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Jiang L, Pan T, Lv Q, Yuan W, Liu X, Qu X, Luo D, Wan S, Cui S. Novel ProTide prodrugs of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine for the treatment of liver cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 260:115763. [PMID: 37659196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
ProTide prodrug technology has emerged as a promising way for the development of anti-viral and anti-tumor drugs, whereas, there are fewer applications for the treatment of liver cancer. Herein, a series of distinct 3'-ester ProTide prodrugs of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FdUR) were synthesized and evaluated for their anti-liver cancer activity. The most efficient prodrug 11b reached a sub-micromolar activity (IC50 = 0.42 ± 0.13 μM) against HepG2 and over 100-fold and 200-fold improvements compared to 5-FU, respectively. 11b also demonstrated favorable selectivity towards normal liver cells L-02 (IC50 > 100 μM). In vitro metabolic stability studies revealed that 11b is stable in the plasma and could be activated rapidly in the liver, which supported that 11b is liver-targeted. Importantly, to more accurately evaluate the anti-HCC activity of 11b, the liver orthotopic model was built and 11b significantly suppressed tumor growth (TGI = 75.5%) at a dose of 60 mg/kg/2d in vivo without obvious toxicity. Overall, these promising results indicated that 11b could serve as a safe and effective prodrug of 5-FU nucleoside for liver cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ting Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Qin Lv
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Wenmin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xiaochun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xianjun Qu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Dongdong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Shengbiao Wan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Shuxiang Cui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
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Yang J, Liu J, Li J, Jing M, Zhang L, Sun M, Wang Q, Sun H, Hou G, Wang C, Xin W. Celastrol inhibits rheumatoid arthritis by inducing autophagy via inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 112:109241. [PMID: 36116150 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disorder of the synovial joints. Celastrol (Cel) is a quinone-methylated triterpenoid extracted from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F (TwHF) that has been proven to be effective in treating RA. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of celastrol in the treatment of RA remains unknown. This study explored the protective effect of celastrol against RA and the specific mechanisms of celastrol in vitro and in vivo. METHODS A chicken type II collagen (CII)-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model was used to explore the anti-arthritic effects of celastrol, and paw swelling degree, the poly-arthritis index score and serum cytokine levels were determined. Pathological morphology was observed using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The influences of celastrol on the proliferation of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) were tested by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assays and5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) staining assays. The level of autophagy was detected by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and the status of autophagy in the CIA model and FLSs were also detected by western blot and immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS The results showed that celastrol decreased arthritis severity and inhibited TNF-α-induced FLSs proliferation. Additionally, celastrol decreased the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, celastrol increased autophagosome levels and LC3B protein expression in TNF-α-treated FLSs. Furthermore, celastrol increased the protein expression of LC3-II and Beclin-1 and decreased the phosphorylation degree of mTOR and AKT. CONCLUSION In conclusion, our findings confirmed that celastrol ameliorates RA via the up-regulation of autophagy by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Jiayu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Guangdong, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Ming Jing
- Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, Shandong, China
| | - Mengmeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, Shandong, China
| | - Qiaoyun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Hongliu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Guige Hou
- Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, China.
| | - Chunhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, China.
| | - Wenyu Xin
- Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, China.
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Clua A, Fàbrega C, García-Chica J, Grijalvo S, Eritja R. Parallel G-quadruplex Structures Increase Cellular Uptake and Cytotoxicity of 5-Fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine Oligomers in 5-Fluorouracil Resistant Cells. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061741. [PMID: 33804620 PMCID: PMC8003610 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluoropyrimidines, such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and related prodrugs have been considered first-line chemotherapy agents for the treatment of colorectal cancer. However, poor specificity and tumor cell resistance remain major limiting bottlenecks. G-quadruplexes, have been suggested as preferred nanostructures for enhancing cellular uptake mediated by G-quadruplex binding proteins which are abundant at the membranes of some tumor cells. In the current study, we propose a new strategy to deliver 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine (5-FdU) monophosphate, the main active drug from 5-FU derivatives that may circumvent the cellular mechanisms of FU-resistant cancer cells. Two G-quadruplexes delivery systems containing four and six G-tetrads ((TG4T) and (TG6T)) linked to a FdU oligonucleotide were synthesized. Biophysical studies show that the G-quadruplex parallel structures are not affected by the incorporation of the 5 units of FdU at the 5’-end. Internalization studies confirmed the ability of such G-quadruplex nanostructures to facilitate the transport of the FdU pentamer and increase its cytotoxic effect relative to conventional FU drug in FU-resistant colorectal cancer cells. These results suggest that FdU oligomers linked to G-quadruplex parallel sequences may be a promising strategy to deliver fluoropyrimidines to cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Clua
- Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), ) Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain; (A.C.); (C.F.); (J.G.-C.); (S.G.)
- Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Fàbrega
- Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), ) Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain; (A.C.); (C.F.); (J.G.-C.); (S.G.)
- Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús García-Chica
- Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), ) Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain; (A.C.); (C.F.); (J.G.-C.); (S.G.)
| | - Santiago Grijalvo
- Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), ) Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain; (A.C.); (C.F.); (J.G.-C.); (S.G.)
- Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Eritja
- Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), ) Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain; (A.C.); (C.F.); (J.G.-C.); (S.G.)
- Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-934-006-145
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Wear EE, Song J, Zynda GJ, Mickelson-Young L, LeBlanc C, Lee TJ, Deppong DO, Allen GC, Martienssen RA, Vaughn MW, Hanley-Bowdoin L, Thompson WF. Comparing DNA replication programs reveals large timing shifts at centromeres of endocycling cells in maize roots. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008623. [PMID: 33052904 PMCID: PMC7588055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cells undergo two types of cell cycles–the mitotic cycle in which DNA replication is coupled to mitosis, and the endocycle in which DNA replication occurs in the absence of cell division. To investigate DNA replication programs in these two types of cell cycles, we pulse labeled intact root tips of maize (Zea mays) with 5-ethynyl-2’-deoxyuridine (EdU) and used flow sorting of nuclei to examine DNA replication timing (RT) during the transition from a mitotic cycle to an endocycle. Comparison of the sequence-based RT profiles showed that most regions of the maize genome replicate at the same time during S phase in mitotic and endocycling cells, despite the need to replicate twice as much DNA in the endocycle and the fact that endocycling is typically associated with cell differentiation. However, regions collectively corresponding to 2% of the genome displayed significant changes in timing between the two types of cell cycles. The majority of these regions are small with a median size of 135 kb, shift to a later RT in the endocycle, and are enriched for genes expressed in the root tip. We found larger regions that shifted RT in centromeres of seven of the ten maize chromosomes. These regions covered the majority of the previously defined functional centromere, which ranged between 1 and 2 Mb in size in the reference genome. They replicate mainly during mid S phase in mitotic cells but primarily in late S phase of the endocycle. In contrast, the immediately adjacent pericentromere sequences are primarily late replicating in both cell cycles. Analysis of CENH3 enrichment levels in 8C vs 2C nuclei suggested that there is only a partial replacement of CENH3 nucleosomes after endocycle replication is complete. The shift to later replication of centromeres and possible reduction in CENH3 enrichment after endocycle replication is consistent with a hypothesis that centromeres are inactivated when their function is no longer needed. In traditional cell division, or mitosis, a cell’s genetic material is duplicated and then split between two daughter cells. In contrast, in some specialized cell types, the DNA is duplicated a second time without an intervening division step, resulting in cells that carry twice as much DNA. This phenomenon, which is called the endocycle, is common during plant development. At each step, DNA replication follows an ordered program in which highly compacted DNA is unraveled and replicated in sections at different times during the synthesis (S) phase. In plants, it is unclear whether traditional and endocycle programs are the same, especially since endocycling cells are typically in the process of differentiation. Using root tips of maize, we found that in comparison to replication in the mitotic cell cycle, there is a small portion of the genome whose replication in the endocycle is shifted in time, usually to later in S phase. Some of these regions are scattered around the genome and mostly coincide with active genes. However, the most prominent shifts occur in centromeres. The shift to later replication in centromeres is noteworthy because they orchestrate the process of separating duplicated chromosomes into daughter cells, a function that is not needed in the endocycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E. Wear
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jawon Song
- Texas Advanced Computing Center, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Gregory J. Zynda
- Texas Advanced Computing Center, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Leigh Mickelson-Young
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Chantal LeBlanc
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States of America
| | - Tae-Jin Lee
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David O. Deppong
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - George C. Allen
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Martienssen
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States of America
| | - Matthew W. Vaughn
- Texas Advanced Computing Center, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Linda Hanley-Bowdoin
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - William F. Thompson
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
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McCanney GA, McGrath MA, Otto TD, Burchmore R, Yates EA, Bavington CD, Willison HJ, Turnbull JE, Barnett SC. Low sulfated heparins target multiple proteins for central nervous system repair. Glia 2019; 67:668-687. [PMID: 30585359 PMCID: PMC6492281 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The lack of endogenous repair following spinal cord injury (SCI) accounts for the frequent permanent deficits for which effective treatments are absent. Previously, we demonstrated that low sulfated modified heparin mimetics (LS-mHeps) attenuate astrocytosis, suggesting they may represent a novel therapeutic approach. mHeps are glycomolecules with structural similarities to resident heparan sulfates (HS), which modulate cell signaling by both sequestering ligands, and acting as cofactors in the formation of ligand-receptor complexes. To explore whether mHeps can affect the myelination and neurite outgrowth necessary for repair after SCI, we created lesioned or demyelinated neural cell co-cultures and exposed them with a panel of mHeps with varying degrees and positions of their sulfate moieties. LS-mHep7 enhanced neurite outgrowth and myelination, whereas highly sulfated mHeps (HS-mHeps) had attenuating effects. LS-mHeps had no effects on myelination or neurite extension in developing, uninjured myelinating cultures, suggesting they might exert their proregenerating effects by modulating or sequestering inhibitory factors secreted after injury. To investigate this, we examined conditioned media from cultures using chemokine arrays and conducted an unbiased proteomics approach by applying TMT-LC/MS to mHep7 affinity purified conditioned media from these cultures. Multiple protein factors reported to play a role in damage or repair mechanisms were identified, including amyloid betaA4. Amyloid beta peptide (1-42) was validated as an important candidate by treating myelination cultures and shown to inhibit myelination. Thus, we propose that LS-mHeps exert multiple beneficial effects on mechanisms supporting enhanced repair, and represent novel candidates as therapeutics for CNS damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A. McCanney
- Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Michael A. McGrath
- Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Thomas D. Otto
- Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Richard Burchmore
- Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Edwin A. Yates
- Department of BiochemistryInstitute of Integrative Biology, University of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Charles D. Bavington
- GlycoMar Limited, European Centre for Marine Biotechnology, Dunstaffnage Marine LaboratoryObanArgyllScotland, UK
| | - Hugh J. Willison
- Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Jeremy E. Turnbull
- Department of BiochemistryInstitute of Integrative Biology, University of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Susan C. Barnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgowUK
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Youssef M, Krish VS, Kirshenbaum GS, Atsak P, Lass TJ, Lieberman SR, Leonardo ED, Dranovsky A. Ablation of proliferating neural stem cells during early life is sufficient to reduce adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Hippocampus 2018; 28:586-601. [PMID: 29742815 PMCID: PMC6167166 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Environmental exposures during early life, but not during adolescence or adulthood, lead to persistent reductions in neurogenesis in the adult hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). The mechanisms by which early life exposures lead to long-term deficits in neurogenesis remain unclear. Here, we investigated whether targeted ablation of dividing neural stem cells during early life is sufficient to produce long-term decreases in DG neurogenesis. Having previously found that the stem cell lineage is resistant to long-term effects of transient ablation of dividing stem cells during adolescence or adulthood (Kirshenbaum, Lieberman, Briner, Leonardo, & Dranovsky, ), we used a similar pharmacogenetic approach to target dividing neural stem cells for elimination during early life periods sensitive to environmental insults. We then assessed the Nestin stem cell lineage in adulthood. We found that the adult neural stem cell reservoir was depleted following ablation during the first postnatal week, when stem cells were highly proliferative, but not during the third postnatal week, when stem cells were more quiescent. Remarkably, ablating proliferating stem cells during either the first or third postnatal week led to reduced adult neurogenesis out of proportion to the changes in the stem cell pool, indicating a disruption of the stem cell function or niche following stem cell ablation in early life. These results highlight the first three postnatal weeks as a series of sensitive periods during which elimination of dividing stem cells leads to lasting alterations in adult DG neurogenesis and stem cell function. These findings contribute to our understanding of the relationship between DG development and adult neurogenesis, as well as suggest a possible mechanism by which early life experiences may lead to lasting deficits in adult hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Youssef
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Graduate Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Varsha S. Krish
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Neuroscience and Behavior, Barnard College, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Greer S. Kirshenbaum
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Piray Atsak
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tamara J. Lass
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sophie R. Lieberman
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Neuroscience and Behavior, Barnard College, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - E. David Leonardo
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Alex Dranovsky
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Jorge AF, Aviñó A, Pais AACC, Eritja R, Fàbrega C. DNA-based nanoscaffolds as vehicles for 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine oligomers in colorectal cancer therapy. Nanoscale 2018; 10:7238-7249. [PMID: 29632908 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr08442k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fluoropyrimidines, such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and related prodrugs, are considered one of the most successful agents in the treatment of colorectal cancer, yet poor specificity and tumor cell resistance remain the major limiting bottlenecks. Here, we exploited for the first time the ability of two DNA nanoscaffolds, a DNA tetrahedron (Td) and rectangle DNA origami, to incorporate 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FdUn) oligomers. In addition, cholesterol moieties were synthetically attached to Td and DNA origami staples to enhance cellular uptake. DNA nanostructures functionalized with FdUn exhibited an enhanced cytotoxicity and higher ability to trigger apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells relative to conventional 5-FU and FdU, especially having cholesterol as an internalization helper. The cholesterol content mostly correlates with the increase of the FdUn nanostructure cytotoxicity. DNA nanoscaffolds bearing FdUn were able to circumvent the low sensitivity of colorectal cancer cells towards 5-FU. Both DNA nanostructures attained a comparable cytotoxic effect yet Td displays higher antiproliferative action. The ability to reduce the proliferation of cancer cells is mainly related to the concentration of DNA nanostructures. The present work suggests that self-assembled DNA nanoparticles are privileged vehicles for delivering fluoropyrimidines, opening new avenues to the development of promising therapeutics for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Jorge
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre (CQC), Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Yan Y, Qing Y, Pink JJ, Gerson SL. Loss of Uracil DNA Glycosylase Selectively Resensitizes p53-Mutant and -Deficient Cells to 5-FdU. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 16:212-221. [PMID: 29117941 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thymidylate synthase (TS) inhibitors including fluoropyrimidines [e.g., 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) and 5-Fluorodeoxyuridine (5-FdU, floxuridine)] and antifolates (e.g., pemetrexed) are widely used against solid tumors. Previously, we reported that shRNA-mediated knockdown (KD) of uracil DNA glycosylase (UDG) sensitized cancer cells to 5-FdU. Because p53 has also been shown as a critical determinant of the sensitivity to TS inhibitors, we further interrogated 5-FdU cytotoxicity after UDG depletion with regard to p53 status. By analyzing a panel of human cancer cells with known p53 status, it was determined that p53-mutated or -deficient cells are highly resistant to 5-FdU. UDG depletion resensitizes 5-FdU in p53-mutant and -deficient cells, whereas p53 wild-type (WT) cells are not affected under similar conditions. Utilizing paired HCT116 p53 WT and p53 knockout (KO) cells, it was shown that loss of p53 improves cell survival after 5-FdU, and UDG depletion only significantly sensitizes p53 KO cells. This sensitization can also be recapitulated by UDG depletion in cells with p53 KD by shRNAs. In addition, sensitization is also observed with pemetrexed in p53 KO cells, but not with 5-FU, most likely due to RNA incorporation. Importantly, in p53 WT cells, the apoptosis pathway induced by 5-FdU is activated independent of UDG status. However, in p53 KO cells, apoptosis is compromised in UDG-expressing cells, but dramatically elevated in UDG-depleted cells. Collectively, these results provide evidence that loss of UDG catalyzes significant cell death signals only in cancer cells mutant or deficient in p53.Implications: This study reveals that UDG depletion restores sensitivity to TS inhibitors and has chemotherapeutic potential in the context of mutant or deficient p53. Mol Cancer Res; 16(2); 212-21. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Yulan Qing
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of General Medical Sciences-Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - John J Pink
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of General Medical Sciences-Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Stanton L Gerson
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of General Medical Sciences-Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
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Poznanski J, Bretner M, Kulikowski T, Balzarini J, Van Aerschot A, De Clercq E. Synthesis, Solution Conformation and Anti-HIV Activity of Novel 3-Substituted-2′,3′-Dideoxy-5-Hydroxymethyl-Uridines and Their 4,5-Substituted Analogues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 14:127-38. [PMID: 14521329 DOI: 10.1177/095632020301400302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To decrease the toxicity of potent anti-HIV nucleosides 3-azido-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine (AZT) and 2,3′-dideoxy-3′-fluorothymidine (3-FddThd, FLT), their new analogues, 3-azido-2′,3′-dideoxy-5-hydroxymethyluridine (3-Az5HmddUrd) and 2,3′-dideoxy-3′-fluoro-5-hydroxymethyluridine (3′-F5HmddUrd), were synthesized. The reaction of 3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxyuridine (3′-AzddUrd) and 2,3′-dideoxy-3′-fluorouridine (3′-FddUrd) with formaldehyde, under strongly alkaline conditions and at elevated temperature, proceeded after 4 days to completion to afford the corresponding 5-hydroxymethyl derivatives 3′-Az5HmddUrd and 3′-F5HmddUrd in good yield. These compounds were also prepared by oxidation of AZT and FLT with the use of K2S2O8. 1H NMR analyses were subjected to the series of 3′,4 and 5-substituted pyrimidine 2′-deoxy- and 2′,3′-dideoxynucleosides involving 3′-Az5HmddUrd and 3′-F5HmddUrd. Analysis of the sugar furanose ring puckering demonstrated that all 3′-fluorine derivatives exhibited strong domination of the S conformation (∼100%) while 3-substitution by electron-donating groups, such as NH2, increased population of the N conformation. Experimentally observed substituent effect on the furanose ring puckering equilibrium was reconstructed in the 100 ps molecular dynamic trajectories obtained for AZT, FLT, dThd, 2′,3′-ddThd and 3′-amino-2′,3′-ddThd. It may be concluded that anti-HIV activity is linked to a direct interaction of the 3′-sub-stituent with reverse transcriptase (RT) binding site. Anti-HIV activities of 3′-Az5HmddUrd and 3′-F5HmddUrd are lower than activity of AZT and FLT; however, 3′-Az5HmddUrd and 3′-F5HmddUrd are less toxic than AZT and FLT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslaw Poznanski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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10
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Sato A, Omi T, Yamamoto A, Satake A, Hiramoto A, Masutani M, Tanuma SI, Wataya Y, Kim HS. MicroRNA-351 Regulates Two-Types of Cell Death, Necrosis and Apoptosis, Induced by 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153130. [PMID: 27071035 PMCID: PMC4829180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-death can be necrosis and apoptosis. We are investigating the mechanisms regulating the cell death that occurs on treatment of mouse cancer cell-line FM3A with antitumor 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FUdR): necrosis occurs for the original clone F28-7, and apoptosis for its variant F28-7-A. Here we report that a microRNA (miR-351) regulates the cell death pattern. The miR-351 is expressed strongly in F28-7-A but only weakly in F28-7. Induction of a higher expression of miR-351 in F28-7 by transfecting an miRNA mimic into F28-7 resulted in a change of the death mode; necrosis to apoptosis. Furthermore, transfection of an miR-351 inhibitor into F28-7-A resulted in the morphology change, apoptosis to necrosis, in this death-by-FUdR. Possible mechanism involving lamin B1 in this miR-351's regulatory action is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Sato
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Genome Stability Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Chemotherapy and Clinical Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Drug Informatics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takuya Omi
- Department of Drug Informatics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yamamoto
- Department of Drug Informatics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Akito Satake
- Department of Drug Informatics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Akiko Hiramoto
- Department of Drug Informatics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mitsuko Masutani
- Division of Genome Stability Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Chemotherapy and Clinical Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Frontier Life Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Sei-ichi Tanuma
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yusuke Wataya
- Department of Drug Informatics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hye-Sook Kim
- Department of Drug Informatics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
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Szymańska-Michalak A, Wawrzyniak D, Framski G, Kujda M, Zgoła P, Stawinski J, Barciszewski J, Boryski J, Kraszewski A. New 3'-O-aromatic acyl-5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine derivatives as potential anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 115:41-52. [PMID: 26994842 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
New aromatic and aliphatic 3'-O-acyl-5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine derivatives were synthesized and evaluated as candidates for prodrugs against various cancer cell lines. As the most promising candidate for antimalignant therapeutics was found a dual-acting acyl derivative 7h, which apparently released not only the known anticancer nucleoside, 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FdU), but also an additional active metabolite, acetylsalicylic acid, reinforcing thus therapeutic effect of FdU. Promising therapeutic indices showed also some aromatic dicarboxylic acids derivatives decorated with FdU esters (11 and 12).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dariusz Wawrzyniak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznań, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Framski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marta Kujda
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239, Cracow, Poland
| | - Paulina Zgoła
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jacek Stawinski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jan Barciszewski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jerzy Boryski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznań, Poland
| | - Adam Kraszewski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznań, Poland.
