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Firdos, Pramanik T, Verma P, Mittal A. (Re-)Viewing Role of Intracellular Glucose Beyond Extracellular Regulation of Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion by Pancreatic Cells. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:11755-11768. [PMID: 38496986 PMCID: PMC10938456 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
For glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) by pancreatic β-cells in animals, it is believed that ATP generated from glucose metabolism is primarily responsible. However, this ignores two well-established aspects in literature: (a) intracellular ATP generation from other sources resulting in an overall pool of ATP, regardless of the original source, and (b) that intracellular glucose transport is 10- to 100-fold higher than intracellular glucose phosphorylation in β-cells. The latter especially provides an earlier unaddressed, but highly appealing, observation pertaining to (at least transient) the presence of intracellular glucose molecules. Could these intracellular glucose molecules be responsible for the specificity of GSIS to glucose (instead of the widely believed ATP production from its metabolism)? In this work, we provide a comprehensive compilation of literature on glucose and GSIS using various cellular systems - all studies focus only on the extracellular role of glucose in GSIS. Further, we carried out a comprehensive analysis of differential gene expression in Mouse Insulinoma 6 (MIN6) cells, exposed to low and high extracellular glucose concentrations (EGC), from the existing whole transcriptome data. The expression of other genes involved in glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain was found to be unaffected by EGC, except Gapdh, Atp6v0a4, and Cox20. Remarkably, 3 upregulated genes (Atp6v0a4, Cacnb4, Kif11) in high EGC were identified to have an association with cellular secretion. Using glucose as a possible ligand for the 3 proteins, computational investigations were carried out (that will require future 'wet validation', both in vitro and in vivo, e.g., using primary islets and animal models). The glucose-affinity/binding scores (in kcal/mol) obtained were also compared with glucose binding scores for positive controls (GCK and GLUT2), along with negative controls (RPA1, KU70-80, POLA1, ACAA1A, POLR1A). The binding affinity scores of glucose molecules for the 3 proteins were found to be closer to positive controls. Therefore, we report the glucose binding ability of 3 secretion-related proteins and a possible direct role of intracellular glucose molecules in GSIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firdos
- Kusuma
School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute
of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi), Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Tapabrata Pramanik
- Kusuma
School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute
of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi), Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Prachi Verma
- Kusuma
School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute
of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi), Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Aditya Mittal
- Kusuma
School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute
of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi), Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
- Supercomputing
Facility for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (SCFBio), IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
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Li Y, Lu Z, Kirkwood CL, Kirkwood KL, Wank SA, Li AJ, Lopes-Virella MF, Huang Y. GPR40 deficiency worsens metabolic syndrome-associated periodontitis in mice. J Periodontal Res 2023; 58:575-587. [PMID: 36807310 PMCID: PMC10182248 DOI: 10.1111/jre.13107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40) is a receptor for medium- and long-chain free fatty acids (FFAs). GPR40 activation improves type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), metabolic syndrome (MetS), and the complications of T2DM and MetS. Periodontitis, a common oral inflammatory disease initiated by periodontal pathogens, is another complication of T2DM and MetS. Since FFAs play a key role in the pathogenesis of MetS which exacerbates periodontal inflammation and GPR40 is a FFA receptor with anti-inflammatory properties, it is important to define the role of GPR40 in MetS-associated periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS We induced MetS and periodontitis by high-fat diet and periodontal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), respectively, in wild-type and GPR40-deficient mice and determined alveolar bone loss and periodontal inflammation using micro-computed tomography, histology, and osteoclast staining. We also performed in vitro study to determine the role of GPR40 in the expression of proinflammatory genes. RESULTS The primary outcome of the study is that GPR40 deficiency increased alveolar bone loss and enhanced osteoclastogenesis in control mice and the mice with both MetS and periodontitis. GPR40 deficiency also augmented periodontal inflammation in control mice and the mice with both MetS and periodontitis. Furthermore, GPR40 deficiency led to increased plasma lipids and insulin resistance in control mice but had no effect on the metabolic parameters in mice with MetS alone. For mice with both MetS and periodontitis, GPR40 deficiency increased insulin resistance. Finally, in vitro studies with macrophages showed that deficiency or inhibition of GPR40 upregulated proinflammatory genes while activation of GPR40 downregulated proinflammatory gene expression stimulated synergistically by LPS and palmitic acid. CONCLUSION GPR40 deficiency worsens alveolar bone loss and periodontal inflammation in mice with both periodontitis and MetS, suggesting that GPR40 plays a favorable role in MetS-associated periodontitis. Furthermore, GPR40 deficiency or inhibition in macrophages further upregulated proinflammatory and pro-osteoclastogenic genes induced by LPS and palmitic acid, suggesting that GPR40 has anti-inflammatory and anti-osteoclastogenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchun Li
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Zhongyang Lu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Cameron L. Kirkwood
- Departments of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo
| | - Keith L. Kirkwood
- Departments of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo
- Department of Head & Neck/Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Stephen A. Wank
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ai-Jun Li
- Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Maria F. Lopes-Virella
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Yan Huang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina
