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Ilyas U, du Toit LJ, Hajibabaei M, McDonald MR. Influence of plant species, mycorrhizal inoculant, and soil phosphorus level on arbuscular mycorrhizal communities in onion and carrot roots. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1324626. [PMID: 38288412 PMCID: PMC10823018 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1324626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are ancient and ecologically important symbionts that colonize plant roots. These symbionts assist in the uptake of water and nutrients, particularly phosphorus, from the soil. This important role has led to the development of AMF inoculants for use as biofertilizers in agriculture. Commercial mycorrhizal inoculants are increasingly popular to produce onion and carrot, but their specific effects on native mycorrhizal communities under field conditions are not known. Furthermore, adequate availability of nutrients in soils, specifically phosphorus, can reduce the diversity and abundance of AMF communities in the roots. The type of crop grown can also influence the composition of AMF communities colonizing the plant roots. This study aimed to investigate how AMF inoculants, soil phosphorus levels, and plant species influence the diversity of AMF communities that colonize the roots of onion and carrot plants. Field trials were conducted on high organic matter (muck) soil in the Holland Marsh, Ontario, Canada. The treatments included AMF-coated seeds (three to five propagules of Rhizophagus irregularis per seed) and non-treated onion and carrot seeds grown in soil with low (~46 ppm) and high (~78 ppm) phosphorus levels. The mycorrhizal communities colonizing the onion and carrot roots were identified by Illumina sequencing. Five genera, Diversispora, Claroideoglomus, Funneliformis, Rhizophagus, and Glomus, were identified in roots of both plant species. AMF communities colonizing carrot roots were more diverse and richer than those colonizing onion roots. Diversispora and Funneliformis had a 1.3-fold and 2.9-fold greater abundance, respectively, in onion roots compared to carrots. Claroideoglomus was 1.4-fold more abundant in carrot roots than in onions. Inoculation with R. irregularis increased the abundance and richness of Rhizophagus in AMF communities of onion roots but not in carrot roots. The soil phosphorus level had no effect on the richness and diversity of AMF in the roots of either crop. In summary, AMF inoculant and soil phosphorus levels influenced the composition of AMF communities colonizing the roots of onion and carrot plants, but the effects varied between plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umbrin Ilyas
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Lindsey J. du Toit
- Northwestern Washington Research and Extension Center, Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Mount Vernon, WA, United States
| | - Mehrdad Hajibabaei
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Mary Ruth McDonald
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Pokluda R, Ragasová LN, Jurica M, Kalisz A, Komorowska M, Niemiec M, Caruso G, Gąstoł M, Sekara A. The shaping of onion seedlings performance through substrate formulation and co-inoculation with beneficial microorganism consortia. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1222557. [PMID: 37521928 PMCID: PMC10382143 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1222557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Smart management in crop cultivation is increasingly supported by application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPM), which sustain soil fertility and plant performance. The aim of this study was the evaluation of the effects of consortia composed of (Claroideoglomus claroideum BEG96, Claroideoglomus etunicatum BEG92, Funneliformis geosporum BEG199, Funneliformis mosseae BEG 95, and Rhizophagus irregularis BEG140) and PGPM (Azospirillum brasilense - AZ, or Saccharothrix sp. - S) on onion cultivated in growing media with a composition corresponding to a degraded soil. Methods Three types of substrate formulations were used, with peat:sand ratios of 50:50, 70:30, 100:0 (v:v). The analysis of substrate parameters crucial for its fertility (pH, salinity, sorption complex capacity, and elements' content) and characteristics reflecting onion seedlings' performance (fresh weight, stress biomarkers, and elements' content) was performed. Results AMF colonized onion roots in all treatments, showing increasing potential to form intercellular structures in the substrates rich in organic matter. Additionally, co-inoculation with PGPM microorganisms accelerated arbuscular mycorrhiza establishment. Increased antioxidant activity and glutathione peroxidase (GPOX) activity of onion roots sampled from the formulations composed of peat and sand in the ratio of 100:0, inoculated with AMF+S, and positive correlation between GPOX, fresh weight and antioxidant activity of onion roots reflected the successful induction of plant acclimatization response. Total phenols content was the highest in roots and leaves of onion grown in substrates with 70:30 peat:sand ratio, and, in the case of roots, it was correlated with AMF colonization parameters but not with antioxidant activity. Discussion AMF and PGPM efficiency in supporting onion growth should be linked to the increased onion root system capacity in mineral salts absorption, resulting in more efficient aboveground biomass production. AMF and PGPM consortia were effective in releasing minerals to soluble fraction in substrates rich in organic matter, making elements available for uptake by onion root system, though this phenomenon depended on the PGPM species. Microorganism consortia enhanced onion seedlings' performance also in substrates with lower content of organic carbon through plant biofertilization and phytostimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Pokluda
- Department of Vegetable Sciences and Floriculture, Faculty of Horticulture, Mendel University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Lucia Nedorost Ragasová
- Department of Vegetable Sciences and Floriculture, Faculty of Horticulture, Mendel University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Miloš Jurica
