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Gender Effects of Dioecious Plant Populus cathayana on Fungal Community and Mycorrhizal Distribution at Different Arid Zones in Qinghai, China. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020270. [PMID: 36838235 PMCID: PMC9961886 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Dioecious plants have a wide distribution in nature and gender effect may cause significant alterations in rhizosphere fungal community and soil properties. However, little is known regarding changes in response to dioecious plants. This study aimed to investigate the effects that the dioecious plant, Populus cathayana, and regions of different arid levels have on the fungal community, mycorrhizal distribution, soil enzymatic activities, and nutrient contents. This study characterized fungal and soil factors from the rhizosphere of the dioecious plant Populus cathayana located in the semi-humid regions (Chengguan), semi-arid regions (Sining, Haiyan) and arid regions (Ulan, Chaka). Rhizosphere soil was collected from each site and gender, and the total fungal genomic DNA was extracted. DNA amplicons from fungal ITS region were generated and subjected to Illumina Miseq sequencing. A total of 5 phyla, 28 classes, 92 orders, 170 families, and 380 genuses were observed. AMF distribution peaked at Chaka, which did not conform to the trend. Gender had significant effects on fungal communities: there were obvious differences in fungal OTUs between genders. Alpha diversity raised at first and then decreased. RDA results showed available P, available K, pH, ALP activity, ammonium N, EC, water content and catalase activity were the key contributors in sample areas. Our results suggested potential interaction effects between plant gender and fungal community.
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Zhao Y, Cartabia A, Lalaymia I, Declerck S. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and production of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. MYCORRHIZA 2022; 32:221-256. [PMID: 35556179 PMCID: PMC9184413 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-022-01079-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal plants are an important source of therapeutic compounds used in the treatment of many diseases since ancient times. Interestingly, they form associations with numerous microorganisms developing as endophytes or symbionts in different parts of the plants. Within the soil, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are the most prevalent symbiotic microorganisms forming associations with more than 70% of vascular plants. In the last decade, a number of studies have reported the positive effects of AMF on improving the production and accumulation of important active compounds in medicinal plants.In this work, we reviewed the literature on the effects of AMF on the production of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. The major findings are as follows: AMF impact the production of secondary metabolites either directly by increasing plant biomass or indirectly by stimulating secondary metabolite biosynthetic pathways. The magnitude of the impact differs depending on the plant genotype, the AMF strain, and the environmental context (e.g., light, time of harvesting). Different methods of cultivation are used for the production of secondary metabolites by medicinal plants (e.g., greenhouse, aeroponics, hydroponics, in vitro and hairy root cultures) which also are compatible with AMF. In conclusion, the inoculation of medicinal plants with AMF is a real avenue for increasing the quantity and quality of secondary metabolites of pharmacological, medical, and cosmetic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- YanYan Zhao
- Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Mycology, Croix du Sud 2, box L7.05.06, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Annalisa Cartabia
- Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Mycology, Croix du Sud 2, box L7.05.06, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Ismahen Lalaymia
- Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Mycology, Croix du Sud 2, box L7.05.06, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Declerck
- Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Mycology, Croix du Sud 2, box L7.05.06, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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3
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Mycelium chemistry differs markedly between ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Commun Biol 2022; 5:398. [PMID: 35484190 PMCID: PMC9050698 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03341-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical quality of soil carbon (C) inputs is a major factor controlling litter decomposition and soil C dynamics. Mycorrhizal fungi constitute one of the dominant pools of soil microbial C, while their litter quality (chemical proxies of litter decomposability) is understood poorly, leading to major uncertainties in estimating soil C dynamics. We examined litter decomposability of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungal species using samples obtained from in vitro cultivation. We showed that the chemical composition of AM and EM fungal mycelium differs significantly: EM fungi have higher concentrations of labile (water-soluble, ethanol-soluble) and recalcitrant (non-extractable) chemical components, while AM fungi have higher concentrations of acid-hydrolysable components. Our results imply that differences in decomposability traits among mycorrhizal fungal guilds represent a critically important driver of the soil C cycle, which could be as vital as is recognized for differences among aboveground plant litter.
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Liu S, Moora M, Vasar M, Zobel M, Öpik M, Koorem K. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi promote small-scale vegetation recovery in the forest understorey. Oecologia 2021; 197:685-697. [PMID: 34716490 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-05065-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Root-associating arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi foster vegetation recovery in degraded habitats. AM fungi increase nutrient availability for host plants; therefore, their importance is expected to be higher when nutrient availability is low. However, little is known about how small-scale variation in nutrient availability influences plant and AM fungal communities in a stable ecosystem. We conducted a 2-year field study in the understorey of a boreonemoral forest where we examined plant and AM fungal communities at microsites (15 cm diameter) with intact vegetation cover and at disturbed microsites where vegetation was cleared away and soil was sterilized to remove soil biota. We manipulated soil nutrient content (increased with fertilizer, unchanged, or decreased with sucrose addition) and fungal activity (natural or suppressed by fungicide addition) at these microsites. After two vegetation seasons, manipulations with nutrient content resulted in significant, although moderate, differences in the content of soil nutrients (e.g. in soil phosphorus). Suppression of fungal activity resulted in lower richness, abundance and phylogenetic diversity of AM fungal community, independently of microsite type and soil fertility level. Plant species richness and diversity decreased when fungal activity was suppressed at disturbed but not in intact microsites. The correlation between plant and AM fungal communities was not influenced by microsite type or soil fertility. We conclude that small-scale variation in soil fertility and habitat integrity does not influence the interactions between plants and AM fungi. The richness, but not composition, of AM fungal communities recovered fast after small-scale disturbance and supported the recovery of species-rich vegetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqiao Liu