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12
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Kitazawa Y, Ueta H, Hünig T, Sawanobori Y, Matsuno K. A novel multicolor immunostaining method using ethynyl deoxyuridine for analysis of in situ immunoproliferative response. Histochem Cell Biol 2015; 144:195-208. [PMID: 25976155 PMCID: PMC4534512 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-015-1329-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Immune responses are generally accompanied by antigen presentation and proliferation and differentiation of antigen-specific lymphocytes (immunoproliferation), but analysis of these events in situ on tissue sections is very difficult. We have developed a new method of simultaneous multicolor immunofluorescence staining for immunohistology and flow cytometry using a thymidine analogue, 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU). Because of the small size of azide dye using click chemistry and elimination of DNA denaturation steps, EdU staining allowed for immunofluorescence staining of at least four colors including two different markers on a single-cell surface, which is impossible with the standard 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine method. By using two rat models, successfully detected parameters were the cluster of differentiation antigens including phenotypic and functional markers of various immune cells, histocompatibility complex antigens, and even some nuclear transcription factors. Proliferating cells could be further sorted and used for RT-PCR analysis. This method thus enables functional in situ time-kinetic analysis of immunoproliferative responses in a distinct domain of the lymphoid organs, which are quantitatively confirmed by flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kitazawa
- />Department of Anatomy (Macro), Dokkyo Medical University, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293 Japan
| | - Hisashi Ueta
- />Department of Anatomy (Macro), Dokkyo Medical University, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293 Japan
| | - Thomas Hünig
- />Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Yasushi Sawanobori
- />Department of Anatomy (Macro), Dokkyo Medical University, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293 Japan
| | - Kenjiro Matsuno
- />Department of Anatomy (Macro), Dokkyo Medical University, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293 Japan
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14
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Abstract
Thymidine analogues are powerful tools when studying DNA synthesis including DNA replication, repair and recombination. However, these analogues have been reported to have severe effects on cell-cycle progression and growth, the very processes being investigated in most of these studies. Here, we have analyzed the effects of 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) and 5-Chloro-2′-deoxyuridine (CldU) using fission yeast cells and optimized the labelling procedure. We find that both analogues affect the cell cycle, but that the effects can be mitigated by using the appropriate analogue, short pulses of labelling and low concentrations. In addition, we report sequential labelling of two consecutive S phases using EdU and 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU). Furthermore, we show that detection of replicative DNA synthesis is much more sensitive than DNA-measurements by flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silje Anda
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Montebello, Norway
| | - Erik Boye
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Montebello, Norway
| | - Beata Grallert
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Montebello, Norway
- * E-mail:
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Fu Q, Gremeaux L, Luque RM, Liekens D, Chen J, Buch T, Waisman A, Kineman R, Vankelecom H. The adult pituitary shows stem/progenitor cell activation in response to injury and is capable of regeneration. Endocrinology 2012; 153:3224-35. [PMID: 22518061 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The pituitary gland constitutes, together with the hypothalamus, the regulatory core of the endocrine system. Whether the gland is capable of cell regeneration after injury, in particular when suffered at adult age, is unknown. To investigate the adult pituitary's regenerative capacity and the response of its stem/progenitor cell compartment to damage, we constructed a transgenic mouse model to conditionally destroy pituitary cells. GHCre/iDTR mice express diphtheria toxin (DT) receptor after transcriptional activation by Cre recombinase, which is driven by the GH promoter. Treatment with DT for 3 d leads to gradual GH(+) (somatotrope) cell obliteration with a final ablation grade of 80-90% 1 wk later. The stem/progenitor cell-clustering side population promptly expands after injury, concordant with the immediate increase in Sox2(+) stem/progenitor cells. In addition, folliculo-stellate cells, previously designated as pituitary stem/progenitor cells and significantly overlapping with Sox2(+) cells, also increase in abundance. In situ examination reveals expansion of the Sox2(+) marginal-zone niche and appearance of remarkable Sox2(+) cells that contain GH. When mice are left after the DT-provoked lesion, GH(+) cells considerably regenerate during the following months. Double Sox2(+)/GH(+) cells are observed throughout the regenerative period, suggesting recovery of somatotropes from stem/progenitor cells, as further supported by 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) pulse-chase lineage tracing. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that the adult pituitary gland holds regenerative competence and that tissue repair follows prompt activation and plausible involvement of the stem/progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuli Fu
- Laboratory of Tissue Plasticity, Research Unit of Embryo and Stem Cells, Department of Development and Regeneration, University of Leuven (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg (O&N1), Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Grouwels G, Vasylovska S, Olerud J, Leuckx G, Ngamjariyawat A, Yuchi Y, Jansson L, Van de Casteele M, Kozlova EN, Heimberg H. Differentiating neural crest stem cells induce proliferation of cultured rodent islet beta cells. Diabetologia 2012; 55:2016-25. [PMID: 22618811 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2542-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Efficient stimulation of cycling activity in cultured beta cells would allow the design of new strategies for cell therapy in diabetes. Neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) play a role in beta cell development and maturation and increase the beta cell number in co-transplants. The mechanism behind NCSC-induced beta cell proliferation and the functional capacity of the new beta cells is not known. METHODS We developed a new in vitro co-culture system that enables the dissection of the elements that control the cellular interactions that lead to NCSC-dependent increase in islet beta cells. RESULTS Mouse NCSCs were cultured in vitro, first in medium that stimulated their proliferation, then under conditions that supported their differentiation. When mouse islet cells were cultured together with the NCSCs, more than 35% of the beta cells showed cycle activity. This labelling index is more than tenfold higher than control islets cultured without NCSCs. Beta cells that proliferated under these culture conditions were fully glucose responsive in terms of insulin secretion. NCSCs also induced beta cell proliferation in islets isolated from 1-year-old mice, but not in dissociated islet cells isolated from human donor pancreas tissue. To stimulate beta cell proliferation, NCSCs need to be in intimate contact with the beta cells. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Culture of islet cells in contact with NCSCs induces highly efficient beta cell proliferation. The reported culture system is an excellent platform for further dissection of the minimal set of factors needed to drive this process and explore its potential for translation to diabetes therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Grouwels
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090 Brussels, Belgium
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17
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Hayashi H, Sakai K, Baba H, Sakai T. Thrombospondin-1 is a novel negative regulator of liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy through transforming growth factor-beta1 activation in mice. Hepatology 2012; 55:1562-73. [PMID: 22105716 PMCID: PMC3295913 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The matricellular protein, thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), is prominently expressed during tissue repair. TSP-1 binds to matrix components, proteases, cytokines, and growth factors and activates intracellular signals through its multiple domains. TSP-1 converts latent transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) complexes into their biologically active form. TGF-β plays significant roles in cell-cycle regulation, modulation of differentiation, and induction of apoptosis. Although TGF-β1 is a major inhibitor of proliferation in cultured hepatocytes, the functional requirement of TGF-β1 during liver regeneration remains to be defined in vivo. We generated a TSP-1-deficient mouse model of a partial hepatectomy (PH) and explored TSP-1 induction, progression of liver regeneration, and TGF-β-mediated signaling during the repair process after hepatectomy. We show here that TSP-1-mediated TGF-β1 activation plays an important role in suppressing hepatocyte proliferation. TSP-1 expression was induced in endothelial cells (ECs) as an immediate early gene in response to PH. TSP-1 deficiency resulted in significantly reduced TGF-β/Smad signaling and accelerated hepatocyte proliferation through down-regulation of p21 protein expression. TSP-1 induced in ECs by reactive oxygen species (ROS) modulated TGF-β/Smad signaling and proliferation in hepatocytes in vitro, suggesting that the immediately and transiently produced ROS in the regenerating liver were the responsible factor for TSP-1 induction. CONCLUSIONS We have identified TSP-1 as an inhibitory element in regulating liver regeneration by TGF-β1 activation. Our work defines TSP-1 as a novel immediate early gene that could be a potential therapeutic target to accelerate liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromitsu Hayashi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Keiko Sakai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Hideo Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Takao Sakai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Orthopaedic and Rheumatologic Research Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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Sari O, Roy V, Balzarini J, Snoeck R, Andrei G, Agrofoglio LA. Synthesis and antiviral evaluation of C5-substituted-(1,3-diyne)-2'-deoxyuridines. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 53:220-8. [PMID: 22578783 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Starting from acetylated 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (3), 14 hitherto unknown C5-substituted-(1,3-diyne)-2'-deoxyuridines (with cyclopropyl, hydroxymethyl, methylcyclopentane, p-(substituted)phenyl and disubstituted-phenyl substituents) have been synthesized via a nickel-copper catalyzed C-H activation between two terminal alkynes, in yields ranging from 19% to 67%. Their antiviral activities were measured against a large number of DNA and RNA viruses including herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2, varicella-zoster virus, human cytomegalovirus and vaccinia virus. The 5-[4-(4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)buta-1,3-diynyl]-2'-deoxyuridine (26) is the most potent inhibitor of this series against VZV with an EC(50) of ~1 μM and a CC(50) of 55 μM. Their cytostatic activities were determined against murine leukemia cells, human T-lymphocyte cells and cervix carcinoma cells. Compounds were also evaluated on a wide panel of RNA viruses, including influenza virus A (H1N1 and H3N2) and B in MDCK cell cultures, parainfluenza-3 virus, reovirus-1, Sindbis virus and Punta Toro virus in Vero cell cultures and vesicular stomatitis, coxsackie B4 and respiratory syncytial virus in HeLa cell cultures and against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2 in CEM cell cultures, with no specific antiviral effect. This class of compounds could be of further interest for lead optimization as anti-infectious (i.e. herpetic) agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozkan Sari