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Lu Z, Li Y, Li AJ, Syn WK, Wank SA, Lopes-Virella MF, Huang Y. Loss of GPR40 in LDL receptor-deficient mice exacerbates high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277251. [PMID: 36331958 PMCID: PMC9635748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR40, a G protein-coupled receptor for free fatty acids (FFAs), is considered as a therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) since GPR40 activation in pancreatic beta cells enhances glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common complication of T2DM or metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, the role of GPR40 in NAFLD associated with T2DM or MetS has not been well established. Given that it is known that cholesterol and FFAs are critically involved in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and LDL receptor (LDLR)-deficient mice are a good animal model for human hyperlipidemia including high cholesterol and FFAs, we generated GPR40 and LDLR double knockout (KO) mice in this study to determine the effect of GPR40 KO on hyperlipidemia-promoted NASH. We showed that GPR40 KO increased plasma levels of cholesterol and FFAs in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed LDLR-deficient mice. We also showed that GPR40 KO exacerbated HFD-induced hepatic steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis. Further study demonstrated that GPR40 KO led to upregulation of hepatic CD36 and genes involved in lipogenesis, fatty acid oxidation, fibrosis and inflammation. Finally, our in vitro mechanistic studies showed that while CD36 was involved in upregulation of proinflammatory molecules in macrophages by palmitic acid (PA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), GPR40 activation in macrophages exerts anti-inflammatory effects. Taken together, this study demonstrated for the first time that loss of GPR40 in LDLR-deficient mice exacerbated HFD-induced hyperlipidemia, hepatic steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis potentially through a CD36-dependent mechanism, suggesting that GPR40 may play a beneficial role in hyperlipidemia-associated NASH in LDLR-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyang Lu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yanchun Li
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ai-Jun Li
- Programs in Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Wing-Kin Syn
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea/Universidad del País Vasco, Leioa, Spain
| | - Stephen A. Wank
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Maria F. Lopes-Virella
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yan Huang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wang JW, Jin CH, Ke JF, Ma YL, Wang YJ, Lu JX, Li MF, Li LX. Serum iron is closely associated with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease in type 2 diabetes: A real-world study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:942412. [PMID: 36133303 PMCID: PMC9484008 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.942412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS There is still a debate about the relationship between serum iron and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). Furthermore, few relevant studies were conducted in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Therefore, this study aimed to explore the association of serum iron levels with MAFLD in Chinese patients with T2DM. METHODS This cross-sectional, real-world study consisted of 1,467 Chinese T2DM patients. MAFLD was diagnosed by abdominal ultrasonography. Based on serum iron quartiles, the patients were classified into four groups. Clinical characteristics were compared among the four groups, and binary logistic analyses were used to assess the associations of serum iron levels and quartiles with the presence of MAFLD in T2DM. RESULTS After adjusting for gender, age, and diabetes duration, significantly higher prevalence of MAFLD was found in the second (45.7%), third (45.2%), and fourth (47.0%) serum iron quartiles than in the first quartiles (26.8%), with the highest MAFLD prevalence in the fourth quartile (p < 0.001 for trend). Moreover, increased HOMA2-IR (p = 0.003 for trend) and decreased HOMA2-S (p = 0.003 for trend) were observed across the serum iron quartiles. Fully adjusted binary logistic regression analyses indicated that both increased serum iron levels (OR: 1.725, 95% CI: 1.427 to 2.085, p < 0.001) and quartiles (p < 0.001 for trend) were still closely associated with the presence of MAFLD in T2DM patients even after controlling for multiple confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS There is a positive correlation between the presence of MAFLD and serum iron levels in T2DM patients, which may be attributed to the close association between serum iron and insulin resistance. Serum iron levels may act as one of the indicators for evaluating the risk of MAFLD in T2DM individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Wei Wang
- 1Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun-Hua Jin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Songjiang District Central Hospital, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine (Preparatory Stage), Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang-Feng Ke
- 1Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Lin Ma
- 1Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Jie Wang
- 1Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-Xi Lu
- 1Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei-Fang Li
- Department of Emergency, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Mei-Fang Li, ; Lian-Xi Li,
| | - Lian-Xi Li
- 1Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Mei-Fang Li, ; Lian-Xi Li,
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Espinoza L, Fedorchak S, Boychuk CR. Interplay Between Systemic Metabolic Cues and Autonomic Output: Connecting Cardiometabolic Function and Parasympathetic Circuits. Front Physiol 2021; 12:624595. [PMID: 33776789 PMCID: PMC7991741 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.624595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is consensus that the heart is innervated by both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system. However, the role of the parasympathetic nervous system in controlling cardiac function has received significantly less attention than the sympathetic nervous system. New neuromodulatory strategies have renewed interest in the potential of parasympathetic (or vagal) motor output to treat cardiovascular disease and poor cardiac function. This renewed interest emphasizes a critical need to better understand how vagal motor output is generated and regulated. With clear clinical links between cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, addressing this gap in knowledge is undeniably critical to our understanding of the interaction between metabolic cues and vagal motor output, notwithstanding the classical role of the parasympathetic nervous system in regulating gastrointestinal function and energy homeostasis. For this reason, this review focuses on the central, vagal circuits involved in sensing metabolic state(s) and enacting vagal motor output to influence cardiac function. It will review our current understanding of brainstem vagal circuits and their unique position to integrate metabolic signaling into cardiac activity. This will include an overview of not only how metabolic cues alter vagal brainstem circuits, but also how vagal motor output might influence overall systemic concentrations of metabolic cues known to act on the cardiac tissue. Overall, this review proposes that the vagal brainstem circuits provide an integrative network capable of regulating and responding to metabolic cues to control cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Espinoza
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Stephanie Fedorchak
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Carie R Boychuk