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Mari Moora
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Martti Vasar
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Martin Zobel
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maarja Öpik
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kadri Koorem
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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5
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Ganoudi M, Calonne-Salmon M, Ibriz M, Declerck S. In vitro mycorrhization of Argania spinosa L. using germinated seeds. Symbiosis 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-021-00790-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Garcés-Ruiz M, Calonne-Salmon M, Bremhorst V, Declerck S. Diesel fuel differentially affects hyphal healing in Gigaspora sp. and Rhizophagus irregularis. MYCORRHIZA 2021; 31:413-421. [PMID: 33661390 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-021-01026-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrocarbon pollution is an increasing problem affecting soil ecosystems. However, some microorganisms can cope with these pollutants and even facilitate plant establishment and thus phytoremediation. Within soil, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have developed several strategies to survive and flourish under adverse conditions. Among these is the hyphal healing mechanism (HHM), a process allowing hyphae to re-establish integrity after physical injury. This mechanism differs among species and genera of AMF. However, whether and to what extent hydrocarbon pollution impacts the HHM is unknown. Here, the HHM was monitored in vitro on two AMF strains, Rhizophagus irregularis MUCL 41833 and Gigaspora sp. MUCL 52331, under increasing concentrations of diesel (1, 2, and 5% v:v). The addition of diesel slowed-down the HHM in both fungi. On Gigaspora sp., this effect was limited and most hyphae were able to heal after injury. Conversely, all steps of healing were severely impaired in R. irregularis. That fungus reconnected the injured hyphae at a much lower frequency than the Gigaspora sp., instead investing its energy to link neighboring hyphae or roots, or developing new branches from uninjured hyphae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Garcés-Ruiz
- Laboratory of Mycology, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 3, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Maryline Calonne-Salmon
- Laboratory of Mycology, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 3, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Vincent Bremhorst
- Statistical Methodology and Computing Service, Université catholique de Louvain, Voie du Roman Pays 20, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Declerck
- Laboratory of Mycology, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 3, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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7
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Cardini A, Pellegrino E, Declerck S, Calonne-Salmon M, Mazzolai B, Ercoli L. Direct transfer of zinc between plants is channelled by common mycorrhizal network of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and evidenced by changes in expression of zinc transporter genes in fungus and plant. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:5883-5900. [PMID: 33913577 PMCID: PMC8597171 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The role that common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs) play in plant-to-plant transfer of zinc (Zn) has not yet been investigated, despite the proved functions of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in crop Zn acquisition. Here, two autotrophic Medicago truncatula plants were linked by a CMN formed by Rhizophagus irregularis. Plants were grown in vitro in physically separated compartments (Donor-C and Receiver-C) and their connection ensured only by CMN. A symbiosis-defective mutant of M. truncatula was used as control in Receiver-C. Plants in both compartments were grown on Zn-free medium, and only the leaves of the donor plants were Zn fertilized. A direct transfer of Zn was demonstrated from donor leaves to receiver shoots mediated by CMN. Direct transfer of Zn was supported by changes in the expression of fungal genes, RiZRT1 and RiZnT1, and plant gene MtZIP2 in roots and MtNAS1 in roots and shoots of the receiver plants. Moreover, Zn transfer was supported by the change in expression of MtZIP14 gene in AM fungal colonized roots. This work is the first evidence of a direct Zn transfer from a donor to a receiver plant via CMN, and of a triggering of transcriptional regulation of fungal-plant genes involved in Zn transport-related processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Cardini
- Institute of Life Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, Pisa, 56127, Italy
| | - Elisa Pellegrino
- Institute of Life Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, Pisa, 56127, Italy
| | - Stéphane Declerck
- Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Applied Microbiology, Mycology, Croix du Sud 2, Box L7.05.06, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
| | - Maryline Calonne-Salmon
- Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Applied Microbiology, Mycology, Croix du Sud 2, Box L7.05.06, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
| | - Barbara Mazzolai
- Center for Micro-BioRobotics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Ercoli
- Institute of Life Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, Pisa, 56127, Italy
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8
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El Hilali R, Bouamri R, Crozilhac P, Calonne M, Symanczik S, Ouahmane L, Declerck S. In vitro colonization of date palm plants by Rhizophagus irregularis during the rooting stage. Symbiosis 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-021-00768-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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9
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Garnica S, Rosenstein R, Schön ME. Belowground fungal community diversity, composition and ecological functionality associated with winter wheat in conventional and organic agricultural systems. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9732. [PMID: 33083101 PMCID: PMC7566770 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the impacts of agricultural practices on belowground fungal communities is crucial in order to preserve biological diversity in agricultural soils and enhance their role in agroecosystem functioning. Although fungal communities are widely distributed, relatively few studies have correlated agricultural production practices. We investigated the diversity, composition and ecological functionality of fungal communities in roots of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) growing in conventional and organic farming systems. Direct and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifications spanning the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rDNA from pooled fine root samples were performed with two different sets of fungal specific primers. Fungal identification was carried out through similarity searches against validated reference sequences (RefSeq). The R package ‘picante’ and FUNGuild were used to analyse fungal community composition and trophic mode, respectively. Either by direct or cloning sequencing, 130 complete ITS sequences