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, UMR 7311 CNRS, Université d'Orléans, UFR Science-rue de chartres, 45067 Orléans, France
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19
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Li K, Li QL, Ji NY, Liu B, Zhang W, Cao XP. Deoxyuridines from the marine sponge associated actinomycete Streptomyces microflavus. Mar Drugs 2011; 9:690-695. [PMID: 21673882 PMCID: PMC3111175 DOI: 10.3390/md9050690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 04/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
One new nucleoside derivative, named 3-acetyl-5-methyl-2′-deoxyuridine (1), along with two known compounds 3,5-dimethyl-2′-deoxyuridine (2) and 3-methyl-2′-deoxyuridine (3), were isolated from the cultures of Streptomyces microflavus. This strain was an associated actinomycete isolated from the marine sponge Hymeniacidon perlevis collected from the coast of Dalian (China). Their structures were elucidated by detailed NMR and MS spectroscopic analysis as well as comparison with literature data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (K.L.); (X.-P.C.); Tel.: +86-411-84379527; Fax: +86-411-84379069
| | - Qiao-Lian Li
- Liaoning Norm University, Dalian 116029, China; E-Mail:
| | - Nai-Yun Ji
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; E-Mail:
| | - Bo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization in Liaoning Province’s University, Dalian Fisheries University, Dalian 116023, China; E-Mail:
| | - Wei Zhang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Flinders Centre for Marine Bioprocessing and Bioproducts, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; E-Mail:
| | - Xu-Peng Cao
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (K.L.); (X.-P.C.); Tel.: +86-411-84379527; Fax: +86-411-84379069
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Llorens-Martín M, Tejeda GS, Trejo JL. Differential regulation of the variations induced by environmental richness in adult neurogenesis as a function of time: a dual birthdating analysis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12188. [PMID: 20808440 PMCID: PMC2922333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) augments after environmental enrichment (EE) and it has been related to some of the anxiolytic, antidepressant and neuroprotective effects of EE. Indeed, it has been suggested that EE specifically modulates hippocampal neurogenic cell populations over the course of time. Here we have used dual-birthdating to study two subpopulations of newborn neuron in mice (Mus musculus): those born at the beginning and at the end of enrichment. In this way, we demonstrate that while short-term cell survival is upregulated after an initial 1 week period of enrichment in 2 month old female mice, after long-term enrichment (2 months) neither cell proliferation nor the survival of the younger newly born cell populations are distinguishable from that observed in non-enriched control mice. In addition, we show that the survival of older newborn neurons alone (i.e. those born at the beginning of the enrichment) is higher than in controls, due to the significantly lower levels of cell death. Indeed, these parameters are rapidly adjusted to the sudden cessation of the EE conditions. These findings suggest both an early selective, long-lasting effect of EE on the neurons born in the initial stages of enrichment, and a quick response when the environment again becomes impoverished. Therefore, EE induces differential effects on distinct subpopulations of newborn neurons depending on the age of the immature cells and on the duration of the EE itself. The interaction of these two parameters constitutes a new, specific regulation of these neurogenic populations that might account for the long-term enrichment's behavioral effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Llorens-Martín
- Centro de Investigación en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Cajal Institute, Consejo Superior Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo S. Tejeda
- Cajal Institute, Consejo Superior Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - José L. Trejo
- Cajal Institute, Consejo Superior Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Harisi R, Kenessey I, Olah JN, Timar F, Babo I, Pogany G, Paku S, Jeney A. Differential inhibition of single and cluster type tumor cell migration. Anticancer Res 2009; 29:2981-2985. [PMID: 19661304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
For the control of tumor metastasis it is important to identify chemical compounds with antimigratory potency. Agents acting against single cell and cluster type migration are necessary for successful antimetastatic therapy. In the present study, the migration of HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cells and OSCORT osteosarcoma cells was compared in a Boyden chamber and in an extracellular matrix (ECM)-based three-dimensional cell culture (3-DCC) model system. The Boyden chamber offers a model of single tumor cell migration, whereas the 3-DCC model system demonstrates invasive growth in the form of a cluster. Since PD98059 (MEK inhibitor) exclusively reduced migration in the 3-DCC model, it may be plausible that the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway is essential for cluster type migration. Interestingly, single cell migration was stimulated upon blocking phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and also p38-MAPK by treatment with LY294002 and SB203580 respectively. A remarkable reduction of single cell migration was observed following treatment with okadaic acid, a phosphatase 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A) inhibitor, which was rather intriguing. This study provided evidence that certain cytotoxic/cytostatic agents at appropriate concentrations were able to preferentially inhibit certain types of migration relative to cell proliferation. Single cell migration was selectively inhibited by taxol at very low subtoxic concentration, whereas 5-hexyl-2'-deoxyuridine (HUdR) exclusively inhibited the cluster type of migration. The borrelidin compound was able to inhibit both types of tumor cell migration, but single tumor cell migration was much less affected. It is interesting that migration was more reduced than proliferation by borrelidin, especially at the advanced growth stage. Taxol is recommended as an agent acting against single cell migration, as well as HUdR and borrelidin as leading compounds for developing antimetastatic drugs against cluster type migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revekka Harisi
- First Institute of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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22
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Lee YS, Park SM, Kim BH. Synthesis of 5-isoxazol-5-yl-2'-deoxyuridines exhibiting antiviral activity against HSV and several RNA viruses. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:1126-8. [PMID: 19147352 PMCID: PMC7126966 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.12.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2008] [Revised: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 12/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a simple method for synthesizing a small library of 5-isoxazol-5-yl-2'-deoxyuridines from 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine. Nitrile oxides were generated in situ from oximes using a commercial bleaching agent; their cycloaddition with 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine yielded isoxazoles possessing activity against herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2, Encephalomyocarditis virus, Coxsackie B3, and vesicular stomatitis virus; these isoxazoles were, however, inactive against corona virus, influenza virus, and HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Suk Lee
- Department of Chemistry, BK School of Molecular Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Sun Min Park
- Department of Chemistry, BK School of Molecular Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Byeang Hyean Kim
- Department of Chemistry, BK School of Molecular Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea
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23
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Kumar R. Synthesis and Enzymatic Transformations of 5-Halo-6-Methoxy-5,6-Dihydro Derivatives of 5-[1-Methoxy-2-halo(or 2,2-dihalo)ethyl]-2′-deoxyuridines as Potential Herpes Simplex Virus Inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2008; 18:273-8. [PMID: 14506919 DOI: 10.1080/1475636031000073115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The 5-halo-6-methoxy-5,6-dihydro derivatives of 5-[1-methoxy-2-halo(or 2,2-dihalo)ethyl]-2'-deoxyuridines (3-12) were synthesized and investigated as potential anti-herpes agents. These 5,6-dihydro derivatives were designed to act as potential prodrugs to 5-[1-methoxy-2-halo(or 2,2-dihalo)ethyl]-2'-deoxyuridines (2a-e), with enhanced metabolic stability, and ready conversion to the parent molecules. These 5,6-disubstituted-5,6-dihydro analogs are stable to E. coli thymidine phosphorylase, and undergo regeneration of the 5,6-olefinic bond to provide parent moieties (2a-e), upon incubation with glutathione at 37 degrees C. The compounds (3-12) themselves were found to be non-inhibitory against herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1), likely due in part to their inability to undergo conversion to parent compounds in cell culture medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta,Edmonton, Alta., T6G 2H7 Canada.
