawa Dental College
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11
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Tran PV, Georgieff MK, Engeland WC. Sodium depletion increases sympathetic neurite outgrowth and expression of a novel TMEM35 gene-derived protein (TUF1) in the rat adrenal zona glomerulosa. Endocrinology 2010; 151:4852-60. [PMID: 20685870 PMCID: PMC2946141 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The adrenal zona glomerulosa (ZG) secretes aldosterone to regulate sodium balance. Chronic sodium restriction increases aldosterone accompanied by ZG expansion. The ZG is innervated by sympathetic, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY), and sensory, calcitonin gene-related peptide, nerves. It is unclear whether innervation is affected by ZG growth. Therefore, we measured neurite outgrowth in the ZG of adult male rats after dietary sodium manipulation. In response to 1 wk sodium restriction, VIP and NPY fibers elongated in parallel with expansion of the ZG, shown by aldosterone synthase (AS) expression, but calcitonin gene-related peptide fibers were not affected. Sodium repletion resulted in parallel regression in VIP and NPY fiber length and AS expression. These results show that sympathetic, but not sensory, innervation is coordinated with ZG growth. Mediators underlying changes in innervation are unknown; therefore, we characterized a novel gene TMEM35 [termed the unknown factor-1 (TUF1) due to its unknown function] that shows extensive overlap with AS in ZG. After sodium restriction, TUF1 expanded in parallel with the ZG. TUF1 bound the low-affinity neurotrophin receptor, p75NTR, which was expressed in NPY fibers and showed a response similar to TUF1 after sodium manipulation. TUF1- p75NTR binding was competitively displaced by nerve growth factor but not by TUF1 lacking the p75NTR binding motif. Moreover, TUF1 mRNA in rat ZG cells increased after angiotensin II exposure in vitro. Collectively, these findings suggest that TMEM35/TUF1 is a candidate for modulating neurite outgrowth in the ZG after sodium depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phu V Tran
- Center for Neurobehavioral Development, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, MMC 39 Mayo, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455.
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12
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Szekeres M, Nádasy GL, Turu G, Süpeki K, Szidonya L, Buday L, Chaplin T, Clark AJL, Hunyady L. Angiotensin II-induced expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in human and rat adrenocortical cells. Endocrinology 2010; 151:1695-703. [PMID: 20181798 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-1060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a major regulator of steroidogenesis in adrenocortical cells, and is also an effective inducer of cytokine and growth factor synthesis in several cell types. In microarray analysis of H295R human adrenocortical cells, the mRNA of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a neurotrophin widely expressed in the nervous system, was one of the most up-regulated genes by Ang II. The aim of the present study was the analysis of the Ang II-induced BDNF expression and BDNF-induced effects in adrenocortical cells. Real-time PCR studies have shown that BDNF is expressed in H295R and rat adrenal glomerulosa cells. In H295R cells, the kinetics of Ang II-induced BDNF expression was faster than that of aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2). Inhibition of calmodulin kinase by KN93 did not significantly affect the Ang II-induced stimulation of BDNF expression, suggesting that it occurs by a different mechanism from the CYP11B2-response. Ang II also caused candesartan-sensitive, type-1 Ang II receptor-mediated stimulation of BDNF gene expression in primary rat glomerulosa cells. In rat adrenal cortex, BDNF protein was localized to the subcapsular region. Ang II increased BDNF protein levels both in human and rat cells, and BDNF secretion of H295R cells. Ang II also increased type-1 Ang II receptor-mediated BDNF expression in vivo in furosemide-treated rats. In rat glomerulosa cells, BDNF induced tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor-mediated stimulation of EGR1 and TrkB expression. These data demonstrate that Ang II stimulates BDNF expression in human and rat adrenocortical cells, and BDNF may have a local regulatory function in adrenal glomerulosa cells.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenal Cortex/cytology
- Adrenal Cortex/drug effects
- Adrenal Cortex/metabolism
- Analysis of Variance
- Angiotensin II/pharmacology
- Animals
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/genetics
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/metabolism
- Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/genetics
- Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP11B2/genetics
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP11B2/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Gene Expression/genetics
- Humans
- Immunoassay
- Immunohistochemistry
- Male
- Microscopy, Confocal
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tissue Array Analysis
