1
|
Primiano IV, Barbosa Junior JT, Bassanezi RB. Comparison of Insecticide Sprays in Alternate Rows and in All Rows on Asian Citrus Psyllid Control and Huanglongbing Progress in Sweet Orange Orchards. PLANT DISEASE 2024:PDIS03240646RE. [PMID: 38654535 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-24-0646-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
One strategy to reduce huanglongbing (HLB) is controlling its insect vector, the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) Diaphorina citri, by preventive insecticide sprays. The recommendation is to spray insecticide in all rows (conventional spray [CONV]), but some growers empirically spray in alternate rows (ALT) to increase the spray frequency without increasing the operating cost. Therefore, this work compared the effect of ALT with CONV on the ACP population and HLB incidence. The spray deposition (amount of metallic copper per leaf area), coverage (percentage of water-sensitive paper area covered by spray), and efficacy (ACP mortality) of each treatment were also evaluated on both sides of the trees. Two field trials were performed: Trial #1 compared ALT every 7 days (ALT7) with CONV every 14 days (CONV14), and trial #2 compared different spray frequencies of ALT with CONV every 7 days (CONV7). In trial #1, no differences were observed in the ACP population or HLB progress between ALT7 and CONV14 after 5 years. In trial #2, ALT7 presented the highest percentage of ACP and cumulative HLB incidence than CONV7 and ALT every 3 to 4 days, after 2 years. Hence, when the frequency of ALT was half the frequency of CONV, similar results were observed. Spray deposition, coverage, and efficacy were similar between tree sides in CONV, but they were uneven in ALT, resulting in higher values on the tree side that directly received the spray. Insecticide spray should be performed with the frequency enough to keep new shoots protected during their growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Vescove Primiano
- Department of Research and Development, Fund for Citrus Protection - Fundecitrus, Araraquara 14807-040, Brazil
| | - Jonas Tadeu Barbosa Junior
- Department of Research and Development, Fund for Citrus Protection - Fundecitrus, Araraquara 14807-040, Brazil
| | - Renato Beozzo Bassanezi
- Department of Research and Development, Fund for Citrus Protection - Fundecitrus, Araraquara 14807-040, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lombardi R, Ramsey JS, Mahoney JE, MacCoss MJ, Heck ML, Slupsky CM. Longitudinal Transcriptomic, Proteomic, and Metabolomic Response of Citrus sinensis to Diaphorina citri Inoculation of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. J Proteome Res 2024; 23:2857-2869. [PMID: 38373055 PMCID: PMC11301674 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) is a fatal citrus disease that is currently threatening citrus varieties worldwide. One putative causative agent, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), is vectored by Diaphorina citri, known as the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP). Understanding the details of CLas infection in HLB disease has been hindered by its Candidatus nature and the inability to confidently detect it in diseased trees during the asymptomatic stage. To identify early changes in citrus metabolism in response to inoculation of CLas using its natural psyllid vector, leaves from Madam Vinous sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) trees were exposed to CLas-positive ACP or CLas-negative ACP and longitudinally analyzed using transcriptomics (RNA sequencing), proteomics (liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; data available in Dryad: 10.25338/B83H1Z), and metabolomics (proton nuclear magnetic resonance). At 4 weeks postexposure (wpe) to psyllids, the initial HLB plant response was primarily to the ACP and, to a lesser extent, the presence or absence of CLas. Additionally, analysis of 4, 8, 12, and 16 wpe identified 17 genes and one protein as consistently differentially expressed between leaves exposed to CLas-positive ACP versus CLas-negative ACP. This study informs identification of early detection molecular targets and contributes to a broader understanding of vector-transmitted plant pathogen interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel
L. Lombardi
- Department
of Food Science and Technology, University
of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - John S. Ramsey
- Agricultural
Research Service, Emerging Pests and Pathogens
Research Unit, Ithaca, New York 14853, United
States
| | - Jaclyn E. Mahoney
- Boyce
Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Michael J. MacCoss
- Department
of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Michelle L. Heck
- Agricultural
Research Service, Emerging Pests and Pathogens
Research Unit, Ithaca, New York 14853, United
States
- Plant
Pathology and Plant Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative
Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Carolyn M. Slupsky
- Department
of Food Science and Technology, University
of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Department
of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Guerrero-Santos R, Cabrales-Orona G, Délano-Frier JP, Cabello-Romero J, Torres-Lubián JR, Valenzuela-Soto JH. Trunk Injection of Citrus Trees with a Polymeric Nanobactericide Reduces Huanglongbing Severity Caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 40:139-150. [PMID: 38606444 PMCID: PMC11016554 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.12.2023.0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) is a disease caused by the phloem- limited Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) that affects the citrus industry worldwide. To date, only indirect strategies have been implemented to eradicate HLB. Included among these is the population control of the psyllid vector (Diaphorina citri), which usually provides inconsistent results. Even though strategies for direct CLas suppression seem a priori more promising, only a handful of reports have been focused on a confrontation of the pathogen. Recent developments in polymer chemistry have allowed the design of polycationic self-assembled block copolymers with outstanding antibacterial capabilities. Here, we report the use of polymeric nano-sized bactericide particles (PNB) to control CLas directly in the phloem vasculature. The field experiments were performed in Rioverde, San Luis Potosí, and is one of the most important citrusproducing regions in Mexico. An average 52% reduction in the bacterial population was produced when PNB was injected directly into the trunk of 20 infected trees, although, in some cases, reduction levels reached 97%. These results position PNB as a novel and promising nanotechnological tool for citrus crop protection against CLas and other related pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro Guerrero-Santos
