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Lu J, Long Y, Sun J, Gong L. Towards a comprehensive view of the herpes B virus. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1281384. [PMID: 38035092 PMCID: PMC10687423 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1281384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes B virus is a biosafety level 4 pathogen and widespread in its natural host species, macaques. Although most infected monkeys show asymptomatic or mild symptoms, human infections with this virus can cause serious neurological symptoms or fatal encephalomyelitis with a high mortality rate. Herpes B virus can be latent in the sensory ganglia of monkeys and humans, often leading to missed diagnoses. Furthermore, the herpes B virus has extensive antigen crossover with HSV, SA8, and HVP-2, causing false-positive results frequently. Timely diagnosis, along with methods with sensitivity and specificity, are urgent for research on the herpes B virus. The lack of a clear understanding of the host invasion and life cycle of the herpes B virus has led to slow progress in the development of effective vaccines and drugs. This review discusses the research progress and problems of the epidemiology of herpes B virus, detection methods and therapy, hoping to inspire further investigation into important factors associated with transmission of herpes B virus in macaques and humans, and arouse the development of effective vaccines or drugs, to promote the establishment of specific pathogen-free (SPF) monkeys and protect humans to effectively avoid herpes B virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangling Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, China
| | - Yiru Long
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, China
| | - Likun Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, China
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Herpes B virus: History, zoonotic potential, and public health implications. BIOSAFETY AND HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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[B virus]. Uirusu 2021; 71:125-136. [PMID: 37245975 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.71.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
B virus is a herpes virus that natutaly infects macaque monkeys. It is extremely neuropathogenic when infection occurs in humans. B virus infection has been reported only in laboratory workers and breeders of macaque monkeys in North America and the United Kingdom, and it is therefore recognized as a rare infectious disease. The first cases of B virus disease were reported in Japan in 2019 and in China in 2021, although no cases had been reported since 1997. Although B virus disease has not been reported for more than 20 years, the potential threat has always existed. The viral factors responsible for the strong neuropathogenicity of B virus to humans has not been identified. There are no reports of infection by contact with wild macaque monkeys, but the possibility can not been ruled out. In this paper, we describe its virological properties, findings from B virus disease from patient-reported cases, and the genotype of B virus.
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Maxwell LK, Black DH, Wright GE, Breshears MA, Eberle R. Effective Prophylactic Therapy for Exposure to Monkey B Virus ( Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1). Comp Med 2019; 70:56-66. [PMID: 31810502 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-18-000134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic monkey B virus (Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1; BV) infections are extremely serious and usually fatal. Drugs currently used for treatment were developed for the treatment of herpes simplex virus but are less effective against BV. Effective suppression of viral replication in the skin could prevent the virus from invading the nervous system. To test this hypothesis, the efficacy of topical administration of several drugs against lethal BV infection was evaluated in female BALB/c mice that were infected by scarification. Drugs were then applied to the site of inoculation. As 3% preparations, most drugs were only minimally effective or ineffective. In contrast, ganciclovir and cidofovir were very effective. The ED50 for cidofovir was 0.007%, compared with 1.1% for ganciclovir. At 0.5%, cidofovir protected against both death and neurologic signs, whereas 5% ganciclovir only protected against death but not neurologic involvement. All genotypes of BV were equally susceptible to cidofovir and ganciclovir. For maximal effectiveness, treatment with both cidofovir and ganciclovir had to be initiated within 8 h of infection. Cidofovir was completely protective when administered only on the day of infection, whereas a minimum of 5 d of treatment was required for maximal ganciclovir efficacy. These studies showed that topical cidofovir treatment started soon after BV exposure was very effective in preventing BV from invading the nervous system, whereas ganciclovir treatment was only partially effective. In addition, cidofovir was protective against a ganciclovir-resistant BV mutant, whereas ganciclovir was not. These studies showed that topical cidofovir treatment started soon after BV exposure is more effective than ganciclovir in preventing BV from invading the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara K Maxwell
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma;,
| | - Darla H Black
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | | | - Melanie A Breshears
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Richard Eberle
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
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Eberle R, Jones-Engel L. Questioning the Extreme Neurovirulence of Monkey B Virus (Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1). Adv Virol 2018; 2018:5248420. [PMID: 29666644 PMCID: PMC5831965 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5248420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkey B virus (Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1; BV) occurs naturally in macaques of the genus Macaca, which includes rhesus and long-tailed (cynomolgus) monkeys that are widely used in biomedical research. BV is closely related to the human herpes simplex viruses (HSV), and BV infections in its natural macaque host are quite similar to HSV infections in humans. Zoonotic BV is extremely rare, having been diagnosed in only a handful of North American facilities with the last documented case occurring in 1998. However, BV is notorious for its neurovirulence since zoonotic infections are serious, usually involving the central nervous system, and are frequently fatal. Little is known about factors underlying the extreme neurovirulence of BV in humans. Here we review what is actually known about the molecular biology of BV and viral factors affecting its neurovirulence. Based on what is known about related herpesviruses, areas for future research that may elucidate mechanisms underlying the neurovirulence of this intriguing virus are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Eberle