were clustered into 39 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) (25 singletons), belonging to the Ascomycota (24), the Basidiomycota (14) and to the Glomeromycota (1). Fungal communities from conventional farming sites are phylogenetically more related than expected by chance. Constrained ordination analysis identified total N, total S and Pcal that had a significant effect on the OTU’s abundance and distribution, and a further correlation with the diversity of the co-occurring vegetation could be hypothesised. The functional predictions based on FUNGuild suggested that conventional farming increased the presence of plant pathogenic fungi compared with organic farming. Based on diversity, OTU distribution, nutrition mode and the significant phylogenetic clustering of fungal communities, this study shows that fungal communities differ across sampling sites, depending on agricultural practices. Although it is not fully clear which factors determine the fungal communities, our findings suggest that organic farming systems have a positive effect on fungal communities in winter wheat crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigisfredo Garnica
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Isla Teja, Chile
| | - Ronja Rosenstein
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Plant Evolutionary Ecology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Max Emil Schön
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Alaux PL, Naveau F, Declerck S, Cranenbrouck S. Common Mycorrhizal Network Induced JA/ET Genes Expression in Healthy Potato Plants Connected to Potato Plants Infected by Phytophthora infestans. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:602. [PMID: 32523589 PMCID: PMC7261899 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Most plants are connected belowground via common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs). In their presence, the transmission of warning signals from diseased to uninfected plants has been reported. However, current studies have all been conducted in pots making it difficult to discriminate direct from indirect contribution of hyphae to the transmission of the signals. Here, we conducted an in vitro study with potato plantlets connected by a CMN of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. The plantlets were grown in physically separated compartments and their connection ensured only by the CMN. The donor potato plantlets were infected by Phytophthora infestans and defense genes analyzed 24, 48 and 120 h post-infection (hpi) in the uninfected receiver potato plantlets. Twenty-four hpi by the pathogen, PAL, PR-1b, ERF3, and LOX genes were significantly upregulated, whereas no significant transcript variation was noticed 48 and 120 hpi. The exact nature of the warning signals remains unknown but was not associated to microorganisms other than the AMF or to diffusion mechanisms through the growth medium or induced by volatile compounds. The defense response appeared to be transitory and associated with the jasmonic acid or ethylene pathway. These findings demonstrate the direct involvement of hyphae in the transmission of warning signals from diseased to uninfected potato plantlets and their indubitable role in providing a route for activating defense responses in uninfected plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Louis Alaux
- Earth and Life Institute, Applied Microbiology, Mycology, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Françoise Naveau
- Earth and Life Institute, Applied Microbiology, Mycology, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Declerck
- Earth and Life Institute, Applied Microbiology, Mycology, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Cranenbrouck
- Earth and Life Institute, Applied Microbiology, Mycology, Mycothèque de l’Université catholique de Louvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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11
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The Mycorrhizal Donor Plant (MDP) In Vitro Culture System for the Efficient Colonization of Whole Plants. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2146:19-31. [PMID: 32415592 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0603-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mycorrhizal donor plant (MDP) in vitro culture system allows the fast and homogeneous colonization of a wide range of photosynthetically active plants. Here we detailed the setup of the system and its potential applications for basic studies as well as mass production and applied purposes.
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Lotfi M, Fernandez K, Vermeir P, Mars M. In vitro mycorrhization of pear (Pyrus communis). MYCORRHIZA 2019; 29:607-614. [PMID: 31643005 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-019-00919-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Mycelium Donor Plant system (MDP) was adapted to study the time course of the colonization of Pyrus communis by Rhizophagus irregularis under in vitro conditions. Isolated germinated spores did not colonize pear roots. Inoculum composed of R. irregularis spores/mycelium associated with chicory root fragments was used to inoculate Medicago truncatula which became thereafter the MDP of pear plantlets. Typical intraradical structures (hyphae, arbuscules, spores/vesicles) and appressoria were observed in the pear roots. During acclimatization, the pear plants formed a densely branched root system. R. irregularis colonization not only altered the root architecture but also changed the nutrient composition of the acclimatized pear plantlets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariem Lotfi
- Research Unit on Agrobiodiversity (UR13AGR05), Department of Horticultural Sciences, Higher Agronomic Institute, IRESA-University of Sousse, 4042, Chott-Mariem, Sousse, Tunisia
- Laboratory for Applied In Vitro Plant Biotechnology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kalyanne Fernandez
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Agrícolas (INCA), CP 32700, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba
| | - Pieter Vermeir
- Laboratory for Chemical Analysis, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Messaoud Mars
- Research Unit on Agrobiodiversity (UR13AGR05), Department of Horticultural Sciences, Higher Agronomic Institute, IRESA-University of Sousse, 4042, Chott-Mariem, Sousse, Tunisia
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Marquez N, Giachero ML, Gallou A, Debat HJ, Cranenbrouck S, Di Rienzo JA, Pozo MJ, Ducasse DA, Declerck S. Transcriptional Changes in Mycorrhizal and Nonmycorrhizal Soybean Plants upon Infection with the Fungal Pathogen Macrophomina phaseolina. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:842-855. [PMID: 29498566 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-17-0282-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Macrophomina phaseolina is a soil-borne fungal pathogen with a wide host range that causes charcoal rot in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Control of the disease is a challenge, due to the absence of genetic resistance and effective chemical control. Alternative or complementary measures are needed, such as the use of biological control agents, in an integrated approach. Several studies have demonstrated the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in enhancing plant resistance or tolerance to biotic stresses, decreasing the symptoms and pressure caused by various pests and diseases, including M. phaseolina in soybean. However, the specific contribution of AMF in the regulation of the plant response to M. phaseolina remains unclear. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate, under strict in-vitro culture conditions, the global transcriptional changes in roots of premycorrhized soybean plantlets challenged by M. phaseolina (+AMF+Mp) as compared with nonmycorrhizal soybean plantlets (-AMF+Mp). MapMan software was used to distinguish transcriptional changes, with special emphasis on those related to plant defense responses. Soybean genes identified as strongly upregulated during infection by the pathogen included pathogenesis-related proteins, disease-resistance proteins, transcription factors, and secondary metabolism-related genes, as well as those encoding for signaling hormones. Remarkably, the +AMF+Mp treatment displayed a lower number of upregulated genes as compared with the -AMF+Mp treatment. AMF seemed to counteract or balance costs upon M. phaseolina infection, which could be associated to a negative impact on biomass and seed production. These detailed insights in soybean-AMF interaction help us to understand the complex underlying mechanisms involved in AMF-mediated biocontrol and support the importance of preserving and stimulating the existing plant-AMF associates, via adequate agricultural practices, to optimize their agro-ecological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Marquez
- 1 Instituto de Patología Vegetal, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Camino 60 cuadras km 5.5, 5119. Córdoba, Argentina
- 2 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina
| | - María L Giachero
- 1 Instituto de Patología Vegetal, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Camino 60 cuadras km 5.5, 5119. Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Adrien Gallou
- 3 Centro Nacional de Referencia de Control Biológico, Km 1.5 Carretera Tecomán-Estación FFCC. Apdo. Postal 67, Tecomán, Colima, México
| | - Humberto J Debat
- 1 Instituto de Patología Vegetal, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Camino 60 cuadras km 5.5, 5119. Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Sylvie Cranenbrouck
- 4 Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Applied Microbiology, Mycology, Mycothèque de l'Université catholique de Louvain (MUCL), Part of the Belgian Coordinated Collections of Microorganisms (BCCM), Croix du Sud 2, bte L7.05.06, B-1358, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Julio A Di Rienzo
- 5 Cátedra de Estadística y Biometría, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ing Agr; Felix Aldo Marrone 746, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María J Pozo
- 6 Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Prof. Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Daniel A Ducasse
- 1 Instituto de Patología Vegetal, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Camino 60 cuadras km 5.5, 5119. Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Stéphane Declerck
- 7 Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Applied Microbiology, Mycology, Croix du Sud 2, bte L7.05.06, B-1358, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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14
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Le Pioufle O, Declerck S. Reducing Water Availability Impacts the Development of the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Rhizophagus irregularis MUCL 41833 and Its Ability to Take Up and Transport Phosphorus Under in Vitro Conditions. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1254. [PMID: 29942294 PMCID: PMC6004939 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change scenarios predict a higher variability in rainfall and an increased risk of water deficits during summers for the coming decades. For this reason, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and their mitigating effects on drought stress in plants are increasingly considered in crop management. However, the impact of a decrease in water availability on the development of AMF and their ability to take up and transport inorganic phosphorus (Pi) to their hosts remain poorly explored. Here, Medicago truncatula plantlets were grown in association with Rhizophagus irregularis MUCL 41833 in bi-compartmented Petri plates. The system consisted in associating the plant and AMF in a root compartment (RC), allowing only the hyphae to extend in a root-free hyphal compartment (HC). Water availability in the HC was then lowered by increasing the concentration of polyethylene glycol-8000 (PEG-8000) from 0 to 10, 25, and 50 g L-1 (corresponding to a slight decrease in water potential of -0.024, -0.025, -0.030, and -0.056 Mpa, respectively). Hyphal growth, spore production and germination were severely impaired at the lowest water availability. The dynamics of Pi uptake by the AMF was also impacted, although total Pi uptake evaluated after 24 h stayed unchanged. The percentage of metabolically active extraradical hyphae remained above 70%. Finally, at the lowest water availability, a higher P concentration was observed in the shoots of M. truncatula. At reduced water availability, the extraradical mycelium (ERM) development was impacted, potentially limiting its capacity to explore a higher volume of soil. Pi uptake was slowed down but not prevented. The sensitivity of R. irregularis MUCL 41833 to a, even small, decrease in water availability contrasted with several studies reporting tolerance of AMF to drought. This suggests a species or strain-dependent effect and support the necessity to compare the impact of water availability on morpho-anatomy, nutrient uptake and transport capacities of other, potentially more drought-tolerant (e.g., isolated from dry environments) AMF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stéphane Declerck
- Earth and Life Institute, Applied Microbiology, Mycology, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Gil-Cardeza ML, Calonne-Salmon M, Gómez E, Declerck S. Short-term chromium (VI) exposure increases phosphorus uptake by the extraradical mycelium of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis MUCL 41833. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 187:27-34. [PMID: 28829949 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium is a potent carcinogen, while phosphorus is an essential nutrient. The role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the uptake of P is well known and was also reported, at low levels, for Cr. However, it is unclear whether the uptake of Cr can impact the short-term uptake dynamics of P since both elements have a similar chemical structure and may thus potentially compete with each other during the uptake process. This study investigated the impact of Cr(VI) on short-term P uptake by the AMF Rhizophagus irregularis MUCL 41833 in Medicago truncatula. Bi-compartmented Petri plates were used to spatially separate a root compartment (RC) from a hyphal compartment (HC) using a whole plant in vitro culture system. The HC was supplemented with Cr(VI). Chromium(VI) as well as total Cr and P were monitored during 16 h within the HC and their concentrations determined by the end of the experiment within roots and shoots. Our results indicated that the uptake and translocation of Cr from hyphae to roots was a fast process: roots in which the extraradical mycelium (ERM) was exposed to Cr(VI) accumulated more Cr than roots of which the ERM was not exposed to Cr(VI) or was dead. Our results further confirmed that dead ERM immobilized more Cr than alive ERM. Finally our results demonstrated that the short exposure to Cr(VI) was sufficient to stimulate P uptake by the ERM and that the stimulation process began within the first 4 h of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Lourdes Gil-Cardeza
- Laboratorio de Biodiversidad Vegetal y Microbiana, IICAR (CONICET-UNR), Facultad de Cs Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Campo Exp. Villarino, Zavalla (2123), Argentina.