- Department of Vegetable Sciences and Floriculture, Faculty of Horticulture, Mendel University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Andrzej Kalisz
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture, Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Komorowska
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Economics, University of Agriculture, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Niemiec
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Economics, University of Agriculture, Krakow, Poland
| | - Gianluca Caruso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maciej Gąstoł
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Sekara
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture, Krakow, Poland
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Pu Z, Zhang R, Wang H, Li Q, Zhang J, Wang XX. Root morphological and physiological traits and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi shape phosphorus-acquisition strategies of 12 vegetable species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1150832. [PMID: 37223810 PMCID: PMC10202175 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1150832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Trait plasticity and integration mediate vegetable adaptive strategies. However, it is unclear how patterns of vegetables in root traits influence vegetable adaptation to different phosphorus (P) levels. Nine root traits and six shoot traits were investigated in 12 vegetable species cultivated in a greenhouse with low and high P supplies to identify distinct adaptive mechanisms in relation to P acquisition (40 and 200 P mg kg-1 as KH2PO4). At the low P level, a series of negative correlations among root morphology, exudates and mycorrhizal colonization, and different types of root functional properties (root morphology, exudates and mycorrhizal colonization) respond differently to soil P levels among vegetable species. non-mycorrhizal plants showed relatively stable root traits as compared to solanaceae plants that showed more altered root morphologies and structural traits. At the low P level, the correlation between root traits of vegetable crops was enhanced. It was also found in vegetables that low P supply enhances the correlation of morphological structure while high P supply enhances the root exudation and the correlation between mycorrhizal colonization and root traits. Root exudation combined with root morphology and mycorrhizal symbiosis to observe P acquisition strategies in different root functions. Vegetables respond highly under different P conditions by enhancing the correlation of root traits. Low P supply could significantly improve the direct and indirect ways of mycorrhizal vegetable crops' root traits axis on shoot biomass, and enhance the direct way of non-mycorrhizal vegetable crops' root traits axis and reduce the indirect way of root exudates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zitian Pu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Mountain Area Research Institute, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Ruifang Zhang
- Mountain Area Research Institute, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Mountain Area Research Institute, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Qingyun Li
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jianheng Zhang
- Mountain Area Research Institute, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Key Laboratory of North China Water-Saving Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xin-Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Mountain Area Research Institute, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
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Golubkina N, Krivenkov L, Sekara A, Vasileva V, Tallarita A, Caruso G. Prospects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Utilization in Production of Allium Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E279. [PMID: 32098151 PMCID: PMC7076476 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The need to improve crop yield and quality, decrease the level of mineral fertilizers and pesticides/herbicides supply, and increase plants' immunity are important topics of agriculture in the 21st century. In this respect, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) may be considered as a crucial tool in the development of a modern environmentally friendly agriculture. The efficiency of AMF application is connected to genetic peculiarities of plant and AMF species, soil characteristics and environmental factors, including biotic and abiotic stresses, temperature, and precipitation. Among vegetable crops, Allium species are particularly reactive to soil mycorrhiza, due to their less expanded root apparatus surface compared to most other species. Moreover, Allium crops are economically important and able to synthesize powerful anti-carcinogen compounds, such as selenomethyl selenocysteine and gamma-glutamyl selenomethyl selenocysteine, which highlights the importance of the present detailed discussion about the AMF use prospects to enhance Allium plant growth and development. This review reports the available information describing the AMF effects on the seasonal, inter-, and intra-species variations of yield, biochemical characteristics, and mineral composition of Allium species, with a special focus on the selenium accumulation both in ordinary conditions and under selenium supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda Golubkina
- Federal Scientific Center of Vegetable Production, Selectsionnaya 14 VNIISSOK, 143072 Moscow, Odintsovo, Russia;
| | - Leonid Krivenkov
- Federal Scientific Center of Vegetable Production, Selectsionnaya 14 VNIISSOK, 143072 Moscow, Odintsovo, Russia;
| | - Agnieszka Sekara
- Department of Vegetable and Medicinal Plants, University of Agriculture, 31-120 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Viliana Vasileva
- Institute of Forage Crops, 89 General Vladimir Vazov Str, 5802 Pleven, Bulgaria;
| | - Alessio Tallarita
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici (Naples), Italy; (A.T.); (G.C.)
| | - Gianluca Caruso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici (Naples), Italy; (A.T.); (G.C.)