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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Gao Z, Yan W, Fang Z, Zhang Z, Yuan L, Wang X, Jia Z, Zhu Y, Miller JD, Yuan X, Li F, Lou Q. Annual decline in β-cell function in patients with type 2 diabetes in China. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2021; 37:e3364. [PMID: 32515043 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the annual decline of β-cell function correlated with disease duration in patients with type 2 diabetes in China. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 4792 adults with type 2 diabetes who were recruited from four university hospital diabetes clinics between April 2018 and November 2018. Baseline data were collected from electric medical records. Participants were divided into 21 groups with 1-year diabetes duration interval to assess the decline rate of β-cell function. Homeostatic model assessment model (HOMA 2) model was applied to assess β-cell function. Multiple linear regression model was used to evaluate the association between biochemical and clinical variables and β-cell function. RESULTS In Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes, β-cell function declined by 2% annually. Using angiotensin receptor blockade (ARB) (β = .048; P = .011), metformin (β = .138; P = .021), or insulin (β = .142; P = .018) was associated with increased β-cell function. However, increased BMI (β = -.215; P = .022), alcohol consumption (β = -.331; P < .001), haemoglobin A1c (β = -.104; P = .027), or increased diabetes duration (β = -.183; P = .003) was significantly and negatively associated with β-cell function. CONCLUSIONS We determined that the annual rate of the β-cell function decline was 2% in patients with type 2 diabetes in China. Moreover, we confirmed a positive relationship between ARB treatment and β-cell function, while BMI and alcohol consumption were significantly and negatively associated with the β-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxiu Gao
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Nursing College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaohui Fang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Zongjun Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Yuan
- West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shan'xi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhumin Jia
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhu
- Nursing College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Joshua D Miller
- Stony Brook University Hospital, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Xiaodan Yuan
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Fan Li
- College of Nursing, University of Missouri St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Qingqing Lou
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Xie X, Bai G, Liu H, Zhang L, He Y, Qiang D, Zou X. Early Predictors in the Onset of Type 2 Diabetes at Different Fasting Blood Glucose Levels. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:1485-1492. [PMID: 33833539 PMCID: PMC8020326 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s301352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigates the possible roles and potential prediction ability of metabolic parameters in the early development of T2D by detecting their serum levels at different fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels. METHODS The subjects were included and divided into normal glucose tolerance (NGT), prediabetes (PD), and T2Dsubgroups. Apart from detecting the levels of routine biochemical parameters, fasting serum insulin (FINS), 25(OH)D, thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), thioredoxin (TRX), and NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) were detected. β-cell dysfunction (HOMA-β) and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were assessed by homeostasis model assessment. Both univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to estimate the risk of metabolic parameters, and their optimal cut-off values were obtained in the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and the Youden index. RESULTS Among the 207 subjects, aged from 20 to 60 years (44.62+12.92) contain 118 males and 89 females. There was a significantly lower trend of TRX, HOMA-β, and 25(OH)D following the higher FBG level among these three subgroups, while a significantly higher trend of all the other metabolic parameters. The multivariate analysis showed that subjects with higher values of TRX, HOMA-β, and 25(OH)D had a significantly lower risk for patients to be diagnosed as PD (aOR: 0.945, 0.961, and 0.543) and T2D (aOR: 0.912, 0.947, 0.434). Under the reliable 95% CI, TXNIP with a cut-off value of 119.27 showed the highest AUC value, sensitivity, and specificity (AUC: 0.981, 95% CI: 0.8524-0.9839, 91.49%, and 83.33%) to diagnose PD. FINS with a cut-off value of 28.1 also showed the highest ones (AUC=0.9872, 95% CI: 0.9753-0.9992, 100%, and 92.91%) to diagnose T2D. CONCLUSION Early prediction of T2D is vital for timely intervention. Based on the FBG ≥100.8 mg/dl, the results provide evidence that 25(OH)D might be the protective factor in the early development of T2D. Besides, TXNIP and FINS might be the predictor for PD and T2D, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People’s Hospital of Yinchuan, Yinchuan, 750001, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Xiaomin Xie Department of Endocrinology, The First People’s Hospital of Yinchuan, 2 Liqun Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750001, Ningxia, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 13895189599 Email
| | - Guirong Bai
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People’s Hospital of Yinchuan, Yinchuan, 750001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huili Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People’s Hospital of Yinchuan, Yinchuan, 750001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People’s Hospital of Yinchuan, Yinchuan, 750001, People’s Republic of China
| | - YanTing He
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People’s Hospital of Yinchuan, Yinchuan, 750001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Qiang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People’s Hospital of Yinchuan, Yinchuan, 750001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Zou
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People’s Hospital of Yinchuan, Yinchuan, 750001, People’s Republic of China
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Zhu X, Zhao L, Chen J, Lin C, Lv F, Hu S, Cai X, Zhang L, Ji L. The Effect of Physical Activity on Glycemic Variability in Patients With Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:767152. [PMID: 34867812 PMCID: PMC8635769 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.767152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The effect of physical activity on glycemic variability remains controversial. This meta-analysis aimed to assess the overall effect of physical activity treatment on glycemic variability in patients with diabetes. METHODS PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched for clinical trials that conducted in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes mellitus with reports of the mean amplitude of glycemic excursion (MAGE), time in range (TIR), time above range (TAR), or time below range (TBR). Eligible trials were analyzed by fixed-effect model, random effect model, and meta-regression analysis accordingly. RESULTS In total, thirteen trials were included. Compared with the control group, physical activity intervention was significantly associated with increased TIR (WMDs, 4.17%; 95% CI, 1.11 to 7.23%, P<0.01), decreased MAGE (WMDs, -0.68 mmol/L; 95% CI, -1.01 to -0.36 mmol/L, P<0.01) and decreased TAR (WMDs, -3.54%; 95% CI, -5.21 to -1.88%, P<0.01) in patients with diabetes, but showed insignificant effects on TBR. Patients with higher baseline BMI levels was associated with a greater decrease in MAGE (β=-0.392, 95% CI: -0.710, -0.074), and patients with lower baseline HbA1c levels was associated with a greater increase in TBR during physical activities (β=-0.903, 95% CI: -1.550, -0.255). CONCLUSION Physical activity was associated with significantly decreased glycemic variability in patients with diabetes. Patients with higher BMI might benefit more from physical activity therapy in terms of a lower MAGE. Hypoglycemia associated with physical activity treatment still warranted caution, especially in patients with intensive glycemic control. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO [CRD42021259807].