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24
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Focher F, Lossani A, Verri A, Spadari S, Maioli A, Gambino JJ, Wright GE, Eberle R, Black DH, Medveczky P, Medveczky M, Shugar D. Sensitivity of monkey B virus (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1) to antiviral drugs: role of thymidine kinase in antiviral activities of substrate analogs and acyclonucleosides. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:2028-34. [PMID: 17438061 PMCID: PMC1891389 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01284-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2006] [Revised: 12/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes B virus (B virus [BV]) is a macaque herpesvirus that is occasionally transmitted to humans where it can cause rapidly ascending encephalitis that is often fatal. To understand the low susceptibility of BV to the acyclonucleosides, we have cloned, expressed, and characterized the BV thymidine kinase (TK), an enzyme that is expected to "activate" nucleoside analogs. This enzyme is similar in sequence and properties to the TK of herpes simplex virus (HSV), i.e., it has a broad substrate range and low enantioselectivity and is sensitive to inhibitors of HSV TKs. The BV enzyme phosphorylates some modified nucleosides and acyclonucleosides and l enantiomers of thymidine and related antiherpetic analogs. However, the potent anti-HSV drugs acyclovir (ACV), ganciclovir (GCV), and 5-bromovinyldeoxyuridine were poorly or not phosphorylated by the BV enzyme under the experimental conditions. The antiviral activities of a number of marketed antiherpes drugs and experimental compounds were compared against BV strains and, for comparison, HSV type 1 (HSV-1) in Vero cell cultures. For most compounds tested, BV was found to be about as sensitive as HSV-1 was. However, BV was less sensitive to ACV and GCV than HSV-1 was. The abilities of thymidine analogs and acyclonucleosides to inhibit replication of BV in Vero cell culture were not always proportional to their substrate properties for BV TK. Our studies characterize BV TK for the first time and suggest new lead compounds, e.g., 5-ethyldeoxyuridine and pencyclovir, which may be superior to ACV or GCV as treatment for this emerging infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Focher
- GLSynthesis Inc., One Innovation Drive, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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25
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Dunlevy LP, Chitty LS, Burren KA, Doudney K, Stojilkovic-Mikic T, Stanier P, Scott R, Copp AJ, Greene ND. Abnormal folate metabolism in foetuses affected by neural tube defects. Brain 2007; 130:1043-9. [PMID: 17438019 PMCID: PMC7614420 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awm028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Folic acid supplementation can prevent many cases of neural tube defects (NTDs), whereas suboptimal maternal folate status is a risk factor, suggesting that folate metabolism is a key determinant of susceptibility to NTDs. Despite extensive genetic analysis of folate cycle enzymes, and quantification of metabolites in maternal blood, neither the protective mechanism nor the relationship between maternal folate status and susceptibility are understood in most cases. In order to investigate potential abnormalities in folate metabolism in the embryo itself, we derived primary fibroblastic cell lines from foetuses affected by NTDs and subjected them to the dU suppression test, a sensitive metabolic test of folate metabolism. Significantly, a subset of NTD cases exhibited low scores in this test, indicative of abnormalities in folate cycling that may be causally linked to the defect. Susceptibility to NTDs may be increased by suppression of the methylation cycle, which is interlinked with the folate cycle. However, reduced efficacy in the dU suppression test was not associated with altered abundance of the methylation cycle intermediates, s-adenosylmethionine and s-adenosylhomocysteine, suggesting that a methylation cycle defect is unlikely to be responsible for the observed abnormality of folate metabolism. Genotyping of samples for known polymorphisms in genes encoding folate-associated enzymes did not reveal any correlation between specific genotypes and the observed abnormalities in folate metabolism. These data suggest that as yet unrecognized genetic variants result in embryonic abnormalities of folate cycling that may be causally related to NTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lyn S. Chitty
- Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK
- Fetal Medicine Unit, Elizabeth Garrett Anderson and Obstetric Hospital, University College London Hospital, London, UK
| | | | | | - Taita Stojilkovic-Mikic
- Fetal Medicine Unit, Elizabeth Garrett Anderson and Obstetric Hospital, University College London Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Rosemary Scott
- Department of Histopathology, University College London Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Nicholas D.E. Greene
- Neural Development Unit
- Author for correspondence: Nicholas D.E. Greene, Neural Development Unit, Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK. Phone: +44 207 9052217 Fax: +44 207 8314366,
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26
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Cristofoli WA, Wiebe LI, De Clercq E, Andrei G, Snoeck R, Balzarini J, Knaus EE. 5-alkynyl analogs of arabinouridine and 2'-deoxyuridine: cytostatic activity against herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster thymidine kinase gene-transfected cells. J Med Chem 2007; 50:2851-7. [PMID: 17518459 DOI: 10.1021/jm0701472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A group of arabinouridines (TMSEAU, EAU, IEAU-TA) and 2'-deoxyuridines (TMSEDU, EDU, IEDU) having a variety of substituents at the uracil C-5 position (trimethylsilylethynyl, TMSE; ethynyl, E; or iodoethynyl, IE), and the sugar C-2' position (2'-arabino OH in arabinouridine, AU; or 2'-deoxyribo H in 2'-deoxyuridine, DU) were prepared to acquire antiviral structure-activity relationships. A broad-spectrum viral panel screen showed that these 5-alkynylarabino/deoxy-uridines exhibit moderate anti-HSV-1 activity, with no difference in potency between arabinouridines and 2'-deoxyuridines. The 2'-deoxyuridines TMSEDU, EDU, and IEDU, unlike the arabinouridines, exhibited potent antiviral activity against cytomegalovirus, but they were also highly cytostatic. The abilities of the 5-alkynylarabino/deoxy-uridines to inhibit nontransfected (wild-type or thymidine kinase-deficient, tk-) and viral gene transfected (HSV-1, HSV-2, or VZV thymidine kinase-positive, tk+) FM3A and OST (osteosarcoma) cells were determined. This group of 5-alkynylarabino/deoxy-uridines showed an enhanced ability to inhibit cells transfected with a viral thymidine kinase gene (HSV-1tk+, HSV-2tk+, VZVtk+) relative to wild-type or thymidine kinase-deficient (tk-) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter A Cristofoli
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2N8
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27
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Meneni S, Ott I, Sergeant CD, Sniady A, Gust R, Dembinski R. 5-Alkynyl-2'-deoxyuridines: chromatography-free synthesis and cytotoxicity evaluation against human breast cancer cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:3082-8. [PMID: 17336074 PMCID: PMC2577600 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2006] [Revised: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Starting with 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine, a series of 5-alkynyl-2'-deoxyuridines (with n-propyl, cyclopropyl, 1-hydroxycyclohexyl, p-tolyl, p-tert-butylphenyl, p-pentylphenyl, and trimethylsilyl alkyne substituents) have been synthesized via the palladium-catalyzed (Sonogashira) coupling reaction followed by a simplified isolation protocol (76-94% yield). The cytotoxic activity of modified nucleosides against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells has been determined in vitro. 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine, the only nucleoside in the series containing a terminal acetylene, is the most potent inhibitor with IC(50) (microM) 0.4+/-0.3 for MCF-7 and 4.4+/-0.4 for MDA-MB-231.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasarao Meneni
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Biomedical Research, Oakland University, 2200 N. Squirrel Rd., Rochester, MI 48309-4477, USA
| | - Ingo Ott
- Institute of Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, Königin Luise Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Craig D. Sergeant
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Biomedical Research, Oakland University, 2200 N. Squirrel Rd., Rochester, MI 48309-4477, USA
| | - Adam Sniady
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Biomedical Research, Oakland University, 2200 N. Squirrel Rd., Rochester, MI 48309-4477, USA
| | - Ronald Gust
- Institute of Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, Königin Luise Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roman Dembinski
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Biomedical Research, Oakland University, 2200 N. Squirrel Rd., Rochester, MI 48309-4477, USA
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28
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Abstract
House-cleaning enzymes protect cells from the adverse effects of noncanonical metabolic chemical compounds. The Escherichia coli nucleotide phosphatase YjjG (B4374, JW4336) functions as a house-cleaning phosphatase in vivo. YjjG protects the cell against noncanonical pyrimidine derivatives such as 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (5-FdUridine), 5-fluorouridine, 5-fluoroorotic acid (5-FOA), 5-fluorouracil, and 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. YjjG prevents the incorporation of potentially mutagenic nucleotides into DNA as shown for 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU). Its enzymatic activity in vitro towards noncanonical 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine monophosphate (5-FdUMP) is higher than towards canonical thymidine monophosphate (dTMP). The closest homolog in humans, HDHD4, does not show a protective effect against noncanonical nucleotides, excluding an involvement of HDHD4 in resistance against noncanonical nucleotides used for cancer chemotherapy. The substrate spectrum of YjjG suggests that its in vivo substrates are noncanonical pyrimidine derivatives, which might also include oxidized nucleobases such as 5-formyluracil and 5-hydroxyuracil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Titz
- Institute of Genetics, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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29
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Deglane G, Morvan F, Debart F, Vasseur JJ. 5-Propynylamino alpha-deoxyuridine promotes DNA duplex stabilization of anionic and neutral but not cationic alpha-oligonucleotides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 17:951-4. [PMID: 17157020 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2006] [Revised: 11/14/2006] [Accepted: 11/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Incorporation of 5-propynylamino and 5-propynyl alpha-2'-deoxyuridine into alpha-oligonucleotides (alpha-ON) allows high-affinity targeting of complementary DNA for alpha-ON with anionic and neutral backbone but not for cationic alpha-ON, revealing clues on the role of the amino group of the propynylamino on the formation of DNA duplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Deglane
- LCOBS, UMR 5625 CNRS-UM II, Université Montpellier II, 34095 Montpellier, France
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30
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Fan X, Zhang X, Bories C, Loiseau PM, Torrence PF. The Ugi reaction in the generation of new nucleosides as potential antiviral and antileishmanial agents. Bioorg Chem 2006; 35:121-36. [PMID: 16996561 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2006.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2006] [Revised: 08/10/2006] [Accepted: 08/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
5-Formyl-2'-deoxyuridine-3',5'-diacetate was converted to a small library of 5-substituted pyrimidine nucleoside N-acylamino acid amides by means of a Ugi multicomponent reaction. The reaction allowed introduction of various substituents at the acyl moiety, at the amino acid alpha-amide group, and at the amino acid carboxyl function. Evaluation of these novel 5-substituted nucleosides against vaccinia virus and cowpox virus provided one compound with discernable activity against cowpox virus but five- to eightfold less active than the Cidofovir standard. More promising activity was seen for the inhibition of Leishmania donovani promastigotes. Several synthetic products showed antileishmanial activity in the 10(-5)M range. When compared to earlier studies demonstrating anti-orthopoxviral and antileishmanial activity of 5-substituted pyrimidine nucleosides, these results imply that the 5-(N-acylamino acid amide)-derivatized pyrimidine nucleosides may possess more steric bulk, greater hydrophobicity, and more flexibility than is compatible with these particular biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesen Fan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-5698, USA