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Gazdag O, Kovács R, Parádi I, Füzy A, Ködöböcz L, Mucsi M, Szili-Kovács T, Inubushi K, Takács T. Density and Diversity of Microbial Symbionts under Organic and Conventional Agricultural Management. Microbes Environ 2019; 34:234-243. [PMID: 31189767 PMCID: PMC6759338 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me18138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of organic and conventional farming and agroecology on the diversity and functioning of indigenous soil microbial communities was examined using a multifactorial analysis based on an extended minimum data set of classical status and functional tests. Main soil physicochemical properties and selected microbiological indicators, the quantity of heterotrophic or aerobic spore-forming bacteria, basal and substrate-induced respiration, catabolic activity with MicroResp™, and fluorescein diacetate enzyme activity were characterized. A pot experiment applying the most probable number method was designed with soil dilution series using Pisum sativum L. and Triticum spelta L. to assess the symbiotic infectivity and genetic diversity of key indicator groups of the plant microbiome, e.g. nitrogen-fixing bacteria (rhizobia) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Soil pH, humus content, CFU, enzyme activity, and soil respiration were significantly higher in organic soils. The activity of soil microorganisms was mainly related to clay, humus, calcium, and magnesium parameters. A redundancy analysis test of catabolic activities showed that samples were grouped according to different substrate utilization patterns and land uses were also clearly separated from each other. Farming practice influenced the abundance and diversity of microbial populations. Dark septate endophytic fungi were only found in conventional soils. In addition to confirming soil health improvements by organic management, our results highlight the importance of a complex evaluation including both classical status and functional parameters of soil microbiota, which may more reliably indicate a shift in the quality status of soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya Gazdag
- Institute for Soil Sciences and Agricultural Chemistry, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of SciencesHerman Ottó u. 15, BudapestHungary
| | - Ramóna Kovács
- Institute for Soil Sciences and Agricultural Chemistry, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of SciencesHerman Ottó u. 15, BudapestHungary
| | - István Parádi
- Institute for Soil Sciences and Agricultural Chemistry, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of SciencesHerman Ottó u. 15, BudapestHungary
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd UniversityH 1117, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C., BudapestHungary
| | - Anna Füzy
- Institute for Soil Sciences and Agricultural Chemistry, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of SciencesHerman Ottó u. 15, BudapestHungary
| | - László Ködöböcz
- Institute for Soil Sciences and Agricultural Chemistry, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of SciencesHerman Ottó u. 15, BudapestHungary
| | - Márton Mucsi
- Institute for Soil Sciences and Agricultural Chemistry, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of SciencesHerman Ottó u. 15, BudapestHungary
| | - Tibor Szili-Kovács
- Institute for Soil Sciences and Agricultural Chemistry, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of SciencesHerman Ottó u. 15, BudapestHungary
| | - Kazuyuki Inubushi
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba UniversityMatsudo, ChibaJapan
| | - Tünde Takács
- Institute for Soil Sciences and Agricultural Chemistry, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of SciencesHerman Ottó u. 15, BudapestHungary
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Parihar M, Meena VS, Mishra PK, Rakshit A, Choudhary M, Yadav RP, Rana K, Bisht JK. Arbuscular mycorrhiza: a viable strategy for soil nutrient loss reduction. Arch Microbiol 2019; 201:723-735. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-019-01653-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Wang XX, Wang X, Sun Y, Cheng Y, Liu S, Chen X, Feng G, Kuyper TW. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Negatively Affect Nitrogen Acquisition and Grain Yield of Maize in a N Deficient Soil. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:418. [PMID: 29568292 PMCID: PMC5852317 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play a crucial role in enhancing the acquisition of immobile nutrients, particularly phosphorus. However, because nitrogen (N) is more mobile in the soil solution and easier to access by plants roots, the role of AMF in enhancing N acquisition is regarded as less important for host plants. Because AMF have a substantial N demand, competition for N between AMF and plants particularly under low N condition is possible. Thus, it is necessary to know whether or not AMF affect N uptake of plants and thereby affect plant growth under field conditions. We conducted a 2-year field trial and pot experiments in a greenhouse by using benomyl to suppress colonization of maize roots by indigenous AMF at both low and high N application rates. Benomyl reduced mycorrhizal colonization of maize plants in all experiments. Benomyl-treated maize had a higher shoot N concentration and content and produced more grain under field conditions. Greenhouse pot experiments showed that benomyl also enhanced maize growth and N concentration and N content when the soil was not sterilized, but had no effect on maize biomass and N content when the soil was sterilized but a microbial wash added, providing evidence that increased plant performance is at least partly caused by direct effects of benomyl on AMF. We conclude that AMF can reduce N acquisition and thereby reduce grain yield of maize in N-limiting soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Xin Wang