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - L. Jones-Engel
- Department of Anthropology and Center for Studies in Ecology and Demography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Eberle R, Maxwell LK, Nicholson S, Black D, Jones-Engel L. Genome sequence variation among isolates of monkey B virus (Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1) from captive macaques. Virology 2017; 508:26-35. [PMID: 28494342 PMCID: PMC5535784 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Complete genome sequences of 19 strains of monkey B virus (Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1; BV) isolated from several macaque species were determined. A low level of sequence variation was present among BV isolates from rhesus macaques. Most variation among BV strains isolated from rhesus macaques was located in regions of repetitive or quasi-repetitive sequence. Variation in coding sequences (polypeptides and miRNAs) was minor compared to regions of non-coding sequences. Non-coding sequences in the long and short repeat regions of the genome did however exhibit islands of conserved sequence. Oral and genital isolates from a single monkey were identical in sequence and varied only in the number of iterations of repeat units in several areas of repeats. Sequence variation between BV isolates from different macaque species (different BV genotypes) was much greater and was spread across the entire genome, confirming the existence of different genotypes of BV in different macaque species.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Eberle
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA.
| | - L K Maxwell
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - S Nicholson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - D Black
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - L Jones-Engel
- Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Abstract
Viruses related to the herpes simplex viruses of humans are present in all nonhuman primate (NHP) species tested and cross species transmission has been documented. The herpesvirus present in macaques, Herpes B virus (BV) rarely causes disease in its natural macaque host. However, when transmitted to a nonnative host, BV has occasionally caused severe and even fatal disease if not treated immediately. Here we present a comprehensive review of the taxonomy, molecular biology, physiology, epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of BV. We also summarizes what is known about related herpesviruses of other NHP species and the zoonotic potential of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Eberle
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma, USA
| | - L Jones-Engel
- Department of Anthropology and Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology, University of Washington, Washington, USA
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Yee JL, Vanderford TH, Didier ES, Gray S, Lewis A, Roberts J, Taylor K, Bohm RP. Specific pathogen free macaque colonies: a review of principles and recent advances for viral testing and colony management. J Med Primatol 2016; 45:55-78. [PMID: 26932456 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Specific pathogen free (SPF) macaques provide valuable animal models for biomedical research. In 1989, the National Center for Research Resources [now Office of Research Infrastructure Programs (ORIP)] of the National Institutes of Health initiated experimental research contracts to establish and maintain SPF colonies. The derivation and maintenance of SPF macaque colonies is a complex undertaking requiring knowledge of the biology of the agents for exclusion and normal physiology and behavior of macaques, application of the latest diagnostic technology, facilitiy management, and animal husbandry. This review provides information on the biology of the four viral agents targeted for exclusion in ORIP SPF macaque colonies, describes current state-of-the-art viral diagnostic algorithms, presents data from proficiency testing of diagnostic assays between laboratories at institutions participating in the ORIP SPF program, and outlines management strategies for maintaining the integrity of SPF colonies using results of diagnostic testing as a guide to decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoAnn L Yee
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth S Didier
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Stanton Gray
- Michael E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX, USA
| | - Anne Lewis
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Jeffrey Roberts
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kerry Taylor
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Rudolf P Bohm
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, USA
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Ohsawa K, Black D, Ohsawa M, Eberle R. Genome sequence of a pathogenic isolate of monkey B virus (species Macacine herpesvirus 1). Arch Virol 2014; 159:2819-21. [PMID: 24903602 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2130-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The only genome sequence for monkey B virus (BV; species Macacine herpesvirus 1) is that of an attenuated vaccine strain originally isolated from a rhesus monkey (BVrh). Here we report the genome sequence of a virulent BV strain isolated from a cynomolgus macaque (BVcy). The overall genome organization is the same, although sequence differences exist. The greatest sequence divergence is located in non-coding areas of the long and short repeat regions. Like BVrh, BVcy has duplicated Ori elements and lacks an ORF corresponding to the γ34.5 gene of herpes simplex virus. Nine of ten miRNAs and the majority of ORFs are conserved between BVrh and BVcy. The most divergent genes are several membrane-associated proteins and those encoding immediate early proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Ohsawa
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Center for Frontier Life Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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11
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Simian herpesviruses and their risk to humans. Vaccine 2010; 28 Suppl 2:B78-84. [PMID: 20510749 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Revised: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A high level of genetic and physiological homology with humans has rendered non-human primates (NHP) an essential animal model for biomedical research. As such NHP offer a unique opportunity to study host-pathogen interactions in a species that closely mimics human biology but can yet be maintained under tight laboratory conditions. Indeed, studies using NHP have been critical to our understanding of pathogenesis as well as the development of vaccines and therapeutics. This further facilitated by the fact that NHPs are susceptible to a variety of pathogens that bear significant homology to human pathogens. Unfortunately, these same viruses pose a potential health issue to humans. In this review we discuss the simian herpesviruses and their potential to cause disease in researchers that come into close contact with them.