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyun Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lina Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Langfang Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Hospital, Hebei, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chu Lin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Lv
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Suiyuan Hu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoling Cai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoling Cai, ; Li Zhang, ; Linong Ji,
| | - Li Zhang
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoling Cai, ; Li Zhang, ; Linong Ji,
| | - Linong Ji
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoling Cai, ; Li Zhang, ; Linong Ji,
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Espinoza L, Boychuk CR. Diabetes, and its treatment, as an effector of autonomic nervous system circuits and its functions. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2020; 54:18-26. [PMID: 32721846 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes increases the risk of cardiovascular complications, including heart failure, hypertension, and stroke. There is a strong involvement of autonomic dysfunction in individuals with diabetes that exhibit clinical manifestations of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Still, the mechanisms by which diabetes and its treatments alter autonomic function and subsequently affect cardiovascular complications remain elusive. For this reason, understanding the brainstem circuits involved in sensing metabolic state(s) and enacting autonomic control of the cardiovascular system are important to develop more comprehensive therapies for individuals with diabetes at increased risk for CVD. We review how autonomic nervous system circuits change during these disease states and discuss their potential role in current pharmacotherapies that target diabetic states. Overall, this review proposes that the brainstem circuits provide an integrative sensorimotor network capable of responding to metabolic cues to regulate cardiovascular function and this network is modified by, and in turn affects, diabetes-induced CVD and its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Espinoza
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, United States
| | - Carie R Boychuk
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, United States.
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Huang R, Tian S, Zhang H, Zhu W, Wang S. Chronic hyperglycemia induces tau hyperphosphorylation by downregulating OGT-involved O-GlcNAcylation in vivo and in vitro. Brain Res Bull 2020; 156:76-85. [PMID: 31931119 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diabetes mellitus (DM) can increase the risk of cognitive dysfunction, but its exact mechanisms remain unclear. The involvement of aberrant O-GlcNAcylation has been identified in hyperglycemia and DM, as well as the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease via competition with tau phosphorylation. This study was designed to investigate the role of O-GlcNAcylation in diabetes-associated cognitive dysfunction (DACD). METHODS Fifteen-week old male KK-Ay mice were used as DACD models, and advanced glycation end product (AGE)-treated HT22 cells were used as a model of high glucose toxicity. Morris water maze tests, histological staining, real-time quantitative PCR, and Western blot were also applied. RESULTS Mice with DACD exhibited evident obesity, hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and impaired learning and memory function. O-GlcNAcylation levels decreased and tau phosphorylation levels at Ser396, Ser404, Thr212, and Thr231 increased in the hippocampus of mice with DACD, as well as in AGE-treated HT22 cells. Hypoglycemic therapy improved these anomalies and elevated O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) levels in mice with DACD. OGT plasmid transfection in HT22 cells partially reversed AGE-induced decreases in O-GlcNAcylation levels and increased tau phosphorylation levels. CONCLUSIONS Chronic hyperglycemia can induce tau hyperphosphorylation by downregulating OGT-involved O-GlcNAcylation in vivo and in vitro, which mediates DACD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, No. 87 DingJiaQiao Road, Nanjing, 210009, PR China; Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, 210006, PR China
| | - Sai Tian
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, No. 87 DingJiaQiao Road, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Haoqiang Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, No. 87 DingJiaQiao Road, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Wenwen Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, No. 87 DingJiaQiao Road, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Shaohua Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, No. 87 DingJiaQiao Road, Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
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He W, Yan L, Wang M, Li Q, He M, Ma Z, Ye Z, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Qiao N, Lu Y, Ye H, Lu B, Shou X, Zhao Y, Li Y, Li S, Zhang Z, Shen M, Wang Y. Surgical outcomes and predictors of glucose metabolism alterations for growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas: a hospital-based study of 151 cases. Endocrine 2019; 63:27-35. [PMID: 30238327 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-018-1745-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The surgical outcome on glucose metabolism in acromegaly patients is not fully understood. We aimed to investigate the impact of surgery on glucose metabolism and identify key factors that influence alterations of glucose metabolic status in acromegaly patients. METHODS Oral glucose tolerance test was performed in 151 newly diagnosed acromegaly patients before and 3-12 months after surgery. Insulin resistance and insulin secretion was assessed. Patients were grouped as cured, discordant, and having active disease according to postoperative growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels. Receiver-operating characteristic curves were generated to determine the optimal cut-off points to predict the impact of surgery on glucose metabolism. RESULTS At baseline, 32.5%, 41.7%, and 25.8% patients were categorized as having normal glucose tolerance (NGT), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and diabetes mellitus (DM), respectively. After surgery, improved glucose tolerance was observed in 87.3% patients with IGT and 66.7% patients with DM. Deterioration was observed in 14.3% patients with NGT. Glucose tolerance improved in patients with lower preoperative FBG, 2 h-BG, and HbA1c and higher HOMA-β and IGI/IR. The proportion of NGT was significantly increased in surgically cured patients (28.3% vs. 79.2%, P < 0.001) and those with normal GH but elevated IGF-1 levels (25.6% vs. 79.5%, P < 0.001), but not in patients with active disease (42.9% vs. 57.1%, P = 0.131). Baseline FBG < 6.35 mmol/l predicted improved glucose metabolism after surgery. CONCLUSIONS Glucose metabolic status improved in patients with preserved β-cell function. Preoperative FBG was an independent predictor for improved glucose tolerance status after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Linling Yan