- Environment and Food Security, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences and Centre for Resources, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Land and Environmental College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Environment and Food Security, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences and Centre for Resources, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Postdoctoral Program, Northeast Forestry/Agricultural University Postdoctoral Program, Harbin, China.,Institute of Crop Tillage and Cultivation, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Cheng
- Environment and Food Security, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences and Centre for Resources, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shitong Liu
- Environment and Food Security, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences and Centre for Resources, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinping Chen
- Environment and Food Security, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences and Centre for Resources, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Gu Feng
- Environment and Food Security, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences and Centre for Resources, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Thomas W Kuyper
- Department of Soil Quality, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Yang W, Gu S, Xin Y, Bello A, Sun W, Xu X. Compost Addition Enhanced Hyphal Growth and Sporulation of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi without Affecting Their Community Composition in the Soil. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:169. [PMID: 29467752 PMCID: PMC5808307 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form symbiotic associations with most crop plant species in agricultural ecosystems, and are conspicuously influenced by various agricultural practices. To understand the impact of compost addition on AM fungi, we examined effect of four compost rates (0, 11.25, 22.5, and 45 Mg/ha) on the abundance and community composition of AM fungi in seedling, flowering, and mature stage of soybean in a 1-year compost addition experiment system in Northeast China. Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] was used as test plant. Moderate (22.5 Mg/ha) and high (45 Mg/ha) levels of compost addition significantly increased AM root colonization and extraradical hyphal (ERH) density compared with control, whereas low (11.5 Mg/ha) level of compost addition did not cause significant increase in AM root colonization and ERH density. AM fungal spore density was significantly enhanced by all the compost rates compared with control. The temporal variations analysis revealed that, AM root colonization in seedling stage was significantly lower than in flowering and mature stage. Although AM fungal operational taxonomic unit richness and community composition was unaffected by compost addition, some abundant AM fungal species showed significantly different response to compost addition. In mature stage, Rhizophagus fasciculatum showed increasing trend along with compost addition gradient, whereas the opposite was observed with Paraglomus sp. In addition, AM fungal community composition exhibited significant temporal variation during growing season. Further analysis indicated that the temporal variation in AM fungal community only occurred in control treatment, but not in low, moderate, and high level of compost addition treatments. Our findings highlighted the significant effects of compost addition on AM growth and sporulation, and emphasized that growth stage is a stronger determinant than 1-year compost addition in shaping AM fungal community in black soil of Northeast China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Siyu Gu
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Xin
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Ayodeji Bello
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenpeng Sun
- Institute of New Rural Development, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiuhong Xu
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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Gosling P, Jones J, Bending GD. Evidence for functional redundancy in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and implications for agroecosystem management. MYCORRHIZA 2016; 26:77-83. [PMID: 26100128 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-015-0651-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi provide benefits to host plants and show functional diversity, with evidence of functional trait conservation at the family level. Diverse communities of AM fungi ought therefore to provide increased benefits to the host, with implications for the management of sustainable agroecosystems. However, this is often not evident in the literature, with diversity saturation at low species number. Growth and nutrient uptake were measured in onions in the glasshouse on AM-free phosphorus (P)-poor soil, inoculated with between one and seven species of AM fungi in all possible combinations. Inoculation with AM fungi increased shoot dry weight as well as P and copper concentrations in shoots but reduced the concentration of potassium and sulphur. There was little evidence of increased benefit from high AM fungal diversity, and increasing diversity beyond three species did not result in significantly higher shoot weight or P or Cu concentrations. Species of Glomeraceae had the greatest impact on growth and nutrient uptake, while species of Acaulospora and Racocetra did not have a significant impact. Failure to show a benefit from high AM fungal diversity in this and other studies may be the result of experimental conditions, with the benefits of AM fungal diversity only becoming apparent when the host plant is faced with multiple stress factors. Replicating the complex interactions between AM fungi, the host plant and their environment in the laboratory in order to fully understand these interactions is a major challenge to AM research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Gosling
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
- AHDB, Stoneleigh Park, Kenilworth, Warwickshire, CV8 2TL, UK.