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31
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Vogetseder A, Palan T, Bacic D, Kaissling B, Le Hir M. Proximal tubular epithelial cells are generated by division of differentiated cells in the healthy kidney. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2006; 292:C807-13. [PMID: 16987990 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00301.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We searched for evidence for a contribution of stem cells in growth of the proximal S3 segments of healthy rats. According to the stem cell model, stem cells are undifferentiated and slow cycling; the bulk of cycling cells are transit amplifying, rapidly cycling cells. We show the following. 1) By continuous application of a thymidine analog (ThA) for 7 days, S3 proximal epithelial cells in healthy kidneys display a high-cycling rate. 2) Slow-cycling cells, identified by lack of ThA uptake during 14 days of continuous ThA application up to death and by expression of the cell cycle protein Ki67 at death, have the same degree of differentiation as quiescent cells. 3) To detect rapidly cycling cells, rats were killed at various time points after injection of a ThA. Double immunofluorescence for ThA and a cell cycle marker was performed, with colocalization indicating successive divisions. During one week after division, daughter cells display a very low proliferation rate, indicating the absence of rapidly cycling cells. 4) Labeling with cyclin D1 showed that this low proliferation rate is due to cycle arrest. 5) More than 50% of the S3 cells entered the cell cycle 36 h after a potent proliferative stimulus (lead acetate injection). We conclude that generation of new cells in the proximal tubule relies on division of differentiated, normally slow-cycling cells. These may rapidly enter the cycle under an adequate stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Vogetseder
- Institute of Anatomy, Univ. of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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32
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Jeney A, Kenessey I, Timár F, Oláh J, Pogány G, Babó I, Harisi R. [Study of drugs against neoplastic metastasis]. Magy Onkol 2006; 50:93-100. [PMID: 16888671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2006] [Accepted: 06/15/2006] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Further progress in the therapy of malignant diseases is expected from the introduction of potent antimetastatic drugs. Surveying of the complex and multi-step behavior of the metastatic process, compounds showing inhibitory action against tumor cell migration may be ranked among the promising antimetastatic agents. Our present study indicate, however, that the antimigratory actions of certain antitumor drugs (doxorubicin, taxol), and inhibitors of signal transduction (PD-98059, LY-294002, SB-203580) are highly dependent on the assay applied (Boyden-chamber, 3D ECM cell culture). It has been proposed that agents interrupting cell-extracellular matrix contacts (hexyldeoxyuridine, borrelidin) and others interfering with the regulatory mechanism of gene translation (rapamycin, ribavirin) could be regarded as leading compounds in the antimetastatic drug development process. Nevertheless, for introducing diagnostically based targeted therapy the forthcoming tasks must include the further elucidation of the molecular mechanisms implicated in the amoeboid and cluster type of cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Jeney
- Patológiai és Kísérleti Rákkutató Intézet, Semmelweis Egyetem, Budapest, Hungary.
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33
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Fan X, Zhang X, Zhou L, Keith KA, Kern ER, Torrence PF. 5-(Dimethoxymethyl)-2'-deoxyuridine: a novel gem diether nucleoside with anti-orthopoxvirus activity. J Med Chem 2006; 49:3377-82. [PMID: 16722657 PMCID: PMC4262926 DOI: 10.1021/jm0601710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To provide potential new leads for the treatment of orthopoxvirus infections, the 5-position of the pyrimidine nucleosides have been modified with a gem diether moiety to yield the following new nucleosides: 5-(dimethoxymethyl)-2'-deoxyuridine (2b), 5-(diethoxymethyl)-2'-deoxyuridine (3b), 5-formyl-2'-deoxyuridine ethylene acetal (4b), and 5-formyl-2'-deoxyuridine propylene acetal (5b). These were evaluated in human foreskin fibroblast cells challenged with the vaccinia virus or cowpox virus. Of the four gem diether nucleosides, only the dimethyl gem diether congener showed significant antiviral activity against both viruses. This antiviral activity did not appear to be related to the decomposition to the 5-formyl-2'-deoxyuridine, which was itself devoid of anti-orthopoxvirus activity in these assays. Moreover, at the pH of the in vitro assays, 2b was very stable with a decomposition (to aldehyde) half-life of >15 d. The anti-orthopoxvirus activity of pyrimidine may be favored by the introduction of hydrophilic moieties to the 5-position side chain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul F. Torrence
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: (928) 523-0298. Fax: (928) 523-8111.
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34
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Srivastav NC, Manning T, Kunimoto DY, Kumar R. In vitro Anti-Mycobacterial Activities of Various 2-Deoxyuridine, 2- Arabinouridine and 2-Arabinofluoro-2-deoxyuridine Analogues: Synthesis and Biological Studies. Med Chem 2006; 2:287-93. [PMID: 16948475 DOI: 10.2174/157340606776930745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
M. tuberculosis, M. bovis and M. avium infections cause the most important mycobacterioses leading to increased mortality in patients with AIDS. Various 5-substituted 2'-deoxyuridines, arabinouridines, arabinocytidines and 2'-arabinofluoro-2'-deoxyuridines were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro inhibitory activity against M. bovis, M. tuberculosis and M. avium. 5-(C-1 Substituted)-2'-deoxyuridine derivatives emerged as potent inhibitors of M. avium (MIC50 = 1-10 microg/mL range); 5-(1-azidovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine being the most active (MIC50 = 1-5 microg/mL range). The nature of C-5 substituents appeared to be a determinant of anti-mycobacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen C Srivastav
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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35
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Maiti TK, Dasgupta S, Pathak T. 3′-N-Alkylamino-3′-deoxy-ara-uridines: A new class of potential inhibitors of ribonuclease A and angiogenin. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:1221-8. [PMID: 16216513 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2005] [Revised: 09/19/2005] [Accepted: 09/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report the inhibition of ribonuclease A (RNase A) by certain aminonucleosides. This is the first such instance of the use of this group of compounds to investigate the inhibitory activity of this protein. The compounds synthesized have been tested for their ability to inhibit the ribonucleolytic activity of RNase A by an agarose gel-based assay. A tRNA precipitation assay and inhibition kinetic studies with cytidine 2',3'-cyclic monophosphate as the substrate have also been conducted for two of the compounds. Results indicate substantial inhibitory activity with inhibition association constants in the micromolar range. The experimental studies have been substantiated by docking of the aminonucleoside ligands to RNase A using AutoDock. We find that the ligands preferentially bind to the active site of the protein molecule with a favorable free energy of binding. The study has been extended to a member of the ribonuclease superfamily, angiogenin, which is a potent inducer of blood vessel formation. We show that the aminonucleosides act as potent inhibitors of angiogenin induced angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar K Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
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Skorobogatyi MV, Ustinov AV, Stepanova IA, Pchelintseva AA, Petrunina AL, Andronova VL, Galegov GA, Malakhov AD, Korshun VA. 5-Arylethynyl-2'-deoxyuridines, compounds active against HSV-1. Org Biomol Chem 2006; 4:1091-6. [PMID: 16525553 DOI: 10.1039/b516804j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Three new 5-arylethynyl-2'-deoxyuridines containing bulky aryls have been prepared and tested against HSV-1 in Vero cells. The introduction of a substituent in the phenyl group of an inactive compound, 5-phenylethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine, leads to the appearance of anti-HSV properties. The most active compounds are those containing a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon residue attached to the 5 position of 2'-deoxyuridine through a rigid triple bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V Skorobogatyi
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
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37
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Novakovic P, Stempak JM, Sohn KJ, Kim YI. Effects of folate deficiency on gene expression in the apoptosis and cancer pathways in colon cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 2005; 27:916-24. [PMID: 16361273 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Folate is a B vitamin, deficiency of which appears to increase the risk of developing several malignancies including colorectal cancer. In contrast to the cancer-promoting effect of folate deficiency in normal tissues, several lines of evidence indicate that folate depletion suppresses the progression of existing neoplasms and enhance the sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapy. Folate mediates the transfer of one-carbon necessary for the de novo biosynthesis of purines and thymidylate, and hence is an essential factor for DNA synthesis and repair, and the maintenance of DNA integrity and stability. Folate deficiency induces DNA strand breaks, increases uracil misincorporation into DNA, impairs DNA repair and appears to induce apoptosis. Although the effects of folate depletion on DNA integrity and apoptosis and on subsequent cancer development, progression and treatment in colonic epithelial cells have been well characterized, it is largely unknown at present how folate depletion modulates specific upstream genes in apoptosis and cancer pathways that regulate these processes. We therefore investigated the effects of folate depletion on expression of genes involved in apoptosis and cancer pathways in four human colon adenocarcinoma cell lines in an in vitro model of folate deficiency. Apoptosis and cancer pathway-specific mini-microarray were used to screen for differentially expressed genes in response to folate deficiency, and the expression of seven most notably and consistently affected genes was confirmed by real time RT-PCR. Our data suggest that folate deficiency affects the expression of key genes that are related to cell cycle control, DNA repair, apoptosis and angiogenesis in a cell-specific manner. Cell-specificity in gene expression changes in response to folate deficiency is likely due to significant differences in molecular and phenotypic characteristics, growth rates and intracellular folate concentrations among the four cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar Novakovic
- Institute of Medical Science, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
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38
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Pchelintseva AA, Skorobogatyj MV, Petrunina AL, Andronova VL, Galegov GA, Astakhova IV, Ustinov AV, Malakhov AD, Korshun VA. Synthesis and evaluation of anti-HSV activity of new 5-alkynyl-2'-deoxyuridines. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2005; 24:923-6. [PMID: 16248063 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-200059280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Eight 5-alkynyl-2'deoxyuridines containing different bulky substituents have been prepared and tested against HSV-1 in Vero cells. The compounds show positive antiviral activity. There is no obvious correlation between activity and substituent size. The nature of the linker between uracil and a substituent appears to be more important for antiviral properties: nucleosides containing arylethynyl groups show higher activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Pchelintseva
- Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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39
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Peyron C, Benhida R, Bories C, Loiseau PM. Synthesis and in vitro antileishmanial activity of 5-substituted-2′-deoxyuridine derivatives. Bioorg Chem 2005; 33:439-47. [PMID: 16168460 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2005.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2005] [Revised: 06/29/2005] [Accepted: 07/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We report herein the synthesis and the in vitro antileishmanial evaluation of 5-substituted-2'-deoxyuridine nucleosides. The most active compound against Leishmania donovani promastigotes was Thia-dU (3a) with an IC50 =3 microM. This compound exhibited the same activity as zidovudine (3'-azido-2'-deoxythymidine) used as nucleoside reference compound. Considering the cytotoxicity of synthetic compounds on peritoneal murine macrophages, the most toxic compound was MeThio-dU (3d) with a MTC at 10 microM. Only Methia-dU (3b) was active against intramacrophagic amastigotes with an IC50 =6.5 microM. This latter can now be evaluated in vivo, for further investigations through structure-based drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Peyron
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique UMR-CNRS 6001, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Parc Valrose F-06108, Nice Cédex 2, France
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40
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Ivanov AV, Simonian AR, Belanov EF, Aleksandrova LA. Synthesis and Antiviral Activity of New 5-Substituted 2′-Deoxyuridine Derivatives. Russ J Bioorg Chem 2005; 31:616-22. [PMID: 16363134 DOI: 10.1007/s11171-005-0076-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
New 5-azole- and 5-oxime-substituted analogues of 2'-deoxyuridine are synthesized. The analogues with azole ring manifest low toxicities and antiherpetic activities on Vero cell culture, the imidazole derivative being the most active. The inhibitory effects of oximes of 5-formyl-deoxyuridine are comparable with those of the azole-containing nucleoside analogues, although their cytotoxicities are found to be higher; oxime of 5-formyldeoxyuridine is particularly toxic. The nucleoside analogues synthesized exhibit no marked activity on cell cultures infected with various variants of poxvirus. The English version of the paper: Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry, 2005, vol. 31, no. 6; see also http://www.maik.ru.
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Nguyen C, Kasinathan G, Leal-Cortijo I, Musso-Buendia A, Kaiser M, Brun R, Ruiz-Pérez LM, Johansson NG, González-Pacanowska D, Gilbert IH. Deoxyuridine Triphosphate Nucleotidohydrolase as a Potential Antiparasitic Drug Target. J Med Chem 2005; 48:5942-54. [PMID: 16161998 DOI: 10.1021/jm050111e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a structure-activity study to identify novel, small-molecule inhibitors of the enzyme deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase (dUTPase) from parasitic protozoa. The successful synthesis of a variety of analogues of dUMP is described in which the substituents are introduced at the 3'- and 5'-positions, together with variation in the heteroatom at the 5'-position. The compounds were assayed against recombinant Plasmodium falciparum and Leishmania major enzymes and the human enzyme to give a measure of selectivity. The compounds were also tested in vitro against the intact parasites P. falciparum and L. donovani. A number of potent and selective inhibitors of the P. falciparum dUTPase that show drug-like properties and represent good leads for future development were identified. The best inhibitors included the compounds 5'-tritylamino-2',5'-dideoxyuridine (2j) (Ki = 0.2 microM) and 5'-O-triphenylsilyl-2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxyuridine (5h) (Ki = 1.3 microM), with selectivity greater than 200-fold compared to the human enzyme. Structural features important for antiplasmodial activity were determined. The correlation observed between the inhibition of the enzyme and the inhibition of the parasite growth in vitro demonstrates that the P. falciparum dUTPase constitutes a valid and attractive novel target for the development of much-needed new antimalarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Nguyen
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3XF, UK
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Rossi S, Schinazi RF, Martini G. ESR as a valuable tool for the investigation of the dynamics of EPC and EPC/cholesterol liposomes containing a carboranyl-nucleoside intended for BNCT. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 2005; 1712:81-91. [PMID: 15904892 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2005.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2005] [Revised: 04/05/2005] [Accepted: 04/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) spectroscopy of long-chain nitroxides (5-, 7-, and 16-doxyl stearic acid) has been used to evaluate the perturbations induced by beta-5-o-carboranyl-2'-deoxyuridine (CDU) on the structure and dynamics of egg phosphatidylcholine (EPC) and EPC/cholesterol liposomes. Loaded liposomes are intended for the use in Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT). From a detailed analysis of the motional and order parameters determining the ESR line shape as a function of temperature and of CDU content in liposomes, an increased order and a hindered motion of the phospholipid membranes resulted in the presence of increasing CDU concentration. This occurred particularly at the liposome surface level. Both higher ordering and increased rigidity of the membrane lipids were the result of the constraints exerted by the embedded carboranyl-nucleoside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Rossi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
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Khang CH, Park SY, Lee YH, Kang S. A dual selection based, targeted gene replacement tool for Magnaporthe grisea and Fusarium oxysporum. Fungal Genet Biol 2005; 42:483-92. [PMID: 15893252 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2005.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2004] [Revised: 01/10/2005] [Accepted: 03/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rapid progress in fungal genome sequencing presents many new opportunities for functional genomic analysis of fungal biology through the systematic mutagenesis of the genes identified through sequencing. However, the lack of efficient tools for targeted gene replacement is a limiting factor for fungal functional genomics, as it often necessitates the screening of a large number of transformants to identify the desired mutant. We developed an efficient method of gene replacement and evaluated factors affecting the efficiency of this method using two plant pathogenic fungi, Magnaporthe grisea and Fusarium oxysporum. This method is based on Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation with a mutant allele of the target gene flanked by the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSVtk) gene as a conditional negative selection marker against ectopic transformants. The HSVtk gene product converts 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine to a compound toxic to diverse fungi. Because ectopic transformants express HSVtk, while gene replacement mutants lack HSVtk, growing transformants on a medium amended with 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine facilitates the identification of targeted mutants by counter-selecting against ectopic transformants. In addition to M. grisea and F. oxysporum, the method and associated vectors are likely to be applicable to manipulating genes in a broad spectrum of fungi, thus potentially serving as an efficient, universal functional genomic tool for harnessing the growing body of fungal genome sequence data to study fungal biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hyun Khang
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Katona C, Timár F, Oláh J, Bocsi J, Budai B, Otvös L, Kralovánszky J. [Potentiation of 5-fluorouracil efficacy. Molecular mechanisms playing a role in the cytotoxic action of 5-fluorouracil and 5-ethyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EUdR) combination]. Magy Onkol 2004; 48:243-251. [PMID: 15520875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2004] [Accepted: 08/22/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pharmacologic modulation of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) metabolism provides a possibility for the enhancement of its clinical efficacy. AIM The purpose of the present work was to study the effect of 5-ethyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EUdR), a potent 5-FU modulator, on different molecular mechanisms, influenced by 5-FU itself, and to obtain further data about the mode of action of the combination. MATERIALS AND METHODS SW620 cell line was used for the experiments. Cytotoxicity was studied by MTT test, cell kinetic changes by FACStar flow cytometer, apoptosis by fluorescent microscope after staining the cells with acridine orange and ethydium bromide, DNA fragmentation by PAGE electrophoresis after RNase and proteinase-K digestion, thymidine incorporation with 3H-thymidine, p53 and PCNA protein expression by Western blotting. RESULTS The cytotoxicity of 5-FU was potentiated dose dependently by EUdR. One hundred muM concentration of EUdR resulted in a 40% decrease of the IC50 value of 5-FU. Cell cycle arrest in the G2/M transition phase was most pronounced after combined treatment with 5-FU+EUdR. EUdR potentiated the incorporation of 3Hthymidine into DNA. In addition to the increase of apoptosis rate, the expression of p53 protein, caused by 5-FU was further potentiated by UdR. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated a potential novel approach to increase the efficacy of 5-FU by EUdR, which incorporated two complementary molecular actions, the selective modulation of TS inhibition and potentiation of the p53 protein expression, consequently leading to an increase in the apoptotic rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csilla Katona
- Onkoradiológia, Uzsoki utcai Kórház, Budapest, Hungary
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45
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Otvös L, Sági G. [Antisense oligonucleotides with antitumor activity]. Magy Onkol 2004; 48:221-227. [PMID: 15520872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2004] [Accepted: 08/03/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotides (AONs) provide an efficient approach for developing target-selective anticancer drugs, because they can inhibit gene expression sequence specifically. To improve the therapeutic effenciency of AONs, two new types of the compounds have been developed. The first group of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides investigated contains base modified nucleotide units. Incorporation of 5-substituted pyrimidines into AONs increases cell membrane permeability (a), duplex stability (b), and nuclease resistance (c). These properties were studied using a large number of model oligonucleotides. The application of 5-(1-hexynyl)dU has been found to be the best modification. Application of MMP-9 collagenase inhibitor oligonucleotides (potential metastasis inhibitors) containing these nucleotide units instead of thymidines increased the collagenase inhibition potency by one order of magnitude compared to that of parental oligonucleotide including thymine bases. The second group of the compounds investigated represents a new type of antisense oligonucleotide synthesized by the antisense directed prodrug therapy (ADPT) conception. According to this principle, a telomerase inhibitor AON was conjugated with 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FdU) and oligo-FdUs by phosphodiester bond at the 3'-terminus. The antitumor activities of conjugates in comparison with that of FdU were tested in HT1080 human fibrosarcoma and HT29 human colon adenocarcinoma cell lines. In HT29 cell culture the antiproliferative activity of prodrugs significantly increased with increasing length of the 3'-(FdU)n tail. The conjugate with one FdU unit was about 5 times, while the AON-(FdU)3 analogue was almost 19 times more active than FdU. Antitumor activity of the prodrug containing six FdU units was extremely high (relative efficiency = 26.6), therefore, in vivo testing of this analogue seems to be reasonable and promising. Antiproliferative activity of (FdU)n conjugated with a telomerase inhibitor increased by 5-13 times in HT1080 cells as compared to FdU administered in nucleoside form.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Otvös
- MTA Kémiai Kutatóközpont, Budapest 1025, Hungary.