- Department of Endocrinology, the First People's Hospital of Taicang, Jiangsu, 215400, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Qin Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Min He
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Zengyi Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Zhao Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Qilin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yichao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Nidan Qiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yun Lu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Hongying Ye
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Bin Lu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Xuefei Shou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yiming Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Shiqi Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Zhaoyun Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Ming Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
| | - Yongfei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
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Chen H, Xiong L, Wang N, Liu X, Hu W, Yang Z, Jiang Y, Zheng G, Ouyang K, Wang W. Chimonanthus nitens Oliv. leaf extract exerting anti-hyperglycemic activity by modulating GLUT4 and GLUT1 in the skeletal muscle of a diabetic mouse model. Food Funct 2018; 9:4959-4967. [PMID: 30182103 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00954f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the potent molecular mechanisms behind the hypoglycemic effect of Chimonanthus nitens Oliv. leaf extract (COE) in combination with a high-glucose-fat diet-fed and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mouse model. COE (50 and 200 mg per kg body weight per day) was given to the diabetic-model mice by intragastric administration for 4 weeks. It was found that the fasting blood glucose level (FBG), serum insulin level (FINS), and insulin sensitivity index (ISI) were significantly improved in the COE-treated diabetic-model mice. Glucose metabolism genes expression analysis of the skeletal muscle showed that COE exerted a glucose-lowering effect through the following two ways: on the one hand, COE enhanced insulin sensitivity by upregulating the transcription level of GLUT4, and in addition, it enhanced the insulin signaling pathway to promote the translocation of GLUT4 and upregulated thermogenesis genes expression, including PGC-1α and UCP-1; while on the other hand, GLUT1 expression was also increased in both the transcription and translation levels in the presence of COE. These two ways may result in promoting glucose uptake in skeletal muscle, thus leading to the reduction of the blood glucose level. The results suggested that COE ameliorated hyperglycemia in the diabetic-model mice through regulating glucose transporters, and then was likely to increase glucose uptake, which provided more evidence for applying COE to treat anti-hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Key Lab for Agro-product Processing and Quality Control of Nanchang City, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
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Chen H, Xiong L, Wang N, Liu X, Hu W, Yang Z, Jiang Y, Zheng G, Ouyang K, Wang W. Chimonanthus nitens Oliv. leaf extract exerting anti-hyperglycemic activity by modulating GLUT4 and GLUT1 in the skeletal muscle of a diabetic mouse model. Food Funct 2018. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/c8fo00954f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
COE supplementation ameliorated hyperglycemia via modulating glucose transporters of the skeletal muscle.
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99mTc-labeled glimepiride as a tracer for targeting pancreatic β-cells mass: preparation and preclinical evaluation. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-017-5615-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Zheng H, Wu J, Jin Z, Yan LJ. Protein Modifications as Manifestations of Hyperglycemic Glucotoxicity in Diabetes and Its Complications. BIOCHEMISTRY INSIGHTS 2016; 9:1-9. [PMID: 27042090 PMCID: PMC4807886 DOI: 10.4137/bci.s36141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes and its complications are hyperglycemic toxicity diseases. Many metabolic pathways in this array of diseases become aberrant, which is accompanied with a variety of posttranslational protein modifications that in turn reflect diabetic glucotoxicity. In this review, we summarize some of the most widely studied protein modifications in diabetes and its complications. These modifications include glycation, carbonylation, nitration, cysteine S-nitrosylation, acetylation, sumoylation, ADP-ribosylation, O-GlcNAcylation, and succination. All these posttranslational modifications can be significantly attributed to oxidative stress and/or carbon stress induced by diabetic redox imbalance that is driven by activation of pathways, such as the polyol pathway and the ADP-ribosylation pathway. Exploring the nature of these modifications should facilitate our understanding of the pathological mechanisms of diabetes and its associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.; Department of Basic Theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Basic Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jinzi Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Zhen Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Liang-Jun Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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Luo X, Wu J, Jing S, Yan LJ. Hyperglycemic Stress and Carbon Stress in Diabetic Glucotoxicity. Aging Dis 2016; 7:90-110. [PMID: 26816666 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2015.0702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes and its complications are caused by chronic glucotoxicity driven by persistent hyperglycemia. In this article, we review the mechanisms of diabetic glucotoxicity by focusing mainly on hyperglycemic stress and carbon stress. Mechanisms of hyperglycemic stress include reductive stress or pseudohypoxic stress caused by redox imbalance between NADH and NAD(+) driven by activation of both the polyol pathway and poly ADP ribose polymerase; the hexosamine pathway; the advanced glycation end products pathway; the protein kinase C activation pathway; and the enediol formation pathway. Mechanisms of carbon stress include excess production of acetyl-CoA that can over-acetylate a proteome and excess production of fumarate that can over-succinate a proteome; both of which can increase glucotoxicity in diabetes. For hyperglycemia stress, we also discuss the possible role of mitochondrial complex I in diabetes as this complex, in charge of NAD(+) regeneration, can make more reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the presence of excess NADH. For carbon stress, we also discuss the role of sirtuins in diabetes as they are deacetylases that can reverse protein acetylation thereby attenuating diabetic glucotoxicity and improving glucose metabolism. It is our belief that targeting some of the stress pathways discussed in this article may provide new therapeutic strategies for treatment of diabetes and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Luo