| | - Maryline Calonne-Salmon
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Mycology, Croix du Sud, 2 box L7.05.06, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Elena Gómez
- Laboratorio de Biodiversidad Vegetal y Microbiana, IICAR (CONICET-UNR), Facultad de Cs Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Campo Exp. Villarino, Zavalla (2123), Argentina
| | - Stéphane Declerck
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Mycology, Croix du Sud, 2 box L7.05.06, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Chave M, Crozilhac P, Deberdt P, Plouznikoff K, Declerck S. Rhizophagus irregularis MUCL 41833 transitorily reduces tomato bacterial wilt incidence caused by Ralstonia solanacearum under in vitro conditions. MYCORRHIZA 2017; 27:719-723. [PMID: 28585092 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-017-0783-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the world's most important soil-borne plant diseases. In Martinique, French West Indies, a highly virulent new pathogenic variant of this bacterium (phylotype IIB/4NPB) severely impacts tomato production. Here we report on the effect of R. solanacearum CFBP 6783, classified in phytotype IIB/4NPB, on tomato plantlets grown under strict in vitro culture conditions in the presence or absence of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis MUCL 41833. A mycelium donor plant (i.e. Crotalaria spectabilis) was used for rapid, uniform mycorrhization of tomato plantlets that were subsequently infected by the bacterium. Bacterial wilt was significantly delayed and the incidence of the disease consequently reduced in the mycorrhizal tomato plantlets. Conversely, R. solanacearum did not affect root colonization by the AMF within the 16 days of the experiment. These results suggested that the mycorrhizal fungus was able to reduce bacterial wilt symptoms, probably by eliciting defence mechanisms in the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Chave
- ASTRO Agrosystèmes tropicaux, INRA, 97170, Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France.
| | - Patrice Crozilhac
- Earth and Life Institute, Mycology, Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Croix du Sud 2, bte L7.05.06, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Péninna Deberdt
- CIRAD, UPR HORTSYS, Campus Agro-Environnemental Caraïbe, F-97285, Le Lamentin, Martinique, France
| | - Katia Plouznikoff
- Earth and Life Institute, Mycology, Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Croix du Sud 2, bte L7.05.06, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Declerck
- Earth and Life Institute, Mycology, Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Croix du Sud 2, bte L7.05.06, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Giachero ML, Marquez N, Gallou A, Luna CM, Declerck S, Ducasse DA. An In Vitro Method for Studying the Three-Way Interaction between Soybean, Rhizophagus irregularis and the Soil-Borne Pathogen Fusarium virguliforme. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1033. [PMID: 28670321 PMCID: PMC5472683 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we described an in vitro system adequate for investigating the pathosystem soybean/arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)/Fusarium virguliforme. Pre-mycorrhized plantlets with Rhizophagus irregularis were infected by F. virguliforme either locally via a plug of gel supporting mycelium (Method 1) or via a macroconidia suspension applied to the medium surface (Method 2). Root colonization by the AMF and infection by the pathogen were similar to the usual observations in pot experiments. Within a period of 18 days, more than 20% of the roots were colonized by the AMF and infection by the pathogen was observed in all the plants. In presence of AMF, a decrease in symptoms and in the level of root tissue infection was noticed. With Method 1, smaller necrotic lesions were observed in the pre-mycorrhized plantlets. In Method 2, pathogen infection was slower but more homogenous. These results demonstrated the suitability of the in vitro cultivation system to study the pathosystem soybean/AMF/F. virguliforme. We propose this in vitro cultivation system for studying the mechanisms involved in the biocontrol conferred by AMF against F. virguliforme in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- María L. Giachero
- Instituto de Patología Vegetal – Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología AgropecuariaCórdoba, Argentina
| | - Nathalie Marquez
- Instituto de Patología Vegetal – Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología AgropecuariaCórdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasCórdoba, Argentina
| | - Adrien Gallou
- Centro Nacional de Referencia de Control BiológicoTecomán, Mexico
| | - Celina M. Luna
- Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias – Instituto Nacional de Tecnología AgropecuariaCórdoba, Argentina
| | - Stéphane Declerck
- Earth and Life Institute, Applied Microbiology, Mycology, Université catholique de LouvainLouvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Daniel A. Ducasse
- Instituto de Patología Vegetal – Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología AgropecuariaCórdoba, Argentina
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Zhang L, Jiang C, Zhou J, Declerck S, Tian C, Feng G. Increasing phosphorus concentration in the extraradical hyphae of Rhizophagus irregularis DAOM 197198 leads to a concomitant increase in metal minerals. MYCORRHIZA 2016; 26:909-918. [PMID: 27468824 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-016-0722-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) acquire phosphorus via roots and extraradical hyphae. How soil P level affects P accumulation within hyphae and how P in hyphae influences the accumulation of metal minerals remains little explored. A bi-compartmented in vitro cultivation system separating a root compartment (RC), containing a Ri T-DNA transformed carrot root associated to the AMF Rhizophagus irregularis DAOM 197198, from a hyphal compartment (HC), containing only the extraradical hyphae, was used. The HC contained a liquid growth medium (i.e., the modified Strullu-Romand medium containing P in the form of KH2PO4) without (0 μM) or adjusted to 35, 100, and 700 μM of KH2PO4. The accumulation of P and metal minerals (Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Cu, Mn) within extraradical hyphae and AMF-colonized roots, and the expression of the phosphate transporter gene GintPT were assessed. The expression of GintPT in the extraradical hyphae did not differ in absence of KH2PO4 or in presence of 35 and 100 μM KH2PO4 in the HC but was markedly reduced in presence of 700 μM KH2PO4. Hyphal P concentration was significantly lowest in absence of KH2PO4, intermediate at 35 and 100 μM KH2PO4 and significantly highest in presence of 700 μM KH2PO4 in the HC. The concentrations of K, Mg, and Na were positively associated with the concentration of P in the extraradical hyphae developing in the HC. Similarly, P concentration in extraradical hyphae in the HC was related to P concentration in the growth medium and influenced the concentration of K, Mg, and Na. The accumulation of the metal mineral K, Mg, and Na in the extraradical hyphae developing in the HC was possibly related to their function in neutralizing the negative charges of PolyP accumulated in the hyphae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences; Research Center for Resources, the Environment and Food Safety, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Caiyun Jiang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences; Research Center for Resources, the Environment and Food Safety, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiachao Zhou
