Pancreatic cancer and supportive care--pancreatic exocrine insufficiency negatively impacts on quality of life

Gastrointestinal symptoms in the journey of pancreatic cancer patients

INTRODUCTION

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal malignancy frequently arising with nonspecific and overlooked gastrointestinal symptoms. Gastroenterologists are typically the first specialists to encounter these patients, positioning them to play a pivotal role not only in early diagnosis, but also in the ongoing management of the disease's complex symptom burden.

AREAS COVERED

This review explored gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with PDAC (ranging from pain and diarrhea to anorexia, jaundice, and nausea) and outlined both tumor- and treatment-related causes. A literature review based on non-systematic PubMed search updated to April 2025 was conducted to summarize current diagnostic strategies, medical, endoscopic therapies, and multidisciplinary management approaches. In addition, we present original data from a single-center cohort, suggesting that the involvement of gastroenterologists leads to more comprehensive management of gastrointestinal symptom control and supportive care.

EXPERT OPINION

Collaboration among specialists is essential for optimizing patient outcomes in the multidisciplinary management of PDAC. Gastroenterologists' 'stewardship' significantly contributes to prompt diagnosis, symptom control, quality of life preservation, and prognosis. Future priorities should focus on strengthening integration within care pathways, fostering interdisciplinary coordination, and implementing shared clinical tools to enhance comprehensive patient care. A well-structured team-based approach is key to advancing holistic PDAC management.

Supportive Care Needs and Related Interventions in Patients with Pancreatic Cancer and Their Informal Caregivers: A Scoping Review

PURPOSE

This scoping review aims to provide a comprehensive literature review regarding supportive care needs and related interventions for patients with pancreatic cancer and/or their informal caregivers.

METHODS

Following the Joanna Briggs Institute Manual for Evidence Synthesis, we conducted this review. In January 2025, we searched five English databases using the keywords "pancreatic cancer," "patients/caregivers," "supportive care," and "needs." We summarized the data employing the Supportive Care Framework.

RESULTS

Of the 4752 references identified, 43 articles were included in the review. Among the 33 descriptive studies, informational needs emerged as the most frequently reported supportive care need, identified in studies involving both patients and informal caregivers (n = 6), patients only (n = 13), and informal caregivers only (n = 5). These were followed by emotional needs (n = 4) for both patients and informal caregivers, physical needs (n = 8) for patients only, and emotional (n = 4) and practical needs (n = 4) for informal caregivers only. Psycho-educational interventions were the most frequently reported approach for addressing the needs of both patients and informal caregivers, while pain/symptom management interventions were the most frequently used to support patients alone. Four studies demonstrated statistically significant improvements in outcomes for intervention groups compared to control groups.

CONCLUSION

Patients with pancreatic cancer and their informal caregivers experienced a spectrum of supportive care needs, particularly informational needs. Intervention strategies have been developed to address their supportive care needs, but only a few studies demonstrated statistically significant improvements in outcomes. These findings advance our understanding of the supportive care needs and related interventions for patients with pancreatic cancer and/or their informal caregivers, providing a foundation for future research and targeted interventions to better address these needs.

The psychosocial impact of pancreatic cancer on caregivers: a scoping review

BACKGROUND

Family caregivers are essential members of the care team of someone with pancreatic cancer, supporting their physical and psychological needs. Caregivers are often unprepared for this which may cause substantial psychosocial impact. This may be exacerbated by the short life-expectancy and rapid deterioration associated with pancreatic cancer. A scoping review was conducted to identify, from the existing literature, what is currently known about the psychosocial impact of pancreatic cancer on caregivers across the disease trajectory.

METHODS

A Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) mixed methods scoping review was conducted across four databases (CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO). All identified citations were uploaded to Covidence, and were screened independently by two reviewers. Data were extracted and synthesised following a deductive approach guided by 'The Cancer Family Caregiving Experience' model (Fletcher et al., 2012).

RESULTS

42 studies were included: 22 qualitative, 15 quantitative, 5 mixed methods. Results of the included studies were collated into the proposed constructs of Fletcher et al.'s (2012) model: primary stressors, secondary stressors, appraisal, cognitive-behavioural responses, health and wellbeing outcomes, as well as the influence of disease trajectory and contextual factors. The literature highlighted pancreatic cancer caregivers experienced stress related to caregiving activities, disruptions in their daily life and family relationships, high levels of unmet need, and poorer quality of life compared to other cancer caregivers. They were also at increased risk for various psychiatric disorders and reported a persistent lack of support which exacerbated the psychosocial impact.

CONCLUSIONS

Pancreatic cancer caregivers experience negative psychosocial impacts, exacerbated by the disease's trajectory. Feelings of a lack of support were reflected throughout the included literature and emphasise the need for future research into how pancreatic cancer caregivers may be best supported, and sign-posted to existing support, to minimise the substantial psychosocial impact they may experience.

Exploring the supportive care needs of families affected by pancreatic cancer: a mixed-methods study protocol

BACKGROUND

Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive disease with most cases diagnosed at an advanced stage resulting in low survival rates. Family members often take on a role of supporting patients' needs. Families tend to be unprepared for this and experience high levels of unmet needs and substantial impacts to their own wellbeing, heightened by the rapid deterioration and short life expectancy associated with pancreatic cancer.

AIM

The proposed study aims to explore the supportive care needs and associated psychosocial impact of pancreatic cancer on family members, and the role of support services in supporting these families.

METHODS

A sequential explanatory mixed methods design will be utilised. Data collection will consist of three phases: (1) Survey of affected family members to explore their supportive care needs and psychological wellbeing; (2) Semi-structured interviews to explore the lived experiences of family members across the disease trajectory, their psychosocial adjustment, and their perceptions of support services; (3) Focus groups with support services providers to explore their experiences in providing support to affected families.

DISCUSSION

By combining quantitative and qualitative approaches, this research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the challenges and opportunities in providing psychosocial support to families affected by pancreatic cancer, ultimately enhancing their quality of life during and after the cancer journey. The findings may help to inform the development and enhancement of support programs, tailored to meet the specific needs of affected families.

S3-Leitlinie Klinische Ernährung bei Pankreaserkrankungen

Sowohl die akute als auch die chronische Pankreatitis sind häufige Erkrankungen, die ein erhebliches Risiko für eine Mangelernährung mit sich bringen und eine Ernährungstherapie erfordern können. In ca. 20% der akuten Pankreatitiden tritt eine nekrotisierende Pankreatitis auf, die mit einer erhöhten Morbidität und Mortalität verbunden ist. Hier ist oftmals eine Ernährungstherapie mittels einer enteralen oder parenteralen Ernährung notwendig, die neben medikamentösen, endoskopischen, radiologischen oder chirurgischen Maßnahmen eine etablierte Säule der multimodalen Therapie darstellt.

Bei der chronischen Pankreatitis handelt es sich um eine chronische Entzündung der Bauchspeicheldrüse mit Entwicklung einer Fibrose und langfristig Atrophie des Organs. Bauchschmerzen, die zu einer verminderten oralen Aufnahme von Nährstoffen führen, sowie exokrines und endokrines Versagen sind häufige Komplikationen der Krankheit. All diese Faktoren stellen Risikofaktoren für eine Unter- bzw. Mangelernährung dar. Daher sollten Patienten mit chronischer Pankreatitis als ernährungsmedizinische Risikopatienten betrachtet, untersucht und entsprechend behandelt werden. Darüber hinaus sollte bei Patienten mit chronischer Pankreatitis auf Osteoporose und ein erhöhtes Frakturrisiko geachtet werden, und entsprechende Präventivmaßnahmen erwogen werden.