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; 2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi province, China, 341000
| | - Jinzi Wu
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Siqun Jing
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; 3 College of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China, 830046
| | - Liang-Jun Yan
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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Wu J, Jin Z, Zheng H, Yan LJ. Sources and implications of NADH/NAD(+) redox imbalance in diabetes and its complications. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2016; 9:145-53. [PMID: 27274295 PMCID: PMC4869616 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s106087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
NAD(+) is a fundamental molecule in metabolism and redox signaling. In diabetes and its complications, the balance between NADH and NAD(+) can be severely perturbed. On one hand, NADH is overproduced due to influx of hyperglycemia to the glycolytic and Krebs cycle pathways and activation of the polyol pathway. On the other hand, NAD(+) can be diminished or depleted by overactivation of poly ADP ribose polymerase that uses NAD(+) as its substrate. Moreover, sirtuins, another class of enzymes that also use NAD(+) as their substrate for catalyzing protein deacetylation reactions, can also affect cellular content of NAD(+). Impairment of NAD(+) regeneration enzymes such as lactate dehydrogenase in erythrocytes and complex I in mitochondria can also contribute to NADH accumulation and NAD(+) deficiency. The consequence of NADH/NAD(+) redox imbalance is initially reductive stress that eventually leads to oxidative stress and oxidative damage to macromolecules, including DNA, lipids, and proteins. Accordingly, redox imbalance-triggered oxidative damage has been thought to be a major factor contributing to the development of diabetes and its complications. Future studies on restoring NADH/NAD(+) redox balance could provide further insights into design of novel antidiabetic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzi Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Zhen Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Hong Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
- Department of Basic Theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Basic Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang-Jun Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
- Correspondence: Liang-Jun Yan, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA, Tel +1 817 735 2386, Fax +1 817 735 2603, Email
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Ram J, Snehalatha C, Selvam S, Nanditha A, Shetty AS, Godsland IF, Johnston DG, Ramachandran A. The oral disposition index is a strong predictor of incident diabetes in Asian Indian prediabetic men. Acta Diabetol 2015; 52:733-41. [PMID: 25670243 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-015-0718-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS In this analysis, we sought to examine the prospective association of the disposition index (DIo) derived from oral glucose tolerance test with incident diabetes in Asian Indian men with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). METHODS These post hoc analyses used data from a 2-year prospective study in primary prevention of diabetes using lifestyle intervention among 517 men with IGT. All the participants received standard lifestyle advice at baseline. The surrogate insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion measures were tested for their hyperbolic relationship. Predictive associations of various surrogate measures with incident diabetes were determined using receiver operating characteristic curves. RESULTS The combination of total area under the curve of insulin-to-glucose ratio (AUCinsulin/glucose) and Matsuda's insulin sensitivity index was the best equation to depict DIo [β: -0.954 (95 % CI -1.015 to -0.893)] compared to other measures tested in this cohort. There was an inverse association between change in DIo at the final follow-up and development of incident diabetes. Among the surrogate insulin measures studied, DIo [AUC (0.717 (95 % CI 0.675-0.756))] as a composite measure was superior than other surrogate indices. CONCLUSIONS Among the surrogate indices studied, DIo was the best measure associated with incident diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagannathan Ram
- India Diabetes Research Foundation, Dr. A. Ramachandran's Diabetes Hospitals, 28 Marshalls Road, Egmore, Chennai, 600008, India
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Ross SA. A multiplicity of targets: evaluating composite endpoint studies of the GLP-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes. Curr Med Res Opin 2015; 31:125-35. [PMID: 25299351 DOI: 10.1185/03007995.2014.973939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Current type 2 diabetes (T2D) treatment guidelines include weight maintenance or loss, avoidance of hypoglycemia, and targets for blood pressure and circulating lipids, in addition to glycemic control. Increasingly, clinical trials and meta-analyses employ composite endpoints to capture the net clinical benefit of a given T2D intervention. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) represent a new class of injected antihyperglycemic agents that may be well suited to reaching many of these targets among patients failing on metformin monotherapy. RESEARCH DESIGNS AND METHODS Using MEDLINE, Embase and Google Scholar, studies were sought that employed composite endpoints and that reported outcomes with exenatide and/or liraglutide. Bibliographies of relevant review articles were consulted to search for additional reports. RESULTS Many trials have used the combination of HbA1c <7%, no weight gain and no hypoglycemic episodes as the composite endpoint in evaluating T2D therapies; however, at least 15 other distinct composite endpoints have been reported. Findings were relatively consistent across studies, regardless of how the composite endpoint was defined. Specifically, the GLP-1 RAs appear to be superior to other agents in their efficacy in providing T2D patients failing on metformin with a net clinical benefit, which can include avoidance of hyperglycemia and maintenance or improvement in body weight. CONCLUSIONS Use of composite endpoints represents an important advance in T2D. While no single such endpoint has achieved dominance in the field, widely used composite endpoints capture efficacy in glycemic control as well as safety and effects on markers of cardiovascular risk.