| | - Julie Jones
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Gary D Bending
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
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van Geel M, Ceustermans A, van Hemelrijck W, Lievens B, Honnay O. Decrease in diversity and changes in community composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in roots of apple trees with increasing orchard management intensity across a regional scale. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:941-52. [PMID: 25586038 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding which factors drive the diversity and community composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is important due to the role of these soil micro-organisms in ecosystem functioning and current environmental threats to AMF biodiversity. Additionally, in agro-ecosystems, this knowledge may help to evaluate their use in making agriculture more sustainable. Here, we used 454-pyrosequencing of small subunit rRNA gene amplicons to quantify AMF diversity and community composition in the roots of cultivated apple trees across 24 orchards in central Belgium. We aimed at identifying the factors (soil chemical variables, organic vs. conventional farming, and geographical location) that affect AMF diversity and community composition. In total, 110 AMF OTUs were detected, of which the majority belonged to the Glomeraceae (73%) and the Claroideoglomeraceae (19%). We show that soil characteristics and farming system, rather than the geographical location of the orchards, shape AMF communities on apple trees. Particularly, plant-available P content of the soil was associated with lower AMF diversity. In orchards with a lower plant-available P content of the soil (P < 100 mg/kg soil), we also found a significantly higher AMF diversity in organically managed orchards as compared to conventionally managed orchards. Finally, the degree of nestedness of the AMF communities was related to plant-available P and N content of the soil, pointing at a progressive loss of AMF taxa with increasing fertilization. Overall, we conclude that a combination of organic orchard management and moderate fertilization may preserve diverse AMF communities on apple trees and that AMF in the roots of apple trees appear not to be dispersal limited at the scale of central Belgium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten van Geel
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, Heverlee, B-3001, Belgium
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Moora M, Davison J, Öpik M, Metsis M, Saks Ü, Jairus T, Vasar M, Zobel M. Anthropogenic land use shapes the composition and phylogenetic structure of soil arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2014; 90:609-21. [PMID: 25187481 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6941.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi play an important role in ecosystems, but little is known about how soil AM fungal community composition varies in relation to habitat type and land-use intensity. We molecularly characterized AM fungal communities in soil samples (n = 88) from structurally open (permanent grassland, intensive and sustainable agriculture) and forested habitats (primeval forest and spruce plantation). The habitats harboured significantly different AM fungal communities, and there was a broad difference in fungal community composition between forested and open habitats, the latter being characterized by higher average AM fungal richness. Within both open and forest habitats, intensive land use significantly influenced community composition. There was a broad difference in the phylogenetic structure of AM fungal communities between mechanically disturbed and nondisturbed habitats. Taxa from Glomeraceae served as indicator species for the nondisturbed habitats, while taxa from Archaeosporaceae, Claroideoglomeraceae and Diversisporaceae were indicators for the disturbed habitats. The distribution of these indicator taxa among habitat types in the MaarjAM global database of AM fungal diversity was in accordance with their local indicator status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Moora
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Jansa J, Erb A, Oberholzer HR, Smilauer P, Egli S. Soil and geography are more important determinants of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal communities than management practices in Swiss agricultural soils. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:2118-35. [PMID: 24611988 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are ubiquitous soil fungi, forming mutualistic symbiosis with a majority of terrestrial plant species. They are abundant in nearly all soils, less diverse than soil prokaryotes and other intensively studied soil organisms and thus are promising candidates for universal indicators of land management legacies and soil quality degradation. However, insufficient data on how the composition of indigenous AMF varies along soil and landscape gradients have hampered the definition of baselines and effect thresholds to date. Here, indigenous AMF communities in 154 agricultural soils collected across Switzerland were profiled by quantitative real-time PCR with taxon-specific markers for six widespread AMF species. To identify the key determinants of AMF community composition, the profiles were related to soil properties, land management and site geography. Our results indicate a number of well-supported dependencies between abundances of certain AMF taxa and soil properties such as pH, soil fertility and texture, and a surprising lack of effect of available soil phosphorus on the AMF community profiles. Site geography, especially the altitude and large geographical distance, strongly affected AMF communities. Unexpected was the apparent lack of a strong land management effect on the AMF communities as compared to the other predictors, which could be due to the rarity of highly intensive and unsustainable land management in Swiss agriculture. In spite of the extensive coverage of large geographical and soil gradients, we did not identify any taxon suitable as an indicator of land use among the six taxa we studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Jansa
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4 - Krč, Czech Republic; Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Eschikon 33, 8315, Lindau (ZH), Switzerland