Experiences of informal caregivers supporting individuals with upper gastrointestinal cancers: a systematic review

BACKGROUND

Upper gastrointestinal cancers (UGICs) are increasingly prevalent. With a poor prognosis and significant longer-term effects, UGICs present significant adjustment challenges for individuals with cancer and their informal caregivers. However, the supportive care needs of these informal caregivers are largely unknown. This systematic review of qualitative studies synthesises and critically evaluates the current evidence base on the experience of informal caregivers of individuals with UGIC.

METHODS

A Joanna Briggs Institute systematic review was conducted. Searches were performed in four databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase, CINAHL) from database inception to February 2021. Included studies explored experiences of informal caregivers of individuals diagnosed with primary cancer of the oesophagus, stomach, pancreas, bile duct, gallbladder, or liver. Studies were independently screened for eligibility and included studies were appraised for quality by two reviewers. Data were extracted and synthesised using meta-aggregation.

RESULTS

19 papers were included in this review, and 328 findings were extracted. These were aggregated into 16 categories across three findings: (1) UGIC caregiver burden; UGIC caregivers undertake extensive responsibilities, especially around patient diet as digestion is severely impacted by UGICs. (2) Mediators of caregiver burden; The nature of UGICs, characterised by disruptive life changes for caregivers, was identified as a mediator for caregiver burden. (3) Consequences of caregiver burden: UGIC caregivers' experiences were shaped by unmet needs, a lack of information and a general decline in social interaction.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings of this review suggest the need for a cultural shift within health services. Caregiving for UGIC patients is suggested to adversely affect caregivers' quality of life, similarly to other cancer caregiving populations and therefore they should be better incorporated as co-clients in care-planning and execution by including them in discussions about the patient's diagnosis, treatment options, and potential side effects.

Developing the EPI Symptom Questionnaire (EPI-SQ): a qualitative study to understand the symptom experience of patients with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI)

BACKGROUND

Symptom assessment is the key factor in determining disease status and optimal management of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI). There is a need for a standardized patient-reported outcome (PRO) questionnaire to assess symptoms in patients diagnosed with EPI. The purpose of this qualitative study was to increase understanding of the EPI symptom experience from the patients' perspective, and to develop and evaluate the content validity of the EPI Symptom Questionnaire (EPI-SQ) in US patients with EPI.

METHODS

Concept elicitation interviews (Phase I) were conducted to understand the symptom experience in patients with a clinical diagnosis of EPI (i.e., fecal pancreatic elastase value of ≤ 200 mcg/g based on most recent value) due to chronic pancreatitis or pancreatectomy. The EPI-SQ was developed based on the data extracted from Phase I interviews and feedback from clinical experts. Next, separate cognitive interviews (Phase II) were conducted to evaluate participants' understanding of the instructions, items, response scales, and recall periods of the instrument.

RESULTS

During Phase I interviews (n = 21), 19 participants (90%) reported abdominal pain as the most frequent EPI symptom and lifestyle changes were the most frequently endorsed impacts (n = 18; 86%). Phase II results indicated that all participants (n = 7) felt the 12-item EPI-SQ was relevant to their symptom experience and that they understood the items, instructions, and response options as intended.

CONCLUSION

The qualitative data from this study support the content validity of the EPI-SQ in measuring EPI symptom severity in US patient populations diagnosed with EPI.

Best supportive care in advanced pancreas cancer: a systematic review to define a patient-care bundle

BACKGROUND

The majority of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) have advanced disease at presentation, preventing treatment with curative intent. Management of these patients is often provided by surgical teams for whom there are a lack of widely accepted strategies for care. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review to identify key issues in patients with advanced PDAC and integrate the evidence to form a care bundle checklist for use in surgical clinics.

METHODS

A systematic review of the literature was performed regarding best supportive care for advanced PDAC according to the PRISMA guidelines. Interventions pertaining to supportive care were included whilst preventative and curative treatments were excluded. A narrative review was planned.

RESULTS

Forty-four studies were assessed and four themes were developed: (i) Pain is an undertreated symptom, requiring escalating analgesics and sometimes invasive modalities. (ii) Health-related quality of life necessitates optimisation by involving family, carers and multi-disciplinary teams. (iii) Malnutrition and weight loss can be mitigated with early assessment, replacement therapies and resistance exercise. (iv) Biliary and duodenal obstruction can often be relieved by endoscopic/radiological interventions with surgery rarely required.

CONCLUSION

This is the first systematic review to evaluate the different types of interventions utilized during best supportive care in patients with advanced PDAC. It provides a comprehensive care bundle for surgeons that informs management of the common issues experienced by patients within a multidisciplinary environment.

Multidisciplinary Standards and Evolving Therapies for Patients With Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is a challenging disease that presents at an advanced stage and results in many symptoms that negatively influence patients' quality of life and reduce their ability to receive effective treatment. Early implementation of expert multidisciplinary care with nutritional support, exercise, and palliative care for both early-stage and advanced disease promises to maintain or improve the patients' physical, social, and psychological well-being, decrease aggressive interventions at the end of life, and ultimately improve survival. Moreover, advances in treatment strategies in the neoadjuvant and metastatic setting combined with novel therapeutic agents targeting the key drivers of the disease are leading to improvements in the care of patients with pancreatic cancer. Here, we emphasize the multidisciplinary supportive and therapeutic care of patients with PDA, review current guidelines and new developments of neoadjuvant and perioperative treatments for localized disease, as well as the treatment standards and the evolving field of precision oncology and immunotherapies for advanced PDA.

Support Through Remote Observation and Nutrition Guidance (STRONG), a digital health intervention to reduce malnutrition among pancreatic cancer patients: A study protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial

Background

Malnutrition is a common and distressing condition among pancreatic cancer patients. Fewer than a quarter of pancreatic cancer patients receive medical nutrition therapy (MNT), important for improving nutritional status, weight maintenance, quality of life and survival. System, provider, and patient level barriers limit access to MNT. We propose to examine the feasibility of a 12-week multi-level, digital health intervention designed to expand MNT access among pancreatic cancer patients.

Methods

Individuals with advanced pancreatic cancer starting chemotherapy (N = 80) will be 1:1 randomized to the intervention or usual care. The Support Through Remote Observation and Nutrition Guidance (STRONG) intervention includes system-level (e.g., routine malnutrition and screening), provider-level (e.g., dietitian training and web-based dashboard), and patient-level strategies (e.g., individualized nutrition plan, self-monitoring of dietary intake via Fitbit, ongoing goal monitoring and feedback). Individuals receiving usual care will be referred to dietitians based on their oncologists' discretion. Study assessments will be completed at baseline, 4-, 8-, 12-, and 16-weeks.

Results

Primary outcomes will be feasibility (e.g., recruitment, retention, assessment completion) and acceptability. We will collect additional implementation outcomes, such as intervention adherence, perceived usability, and feedback on intervention quality via an exit interview. We will collect preliminary data on outcomes that may be associated with the intervention including malnutrition, quality of life, treatment outcomes, and survival.

Conclusion

This study will advance our knowledge on the feasibility of a digital health intervention to reduce malnutrition among individuals with advanced pancreatic cancer. Trial registration: NCT05675059, registered on December 9, 2022.