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Boulevard Enrique Reyna No. 140, 25294, Saltillo, México
| | - Gabriela Cabrales-Orona
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, 36821, Guanajuato, México
| | - John Paul Délano-Frier
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, 36821, Guanajuato, México
| | - Judith Cabello-Romero
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Boulevard Enrique Reyna No. 140, 25294, Saltillo, México
| | - José Román Torres-Lubián
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Boulevard Enrique Reyna No. 140, 25294, Saltillo, México
| | - José Humberto Valenzuela-Soto
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Boulevard Enrique Reyna No. 140, 25294, Saltillo, México
- CONAHCyT-Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Boulevard Enrique Reyna Hermosillo 140, Saltillo, 25294, Coahuila, México
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Robledo J, Welker S, Shtein I, Bernardini C, Vincent C, Levy A. Phloem and Xylem Responses Are Both Implicated in Huanglongbing Tolerance of Sugar Belle. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:441-453. [PMID: 37551959 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-23-0148-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Although huanglongbing (HLB) is a devastating citrus disease, improved tolerant cultivars, such as Sugar Belle (SB) mandarin, have been identified. To understand the responses that HLB-affected SB undergoes, we compared 14CO2 fixation, carbohydrate export, phloem callose accumulation, relative expression of plant defense activators, and anatomical changes between healthy and infected SB trees versus susceptible Pineapple (PA) sweet orange. Eight- to ten-week-old leaves of infected SB showed a 2.5-fold increase in 14CO2 fixation and a 13% decrease in 14C-carbohydrate export, whereas HLB-affected PA presented a decrease of 33 and 50%, respectively. The mean distance of a callose deposit to its closest neighbor was 36% smaller in infected SB versus healthy, whereas in HLB-affected PA, it was 33% higher. Expression of papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCPs) was upregulated in SB but downregulated in PA. Infected SB showed minor alterations in the number of xylem vessels, a 16% larger xylem vessel lumen area, and a 14% increase in the proportional area of the xylem. In contrast, PA showed a 2.4-fold increase in the xylem vessel number and a 2% increase in the proportional xylem area. Three complementary mechanisms of tolerance in SB are hypothesized: (i) increased carbohydrate availability induced by greater CO2 fixation, mild effect in carbohydrate export, and local accumulation of callose in the phloem; (ii) activation of defense response via upregulation of PLCPs, and (iii) increased investment in the xylem structure. Thus, phloem and xylem modifications seem to be involved in SB tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacobo Robledo
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, U.S.A
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A
| | - Stacy Welker
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, U.S.A
| | - Ilana Shtein
- Eastern Region Research and Development Center, Ariel, Israel
| | - Chiara Bernardini
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, U.S.A
| | - Christopher Vincent
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, U.S.A
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A
| | - Amit Levy
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, U.S.A
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zuo S, Xu L, Zhang H, Jiang M, Wu S, Zhang LH, Zhou X, Wang J. FlgI Is a Sec-Dependent Effector of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus That Can Be Blocked by Small Molecules Identified Using a Yeast Screen. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:318. [PMID: 38276775 PMCID: PMC10819201 DOI: 10.3390/plants13020318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) is one of the most devastating diseases of citrus worldwide. The phloem-restricted bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) is considered to be the main pathogen responsible for HLB. There is currently no effective practical strategy for the control of HLB. Our understanding of how pathogens cause HLB is limited because CLas has not been artificially cultured. In this study, 15 potential virulence factors were predicted from the proteome of CLas through DeepVF and PHI-base searches. One among them, FlgI, was found to inhibit yeast growth when expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The expression of the signal peptide of FlgI fused with PhoA in Escherichia coli resulted in the discovery that FlgI was a novel Sec-dependent secretory protein. We further found that the carboxyl-terminal HA-tagged FlgI was secreted via outer membrane vesicles in Sinorhizobium meliloti. Fluoresence localization of transient expression FlgI-GFP in Nicotiana benthamiana revealed that FlgI is mainly localized in the cytoplasm, cell periphery, and nuclear periphery of tobacco cells. In addition, our experimental results suggest that FlgI has a strong ability to induce callose deposition and cell necrosis in N. benthamiana. Finally, by screening a large library of compounds in a high-throughput format, we found that cyclosporin A restored the growth of FlgI-expressing yeast. These results confirm that FlgI is a novel Sec-dependent effector, enriching our understanding of CLas pathogenicity and helping to develop new and more effective strategies to manage HLB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaofan Zhou
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.Z.); (L.X.); (H.Z.); (M.J.); (S.W.); (L.-H.Z.)