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Alguacil MDM, Torrecillas E, Lozano Z, Torres MP, Roldán A. Prunus persica crop management differentially promotes arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi diversity in a tropical agro-ecosystem. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88454. [PMID: 24520389 PMCID: PMC3919774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the important role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in ecosystem functioning, determination of the effect of management practices on the AMF diversity in agricultural soils is essential for the sustainability of these agro-ecosystems. The objective of this study was to compare the AMF diversity in Prunus persica roots under two types of fertilisation (inorganic, with or without manure) combined with integrated or chemical pest management in a Venezuelan agro-ecosystem. The AM fungal small-subunit (SSU) rRNA genes were subjected to PCR, cloning, sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. Twenty-one different phylotypes were identified: 15 belonged to the genus Glomus, one to Claroideoglomus, two to Paraglomus, one to Acaulospora, one to Scutellospora and one to Archaeospora. The distribution of the AMF community composition differed as a consequence of the treatment effects. The treatment combining organic and inorganic fertilisation with chemical pest control had the highest AMF richness and the treatment combining inorganic fertilisation with chemical pest had the lowest. The real causes and effects of these differences in the AMF community are very difficult to establish, since the crop management regimes tested were composed of several interacting factors. In conclusion, the crop management practices can exert a significant influence on the populations of AMF. The treatment combining organic and inorganic fertilisation with chemical pest control appears to be the most suitable agricultural management strategy with respect to improving the AMF diversity in this crop under tropical conditions, and thus for maintaining the agricultural and environmental sustainability of this agro-ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria del Mar Alguacil
- CSIC-Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Department of Soil and Water Conservation, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Emma Torrecillas
- CSIC-Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Department of Soil and Water Conservation, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Zenaida Lozano
- Universidad Central de Venezuela (UCV), Facultad de Agronomía, Instituto de Edafología, El Limón, Campus Universitario, Maracay, Venezuela
| | - Maria Pilar Torres
- Departamento de Biología Aplicada, Area de Botánica, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Antonio Roldán
- CSIC-Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Department of Soil and Water Conservation, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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Tuck SL, Winqvist C, Mota F, Ahnström J, Turnbull LA, Bengtsson J. Land-use intensity and the effects of organic farming on biodiversity: a hierarchical meta-analysis. J Appl Ecol 2014; 51:746-755. [PMID: 25653457 PMCID: PMC4299503 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The benefits of organic farming to biodiversity in agricultural landscapes continue to be hotly debated, emphasizing the importance of precisely quantifying the effect of organic vs. conventional farming. We conducted an updated hierarchical meta‐analysis of studies that compared biodiversity under organic and conventional farming methods, measured as species richness. We calculated effect sizes for 184 observations garnered from 94 studies, and for each study, we obtained three standardized measures reflecting land‐use intensity. We investigated the stability of effect sizes through time, publication bias due to the ‘file drawer’ problem, and consider whether the current literature is representative of global organic farming patterns. On average, organic farming increased species richness by about 30%. This result has been robust over the last 30 years of published studies and shows no sign of diminishing. Organic farming had a greater effect on biodiversity as the percentage of the landscape consisting of arable fields increased, that is, it is higher in intensively farmed regions. The average effect size and the response to agricultural intensification depend on taxonomic group, functional group and crop type. There is some evidence for publication bias in the literature; however, our results are robust to its impact. Current studies are heavily biased towards northern and western Europe and North America, while other regions with large areas of organic farming remain poorly investigated. Synthesis and applications. Our analysis affirms that organic farming has large positive effects on biodiversity compared with conventional farming, but that the effect size varies with the organism group and crop studied, and is greater in landscapes with higher land‐use intensity. Decisions about where to site organic farms to maximize biodiversity will, however, depend on the costs as well as the potential benefits. Current studies have been heavily biased towards agricultural systems in the developed world. We recommend that future studies pay greater attention to other regions, in particular, areas with tropical, subtropical and Mediterranean climates, in which very few studies have been conducted.
Our analysis affirms that organic farming has large positive effects on biodiversity compared with conventional farming, but that the effect size varies with the organism group and crop studied, and is greater in landscapes with higher land‐use intensity. Decisions about where to site organic farms to maximize biodiversity will, however, depend on the costs as well as the potential benefits. Current studies have been heavily biased towards agricultural systems in the developed world. We recommend that future studies pay greater attention to other regions, in particular, areas with tropical, subtropical and Mediterranean climates, in which very few studies have been conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean L Tuck
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Camilla Winqvist
- Section for Landscape and Soil Ecology, Department of Ecology, SLU Box 7044, Uppsala, S-750 07, Sweden
| | - Flávia Mota
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Johan Ahnström
- Section for Landscape and Soil Ecology, Department of Ecology, SLU Box 7044, Uppsala, S-750 07, Sweden
| | - Lindsay A Turnbull
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK ; Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Janne Bengtsson
- Section for Landscape and Soil Ecology, Department of Ecology, SLU Box 7044, Uppsala, S-750 07, Sweden
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15
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Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on zinc biogeochemistry in the rhizosphere of Lindenbergia philippensis growing in zinc-contaminated sediment. Biometals 2013; 26:489-505. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-013-9634-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Beauregard MS, Gauthier MP, Hamel C, Zhang T, Welacky T, Tan CS, St-Arnaud M. Various forms of organic and inorganic P fertilizers did not negatively affect soil- and root-inhabiting AM fungi in a maize-soybean rotation system. MYCORRHIZA 2013; 23:143-54. [PMID: 22961069 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-012-0459-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are key components of most agricultural ecosystems. Therefore, understanding the impact of agricultural practices on their community structure is essential to improve nutrient mobilization and reduce plant stress in the field. The effects of five different organic or mineral sources of phosphorus (P) for a maize-soybean rotation system on AM fungal diversity in roots and soil were assessed over a 3-year period. Total DNA was extracted from root and soil samples collected at three different plant growth stages. An 18S rRNA gene fragment was amplified and taxa were detected and identified using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis followed by sequencing. AM fungal biomass was estimated by fatty acid methyl ester analysis. Soil P fertility parameters were also monitored and analyzed for possible changes related with fertilization or growth stages. Seven AM fungal ribotypes were detected. Fertilization significantly modified soil P flux, but had barely any effect on AM fungi community structure or biomass. There was no difference in the AM fungal community between plant growth stages. Specific ribotypes could not be significantly associated to P treatment. Ribotypes were associated with root or soil samples with variable detection frequencies between seasons. AM fungal biomass remained stable throughout the growing seasons. This study demonstrated that roots and soil host distinct AM fungal communities and that these are very temporally stable. The influence of contrasting forms of P fertilizers was not significant over 3 years of crop rotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Beauregard
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Université de Montréal and Jardin botanique de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke Street East, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H1X 2B2
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17
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Albrechtova J, Latr A, Nedorost L, Pokluda R, Posta K, Vosatka M. Dual inoculation with mycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi applicable in sustainable cultivation improves the yield and nutritive value of onion. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:374091. [PMID: 22666113 PMCID: PMC3361196 DOI: 10.1100/2012/374091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to test the use of dual microbial inoculation with mycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi in onion cultivation to enhance yield while maintaining or improving the nutritional quality of onion bulbs. Treatments were two-factorial: (1) arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF): the mix corresponding to fungal part of commercial product Symbivit (Glomus etunicatum, G. microaggregatum, G. intraradices, G. claroideum, G. mosseae, and G. geosporum) (M1) or the single-fungus inoculum of G. intraradices BEG140 (M2) and (2) bark chips preinoculated with saprotrophic fungi (mix of Gymnopilus sp., Agrocybe praecox, and Marasmius androsaceus) (S). The growth response of onion was the highest for the M1 mix treatment, reaching nearly 100% increase in bulb fresh weight. The effectiveness of dual inoculation was proved by more than 50% increase. We observed a strong correlation (r = 0.83) between the growth response of onion bulbs and AM colonization. All inoculation treatments but the single-fungus one enhanced significantly the total antioxidant capacity of bulb biomass, was the highest values being found for M1, S + M1, and S + M2. We observed some induced enhancement of the contents of mineral elements in bulb tissue (Mg and K contents for the M2 and M2, S, and S + M2 treatments, resp.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Albrechtova
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, 12844 Vinicna 5, Czech Republic.
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18
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Jiao H, Chen Y, Lin X, Liu R. Diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in greenhouse soils continuously planted to watermelon in North China. MYCORRHIZA 2011; 21:681-688. [PMID: 21455754 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-011-0377-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In North China, watermelon is grown in commercial greenhouses in a continuous monoculture and with high application rates of manure or compost. The aim of this study was to determine how the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in these soils changed over long periods (0 to 20 years) of monoculture. AMF in control soils (from fields not replanted with watermelon and located near the greenhouses) and in greenhouses (in Daxing, Beijing, and Weifang, Shandong) that had been continuously replanted with watermelon for 5, 10, 15, or 20 years (three greenhouses per year per location) were identified and quantified based on spore morphology and on denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). The total number of AMF species and genera were 13 and 3 in soils replanted for 5-20 years and 19 and 4 in control soils. AMF species richness (SR), the Shannon-Wiener index (H), and spore density declined as the number of years in which watermelon was replanted increased. The available phosphorus, potassium, and nitrogen in the soil increased as the number of years in which watermelon was replanted increased. Values for SR and H were higher when based on DGGE than on spore morphology. The results suggest that current greenhouse practices in North China reduce the AMF diversity in the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jiao
- Institute of Mycorrhizal Biotechnology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yinglong Chen
- School of Earth and Environment (M087), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Xiangui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Runjin Liu
- Institute of Mycorrhizal Biotechnology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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19
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Crop Breeding for Low Input Agriculture: A Sustainable Response to Feed a Growing World Population. SUSTAINABILITY 2011. [DOI: 10.3390/su3101742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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20
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Diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with plants growing in fly ash pond and their potential role in ecological restoration. Curr Microbiol 2011; 63:273-80. [PMID: 21739250 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-011-9974-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Root colonization and diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) were analyzed in plants growing in fly ash pond. Eight species could be separated morphologically, while phylogenetic analyses after PCR amplification of the ITS region followed by RFLP and sequencing revealed seven different AM fungal sequence types. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these sequences cluster into four discrete groups, belonging to the genus Glomus and Archaeospora. Inoculation of plants with spores of AM fungal consortia (Glomus etunicatum, Glomus heterogama, Glomus maculosum, Glomus magnicaule, Glomus multicaule, Glomus rosea, Scutellospora heterogama, and Scutellospora nigra) along with colonized root pieces increased the growth (84.9%), chlorophyll (54%), and total P content (44.3%) of Eucalyptus tereticornis seedlings grown on fly ash compared to non-inoculated seedlings. The growth improvement was the consequence of increased P nutrition and decreased Al, Fe, Zn, and Cu accumulations. These observations suggested that the inoculation of tree seedlings with stress adapted AM fungi aid in the reclamation of fly ash ponds.