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences; Research Center for Resources, the Environment and Food Safety, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Stéphane Declerck
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Applied microbiology, Mycology, Croix du sud 2, bte L7.05.06, B-1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Changyan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Gu Feng
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences; Research Center for Resources, the Environment and Food Safety, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Buysens C, Dupré de Boulois H, Declerck S. Do fungicides used to control Rhizoctonia solani impact the non-target arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis? MYCORRHIZA 2015; 25:277-288. [PMID: 25312740 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-014-0610-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that the application of biocontrol organisms (e.g., Pseudomonas and Bacillus spp., arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi-AMF) is a feasible option to reduce incidence of plant pathogens in an integrated control strategy. However, the utilization of these microorganisms, in particular AMF, may be threatened by the application of fungicides, a widely-used measure to control Rhizoctonia solani in various crops among which potato. Prior to their application, it is thus important to determine the impact of fungicides on AMF. The present study investigated, under in vitro controlled conditions, the impact of azoxystrobin (a systemic broad-spectrum fungicide), flutolanil (a systemic Basidiomycota-specific fungicide), and pencycuron (a contact Rhizoctonia-specific fungicide) and their respective formulations (Amistar, Monarch, and Monceren) on the growth and development of the AMF Rhizophagus irregularis MUCL 41833 (spore germination, root colonization, extraradical mycelium development, and spore production) at doses used to control R. solani. Results demonstrated that azoxystrobin and its formulation Amistar, at threshold values for R. solani control (estimated by the half maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50, on a dry weight basis), did not affect spore germination and potato root colonization by R. irregularis, while the development of extra-radical mycelium and spore production was reduced at 10 times the threshold value. Flutolanil and its formulation Monarch at threshold value did not affect spore germination or extra-radical development but decreased root colonization and arbuscule formation. At threshold value, pencycuron and its formulation Monceren, did not affect spore germination and intra- or extraradical development of R. irregularis. These results suggest that azoxystrobin and pencycuron do not affect the AMF at threshold concentrations to control R. solani in vitro, while flutolanil (as formulation) impacts the intraradical phase of the fungus. These fungicides and R. irregularis thus have the potential to be used in parallel against Rhizoctonia disease in potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Buysens
- Earth and Life Institute, Applied Microbiology, Mycology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud, 2 box L7.05.06, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Engelmoer DJP, Kiers ET. Host diversity affects the abundance of the extraradical arbuscular mycorrhizal network. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 205:1485-1491. [PMID: 25297948 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can form complex networks in the soil that connect different host plants. Previous studies have focused on the effects of these networks on individual hosts and host communities. However, very little is known about how different host species affect the success of the fungal network itself. Given the potentially strong selection pressure against hosts that invest in a fungal network which benefits their competitors, we predict that the presence of multiple host species negatively affects the growth of the extraradical network. We designed an experiment using an in vitro culture approach to investigate the effect of different hosts (carrot, chichory and medicago) on the formation of a common mycelial network. In vitro root cultures, each inoculated with their own fungal network, were grown in a double split plate design with two host compartments and a common central compartment where fungal networks could form. We found that the size of fungal networks differs depending on the social environment of the host. When host species were propagated in a mixed species environment, the fungal abundance was significantly reduced compared to monoculture predictions. Our work demonstrates how host-to-host conflict can influence the abundance of the fungal partner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J P Engelmoer
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - E Toby Kiers
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Rodrigues KM, Rodrigues BF. Endomycorrhizal association of Funneliformis mosseae with transformed roots of Linum usitatissimum: germination, colonization, and sporulation studies. Mycology 2015; 6:42-49. [PMID: 26000198 PMCID: PMC4409042 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2015.1024777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Funneliformis mosseae (Nicolson & Gerdemann) Walker & Schuessler were cultured in association with transformed roots of Linum usitatissimum L. (Linaceae) for the first time on modified Strullu-Romand medium (pH 5.5) in monoxenic culture. Germ tubes emerged through the spore wall in 88% of spores after 5 days. Hyphal contact with transformed linum roots was observed 5 days after co-cultivation. Paris-type arbuscules and hyphal coils were seen. Extra-radical branched absorbing structures were common. Terminal and intercalary secondary spores were also formed. Spore viability when assessed using vital dye staining (MTT test) was 83%. Secondary spores that proved viable were subsequently transferred from in vitro to in vivo culture where Arum-type arbuscules, intra-radical intercellular hyphae, and extra-radical spores were observed. The procedure established shows potential in AM inoculum mass production and possibility in application.