Symptoms, burden, and unmet needs of patients living with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency: a narrative review of the patient experience

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) stems from a deficiency of functional pancreatic enzymes with consequent maldigestion and malnutrition. EPI shares clinical symptoms and manifestations with other disorders and is a considerable burden to individuals affected. In this narrative review, we analyzed the literature to identify relevant publications on living with EPI with the scope of individuating evidence gaps, including those related to symptoms, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), emotional functioning, disease burden, presence of comorbidities, and the use of pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT). Abdominal pain emerged as one of the most prominent symptoms. HRQoL was affected in EPI, but no articles examined emotional functioning. Comorbidities reported involved other pancreatic disorders, diabetes, gastrointestinal disorders, sarcopenia and osteopenia, cardiovascular disorders, bacterial overgrowth, and nutritional deficiencies. PERT was found to be effective in improving EPI symptoms and was well tolerated by most individuals. Our review revealed a dearth of literature evidence on patients' experience with EPI, such as emotional functioning and disease burden. We also revealed that studies on long-term effects of PERT are missing, as are studies that would help advance the understanding of the disease and its progression, risk/mitigating factors, and comorbidities. Future studies should address these identified gaps.

Rational Prescribing of Pancreatic Enzymes for Patients with Pancreatic Cancer

Most patients with pancreatic cancer at some point present with symptoms related to exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI). These include diarrhea, abdominal bloating, indigestion, steatorrhea, weight loss, and anorexia. Even though up to 80% of pancreatic cancer patients eventually present with symptoms related to exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, only 21% are prescribed pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT). Its effectiveness is also highly dependent on its proper timing of administration, and patients must be thoroughly educated about this. The impact of symptoms of EPI can lead to poorer overall well-being. Pharmacists play a crucial role in properly educating patients on the correct use of pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy. PERT is a key strategy in managing the symptoms of EPI and can improve quality of life, which is a central focus in palliative care. This treatment is profoundly underutilized in the palliative care of these patients. The objective of this review is to discuss the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, side effects, available evidence of the effectiveness of pancreatic enzyme use for patients with pancreatic cancer, and challenges, along with proposed solutions regarding its use.

ESPEN practical guideline on clinical nutrition in acute and chronic pancreatitis

Both acute and chronic pancreatitis are frequent diseases of the pancreas, which, despite being of benign nature, are related to a significant risk of malnutrition and may require nutritional support. Acute necrotizing pancreatitis is encountered in 20 % of patients with acute pancreatitis, is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, and may require artificial nutrition by enteral or parenteral route, as well as additional endoscopic, radiological or surgical interventions. Chronic pancreatitis represents a chronic inflammation of the pancreatic gland with development of fibrosis. Abdominal pain leading to decreased oral intake, as well as exocrine and endocrine failure are frequent complications of the disease. All of the above represent risk factors related to malnutrition. Therefore, patients with chronic pancreatitis should be considered at risk, screened and supplemented accordingly. Moreover, osteoporosis and increased facture risk should be acknowledged in patients with chronic pancreatitis, and preventive measures should be considered.

Informal caregivers' experiences of supporting patients with pancreatic cancer: A qualitative study in Greece

PURPOSE

The purpose of the present study was to explore informal caregivers' experiences of supporting family members with pancreatic cancer.

METHODS

A qualitative descriptive study was conducted with individual semi-structured telephone interviews and inductive thematic analysis. Data were collected from 10 informal caregivers in the only cancer hospital in Northern Greece.

RESULTS

The findings of the thematic analysis highlighted three themes, "supportive needs of patients with pancreatic cancer", "supportive needs of informal caregivers" and "evaluation of provided care". In the first theme, four individual subcategories of themes emerged: "psychological support", "managing symptoms and side effects", "daily activities" and "participation in decision-making". The theme "supportive needs of informal caregivers" consists of five sub-themes, "psychological support", "support in care activities", "financial support", "communication with the patient" and "information". Finally, the theme "evaluation of provided care" three sub-categories of topics were reported, "staff evaluation", "process evaluation" and "palliative care".

CONCLUSION

Pancreatic cancer patients and their informal caregivers experience multiple unmet needs. The health system, lacking an efficient treatment for this type of cancer, should provide a basis for improving the quality of life of these families with targeted support interventions.

Enzyme replacement in advanced pancreatic cancer: patient perceptions

PURPOSE

Advanced pancreatic cancer has a universally poor survival rate. Patients frequently develop malabsorption that requires pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT). This study explores the experience of patient engagement with PERT and how the medication is taken and tolerated.

METHODS

Participants with advanced pancreatic cancer requiring PERT were interviewed after referral to a specialist palliative care team. An inductive analysis was used to code the data. Theoretical sufficiency was reached after 12 participants.

RESULTS

Four themes emerged from the interviews-patient context, health literacy, relationship to food and experience of taking the pancreatic enzymes. Respondents brought their own life experiences into the clinical encounter when told of the diagnosis. Patients had high levels of understanding and engagement with the diagnosis and treatment, understood the benefits of PERT in digestion and tolerated the medication well.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer understand the life-limiting nature of their illness. They want to participate in their healthcare decisions and are capable of complex medication titration when given good explanations and they experience benefits. PERT should be offered to these patients by a team of knowledgeable health professionals with good communication skills that can continue to support and review their needs.

Prevalence of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency after pancreatic surgery measured by 13C mixed triglyceride breath test: A prospective cohort study

BACKGROUND

Patients undergoing pancreatic surgery are at risk of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (PEI) and needing pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT).

METHODS

This study included 254 patients undergoing pancreatic surgery for oncologic indications. A13C mixed triglyceride breath test was performed immediately preoperative and postoperative. This test analyzes the pancreatic remnant lipase activity measuring 13CO2 in breath samples after a test meal with 1.3-distearyl-(13C-Carboxyl)octanol-glycerol. Cumulative percent dose recovery after 6 h of less than 23% confirms PEI. In addition, PEI was compared between pathology subgroups.

RESULTS

In 197 patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy, cPDR-6h decreased significantly from a median of 32.84% before to 15.80% after surgery (p < 0.0001). This decrease in exocrine function was significant in all pathology subgroups except in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Exocrine function decreased most in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). In addition, the percentage of patients needing PERT because of PEI increased from 25.9% to 68.0% postoperative (p < 0.001). Overall, patients with an MPD diameter of more than 3 mm had a higher risk of developing postoperative PEI: 62.7% compared to 37.3% (p = 0.009), OR = 3.11. In contrast, the majority of the 57 patients undergoing a distal pancreatectomy did not experience any significant change in exocrine function.

CONCLUSIONS

The vast majority of patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy for oncologic indications experience a significant drop in exocrine function, are at high risk of developing pancreatic exocrine insufficiency and consequently need to be treated with pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy. Therefore, systematic screening for pancreatic exocrine insufficiency is needed after pancreaticoduodenectomy.

How pancreatic cancer impacts carers in the UK: why do we know so little?

BACKGROUND

Pancreatic cancer is a disease with poor life expectancy and high symptom burden. The experiences of the spouses, family and friends who care for this group is poorly understood, especially during palliative care and within the UK.

AIMS

To highlight the current gaps within research and provide some insight into the challenges faced by carers assisting those living with pancreatic cancer, and how community nurses can support this group.

METHODS

A total of five research databases were searched using the terms 'pancreatic cancer', 'carer' and 'experience'. Cancer and palliative charity websites were also referenced for grey literature.

FINDINGS

There is limited research exploring pancreatic cancer carers experiences in the UK healthcare system and community. Available information suggests that this group is likely to face significant psychological and physical challenges to caring.

CONCLUSIONS

It is vital for community nurses to have an awareness of challenges this group face, to better recognise and support these vulnerable carers.