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McCartney AM, Abejuela VL, Isaacson LG. Characterization of trkB immunoreactive cells in the intermediolateral cell column of the rat spinal cord. Neurosci Lett 2008; 440:103-8. [PMID: 18550280 PMCID: PMC2525737 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2008] [Revised: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 05/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to characterize the trkB receptor immunoreactive (-ir) cells in the intermediolateral cell column (IML) of the upper thoracic spinal cord. Small trkB-ir cells (area=56.1+/-4.4 microm(2)) observed in the IML showed characteristics of oligodendrocytes and were frequently observed in close apposition to choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-ir cell bodies. Large trkB-ir cells (area=209.3+/-25.2 microm(2)) showed immunoreactivity for the neuronal marker NeuN, indicating their neuronal phenotype, as well as for ChAT, a marker for preganglionic neurons. TrkB and ChAT were co-localized in IML neurons primarily in cases that had received in vivo administration of nerve growth factor (NGF). These findings reveal two different cell types, oligodendrocytes and neurons, in the IML of the spinal cord that show trkB immunoreactivity, suggesting their regulation by brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and/or neurotrophin-4 (NT-4). In addition, there is evidence that NGF may play a role in the regulation of trkB-ir preganglionic neurons in the IML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie M. McCartney
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Department of Zoology, Miami University, 280 Pearson Hall, Oxford, OH 45056
| | - Vanessa L. Abejuela
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Department of Zoology, Miami University, 280 Pearson Hall, Oxford, OH 45056
| | - Lori G. Isaacson
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Department of Zoology, Miami University, 280 Pearson Hall, Oxford, OH 45056
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Mellon SH. Neurosteroid regulation of central nervous system development. Pharmacol Ther 2007; 116:107-24. [PMID: 17651807 PMCID: PMC2386997 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Neurosteroids are a relatively new class of neuroactive compounds brought to prominence in the past 2 decades. Despite knowing of their presence in the nervous system of various species for over 20 years and knowing of their functions as GABA(A) and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) ligands, new and unexpected functions of these compounds are continuously being identified. Absence or reduced concentrations of neurosteroids during development and in adults may be associated with neurodevelopmental, psychiatric, or behavioral disorders. Treatment with physiologic or pharmacologic concentrations of these compounds may also promote neurogenesis, neuronal survival, myelination, increased memory, and reduced neurotoxicity. This review highlights what is currently known about the neurodevelopmental functions and mechanisms of action of 4 distinct neurosteroids: pregnenolone, progesterone, allopregnanolone, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Synthia H Mellon
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, Box 0556, San Francisco, CA 94143-0556, USA.
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15
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Arcamone N, Lucini C, Maruccio L, Castaldo L, Gargiulo G, de Girolamo P. Distribution of neurotrophin and TrK receptor-like immunoreactivity in the adrenal gland of birds. Microsc Res Tech 2006; 69:130-7. [PMID: 16456836 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and localization of neurotrophins and their specific TrK receptor-like proteins in the adrenal gland of chicken, duck and ostrich were examined by immunohistochemical methods. In all species studied NGF-, TrK A- and TrK C-like immunoreactivity was observed in neurons and fibers of adrenal ganglia. Thin TrK A- and TrK C-like immunoreactive fibers were also observed among chromaffin cells. NT-3-like immunoreactivity was detected in chromaffin cells as revealed by the double immunolabelings NT-3/chromogranin A and NT-3/DbetaH. The interrenal tissue never showed IR to any neurotrophins and TrK tested, and none of the adrenal structures displayed immunoreactivity to BDNF and TrK B. Double immunolabelings NGF/TrK A, NGF/TrK C and TrK A/TrK C showed colocalization in some neurons and fibers in adrenal ganglia. In adrenal glands of the species studied, the distribution of neurotrophins and TrK receptors could suggest an involvement of NT-3 on neuronal populations innervating adrenal ganglia by means of its high affinity receptor TrK C and low affinity receptor TrK A. In addition, NGF could be utilized by neuronal populations of adrenal ganglia through its preferential receptor TrK A by an autocrine or paracrine modality of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Arcamone
- Dipartimento di Strutture, Funzioni e Tecnologie Biologiche, Università di Napoli " Federico II," Via F. Delpino,1 I-80137 Naples, Italy
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16
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Zweifel LS, Kuruvilla R, Ginty DD. Functions and mechanisms of retrograde neurotrophin signalling. Nat Rev Neurosci 2005; 6:615-25. [PMID: 16062170 DOI: 10.1038/nrn1727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal connections are established and refined through a series of developmental programs that involve axon and dendrite specification, process growth, target innervation, cell death and synaptogenesis. Many of these developmental events are regulated by target-derived neurotrophins and their receptors, which signal retrogradely over long distances from distal-most axons to neuronal cell bodies. Recent work has established many of the cellular and molecular events that underlie retrograde signalling and the importance of these events for both development and maintenance of proper neural connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry S Zweifel