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Olsson M, Tang KW, Persson C, Wilhelmsson LM, Billeter M, Elias P. Stepwise evolution of the herpes simplex virus origin binding protein and origin of replication. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:16246-16255. [PMID: 19351883 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m807551200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The herpes simplex virus replicon consists of cis-acting sequences, oriS and oriL, and the origin binding protein (OBP) encoded by the UL9 gene. Here we identify essential structural features in the initiator protein OBP and the replicator sequence oriS, and we relate the appearance of these motifs to the evolutionary history of the alphaherpesvirus replicon. Our results reveal two conserved sequence elements in herpes simplex virus type 1, OBP; the RVKNL motif, common to and specific for all alphaherpesviruses, is required for DNA binding, and the WP XXXGAXXFXX L motif, found in a subset of alphaherpesviruses, is required for specific binding to the single strand DNA-binding protein ICP8. A 121-amino acid minimal DNA binding domain containing conserved residues is not soluble and does not bind DNA. Additional sequences present 220 amino acids upstream from the RVKNL motif are needed for solubility and function. We also examine the binding sites for OBP in origins of DNA replication and how they are arranged. NMR and DNA melting experiments demonstrate that origin sequences derived from many, but not all, alphaherpesviruses can adopt stable boxI/boxIII hairpin conformations. Our results reveal a stepwise evolutionary history of the herpes simplex virus replicon and suggest that replicon divergence contributed to the formation of major branches of the herpesvirus family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Olsson
- From the Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, S-405 30 Gothenburg
| | - Ka-Wei Tang
- From the Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, S-405 30 Gothenburg
| | - Cecilia Persson
- The Swedish NMR Centre at University of Gothenburg, Box 465, S-405 30 Gothenburg
| | - L Marcus Wilhelmsson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering/Physical Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, S-412 96 Gothenburg
| | - Martin Billeter
- Biophysics Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Elias
- From the Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, S-405 30 Gothenburg.