Assessing impact, needs and quality-of-life among informal carers of people with pancreatic cancer, a prospective study: the PAN-CARER study protocol

INTRODUCTION

Approximately 10 300 people are diagnosed with pancreatic cancer each year in the UK. The cancer and its treatment inflict a significant physical, functional and emotional burden on patients. Research suggests that patients have many ongoing needs for support and care, but that these needs are not met by existing services. Family members often step in to fill this gap and provide support and care during and after treatment. Research in other cancers shows that this informal caregiving can place a very heavy burden on carers. However, there are few studies in the international literature that have focused on informal carers in pancreatic cancer; none have been conducted in the UK.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

Two complementary research methods will be utilised. First, a longitudinal quantitative study of 300 carers investigating, using validated questionnaires to assess the impact of caregiving (Caregiver Reaction Assessment), the unmet needs of carers (Supportive Care Needs Survey) and the quality-of-life (Short Form 12-item health survey), will be conducted. Second, qualitative interviews will be conducted with up to 30 carers to explore their experiences in more depth. Mixed-effects regression models will be applied to survey results to determine how impact, needs and quality-of-life vary over time, compare outcomes between carers of patients with operable and inoperable disease and identify social factors which affect outcomes. Interview data will undergo reflexive thematic analysis.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

The protocol has been approved by the Health Research Authority of the UK (Ethical approval IRAS ID 309503). Findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at national and international conferences.

Prospective Observational Study of Prevalence, Assessment and Treatment of Pancreatic Exocrine Insufficiency in Patients with Inoperable Pancreatic Malignancy (PANcreatic Cancer Dietary Assessment-PanDA)

INTRODUCTION

Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (PEI) in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer (aPC) is well documented, but there is no consensus regarding optimal screening.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

Patients diagnosed with aPC referred for palliative therapy were prospectively recruited. A full dietetic assessment (including Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC), handgrip and stair-climb test), nutritional blood panel, faecal elastase (FE-1) and ¹³C-mixed triglyceride breath tests were performed.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVE

prevalence of dietitian-assessed PEI (demographic cohort (De-ch)); design (diagnostic cohort (Di-ch)) and validation (follow-up cohort (Fol-ch)) of a PEI screening tool. Logistic and Cox regressions were used for statistical analysis.

RESULTS

Between 1 July 2018 and 30 October 2020, 112 patients were recruited (50 (De-ch), 25 (Di-ch) and 37 (Fol-ch)). Prevalence of PEI (De-ch) was 64.0% (flatus (84.0%), weight loss (84.0%), abdominal discomfort (50.0%) and steatorrhea (48.0%)). The derived PEI screening panel (Di-ch) included FE-1 (normal/missing (0 points); low (1 point)) and MUAC (normal/missing (>percentile 25) (0 points); low (2 points)) and identified patients at high-risk (2-3 total points) of PEI [vs. low-medium risk (0-1 total points)]. When patients from the De-ch and Di-ch were analysed together, those classified by the screening panel as "high-risk" had shorter overall survival (multivariable Hazard Ratio (mHR) 1.86 (95% CI 1.03-3.36); p-value 0.040). The screening panel was tested in the Fol-ch; 78.4% patients classified as "high-risk", of whom 89.6% had dietitian-confirmed PEI. The panel was feasible for use in clinical practice (64.8% patients completed all assessments), with high acceptability (87.5% would repeat it). Most patients (91.3%) recommended dietetic input for all patients with aPC.

CONCLUSIONS

PEI is present in most patients with aPC; early dietetic input provides a holistic nutritional overview, including, but not limited to, PEI. This proposed screening panel may help to prioritise those at higher risk of PEI, requiring urgent dietitian input. Its prognostic role needs further validation.

GI Symptoms in Pancreatic Cancer

This review will apply a multidisciplinary approach to GI symptoms with attention to symptom assessment (instruments and qualitative aspects), differential diagnosis, and recent findings relevant to management of symptoms and underlying diseases. We conclude that further development of supportive interventions for GI symptoms for both patient and caregivers has the potential to reduce distress from GI symptoms, and anticipate better symptom control with advances in scientific knowledge and improvement of the evidence base.

Challenges in Diagnosis and Treatment of Pancreatic Exocrine Insufficiency among Patients with Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most common malignancy of the pancreas and is associated with an extremely poor prognosis. Many PDAC patients suffer from profound nutritional complications such as nutrient deficiencies, weight loss, malnutrition, and cancer cachexia. These complications cause barriers to effective anticancer treatments, gravely influence their quality of life, and decrease their overall survival. Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (PEI) is defined as impaired digestion due to inadequate secretion of pancreatic enzymes and is a common cause of malnutrition in PDAC. This review first summarizes the existing literature around malnutrition in PDAC, with a particular focus on PEI and its management with pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT). Second, we summarize existing guidelines and recommendations for the management of PEI among patients with PDAC. Lastly, we highlight potential gaps of knowledge of PEI among healthcare providers resulting in underdiagnosis and treatment, which may have implications for the quality of life and overall survival of PDAC patients.

Systematic review of caregiver burden, unmet needs and quality-of-life among informal caregivers of patients with pancreatic cancer

PURPOSE

Informal caregivers play an important supportive care role for patients with cancer. This may be especially true for pancreatic cancer which is often diagnosed late, has a poor prognosis and is associated with a significant symptom burden. We systematically reviewed the evidence on caregiver burden, unmet needs and quality-of-life of informal caregivers to patients with pancreatic cancer.

METHOD

PubMed, Medline, CINAHL and Embase databases were systematically searched on 31 August 2021. Qualitative and quantitative data on informal caregivers' experiences were extracted and coded into themes of burden, unmet needs or quality-of-life with narrative synthesis of the data undertaken.

RESULTS

Nine studies (five qualitative, four quantitative), including 6023 informal caregivers, were included in the review. We categorised data into three key themes: caregiver burden, unmet needs and quality-of-life. Data on caregiver burden was organised into a single subtheme relating to symptom management as a source of burden. Data on unmet needs was organised into three subthemes need for: better clinical communication; support and briefings for caregivers; and help with navigating the health care system. Data on quality-of-life indicate large proportions of informal caregivers experience clinical levels of anxiety (33%) or depression (12%-32%). All five qualitative studies were graded as good quality; three quantitative studies were poor quality, and one was fair quality.

CONCLUSION

High-quality pancreatic cancer care should consider the impacts of informal caregiving. Prospective longitudinal studies examining multiple dimensions of caregiver burden, needs, and quality-of-life would be valuable at informing supportive care cancer delivery to pancreatic cancer informal caregivers.

Defining the rate of nutritional and metabolic derangements after pancreatic resection

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Pancreatic resection is associated with pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (PEI) leading to nutritional consequences. The Pancreatic Nutrition Clinic was established to diagnose and manage PEI through standardised nutritional assessment. In this prospective observational study, we aimed to define the rate of PEI, diabetes mellitus and nutritional abnormalities in patients who underwent pancreatic resection.

METHODS

All Pancreatic Nutrition Clinic patients were included for analysis. Clinical data were prospectively obtained at initial assessment. Biochemical data included micronutrient levels, faecal elastase-1 and haemoglobin A1c. Bone mineral density and nutritional assessment were undertaken.

RESULTS

Ninety-eight patients were included. Fifty-nine per cent (58/98) had undergone a pancreatoduodenectomy. Ninety-three patients had a faecal elastase-1 result, 65% (60/93) of which had a faecal elastase-1 less than 200 μg/g of faeces. Seventy-five patients (76%) of the total population required PERT, and thirty-nine (40%) were classified as malnourished using the patient-generated subjective global assessment tool. Seventy-two per cent (70/97) had a biochemical deficiency of one or more micronutrients. Thirty-eight people (39%) had diabetes mellitus. Of the seventy-eight patients with a bone mineral density scan available for analysis, 29% (23/78) had osteoporosis and 49% (38/78) osteopenia.