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Kim JW, Chae J, Nam SM, Kim YN, Yoo DY, Choi JH, Jung HY, Song W, Hwang IK, Seong JK, Yoon YS. Treadmill exercise prevents diabetes-induced increases in lipid peroxidation and decreases in Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase levels in the hippocampus of Zucker diabetic fatty rats. J Vet Sci 2014; 16:11-6. [PMID: 25293488 PMCID: PMC4367140 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2015.16.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the effects of treadmill exercise on lipid peroxidation and Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) levels in the hippocampus of Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats and lean control rats (ZLC) during the onset of diabetes. At 7 weeks of age, ZLC and ZDF rats were either placed on a stationary treadmill or made to run for 1 h/day for 5 consecutive days at 16~22 m/min for 5 weeks. At 12 weeks of age, the ZDF rats had significantly higher blood glucose levels and body weight than the ZLC rats. In addition, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the hippocampus of the ZDF rats were significantly higher than those of the ZLC rats whereas SOD1 levels in the hippocampus of the ZDF rats were moderately decreased. Notably, treadmill exercise prevented the increase of blood glucose levels in ZDF rats. In addition, treadmill exercise significantly ameliorated changes in MDA and SOD1 levels in the hippocampus although SOD activity was not altered. These findings suggest that diabetes increases lipid peroxidation and decreases SOD1 levels, and treadmill exercise can mitigate diabetes-induced oxidative damage in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Whi Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the available glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) exenatide and liraglutide (marketed as Byetta * and Victoza † , respectively) in first- or second-line pharmacotherapy for type 2 diabetes (T2D), described here as 'early use'. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS MEDLINE, EMBASE and Google Scholar databases were queried for clinical trial reports using the terms incretin, GLP-1, exenatide and liraglutide. Relevant articles were those that employed these agents in treatment-naïve patients with T2D and in patients who had failed on metformin monotherapy. Additional targeted searches were conducted on diabetes treatment guidelines and on the range of physiological responses to GLP-1 RAs. Most evidence is level I and II. RESULTS Effective therapy for T2D should be implemented early in the course of this progressive disease. The recently revised 2013 Canadian Diabetes Association (CDA) guidelines now identify the GLP-1 RAs among various injected and oral agents recommended for the management of T2D. The rationale for early use of GLP-1 RAs in T2D management is manifold: these agents offer effective management of hyperglycemia in early-stage T2D, minimal risk of hypoglycemia, weight loss, improvement in multiple non-glycemic cardiovascular risk factors, and potential enhancement of patient adherence to antihyperglycemic treatment. Available data from clinical trials support second-line use of GLP-1 RAs among patients who fail on metformin, as well as first-line use of these agents in a subset of T2D patients. CONCLUSIONS The ability to achieve glycemic targets using GLP-1 RAs while simultaneously avoiding hypoglycemia and weight gain could provide substantial reassurance to physicians and patients who might otherwise resist the transition to injected therapies. Exenatide and liraglutide represent appropriate second-line choices for pharmacological treatment of T2D, as indicated in the 2013 CDA guidelines.
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Bonfigli AR, Sirolla C, Testa R, Cucchi M, Spazzafumo L, Salvioli S, Ceriello A, Olivieri F, Festa R, Procopio AD, Brandoni G, Boemi M, Marra M, Franceschi C. The p53 codon 72 (Arg72Pro) polymorphism is associated with the degree of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic subjects: a cross-sectional study. Acta Diabetol 2013; 50:429-36. [PMID: 23269546 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-012-0450-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tumor suppressor protein p53 has been demonstrated to regulate genes involved in energy generating metabolic pathways and apoptosis. To date, a new field of research is the involvement of TP53 codon 72 (Arg72Pro) polymorphism in the diabetic disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the genotype and the related genetic models of Arg72Pro polymorphism of TP53 (rs1042522) are associated with insulin resistance and its metabolic parameters in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. We examined 335 type 2 diabetic patients (65.5 ± 8.4 years) and 367 non-diabetic subjects (60.5 ± 11.7 years). The results were validated in a validation sample consisting of 199 type 2 diabetic (66.2 ± 8.5 years) and 224 non-diabetic subjects (61.2 ± 12.7 years). In the study sample, the analysis of covariance, adjusted for the effects of age, gender and BMI, showed a significant genotype-diabetes effect on insulin resistance evaluated by HOMA-IR (p = 0.038). This result was mediated by variations in fasting plasma insulin (p = 0.027), as no TP53 genotype-diabetes effects were detected for fasting plasma glucose. In particular, in the diabetic subjects, Pro/Pro genotype was associated with lower values of HOMA-IR with respect to Arg/Arg (p = 0.013) and Arg/Pro (p = 0.006) carriers. No difference in HOMA-IR between diabetic and non-diabetic Pro/Pro carriers was found. Significant recessive model-diabetes interaction effects on fasting insulin and HOMA-IR adjusted for age, sex and BMI were found (p = 0.007 and p = 0.029, respectively). Linear regression analyses, based on the assumption of an additive genetic model adjusted for age, sex and BMI, highlight p53 gene-diabetes interaction effects on fasting insulin (β = -1.27; p = 0.001) and HOMA-IR (β = -0.22; p = 0.006). The results of statistical analyses on fasting insulin and HOMA-IR were all confirmed in the validation sample. Furthermore, the logistic regression models confirmed that the effect of HOMA-IR levels on diabetes was moderated by Pro/Pro genotype in both study and validation samples (OR = 0.29, p = 0.034, 95 % CI = 0.09-0.91, OR = 0.37, p = 0.035, 95 % CI = 0.15-0.93, respectively). Our findings suggest that p53 codon 72 (Arg72Pro) polymorphism influences insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients independently of body mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rita Bonfigli
- Metabolic Diseases and Diabetology Unit, National Institute of Health and Science on Aging (INRCA), Via della Montagnola 81, 60131, Ancona, Italy.