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Santos-González JC, Nallanchakravarthula S, Alström S, Finlay RD. Soil, but not cultivar, shapes the structure of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal assemblages associated with strawberry. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2011; 62:25-35. [PMID: 21373814 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-011-9834-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are widespread plant symbionts occurring in most agricultural crops, where they can play key roles in the growth and health of their plant hosts. Plant benefits can depend on the identity of the associated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), but little is known about the identity of the fungal partners in most agricultural systems. In this study, we describe the AMF assemblages associated with four cultivars of strawberry in an outdoor experiment using two field soils with different origin and management history. Assemblages were characterised by clone library sequencing of 18S rRNA gene fragments. Soil dramatically influenced the degree of mycorrhizal colonisation and AMF assemblage structure in the roots. No differences were observed between cultivars. Fungi belonging to the genus Acaulospora dominated the AMF assemblages in one soil, but they were not detected in the other. These results suggest that physicochemical soil characteristics and management can play a role in determining the identity and structure of microbial communities associated with particular hosts in agricultural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Santos-González
- Department of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, SLU, P.O. Box 7026, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
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22
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Lumini E, Vallino M, Alguacil MM, Romani M, Bianciotto V. Different farming and water regimes in Italian rice fields affect arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal soil communities. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2011; 21:1696-1707. [PMID: 21830711 DOI: 10.1890/10-1542.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) comprise one of the main components of soil microbiota in most agroecosystems. These obligate mutualistic symbionts colonize the roots of most plants, including crop plants. Many papers have indicated that different crop management practices could affect AMF communities and their root colonization. However, there is little knowledge available on the influence of conventional and low-input agriculture on root colonization and AMF molecular diversity in rice fields. Two different agroecosystems (continuous conventional high-input rice monocropping and organic farming with a five-year crop rotation) and two different water management regimes have been considered in this study. Both morphological and molecular analyses were performed. The soil mycorrhizal potential, estimated using clover trap cultures, was high and similar in the two agroecosystems. The diversity of the AMF community in the soil, calculated by means of PCR-RFLP (polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism) and 18S rDNA sequencing on clover trap cultures roots, was higher for the organic cultivation. The rice roots cultivated in the conventional agrosystem or under permanent flooding showed no AMF colonization, while the rice plants grown under the organic agriculture system showed typical mycorrhization patterns. Considered together, our data suggest that a high-input cropping system and conventional flooding depress AMF colonization in rice roots and that organic managements could help maintain a higher diversity of AMF communities in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Lumini
- Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante (IPP) del CNR - Sezione Torino, V.le Mattioli 25, 10125 Torino, Italy
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Galván GA, Kuyper TW, Burger K, Keizer LCP, Hoekstra RF, Kik C, Scholten OE. Genetic analysis of the interaction between Allium species and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2011; 122:947-60. [PMID: 21222096 PMCID: PMC3043257 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-010-1501-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The response of Allium cepa, A. roylei, A. fistulosum, and the hybrid A. fistulosum × A. roylei to the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Glomus intraradices was studied. The genetic basis for response to AMF was analyzed in a tri-hybrid A. cepa × (A. roylei × A. fistulosum) population. Plant response to mycorrhizal symbiosis was expressed as relative mycorrhizal responsiveness (R') and absolute responsiveness (R). In addition, the average performance (AP) of genotypes under mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal conditions was determined. Experiments were executed in 2 years, and comprised clonally propagated plants of each genotype grown in sterile soil, inoculated with G. intraradices or non-inoculated. Results were significantly correlated between both years. Biomass of non-mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal plants was significantly positively correlated. R' was negatively correlated with biomass of non-mycorrhizal plants and hence unsuitable as a breeding criterion. R and AP were positively correlated with biomass of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants. QTLs contributing to mycorrhizal response were located on a linkage map of the A. roylei × A. fistulosum parental genotype. Two QTLs from A. roylei were detected on chromosomes 2 and 3 for R, AP, and biomass of mycorrhizal plants. A QTL from A. fistulosum was detected on linkage group 9 for AP (but not R), biomass of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants, and the number of stem-borne roots. Co-segregating QTLs for plant biomass, R and AP indicate that selection for plant biomass also selects for enhanced R and AP. Moreover, our findings suggest that modern onion breeding did not select against the response to AMF, as was suggested before for other cultivated species. Positive correlation between high number of roots, biomass and large response to AMF in close relatives of onion opens prospects to combine these traits for the development of more robust onion cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo A. Galván
- Department of Plant Breeding, Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Producción Vegetal, Centro Regional Sur (CRS), Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Progreso, Uruguay
| | - Thomas W. Kuyper
- Department of Soil Quality, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Karin Burger
- Department of Plant Breeding, Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - L. C. Paul Keizer
- Department of Biometris, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 100, 6700 AC Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf F. Hoekstra
- Department of Genetics, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Chris Kik
- Department of Plant Breeding, Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Genetic Resources (CGN), The Netherlands. Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Olga E. Scholten
- Department of Plant Breeding, Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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