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Focher F, Lossani A, Verri A, Spadari S, Maioli A, Gambino JJ, Wright GE, Eberle R, Black DH, Medveczky P, Medveczky M, Shugar D. Sensitivity of monkey B virus (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1) to antiviral drugs: role of thymidine kinase in antiviral activities of substrate analogs and acyclonucleosides. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:2028-34. [PMID: 17438061 PMCID: PMC1891389 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01284-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2006] [Revised: 12/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes B virus (B virus [BV]) is a macaque herpesvirus that is occasionally transmitted to humans where it can cause rapidly ascending encephalitis that is often fatal. To understand the low susceptibility of BV to the acyclonucleosides, we have cloned, expressed, and characterized the BV thymidine kinase (TK), an enzyme that is expected to "activate" nucleoside analogs. This enzyme is similar in sequence and properties to the TK of herpes simplex virus (HSV), i.e., it has a broad substrate range and low enantioselectivity and is sensitive to inhibitors of HSV TKs. The BV enzyme phosphorylates some modified nucleosides and acyclonucleosides and l enantiomers of thymidine and related antiherpetic analogs. However, the potent anti-HSV drugs acyclovir (ACV), ganciclovir (GCV), and 5-bromovinyldeoxyuridine were poorly or not phosphorylated by the BV enzyme under the experimental conditions. The antiviral activities of a number of marketed antiherpes drugs and experimental compounds were compared against BV strains and, for comparison, HSV type 1 (HSV-1) in Vero cell cultures. For most compounds tested, BV was found to be about as sensitive as HSV-1 was. However, BV was less sensitive to ACV and GCV than HSV-1 was. The abilities of thymidine analogs and acyclonucleosides to inhibit replication of BV in Vero cell culture were not always proportional to their substrate properties for BV TK. Our studies characterize BV TK for the first time and suggest new lead compounds, e.g., 5-ethyldeoxyuridine and pencyclovir, which may be superior to ACV or GCV as treatment for this emerging infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Focher
- GLSynthesis Inc., One Innovation Drive, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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Koshizuka T, Kawaguchi Y, Goshima F, Mori I, Nishiyama Y. Association of two membrane proteins encoded by herpes simplex virus type 2, UL11 and UL56. Virus Genes 2006; 32:153-63. [PMID: 16604447 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-005-6871-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2005] [Accepted: 07/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) acquires envelope by budding into trans-Golgi network (TGN)-derived vesicles. Previous studies showed that the UL11 gene product enables efficient virion envelopment and export from infected cells and is incorporated into virions as tegument protein. At its N-terminus, UL11 is dually acylated by myristoic and palmitoic acids. Fatty acylation of UL11 provides both membrane binding strength and Golgi-targeting specificity. We show here that UL11 interacts with UL56 protein, a tail-anchored type II membrane protein encoded by HSV, which associated with the Golgi apparatus and cytoplasmic vesicles. We previously showed that UL56 is involved in vesicular transport in infected cells. The UL11-UL56 complex localized to the perinuclear region of the cytoplasm in infected cells. Fatty acylation of UL11 was important for the formation of the UL11-UL56 protein complex. Taken together, our results identify a novel interaction between two HSV proteins facilitated by mutual interactions with Golgi-derived vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Koshizuka
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa, Japan
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Koshizuka T, Kawaguchi Y, Nishiyama Y. Herpes simplex virus type 2 membrane protein UL56 associates with the kinesin motor protein KIF1A. J Gen Virol 2005; 86:527-533. [PMID: 15722511 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.80633-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The herpes simplex virus UL56 gene product is a C-terminal-anchored, type II membrane protein of unknown function. UL56 was found to interact with KIF1A, a member of the kinesin-3 family, in a yeast two-hybrid screen and a GST pull-down assay. KIF1A mediates the transport of synaptic vesicle precursors and is essential for the function and viability of neurons. When overexpressed, KIF1A co-localized with full-sized UL56, but no clear co-localization was observed when co-expressed with the UL56 mutant protein lacking its C-terminal transmembrane domain (TMD). Although the C-terminal TMD was not essential for the interaction with KIF1A in the yeast two-hybrid screen and GST pull-down assays, these results indicate that the C-terminal TMD, as well as aa 69–217, of UL56 are important for the interaction with KIF1A in vivo. The hypothesis that the UL56 protein affects vesicular trafficking in infected cells, potentially by acting as a receptor for motor proteins in neurons, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Koshizuka
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kawaguchi
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Nishiyama
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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Oya C, Ochiai Y, Taniuchi Y, Takano T, Ueda F, Yoshikawa Y, Hondo R. Specific detection and identification of herpes B virus by a PCR-microplate hybridization assay. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:1869-74. [PMID: 15131142 PMCID: PMC404616 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.5.1869-1874.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes B virus DNA was specifically amplified by PCR, targeting the regions that did not cross-react with herpes simplex virus (HSV). The amplified products, which were shown to be highly genetic polymorphisms among herpes B virus isolates, were identified by microplate hybridization with probes generated by PCR. The products immobilized in microplate wells were hybridized with the biotin-labeled probes derived from the SMHV strain of herpes B virus. The amplified products derived from the SMHV and E2490 strains of herpes B virus were identified by microplate hybridization. PCR products amplified from the trigeminal ganglia of seropositive cynomolgus macaques were identified as herpes B virus DNA. The utility of the PCR-microplate hybridization assay for genetic detection and identification of the polymorphic region of herpes B virus was determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chika Oya
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Nippon Veterinary and Animal Science University, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
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