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Velivelli SLS, Lojan P, Cranenbrouck S, de Boulois HD, Suarez JP, Declerck S, Franco J, Prestwich BD. The induction of Ethylene response factor 3 (ERF3) in potato as a result of co-inoculation with Pseudomonas sp. R41805 and Rhizophagus irregularis MUCL 41833 - a possible role in plant defense. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2015; 10:e988076. [PMID: 25723847 PMCID: PMC4623016 DOI: 10.4161/15592324.2014.988076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Colonization of plant rhizosphere/roots by beneficial microorganisms (e.g. plant growth promoting rhizobacteria - PGPR, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi - AMF) confers broad-spectrum resistance to virulent pathogens and is known as induced systemic resistance (ISR) and mycorrhizal-induced resistance (MIR). ISR or MIR, an indirect mechanism for biocontrol, involves complex signaling networks that are regulated by several plant hormones, the most important of which are salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET). In the present study, we investigated if inoculation of potato plantlets with an AMF (Rhizophagus irregularis MUCL 41833) and a PGPR (Pseudomonas sp R41805) either alone or in combination, could elicit host defense response genes in the presence or absence of Rhizoctonia Solani EC-1, a major potato pathogen. RT-qPCR revealed the significant expression of ethylene response factor 3 (EFR3) in mycorrhized potato plantlets inoculated with Pseudomonas sp R41805 and also in mycorrhized potato plantlets inoculated with Pseudomonas sp R41805 and challenged with R. solani. The significance of ethylene response factors (ERFs) in pathogen defense has been well documented in the literature. The results of the present study suggest that the dual inoculation of potato with PGPR and AMF may play a part in the activation of plant systemic defense systems via ERF3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva LS Velivelli
- School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences; University College Cork; Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul Lojan
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales; Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL); Loja, Ecuador
- Earth and Life Institute; Applied Microbiology; Mycology; Université catholique de Louvain; Louvain-la-Neuve; Belgium
| | - Sylvie Cranenbrouck
- Earth and Life Institute; Applied Microbiology; Mycology; Université catholique de Louvain; Louvain-la-Neuve; Belgium
| | - Hervé Dupré de Boulois
- Earth and Life Institute; Applied Microbiology; Mycology; Université catholique de Louvain; Louvain-la-Neuve; Belgium
| | - Juan Pablo Suarez
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales; Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL); Loja, Ecuador
| | - Stéphane Declerck
- Earth and Life Institute; Applied Microbiology; Mycology; Université catholique de Louvain; Louvain-la-Neuve; Belgium
| | - Javier Franco
- Fundación PROINPA Foundation; El Paso, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Barbara Doyle Prestwich
- School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences; University College Cork; Cork, Ireland
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Miyata M, Wu B, Kikvidze Z, Fukuda K. Mycorrhizal Cirsium purpuratum improves the growth of Clematis stans in volcanic scoria of Mount Fuji. MYCOSCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.myc.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hevea brasiliensis and Urtica dioica impact the in vitro mycorrhization of neighbouring Medicago truncatula seedlings. Symbiosis 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-013-0248-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Koffi MC, Vos C, Draye X, Declerck S. Effects of Rhizophagus irregularis MUCL 41833 on the reproduction of Radopholus similis in banana plantlets grown under in vitro culture conditions. MYCORRHIZA 2013; 23:279-88. [PMID: 23111398 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-012-0467-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the control of migratory endoparasitic nematodes is nowadays largely admitted. Most studies were conducted under greenhouse conditions and a few used in vitro cultures with transgenic root organs. Here, we reported, for the first time, on the interaction between an AMF, Rhizophagus irregularis MUCL 41833 and Radopholus similis in roots of banana plantlets grown under in vitro culture conditions. The banana plantlets were pre-mycorrhized in an extraradical mycelium network arising from a Medicago truncatula donor seedling, before transfer to an autotrophic in vitro cultivation system and subsequent nematode inoculation. Both microorganisms were able to complete their life cycle in the absence as well as in presence of each other. The total R. similis population (i.e., summed over the roots and growth medium) as well as the surface of root necrosis was significantly reduced by 60 and 56 %, respectively, in the AMF-colonized banana plantlets. By contrast, nematodes had no visible impact on root colonization (i.e., percentage of arbuscules, intraradical spores/vesicles, and hyphae) by AMF and on the number of spores and hyphal length produced in the medium. These results clearly demonstrated that pre-mycorrhized banana plants could outcompete R. similis, while root colonization was not affected by the nematodes. They underline the interest of the novel in vitro cultivation system as a promising tool to investigate the biochemical factors and molecular mechanisms involved in the bio-protection conferred by AMF to a major root pathogen of banana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Chantal Koffi
- Earth and Life Institute-Mycology, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Croix du Sud 2 bte L7.05.06, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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A new system using Solanum tuberosum for the co-cultivation of Glomus intraradices and its potential for mass producing spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Symbiosis 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-012-0213-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Derelle D, Declerck S, Genet P, Dajoz I, van Aarle IM. Association of highly and weakly mycorrhizal seedlings can promote the extra- and intraradical development of a common mycorrhizal network. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2011; 79:251-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2011.01214.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stéphane Declerck
- Mycology; Earth and Life Institute; Université catholique de Louvain; Louvain-La-Neuve; Belgium
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Transcriptional regulation of defence genes and involvement of the WRKY transcription factor in arbuscular mycorrhizal potato root colonization. Funct Integr Genomics 2011; 12:183-98. [PMID: 21811781 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-011-0241-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of arbuscular mycorrhizal associations causes major changes in plant roots and affects significantly the host in term of plant nutrition and resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses. As a consequence, major changes in root transcriptome, especially in plant genes related to biotic stresses, are expected. Potato microarray analysis, followed by real-time quantitative PCR, was performed to detect the wide transcriptome changes induced during the pre-, early and late stages of potato root colonization by Glomus sp. MUCL 41833. The microarray analysis revealed 526 up-regulated and 132 down-regulated genes during the pre-stage, 272 up-regulated and 109 down-regulated genes during the early stage and 734 up-regulated and 122 down-regulated genes during the late stage of root colonization. The most important class of regulated genes was associated to plant stress and in particular to the WRKY transcription factors genes during the pre-stage of root colonization. The expression profiling clearly demonstrated a wide transcriptional change during the pre-, early and late stages of root colonization. It further suggested that the WRKY transcription factor genes are involved in the mechanisms controlling the arbuscular mycorrhizal establishment by the regulation of plant defence genes.
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Zocco D, Van Aarle IM, Oger E, Lanfranco L, Declerck S. Fenpropimorph and fenhexamid impact phosphorus translocation by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. MYCORRHIZA 2011; 21:363-374. [PMID: 21085999 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-010-0344-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Fenpropimorph and fenhexamid are sterol biosynthesis inhibitor (SBI) molecules widely used to control diseases in agriculture. Both molecules, at increasing concentrations, have been shown to impact on the non-target arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Root colonization, spore production and mycelium architecture, including the branched absorbing structures which are thought to be involved in phosphorus (P) uptake, were affected. In the present study, we investigated the capacity of Glomus sp. MUCL 43204 to take up, transfer and translocate labelled P to Medicago truncatula in the presence of these SBI molecules. We used a strict in vitro cultivation system associating an autotrophic plant of M. truncatula with the AM fungus. In addition, the effects of both SBI molecules on the proportion of hyphae with alkaline phosphatases (ALP), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity and on the expression of the mycorrhiza-specific plant phosphate transporter MtPT4 gene were examined. We demonstrated that the two SBI molecules impacted the AM fungus. This was particularly evidenced for fenpropimorph. A decrease in P transport and ALP and SDH activities associated with the extraradical mycelium and MtPT4 expression level was noted. These three factors were closely related to the development of the AM fungus, suggesting a direct impact not only on the AM fungal growth but also on the physiology and metabolic activities of the AM fungus. These results further emphasized the interest on the autotrophic in vitro culture system as an alternative to pot experiments to investigate the mechanisms behind the impact of disease control molecules on the non-target AM fungal symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Zocco
- Earth and Life Institute, Laboratoire de Mycologie, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud 3, 1348, Louvain-la Neuve, Belgium
| | - Ingrid M Van Aarle
- Earth and Life Institute, Laboratoire de Mycologie, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud 3, 1348, Louvain-la Neuve, Belgium
| | - Elodie Oger
- Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Università di Torino, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Luisa Lanfranco
- Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Università di Torino, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Stéphane Declerck
- Earth and Life Institute, Laboratoire de Mycologie, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud 3, 1348, Louvain-la Neuve, Belgium.