- Department of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2185, USA
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17
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Abstract
Patterned spontaneous activity is generated in developing neuronal circuits in the brain and spinal cord. Here we test the hypothesis that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is released with spontaneous rhythmic neural discharge in the embryonic rat. The level of endogenous rhythmic discharge generated by in vitro brainstem-spinal cord preparations was increased from control by elevating extracellular potassium and decreased by tetrodotoxin or a cocktail of receptor antagonists. The concentration of BDNF in the bathing medium was detected via ELISA. BDNF levels were decreased by 45-65% in the presence of TTX or receptor antagonists and increased by 25% in elevated extracellular potassium. These data demonstrate that BDNF is released in association with an endogenous rhythmic activity generated by the developing CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Ba
- Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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18
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Gonzalez SL, Labombarda F, Gonzalez Deniselle MC, Mougel A, Guennoun R, Schumacher M, De Nicola AF. Progesterone neuroprotection in spinal cord trauma involves up-regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in motoneurons. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 94:143-9. [PMID: 15862959 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2005.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone (PROG) provides neuroprotection to the injured central and peripheral nervous system. These effects may be due to regulation of myelin synthesis in glial cells and also to direct actions on neuronal function. Both types of cells express classical intracellular PROG receptors (PR), while neurons additionally express the PROG membrane-binding site called 25-Dx. In motoneurons from rats with spinal cord injury (SCI), PROG restores to normal the deficient levels of choline acetyl-transferase and of alpha3 subunit Na,K-ATPase mRNA, while levels of the growth associated protein GAP-43 mRNA are further stimulated. Recent studies suggest that neurotrophins are possible mediators of hormone action, and in agreement with this assumption, PROG treatment of rats with SCI increases the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) at both the mRNA and protein levels in ventral horn motoneurons. In situ hybridization (ISH) has shown that SCI reduces BDNF mRNA levels by 50% in spinal motoneurons, while PROG administration to injured rats (4mg/kg/day during 3 days, s.c.) elicits a three-fold increase in grain density. In addition to enhancement of mRNA levels, PROG increases BDNF immunoreactivity in perikaryon and cell processes of motoneurons of the lesioned spinal cord, and also prevents the lesion-induced chromatolytic degeneration of spinal cord motoneurons as determined by Nissl staining. Our findings strongly indicate that motoneurons of the spinal cord are targets of PROG, as confirmed by the expression of PR and the regulation of molecular parameters. PROG enhancement of endogenous neuronal BDNF could provide a trophic environment within the lesioned spinal cord and might be part of the PROG activated-pathways to provide neuroprotection. Thus, PROG treatment constitutes a new approach to sustain neuronal function after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana L Gonzalez
- Institute of Biology and Experimental Medicine, Laboratory of Neuroendocrine, Obligado 2490, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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19
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Rahhal B, Dünker N, Combs S, Krieglstein K. Isoform-specific role of transforming growth factor-β2 in the regulation of proliferation and differentiation of murine adrenal chromaffin cells in vivo. J Neurosci Res 2004; 78:493-8. [PMID: 15478122 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Chromaffin cells, the neuroendocrine cells of the adrenal medulla, play an important role in molecular, cellular, and developmental neurobiology. Unlike the closely related sympathetic neurons, chromaffin cells are able to proliferate throughout their whole life span. Proliferation of chromaffin cells in vivo is thought to be regulated by the interaction of neurogenic and hormonal signals. Previous studies have shown that chromaffin cells synthesize and release transforming growth factor-betas (TGF-betas). In the present study, effects of TGF-betas on proliferation and differentiation of chromaffin cells in mouse adrenal chromaffin cells were investigated in a genetic mouse model. We observed a significant increase in the total number of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive (TH(+)) cells in Tgfbeta2(-/-) knockout mouse embryos at embryonic day (E) 18.5 compared with wild-type animals (Tgfbeta2(+/+)), but no changes in the number of TH(+) cells were observed in Tgfbeta3(-/-) mouse mutants. At E15.5, but not at E18.5, there was a marked increase in the number of proliferative cell nuclear antigen-positive chromaffin cells in Tgfbeta2(-/-) knockout embryos compared with the wild-type group. On the other hand, there was a clear decrease in the ratio of total number of phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase-positive cells to the total TH(+) in Tgfbeta2(-/-) mice embryos at E18.5 compared with wild-type animals. This is the first documentation of the physiological significance of the TGF-beta2, an isoform that has been suggested to play a role in the regulation of chromaffin cells proliferation and differentiation based on in vitro experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belal Rahhal