CONCLUSIONS

Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, micronutrient deficiency, bone disease, diabetes mellitus and malnutrition are highly prevalent in patients who have undergone pancreatic resection.

Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency following pancreatoduodenectomy: A prospective bi-center study

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (PEI) is a common complication following pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) leading to malnutrition. The course of PEI and related symptoms and vitamin deficiencies is unknown. This study aimed to assess the (long-term) incidence of PEI and vitamin deficiencies after PD.

METHODS

A bi-centre prospective observational cohort study was performed, including patients who underwent PD for mainly pancreatic and periampullary (pre)malignancies (2014-2018). Two cohorts were formed to evaluate short and long-term results. Patients were followed for 18 months and clinical symptoms were evaluated by questionnaire. PEI was based on faecal elastase-1 (FE-1) levels and/or clinical symptoms.

RESULTS

In total, 95 patients were included. After three months, all but three patients had developed PEI and 27/29 (93%) patients of whom stool samples were available showed abnormal FE-1 levels, which did not improve during follow-up. After six months, all patients had developed PEI. During follow-up, symptoms resolved in 35%-70% of patients. Vitamin D and K deficiencies were observed in 48%-79% of patients, depending on the moment of follow-up; 0%-50% of the patients with deficiencies received vitamin supplementation.

DISCUSSION

This prospective study found a high incidence of PEI after PD with persisting symptoms in one-to two thirds of all patients. Limited attention was paid to vitamin deficiencies. Improved screening and treatment strategies for PEI and vitamins need to be designed.

Are older patients less likely to be treated for pancreatic cancer? A systematic review and meta-analysis

Pancreatic cancer is the seventh commonest cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Although prognosis is poor, both surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy improve survival. However, it has been suggested that not all pancreatic cancer patients who may benefit from treatment receive it. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the existence of age-related inequalities in receipt of first-line pancreatic cancer treatment. Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library and grey literature were searched for population-based studies investigating treatment receipt, reported by age, for patients with primary pancreatic cancer from inception until 4th June 2020, and updated 5th August 2021. Studies from countries with universal healthcare were included, to minimise influence of health system-related economic factors. A modified version of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess risk of bias. Random-effects meta-analysis was undertaken comparing likelihood of treatment receipt in older versus younger patients. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses were conducted. Eighteen papers were included; 12 independent populations were eligible for meta-analysis. In most studies, < 10% of older patients were treated. Older age (generally ≥65) was significantly associated with reduced receipt of any treatment (OR=0.14, 95% CI 0.10-0.21, n = 12 studies), surgery (OR=0.15, 95% CI 0.09-0.24, n = 9 studies) and chemotherapy as a primary treatment (OR=0.13, 95% CI 0.07-0.24, n = 5 studies). The effect of age was independent of methodological quality, patient population or time-period of patient diagnosis and remained in studies with confounder adjustment. The mean quality score of included studies was 6/8. Inequalities in receipt of healthcare interventions across social groups is a recognised concern internationally. This review shows that older age is significantly, and consistently, associated with non-receipt of treatment in pancreatic cancer. However, there are risks and side-effects associated with pancreatic cancer treatment. Further research on what influences patient and professional treatment decision-making is required to better understand these apparent inequalities.

Measurement of Body Composition in Pancreatic Cancer: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Recommendations for Future Study Design

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Sarcopenia in pancreatic cancer may increase the risk of chemotherapy-related toxicity and post-operative morbidity. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to quantify the prevalence of sarcopenia in early stage pancreatic cancer.

METHODS

Relevant studies were identified using Ovid Medline and Elsevier Embase. Pooled estimates of prevalence rates (percentages) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) were computed using a random-effects model to allow for heterogeneity between studies.

RESULTS

The majority of the 33 studies (n = 5,593 patients) included in this meta-analysis utilized computed tomography (CT)-derived measures for body composition assessment in patients undergoing pancreatic resection. Reported prevalence of sarcopenia varied between 14 and 74%, and the pooled prevalence was 39% (95% CI: 38-40%) Heterogeneity was considerable, however, (I2 = 93%) and did not improve significantly when controlling for assessment method, and use of pre-defined cut-offs for sarcopenia, limiting potential to evaluate the true impact of sarcopenia.

CONCLUSION

The ready availability of sequential CT offers a valuable opportunity for body composition assessment, but the quality of assessment and interpretation must improve before the impact of body composition on treatment-related outcomes and survival can be assessed. We suggest recommendations for the assessment of body composition for the design of future studies.

The Impact of Pancreatic Enzyme Replacement Therapy on Patients With Advanced Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: A Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis

Advanced pancreatic cancer has a poor prognosis globally. Patients often develop pancreatic exocrine insufficiency leading to malabsorption. This systematic literature review explores the impact of pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) on patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Data sources include MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, Cochrane (CENTRAL), PsychINFO, and Joanna Briggs Institute databases from inception to January 14, 2022, with reference list checking on Google Scholar. Narrative synthesis was used as the eligible studies were likely to be heterogeneous and hard to compare. This synthesis approach uses 4 steps: theory development, preliminary synthesis, exploration of relationships, and assessment of the robustness of the synthesis. Four themes arose from analyzing the study outcomes including PERT education, efficacy of PERT, the patient experience, and lack of awareness regarding enzyme replacement. The included studies did not use validated tools or standardized measurements, which made it difficult to compare or draw conclusions. Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy shows the potential to improve symptoms, nutrition, weight loss, and survival, but high-quality studies with standardized outcomes have not been completed. Patient and health professional education is required because there seems to be a general lack of awareness about the use of PERT in pancreatic cancer.Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO 2020 CRD42020195986.

Development of the Quality of Life of Family Caregivers of Advanced Cancer Patients Scale (QFCS) in Japan: Psychometric Properties

Objective

We aimed to develop a new scale for use in Japan, called the “Quality of Life of Family Caregivers of Advanced Cancer Patients Scale (QFCS)” and to examine its psychometric properties.

Methods

A draft scale was extracted based on qualitative inductive and deductive analyses, and its content validity and surface validity were investigated. Its psychometric properties were examined.

Results

The QFCS consists of 30 items comprising four factors. Cronbach's α was 0.92 and the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.90. Correlation coefficients between the total QFCS score and eight subscale scores of the revised Medical Outcomes Study 12-Item Short Form Survey Instrument were rs ​= ​0.22–0.65 (P ​< ​0.01–0.05). The Physical Component Summary was r ​= ​0.29 (P ​< ​0.01), and the Mental Component Summary was r ​= ​0.67 (P ​< ​0.01). Correlation coefficients between the QFCS total score and four subscale scores of the Caregiver Quality of Life Index-Cancer (CQOLC) were r ​= ​0.27–0.59 (P ​<0 ​.01) and the CQOLC total score was r ​= ​0.65 (P ​<0 ​.01).

Conclusions

Our results suggest that the QFCS exhibited acceptable psychometric properties in measuring the quality of life of family caregivers of patients with advanced cancer. Future research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness and quality of family support using the QFCS.

•

The Quality of Life of Family Caregivers of Advanced Cancer Patients Scale is a 30-item measure with four factors as follows: “social and personal connections with trusted persons and taking care of oneself,” “condition when supporting the patient,” “maintaining one's physical health,” and “relationship with the patient and autonomy.”.

•

The Quality of Life of Family Caregivers of Advanced Cancer Patients Scale exhibited acceptable reliability and validity for measuring the quality of life of family caregivers of patients with advanced cancer.

•

There are two aspects to family caregiving: the aspect of the person as a caregiver and the person as an individual, not just as a caregiver. In this scale, the quality of life of family caregivers of patients with advanced cancer was based on them.