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De Jaeger N, de la Providencia IE, de Boulois HD, Declerck S. Trichoderma harzianum might impact phosphorus transport by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2011; 77:558-67. [PMID: 21609342 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2011.01135.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma sp. is a biocontrol agent active against plant pathogens via mechanisms such as mycoparasitism. Recently, it was demonstrated that Trichoderma harzianum was able to parasitize the mycelium of an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus, thus affecting its viability. Here, we question whether this mycoparasitism may reduce the capacity of Glomus sp. to transport phosphorus ((33)P) to its host plant in an in vitro culture system. (33)P was measured in the plant and in the fungal mycelium in the presence/absence of T. harzianum. The viability and metabolic activity of the extraradical mycelium was measured via succinate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase staining. Our study demonstrated an increased uptake of (33)P by the AM fungus in the presence of T. harzianum, possibly related to a stress reaction caused by mycoparasitism. In addition, the disruption of AM extraradical hyphae in the presence of T. harzianum affected the (33)P translocation within the AM fungal mycelium and consequently the transfer of (33)P to the host plant. The effects of T. harzianum on Glomus sp. may thus impact the growth and function of AM fungi and also indirectly plant performance by influencing the source-sink relationship between the two partners of the symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie De Jaeger
- Earth and Life Institute, Mycology, Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Ijdo M, Cranenbrouck S, Declerck S. Methods for large-scale production of AM fungi: past, present, and future. MYCORRHIZA 2011; 21:1-16. [PMID: 20803040 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-010-0337-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Many different cultivation techniques and inoculum products of the plant-beneficial arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi have been developed in the last decades. Soil- and substrate-based production techniques as well as substrate-free culture techniques (hydroponics and aeroponics) and in vitro cultivation methods have all been attempted for the large-scale production of AM fungi. In this review, we describe the principal in vivo and in vitro production methods that have been developed so far. We present the parameters that are critical for optimal production, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the methods, and highlight their most probable sectors of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen Ijdo
- Earth and Life Institute, Mycology, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 3, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Gyuricza V, Thiry Y, Wannijn J, Declerck S, Dupré de Boulois H. Radiocesium transfer between Medicago truncatula plants via a common mycorrhizal network. Environ Microbiol 2010; 12:2180-9. [PMID: 21966912 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.02118.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Common mycorrhizal networks of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi have been reported to transfer cesium between plants. However, a direct hyphae-mediated transfer (via cytoplasm/protoplasm) cannot be distinguished from an indirect transfer. Indeed, cesium released by the roots of the donor plant can be taken up by the receiver plant or fungal hyphae. In the present study, Medicago truncatula plants were connected by a common mycorrhizal network and Prussian Blue (ammonium-ferric-hexacyano ferrate) was added in the growth medium to adsorb the released radiocesium. A direct transfer of radiocesium to roots and shoots of the receiver plant was clearly demonstrated for the first time. Even though this transfer was quantitatively low, it suggested that shared mycorrhizal networks could contribute to the redistribution of this radionuclide in the environment, which otherwise would be restricted both in time and space. This finding may also help to understand the behaviour of its chemical analogue, potassium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Gyuricza
- Université catholique de Louvain, Unité de Microbiologie, Croix du Sud 3, 1348 Louvain-Neuve, Belgium
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De Jaeger N, Declerck S, De La Providencia IE. Mycoparasitism of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: a pathway for the entry of saprotrophic fungi into roots. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2010; 73:312-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2010.00903.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Gallou A, De Jaeger N, Cranenbrouck S, Declerck S. Fast track in vitro mycorrhization of potato plantlets allow studies on gene expression dynamics. MYCORRHIZA 2010; 20:201-207. [PMID: 19727848 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-009-0270-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 07/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi is a dynamic process involving major changes in plant gene expression. Here, the expression of a phosphate transporter gene (PT3) and several defense genes, already known to be involved in the various stages of AM establishment, were monitored in the mycelium donor plant (MDP) in vitro culture system associating potato plantlets with an AM fungus. This system allows fast and homogenous mycorrhization of seedlings at their early stage of development by growing the plantlets in active mycelial networks, but has never been validated for gene expression analysis. Here, QRT-PCR analyses were conducted in parallel to pre- (1 day), early (2 and 3 days), and late (6, 9, and 15 days) stages of root colonization. We observed the induction of a plant gene marker of AM root colonization (PT3) at the late stage and the induction of MAPK and PAL genes at the early and late stages of root colonization. We also demonstrated the induction of PR1 and PR2 genes at pre- and late stages and of GST1 and Lox genes at a late stage of root colonization. These results validated the MDP in vitro culture system as an optimal tool to study gene expression analysis during the AM fungi establishment. This system further opened the door to investigate gene networks associated with the plants-AM fungi symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Gallou
- Unité de microbiologie, Université catholique de Louvain, Place croix du Sud 3, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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