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, University Goettingen, D-37075 Goettingen, Germany
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20
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González SL, Labombarda F, González Deniselle MC, Guennoun R, Schumacher M, De Nicola AF. Progesterone up-regulates neuronal brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in the injured spinal cord. Neuroscience 2004; 125:605-14. [PMID: 15099674 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2004] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone (PROG) provides neuroprotection to the injured central and peripheral nervous system. These effects may be due to regulation of myelin synthesis in glial cells and also to direct actions on neuronal function. Recent studies point to neurotrophins as possible mediators of hormone action. Here, we show that the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) at both the mRNA and protein levels was increased by PROG treatment in ventral horn motoneurons from rats with spinal cord injury (SCI). Semiquantitative in situ hybridization revealed that SCI reduced BDNF mRNA levels by 50% in spinal motoneurons (control: 53.5+/-7.5 grains/mm(2) vs. SCI: 27.5+/-1.2, P<0.05), while PROG administration to injured rats (4 mg/kg/day during 3 days, s.c.) elicited a three-fold increase in grain density (SCI+PROG: 77.8+/-8.3 grains/mm(2), P<0.001 vs. SCI). In addition, PROG enhanced BDNF immunoreactivity in motoneurons of the lesioned spinal cord. Analysis of the frequency distribution of immunoreactive densities (chi(2): 812.73, P<0.0001) showed that 70% of SCI+PROG motoneurons scored as dark stained whereas only 6% of neurons in the SCI group belonged to this density score category (P<0.001). PROG also prevented the lesion-induced chromatolytic degeneration of spinal cord motoneurons as determined by Nissl staining. In the normal intact spinal cord, PROG significantly increased BDNF inmunoreactivity in ventral horn neurons, without changes in mRNA levels. Our findings suggest that PROG enhancement of endogenous neuronal BDNF could provide a trophic environment within the lesioned spinal cord and might be part of the PROG activated-pathways to provide neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L González
- INSERM U488, Hôpital de Bicêtre, 80 rue du Général Leclerc, 94276 Kremlim-Bicêtre, Paris, France
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21
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Schober A, Unsicker K. Growth and neurotrophic factors regulating development and maintenance of sympathetic preganglionic neurons. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2001; 205:37-76. [PMID: 11336393 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(01)05002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The functional anatomy of sympathetic preganglionic neurons is described at molecular, cellular, and system levels. Preganglionic sympathetic neurons located in the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord connect the central nervous system with peripheral sympathetic ganglia and chromaffin cells inside and outside the adrenal gland. Current knowledge is reviewed of the development of these neurons, which share their origin with progenitor cells, giving rise to somatic motoneurons in the ventral horn. Their connectivities, transmitters involved, and growth factor receptors are described. Finally, we review the distribution and functions of trophic molecules that may have relevance for development and maintenance of preganglionic sympathetic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schober
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Interdisciplinary Center for Neuroscience, University of Heidelberg, Germany
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22
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Abstract
Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) have previously been shown to support survival and axonal regeneration in various types of neurons. Also, synergistic neuroprotective effects of these neurotrophins have been reported in descending rubrospinal neurons after cervical spinal cord injury (Novikova et al., [2000] Eur. J. Neurosci. 12:776-780). The present study investigates the effects of intrathecally delivered NT-3 and BDNF on the survival and atrophy of ascending spinocerebellar neurons of Clarke nucleus (CN) after cervical spinal cord injury in adult rats. At 8 weeks after cervical spinal cord hemisection, 40% of the axotomized CN neurons had been lost, and the remaining cells exhibited marked atrophy. Microglial activity was significantly increased in CN of the operated side. Intrathecal infusion of NT-3 for 8 weeks postoperatively resulted in 91% cell survival and a reduction in cell atrophy, but did not reduce microglial activity. In spite of the fact that the CN neurons expressed both TrkC and TrkB receptors, only NT-3 had a neuroprotective effect, whereas BDNF was ineffective. Furthermore, when a combination of BDNF and NT-3 was administered, the neuroprotective effect of NT-3 was lost. The present results indicate a therapeutic potential for NT-3 in the treatment of spinal cord injury, but also demonstrate that in certain neuronal populations the neuroprotection obtained by a combination of neurotrophic factors may be less than that of a single neurotrophin.