A qualitative investigation of the supportive care experiences of people living with pancreatic and oesophagogastric cancer

Background

Pancreatic and oesophagogastric (OG) cancers have a dismal prognosis and high symptom burden, with supportive care forming an integral component of the care provided to patients. This study aimed to explore the supportive care experiences of patients and caregivers living with pancreatic and OG cancers in order to identify perceived opportunities for improvement.

Methods

Semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with people living with pancreatic and OG cancers, and their caregivers, across Victoria, Australia during 2020. Interviews were thematically analysed to identify common themes.

Results

Forty-one participants were interviewed, including 30 patients and 11 caregivers. Three overarching themes, each with multiple sub-themes, were identified: (i) inadequate support for symptoms and issues across the cancer journey (ii) caregiver’s desire for greater support, and (iii) a multidisciplinary care team is the hallmark of a positive supportive care experience. Generally, those who had access to a cancer care coordinator and/or a palliative care team recounted more positive supportive care experiences.

Conclusion

Unmet needs are prevalent across the pancreatic and OG cancer journey, with supportive care provided to varying levels of satisfaction. Greater awareness of and access to high-quality multidisciplinary support services is greatly desired by both patients with pancreatic and OG cancer and their caregivers.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12913-022-07625-y.

Expert opinion on management of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency in pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (PEI) is a common condition in patients with pancreatic cancer (PC). PEI can be due to the tumor, which, if located in the head, causes obstruction of the pancreatic duct with subsequent atrophy of the pancreatic parenchyma, or it can be the consequence of pancreatic surgical resection. The standard treatment of PEI is pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT). Clinical data to support the use of PERT in PC are however limited. There are very few randomized clinical trials that evaluated PERT in PC. Most data come from observational studies. Despite this limited clinical evidence, PERT treatment for PEI is an essential part of supportive therapy to ensure optimal nutritional status in PC patients who will receive surgery, neoadjuvant/adjuvant or palliative treatment. The objective of this review is to increase the awareness about PEI in PC patients and to provide expert recommendations on the use of PERT in resected, borderline resectable and unresectable patients, based on clinical experience and literature review.

'You know where we are if you need us.' The role of primary care in supporting patients following pancreaticoduodenectomy for cancer: a qualitative study

Background

Ten per cent of patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer undergo pancreaticoduodenectomy. It is known that these patients have unmet psychological support needs, and GPs are key in enabling effective coordination of care for people living with life-shortening conditions.

Aim

To explore patients’ perspectives on the role of primary care in their management, and their sources of support.

Design & setting

Inductive qualitative study of patients who had undergone pancreaticoduodenectomy between 6 months and 6 years previously for pancreatic or distal biliary duct cancers. Participants were recruited by clinical nurse specialists (CNSs) from a single NHS trust in Northwest England.

Method

Semi-structured interviews, either face-to-face or via video link, were conducted with 20 participants. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and anonymised. Thematic analysis utilised principles of constant comparison.

Results

Participants described immense treatment burden and uncertainty around the role of the GP in their ongoing care. They recognised that GPs may have little experience of patients who have undergone pancreaticoduodenectomy, but felt that GPs can play a vital role in offering support. Participants wished for emotional support postoperatively, and valued support networks including family and friends. However, they found expressing their deepest fears difficult. Participants felt they would value greater recognition by primary care of both physical and psychological sequelae of major pancreatic surgery, and the impact on their families.

Conclusion

Patients may feel themselves to be a ‘burden’ to both healthcare professionals and their own support networks following pancreaticoduodenectomy. Primary care is in a key position to proactively offer psychological support.

Caring experiences of family caregivers of patients with pancreatic cancer: an integrative literature review

PURPOSE

This review summarizes and synthesizes the available empirical literature on the experiences concerned with the problems and challenges faced by caregivers of patients with pancreatic cancer.

METHODS

An integrative review method was used, and a literature search was conducted using five databases. We searched the terms "pancreatic cancer," "caregiver," and "experience," and used the Boolean operators OR and AND to combine them. The Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools were used to assess the quality of the included studies.

RESULTS

Four qualitative studies, one mixed method, and three quantitative studies met the selection criteria and were included in the review. Informal family caregivers of patients with pancreatic cancer experienced multifaceted roles, lack of information, difficulties in maintaining emotional well-being, and positive coping. The factors associated with their caring experience included the caregivers' demographics, patients' psychological status, and clinical characteristics.

CONCLUSION

Caregivers of patients with pancreatic cancer have various experiences while providing care. Health care providers should offer opportunities for caregivers to recognize their feelings, provide sufficient information and psychological support, and foster coping strategies to maintain the physical and psychosocial well-being of caregivers.

Long-term quality of life and exocrine and endocrine insufficiency after pancreatic surgery: a multicenter, cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Data regarding long-term quality of life and exocrine and endocrine insufficiency after pancreatic surgery for premalignant and benign (non-pancreatitis) disease are lacking.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study included patients ≥3 years after pancreatoduodenectomy or left pancreatectomy in six Dutch centers (2006-2016). Outcomes were measured with the EQ-5D-5L, the EORTC QLQ-C30, an exocrine and endocrine pancreatic insufficiency questionnaire, and PAID20.

RESULTS

Questionnaires were completed by 153/183 patients (response rate 84%, median follow-up 6.3 years). Surgery related complaints were reported by 72/153 patients (47%) and 13 patients (8.4%) would not undergo this procedure again. The VAS (EQ-5D-5L) was 76 ± 17 versus 82 ± 0.4 in the general population (p < 0.001). The mean global health status (QLQ-C30) was 78 ± 17 versus 78 ± 17, p = 1.000. Fatigue, insomnia, and diarrhea were clinically relevantly worse in patients. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency was reported by 62 patients (41%) with relieve of symptoms by enzyme supplementation in 48%. New-onset diabetes mellitus was present in 22 patients (14%). The median PAID20 score was 6.9/20 (IQR 2.5-17.8).

CONCLUSION

Although generic quality of life after pancreatic resection for pre-malignant and benign disease was similar to the general population and diabetes-related distress was low, almost half suffered from a range of symptoms highlighting the need for long-term counseling.

Symptom Burden of Patients with Advanced Pancreas Cancer (APC): A Provincial Cancer Institute Observational Study

Patients with advanced pancreatic cancer (APC) experience many disease-related symptoms. ESAS-r measures the severity of 9 symptom domains and has been validated for use in the ambulatory oncology setting. We aimed to describe symptom burden at baseline for patients with APC treated with modern chemotherapy (CT), and to determine whether symptom burden at baseline is prognostic. Patients diagnosed with APC between 2012-2016, treated with ≥1 cycle of CT, who completed ≥1 ESAS-r were identified. Descriptive statistics were used to report symptom burden and common moderate-to-severe symptoms. A joint model was used to describe the trajectory of ESAS-r during follow-up while controlling for death. Multivariable Cox regression was used to identify independent predictors of death. Of 123 patients identified, the median age was 65 and 61% had metastatic disease. The median baseline ESAS-r total symptom distress score (TSDS) was 24. A total of 86% of patients had at least one symptom score of ≥4 at baseline, with the most common being: fatigue, nausea, anxiety, and shortness of breath. Median overall survival was 10.2 months. Baseline TSDS was not predictive for worse survival in the era of modern CT. Patients with APC have a high burden of cancer-associated symptoms and a high prevalence of moderate-to-severe symptoms. Early intervention has the potential to improve quality of life in this group of patients and should be investigated.