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23
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Russo L, Marsella C, Nardo G, Massignan T, Alessio M, Piermarini E, La Rosa S, Finzi G, Bonetto V, Bertuzzi F, Maechler P, Massa O. Transglutaminase 2 transamidation activity during first-phase insulin secretion: natural substrates in INS-1E. Acta Diabetol 2013; 50:61-72. [PMID: 22382775 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-012-0381-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a multifunctional protein with Ca(2+)-dependent transamidating and G protein activity. Previously, we reported that tgm2 -/- mice have an impaired insulin secretion and that naturally occurring TG2 mutations associated with familial, early-onset type 2 diabetes, show a defective transamidating activity. Aim of this study was to get a better insight into the role of TG2 in insulin secretion by identifying substrates of TG2 transamidating activity in the pancreatic beta cell line INS-1E. To this end, we labeled INS-1E that are capable of secreting insulin upon glucose stimulation in the physiologic range, with an artificial acyl acceptor (biotinamido-pentylamine) or donor (biotinylated peptide), in basal condition and after stimulus with glucose for 2, 5, and 8 min. Biotinylated proteins were analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. In addition, subcellular localization of TG2 in human endocrine pancreas was studied by electron microscopy. Among several TG2's transamidating substrates in INS-1E, mass spectrometry identified cytoplasmic actin (a result confirmed in human pancreatic islet), tropomyosin, and molecules that participate in insulin granule structure (e.g., GAPDH), glucose metabolism, or [Ca(2+)] sensing (e.g., calreticulin). Physical interaction between TG2 and cytoplasmic actin during glucose-stimulated first-phase insulin secretion was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation. Electron microscopy revealed that TG2 is localized close to insulin and glucagon granules in human pancreatic islet. We propose that TG2's role in insulin secretion may involve cytoplasmic actin remodeling and may have a regulative action on other proteins during granule movement. A similar role of TG2 in glucagon secretion is also suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Russo
- Laboratory of Mendelian Diabetes, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Research Institute, Rome, Italy
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Masini M, Marselli L, Bugliani M, Martino L, Masiello P, Marchetti P, De Tata V. Ultrastructural morphometric analysis of insulin secretory granules in human type 2 diabetes. Acta Diabetol 2012. [PMID: 23184237 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-012-0446-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We performed an ultrastructural morphometric analysis of insulin secretory granules in pancreatic beta cells from control and type 2 diabetic multiorgan donors. The volume density of insulin granules significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in beta cells from type 2 diabetic patients with respect to non-diabetic subjects, and this reduction was mainly attributable to a decrease in mature granules. On the contrary, no significant difference was observed in the volume density of docked granules between controls and type 2 diabetic patients. In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between the density volume of total insulin granules and stimulated insulin secretion in non-diabetic islets. In conclusion, we detected significant changes in the intracellular distribution of insulin secretory granules within the beta cell that might be related with the alterations in insulin secretion observed in type 2 diabetes patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Masini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, Scuola Medica, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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25
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Nagasaka S, Kusaka I, Yamashita K, Funase Y, Yamauchi K, Katakura M, Ishibashi S, Aizawa T. Index of glucose effectiveness derived from oral glucose tolerance test. Acta Diabetol 2012; 49 Suppl 1:S195-204. [PMID: 22836490 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-012-0417-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Aim of this study was to formulate an index for glucose effectiveness (Sg), SgIo, based on 3-point (0, 30 and 120 min) 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The equation for SgI(O) was developed in the Chikuma cohort (n = 502). Firstly, post-loading plasma glucose without insulin action and Sg (PPG-without insulin and Sg) was calculated as follows: fasting plasma glucose (mg/dl) + [0.75 × 75,000]/[0.19 × BW(kg) × 10]. Secondly, 'PPG-without insulin/with Sg' was obtained from inverse correlation between log(10)DI(O) and 2-h post-glucose plasma glucose at OGTT (2hPG) in each glucose tolerance category: DI(O) denotes oral disposition index, a product of the Matsuda Index and δIRI(0-30)/δPG(0-30). Thirdly, expected 2hPG (2hPG(E)) of a given subject was obtained from the regression, and the ratio of 2hPG to 2hPG(E) (2hPG/2hPG(E)) was determined as an adjustment factor. Lastly, SgI(O) ([mg/dl]/min) was calculated as [PPG-without insulin and Sg]-[PPG-without insulin / with Sg] x [(2hPG) / 2hPG(E)]. SgI(O) was validated against Sg obtained by frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test in the Jichi cohort (n = 205). Also, the accuracy of prediction of Sg by SgIo was tested by the Bland-Altman plot. SgI(O) was 3.61 ± 0.73, 3.17 ± 0.74 and 2.15 ± 0.60 in subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT), non-diabetic hyperglycemia and diabetes, respectively, in the Chikuma cohort. In the Jichi cohort, SgI(O) was significantly correlated with Sg in the entire group (r = 0.322, P < 0.001) and in subjects with NGT (r = 0.286, P < 0.001), and SgIo accurately predicted Sg. In conclusion, SgI(O) could be a simple, quantitative index for Sg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichiro Nagasaka
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Japan
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Delong T, Baker RL, He J, Barbour G, Bradley B, Haskins K. Diabetogenic T-cell clones recognize an altered peptide of chromogranin A. Diabetes 2012; 61:3239-46. [PMID: 22912420 PMCID: PMC3501882 DOI: 10.2337/db12-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Chromogranin A (ChgA) has been identified as the antigen target for three NOD-derived, diabetogenic CD4 T-cell clones, including the well-known BDC-2.5. These T-cell clones respond weakly to the peptide WE14, a naturally occurring proteolytic cleavage product from ChgA. We show here that WE14 can be converted into a highly antigenic T-cell epitope through treatment with the enzyme transglutaminase (TGase). The WE14 responses of three NOD-derived CD4 T-cell clones, each with different T-cell receptors (TCRs), and of T cells from BDC-2.5 TCR transgenic mice are increased after TGase conversion of the peptide. Primary CD4 T cells isolated from NOD mice also respond to high concentrations of WE14 and significantly lower concentrations of TGase-treated WE14. We hypothesize that posttranslational modification plays a critical role in the generation of T-cell epitopes in type 1 diabetes.
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