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Cao S, Gao Z, Thomas SJ, Hecht SM, Lazo JS, Kingston DGI. Marine sesquiterpenoids that inhibit the lyase activity of DNA polymerase beta. J Nat Prod 2004; 67:1716-1718. [PMID: 15497946 DOI: 10.1021/np049849+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Bioassay-directed fractionation of an extract of the marine species Spongia sp. led to the discovery of the new sesquiterpenoid derivative 17-O-isoprenyldictyoceratin-C (1), the known sesquiterpenoid derivative dictyoceratin-C (2), and the sesquiterpenoid quinone ilimaquinone (3), in addition to the nucleoside 2'-deoxyuridine. The structure of the new compound 1 was determined on the basis of spectroscopic methods and by conversion of dictyoceratin-C (2) to 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shugeng Cao
- Department of Chemistry, M/C 0212, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061, USA
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Roy B, Verri A, Lossani A, Spadari S, Focher F, Aubertin AM, Gosselin G, Mathé C, Périgaud C. Enantioselectivity of ribonucleotide reductase: a first study using stereoisomers of pyrimidine 2′-azido-2′-deoxynucleosides. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 68:711-8. [PMID: 15276078 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2004.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2003] [Accepted: 05/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the enantioselectivity of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR, EC 1.17.4.1), a pivotal enzyme involved in DNA biosynthesis, was studied using the beta-d and beta-l stereoisomers of 2'-azido-2'-deoxynucleosides of uracil and cytosine. The corresponding 5'-diphosphate derivatives in the d-configuration have been extensively studied as mechanism-based inhibitors of the enzyme. The original l-enantiomers were synthesized and evaluated in vitro. In cell culture experiments, only the cytosine derivative with a d-configuration was found cytostatic and able to deplete dNTP pools in response to RNR inhibition. In the case of the uracil enantiomeric pair, this result correlates with an inefficient intracellular monophosphorylation as demonstrated in testing their substrate properties against human uridine-cytidine kinase 1. Regarding cytosine analogues, human deoxycytidine kinase was found to be able to phosphorylate both enantiomers with comparable efficiency but only the d-stereoisomer was active in human cell culture. The interaction of the beta-d and beta-l stereoisomers of 2'-azido-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-diphosphate with purified Escherichia coli RNR was also examined. Inactivation of the enzyme was only observed in the presence of the d-stereoisomer, demonstrating that RNR exhibits enantiospecificity with respect to the natural configuration of the sugar moiety, as far as 2'-azido-2'-deoxynucleotides are concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Roy
- UMR 5625 CNRS-UM II, Université Montpellier II, case courrier 008, place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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48
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Abstract
Chitin synthase polymerizes UDP-GlcNAc to form chitin (poly-beta(1,4)-GlcNAc) and is essential for fungal cell wall biosynthesis. The alternating orientation of the GlcNAc residues within the chitin chain has led to the proposal that chitin synthase possesses two active sites. We report the results of the first direct test of this possibility. Two simple uridine-derived dimeric inhibitors are shown to exhibit 10-fold greater inhibition than a monomeric control, consistent with the presence of two active sites. This observation has important implications for the development of antifungal agents, as well as the understanding of polymerizing glycosyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Yeager
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, California 92093-0358, USA
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49
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Bellibas SE, Patel I, Chamorey E, Brivet B, Bush ED, Kircher C, Nave S, Banken L, Renée N, Milano G. Single Ascending Dose Tolerability, Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Study of Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase Inhibitor Ro 09-4889. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:2327-35. [PMID: 15073108 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-03-0285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ro 09-4889 was designed to enhance the anticancer efficacy of capecitabine (Xeloda) by generating a dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase inhibitor (DPDi) 5-vinyluracil (5-VU) preferentially in tumor tissues. This study assessed the tolerance to Ro 09-4889 treatment, and related pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data such as inhibition of DPD activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and plasma uracil levels. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN This was a single-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-dose escalation study in 64 healthy male volunteers at 1-, 5-, 20-, 50-, 75-, 100-, and 200-mg oral dose of Ro 09-4889. Also, food effect was assessed separately in a group dosed with 20 mg of the compound. RESULTS No serious adverse effects or significant laboratory and electrocardiogram abnormalities were observed during the study. Ro 09-4889 has a short elimination half-life (t(1/2)) of 0.5 h, followed by metabolites 5'-deoxy-5-vinyluridine (5'-DVUR), 5'-deoxy-5-vinylcytidine (5'-DVCR), and 5-VU with t(1/2) of 1.3, 1.2, and 2 h, respectively. The major metabolite excreted in urine was 5-DVCR (45% of dose). The inhibition of PBMC DPD activity and the increase in plasma uracil were related to Ro 09-4889 dose. DPD inhibition versus dose and uracil AUC (area under the curve) versus dose were modeled using the E(max) model with a baseline effect. The model-predicted ED(50) value was 100 mg. CONCLUSION Single oral doses of Ro 09-4889 ranging from 1 to 200 mg were well tolerated. On the basis of these findings, a 10-to-30-mg dose range of Ro 09-4889 combined with capecitabine could be appropriate for further evaluation in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Eralp Bellibas
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Nutley, New Jersey, USA
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Carnrot C, Wehelie R, Eriksson S, Bölske G, Wang L. Molecular characterization of thymidine kinase from Ureaplasma urealyticum: nucleoside analogues as potent inhibitors of mycoplasma growth. Mol Microbiol 2004; 50:771-80. [PMID: 14617140 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03717.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ureaplasma urealyticum (U. urealyticum), belonging to the class Mollicutes, is a human pathogen colonizing the urogenital tract and causes among other things respiratory diseases in premature infants. We have studied the salvage of pyrimidine deoxynucleosides in U. urealyticum and cloned a key salvage enzyme, thymidine kinase (TK) from U. urealyticum. Recombinant Uu-TK was expressed in E. coli, purified and characterized with regards to substrate specificity and feedback inhibition. Uu-TK efficiently phosphorylated thymidine (dThd) and deoxyuridine (dUrd) as well as a number of pyrimidine nucleoside analogues. All natural ribonucleoside/deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, except dTTP, served as phosphate donors, while dTTP was a feedback inhibitor. The level of Uu-TK activity in U. urealyticum extracts increased upon addition of dUrd to the growth medium. Fluoropyrimidine nucleosides inhibited U. urealyticum and M. pneumoniae growth and this inhibitory effect could be reversed by addition of dThd, dUrd or deoxytetrahydrouridine to the growth medium. Thus, the mechanism of inhibition was most likely the depletion of dTTP, either via a blocked thymidine kinase reaction and/or thymidylate synthesis step and these metabolic reactions should be suitable targets for antimycoplasma chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Carnrot
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, The Biomedical Centre, PO Box 575, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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