Consensus for the management of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency: UK practical guidelines

INTRODUCTION

Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency is a finding in many conditions, predominantly affecting those with chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer and acute necrotising pancreatitis. Patients with pancreatic exocrine insufficiency can experience gastrointestinal symptoms, maldigestion, malnutrition and adverse effects on quality of life and even survival.There is a need for readily accessible, pragmatic advice for healthcare professionals on the management of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

A review of the literature was conducted by a multidisciplinary panel of experts in pancreatology, and recommendations for clinical practice were produced and the strength of the evidence graded. Consensus voting by 48 pancreatic specialists from across the UK took place at the 2019 Annual Meeting of the Pancreatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland annual scientific meeting.

RESULTS

Recommendations for clinical practice in the diagnosis, initial management, patient education and long term follow up were developed. All recommendations achieved over 85% consensus and are included within these comprehensive guidelines.

Prospective observational study of prevalence, assessment and treatment of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency in patients with inoperable pancreatic malignancy (PANcreatic cancer Dietary Assessment (PanDA): a study protocol

INTRODUCTION

Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (PEI) in patients with pancreatic malignancy is well documented in the literature and is known to negatively impact on overall survival and quality of life. A lack of consensus opinion remains on the optimal diagnostic test that can be adapted for use in a clinical setting for this cohort of patients. This study aims to better understand the prevalence of PEI and the most suitable diagnostic techniques in patients with advanced pancreatic malignancy.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

This prospective observational study will be carried out in patients with pancreatic malignancy (including adenocarcinoma and neuroendocrine neoplasms). Consecutive patients with inoperable pancreatic malignancy referred for consideration of first-line chemotherapy will be considered for eligibility. The study comprises three cohorts: demographic cohort (primary objective to prospectively investigate the prevalence of PEI in patients with inoperable pancreatic malignancy); sample size 50, diagnostic cohort (primary objective to design and evaluate an optimal diagnostic panel to detect PEI in patients with inoperable pancreatic malignancy); sample size 25 and follow-up cohort (primary objective to prospectively evaluate the proposed PEI diagnostic panel in a cohort of patients with inoperable pancreatic malignancy); sample size 50. The following is a summary of the protocol and methodology.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

Full ethical approval has been granted by the North West Greater Manchester East Research and Ethics Committee, reference: 17/NW/0597. This manuscript reflects the latest protocol V.8 approved 21 April 2020. Findings will be disseminated by presentation at national/international conferences, publication in peer-review journals and distribution via patient advocate groups.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

194255, NCT0361643.

The psychological symptom burden in partners of pancreatic cancer patients: a population-based cohort study

PURPOSE

Pancreatic cancer (PC) has high morbidity and mortality and is stressful for patients and their partners. We investigated the psychological symptom burden in partners of PC patients.

METHODS

We followed 5774 partners of PC patients diagnosed from 2000 to 2016 up for first redeemed prescriptions of antidepressants or hospital admission, anxiolytics, and hypnotics as proxies for clinical depression, anxiety, and insomnia and compared them with 59,099 partners of cancer-free spouses. Data were analysed using Cox regression and multistate Markov models.

RESULTS

The cumulative incidence proportion of first depression was higher in partners of PC patients compared to comparisons. The highest adjusted HR of first depression was seen the first year after diagnosis (HR 3.2 (95% CI: 2.9; 3.7)). Educational level, chronic morbidity, and bereavement status were associated with an increased risk of first depression. There was a significantly higher first acute use (1 prescription only) of both anxiolytics and hypnotics and chronic use (3+ prescriptions) of hypnotics in partners of PC patients than in comparisons.

CONCLUSION

Being a partner to a PC patient carries a substantial psychological symptom burden and increases the risk for first depression and anxiolytic use and long-term use of hypnotics. Attention should be given to the psychological symptom burden of partners of PC patients, as this may pose a barrier for the optimal informal care and support of the PC patient, as well as a risk for non-optimal management of symptoms in the partner.

Endoscopic Pancreatic Drainage Improves Exocrine Pancreatic Function in Patients With Unresectable Pancreatic Cancer: A Double-Blind, Prospective, Randomized, Single-Center, Interventional Study

OBJECTIVES

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency is a frequent and clinically relevant complication of pancreatic cancer probably secondary to pancreatic duct obstruction. We aimed at evaluating the impact of endoscopic pancreatic drainage on pancreatic function in patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer.

METHODS

A double-blind, prospective, randomized, single-center, interventional study was designed. Patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for jaundice secondary to unresectable pancreatic cancer were randomized to biliary drainage (group A) or biliopancreatic drainage (group B). Pancreatic function was evaluated by 13C-mixed triglyceride breath test before and 2 weeks after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Breath test result is expressed as 13C-cumulative recovery rate. Abdominal symptoms and nutritional markers were evaluated as secondary outcomes.

RESULTS

Twenty patients were included. Sixteen patients had exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, and 13 completed the study (7 in group A and 6 in group B). The median absolute improvement of 13C-cumulative recovery rate was of 23.75% (interquartile range, 9.62-31.74) after biliopancreatic drainage compared with -1.92% (interquartile range, -4.17 to 13.92) after biliary drainage (P = 0.015). Nutritional markers improved after biliopancreatic drainage, but not after biliary drainage.

CONCLUSIONS

Biliopancreatic and not biliary endoscopic drainage is associated with a significant improvement of exocrine pancreatic function in patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer.

Pancreatic cancer cachexia: three dimensions of a complex syndrome

Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome that is characterised by a loss of skeletal muscle mass, is commonly associated with adipose tissue wasting and malaise, and responds poorly to therapeutic interventions. Although cachexia can affect patients who are severely ill with various malignant or non-malignant conditions, it is particularly common among patients with pancreatic cancer. Pancreatic cancer often leads to the development of cachexia through a combination of distinct factors, which, together, explain its high prevalence and clinical importance in this disease: systemic factors, including metabolic changes and pathogenic signals related to the tumour biology of pancreatic adenocarcinoma; factors resulting from the disruption of the digestive and endocrine functions of the pancreas; and factors related to the close anatomical and functional connection of the pancreas with the gut. In this review, we conceptualise the various insights into the mechanisms underlying pancreatic cancer cachexia according to these three dimensions to expose its particular complexity and the challenges that face clinicians in trying to devise therapeutic interventions.

Achieving 'Marginal Gains' to Optimise Outcomes in Resectable Pancreatic Cancer

Simple Summary

Improving outcomes in pancreatic cancer is achievable through the accumulation of marginal gains. There exists evidence of variation and undertreatment in many areas of the care pathway. By fully realising the existing opportunities, there is the potential for immediate improvements in outcomes and quality of life.

Abstract

Improving outcomes among patients with resectable pancreatic cancer is one of the greatest challenges of modern medicine. Major improvements in survival will result from the development of novel therapies. However, optimising existing pathways, so that patients realise benefits of already proven treatments, presents a clear opportunity to improve outcomes in the short term. This narrative review will focus on treatments and interventions where there is a clear evidence base to improve outcomes in pancreatic cancer, and where there is also evidence of variation and under-treatment. Avoidance of preoperative biliary drainage, treatment of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, prehabiliation and enhanced recovery after surgery, reducing perioperative complications, optimising opportunities for elderly patients to receive therapy, optimising adjuvant chemotherapy and regular surveillance after surgery are some of the strategies discussed. Each treatment or pathway change represents an opportunity for marginal gain. Accumulation of marginal gains can result in considerable benefit to patients. Given that these interventions already have evidence base, they can be realised quickly and economically.

Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency and pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer mortality. Most patients are diagnosed with advanced pancreatic cancer, either at locally advanced or metastatic stages, and have a high rate of malnutrition and weight loss which are associated with poor outcomes. Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency is one of the causes of malnutrition and weight loss in these patients. The prevalence and clinical consequences of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency in advanced pancreatic cancer are poorly investigated with heterogeneous results. We sought to determine the prevalence and clinical consequences of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency and the effect of pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer by systematic review and meta-analysis.

METHODS

Scopus, Medline, and Embase were searched for cohort studies or randomised clinical trials reporting pancreatic exocrine insufficiency and/or the effect of pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. We considered pancreatic exocrine insufficiency as an abnormal result on direct and/or indirect pancreatic exocrine function tests. Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy was evaluated by its effect on survival and quality of life in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer.

RESULTS

A total of 11 studies were included; seven studies reported the prevalence of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency and seven the effect of pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy in advanced pancreatic cancer. The pooled prevalence of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency in advanced pancreatic cancer was 72% (95% confidence interval: 55-86%), being significantly higher when tumours were located in the pancreatic head (relative risk = 3.36, 1.07-10.54; p = 0.04) six studies investigated the impact of pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy on survival/quality of life. Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy was associated with 3.8 months (95% confidence interval: 1.37-6.19) survival benefit. Patients receiving pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy had a trend towards a better quality of life.Conclusions The prevalence of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency in advanced pancreatic cancer is substantial and its treatment can improve the outcomes of these patients.

Multidisciplinary standards of care and recent progress in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Despite tremendous gains in the molecular understanding of exocrine pancreatic cancer, the prognosis for this disease remains very poor, largely because of delayed disease detection and limited effectiveness of systemic therapies. Both incidence rates and mortality rates for pancreatic cancer have increased during the past decade, in contrast to most other solid tumor types. Recent improvements in multimodality care have substantially improved overall survival, local control, and metastasis-free survival for patients who have localized tumors that are amenable to surgical resection. The widening gap in prognosis between patients with resectable and unresectable or metastatic disease reinforces the importance of detecting pancreatic cancer sooner to improve outcomes. Furthermore, the developing use of therapies that target tumor-specific molecular vulnerabilities may offer improved disease control for patients with advanced disease. Finally, the substantial morbidity associated with pancreatic cancer, including wasting, fatigue, and pain, remains an under-addressed component of this disease, which powerfully affects quality of life and limits tolerance to aggressive therapies. In this article, the authors review the current multidisciplinary standards of care in pancreatic cancer with a focus on emerging concepts in pancreatic cancer detection, precision therapy, and survivorship.

Nutritional considerations for the management of the older person with hepato-pancreatico-biliary malignancy

Malnutrition and cancer cachexia are prevalent in older people with hepato-pancreatico-biliary (HPB) malignancy, with the resultant loss of muscle mass and function accelerating normal age-associated losses. Unintentional weight loss may be missed in patients with pre-illness obesity, delaying diagnosis and limiting treatment potential and access. Sarcopenia and/or sarcopenic obesity increase the risk of dose-limiting chemotherapy toxicity, post-operative mortality and overall survival. The aetiology of malnutrition and weight loss is multi-factorial in patients with HPB malignancy, necessitating systematic evaluation of endocrine and exocrine function, and multi-modal therapeutic strategies. Prehabilitation aims to reduce the complications and side effects associated with treatment, aid recovery and improve quality of life, with the greatest benefits potentially being seen in high risk groups, such as people who are older and frail. Post-operatively, individualised nutritional support therapies targeting the preservation of weight and muscle indices are required to improve post-operative morbidity, and avoid delay or early cessation of any necessary adjuvant therapy.

Increased psychological symptom burden in patients with pancreatic cancer: A population-based cohort study

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE

To investigate the psychological symptom burden in patients with pancreatic cancer.

METHODS

We used Danish population-based registries to identify 10,793 pancreatic cancer patients and 109,238 age and gender matched cancer-free comparison persons between the years 2000-2016. The cohorts were followed up to five years for first prescription for antidepressants, anxiolytics or hypnotics as proxies for the psychological symptom burden of depression, anxiety or insomnia. Cumulated incidence proportions were analysed using the pseudo-value approach and hazards were estimated with Cox regression models adjusted for potential confounders.

RESULTS

The highest HR for first antidepressant use was seen in the first six months after diagnosis (HR 8.73 (95% CI: 7.57; 10.06)). Within the first two years the overall estimated cumulated probability of 12.9% (95% CI: 12%; 13.8%) in pancreatic cancer patients, and 4.6% (95% CI: 4.5%; 4.8%) in comparisons, and 20.4% and 31.4% patients received first prescription of anxiolytics or hypnotics, respectively. We found no difference in HRs of first antidepressant by gender, year of diagnosis, cohabitation, education or comorbidity in the patient cohort, however younger age (<59 years) was associated with depression.

CONCLUSIONS

Pancreatic cancer patients are at risk for first antidepressant, anxiolytic and hypnotic use up to five years after diagnosis. Patients younger than 59 years, newly diagnosed with advanced pancreatic cancer, and not treated with surgery were more likely to have first antidepressant use. The study calls for interventions to reduce the psychological burden in advanced pancreatic cancer patients which may improve quality of life and survival.

Impact of individual background on the unmet needs of cancer survivors and caregivers - a mixed-methods analysis

BACKGROUND

Cancer survivors and their caregivers may have various unmet needs that are medically difficult to solve. Previous studies have suggested the relations between individuals' backgrounds and their unmet needs. We conducted a large-scale analysis to clarify the influence of individuals' backgrounds, primarily cancer type, on specific types of unmet needs.

METHODS

Using a mixed-methods approach, we analyzed records of first-time callers to a cancer-focused telephone consultation service that was provided by the Kanagawa Cancer Clinical Research Information Organization from October 2006 to May 2014. The qualitative approach concerned extracting unmet needs mentioned in each consultation and classifying them into themes of specific needs, while the quantitative approach comprised multi-variated analysis of the relationships between the frequency by which the needs in each theme arose and the associated callers' backgrounds.

RESULTS

A total of 1938 consultation cases were analyzed. In the qualitative analysis, the needs were classified into 16 themes. The mean number of unmet needs for each caller was 1.58 (standard deviation = 0.86). In the multi-variated analysis, caregivers for colorectal cancer survivors had a lower frequency of "emotional/mental health" needs (OR: 0.31, 95%CI: 0.11-0.88, p = 0.028) than did caregivers for breast-cancer survivors. Nevertheless, this was the only significant difference in needs frequency among callers (including survivors and their caregivers) with specific cancer types. Meanwhile, there significant difference in the frequency of occurrence of each unmet need theme was found among items concerning other background elements. Among survivors, sex was related to the frequency of needs among "physical" and "resources" themes, and "emotions/mental health"; their age group with "employment"; treatment course with "physical" and "resources" themes and "cure"; residence with "physical" themes; presence of symptom with "physical," "education/information," "resources," "emotions/mental health," and "cure" themes.

CONCLUSIONS

This large-scale study suggests that cancer type is not a significant factor for specific unmet needs and that individuals' backgrounds and presence of symptoms play a more important role. Through this study, it was found that instruments to predict people's needs and a system to provide individualized cancer care across cancer types should be developed in the future.

Understanding pancreatic exocrine insufficiency and replacement therapy in pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (PEI) is highly prevalent in patients with pancreatic cancer, and has substantial implications for quality of life and survival. Post resection, PEI is associated with increased post-operative complications, longer hospital stays and higher costs. Treatment with pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) improves quality of life and confers significant survival advantages. Despite this many patients with pancreatic cancer do not currently receive PERT. The nutritional consequences of PEI are extensive and even more relevant in the elderly owing to age related gastrointestinal tract and pancreatic changes that predispose to malnutrition.