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Affiliation(s)
- L N Novikova
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section for Anatomy, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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Arvanov VL, Seebach BS, Mendell LM. NT-3 evokes an LTP-like facilitation of AMPA/kainate receptor-mediated synaptic transmission in the neonatal rat spinal cord. J Neurophysiol 2000; 84:752-8. [PMID: 10938302 DOI: 10.1152/jn.2000.84.2.752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) is a neurotrophic factor required for survival of muscle spindle afferents during prenatal development. It also acts postsynaptically to enhance the monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) produced by these fibers in motoneurons when applied over a period of weeks to the axotomized muscle nerve in adult cats. Similar increases in the amplitude of the monosynaptic EPSP in motoneurons are observed after periodic systemic treatment of neonatal rats with NT-3. Here we show an acute action of NT-3 in enhancing the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA/kainate) receptor-mediated fast monosynaptic EPSP elicited in motoneurons by dorsal root (DR) stimulation in the in vitro hemisected neonatal rat spinal cord. The receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor K252a blocks this action of NT-3 as does the calcium chelator bis-(o-aminophenoxy)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA) injected into the motoneuron. The effect of NT-3 resembles long-term potentiation (LTP) in that transient bath application of NT-3 to the isolated spinal cord produces a long-lasting increase in the amplitude of the monosynaptic EPSP. An additional similarity is that activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors is required to initiate this increase but not to maintain it. The NMDA receptor blocker MK-801, introduced into the motoneuron through the recording microelectrode, blocks the effect of NT-3, indicating that NMDA receptors in the motoneuron membrane are crucial. The effect of NT-3 on motoneuron NMDA receptors is demonstrated by its enhancement of the depolarizing response of the motoneuron to bath-applied NMDA in the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX). The potentiating effects of NT-3 do not persist beyond the first postnatal week. In addition, EPSPs with similar properties evoked in the same motoneurons by stimulation of descending fibers in the ventrolateral funiculus (VLF) are not modifiable by NT-3 even in the initial postnatal week. Thus, NT-3 produces synapse-specific and age-dependent LTP-like enhancement of AMPA/kainate receptor-mediated synaptic transmission in the spinal cord, and this action requires the availability of functional NMDA receptors in the motoneuron.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Arvanov
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5230, USA
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Combs SE, Krieglstein K, Unsicker K. Reduction of endogenous TGF-beta increases proliferation of developing adrenal chromaffin cells in vivo. J Neurosci Res 2000; 59:379-83. [PMID: 10679774 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4547(20000201)59:3<379::aid-jnr12>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Chromaffin cells and sympathetic neurons are derivatives of the sympathoadrenal cell lineage of the neural crest. Although they are similar with respect to many cell biological aspects, chromaffin cells, in contrast to sympathetic neurons, continue to synthesize DNA and proliferate through their whole life span. Large numbers of neural and hormonal signals have been implicated in the regulation of chromaffin cell proliferation based on in vitro studies. We have previously shown that chromaffin cells synthesize and release transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and that exogenously applied TGF-beta suppresses chromaffin cell proliferation in vitro. We show now that TGF-beta is also a physiologically relevant factor in the control of cell division in developing chromaffin cells. We have neutralized endogenous TGF-beta in quail embryos using a monoclonal antibody recognizing all three TGF-beta isoforms, TGF-beta1, -beta2, and -beta3. Embryos deprived of TGF-beta show a prominent increase in numbers of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive adrenal chromaffin cells and TH-positive cells incorporating 5'-bromo-2'deoxyuridine. This is the first documentation of the physiological significance of a factor that has been suggested to play a role in the regulation of chromaffin cell mitosis based on in vitro experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Combs
- Department of Neuroanatomy, The University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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