| | - Junxia Wang
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.Z.); (L.X.); (H.Z.); (M.J.); (S.W.); (L.-H.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Khalilzadeh M, Lin CY, Wang C, El-Mohtar CA, Levy A. Stem-pitting caused by Citrus tristeza virus is associated with increased phloem occlusion. Virology 2024; 589:109918. [PMID: 37944362 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Stem-pitting (SP) disease results from disruption of normal phloem and xylem development. In citrus, a characteristic manifestation of SP caused by Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) is phloem regeneration. We hypothesized that phloem regeneration occurs due to reduced functionality of CTV infected phloem cells. To examine phloem cell occlusions in CTV-SP, we analyzed callose and phloem-protein (PP) accumulation in Citrus macrophylla trees infected with CTV mutants exhibiting different SP phenotypes from very mild (CTVΔp13) to severe (CTVΔp33), in addition to full-length CTV and healthy plants. CTV infection was accompanied by callose and PP accumulation in the phloem. With the increase in the SP symptoms from very mild to severe, there was a constant increase in the levels of callose and PP, accompanied by an increase in PHLOEM-PROTEIN 2 and a decrease in BETA-1,3-GLUCANASE gene expression levels. These results indicate that SP symptom development is associated with increased phloem occlusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Khalilzadeh
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Chun-Yi Lin
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Chunxia Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Choaa Amine El-Mohtar
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Amit Levy
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Neupane A, Shahzad F, Bernardini C, Levy A, Vashisth T. Poor shoot and leaf growth in Huanglongbing-affected sweet orange is associated with increased investment in defenses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1305815. [PMID: 38179481 PMCID: PMC10766359 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1305815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Citrus disease Huanglongbing (HLB) causes sparse (thinner) canopies due to reduced leaf and shoot biomass. Herein, we present results demonstrating the possible mechanisms behind compromised leaf growth of HLB-affected 'Valencia' sweet orange trees by comparing morphological, transcriptome, and phytohormone profiles at different leaf development phases (1. buds at the start of the experiment; 2. buds on day 5; . 3. leaf emergence; 4. leaf expansion; and 5. leaf maturation) to healthy trees. Over a period of 3 months (in greenhouse conditions), HLB-affected trees had ≈40% reduction in growth traits such as tree height, number of shoots per tree, shoot length, internode length, and leaf size compared to healthy trees. In addition, buds from HLB-affected trees lagged by ≈1 week in sprouting as well as leaf growth. Throughout the leaf development, high accumulation of defense hormones, salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA), and low levels of growth-promoting hormone (auxin) were found in HLB-affected trees compared to healthy trees. Concomitantly, HLB-affected trees had upregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) encoding SA, ABA, and ethylene-related proteins in comparison to healthy trees. The total number of cells per leaf was lower in HLB-affected trees compared to healthy trees, which suggests that reduced cell division may coincide with low levels of growth-promoting hormones leading to small leaf size. Both bud dieback and leaf drop were higher in HLB-affected trees than in healthy trees, with concomitant upregulated DEGs encoding senescence-related proteins in HLB-affected trees that possibly resulted in accelerated aging and cell death. Taken together, it can be concluded that HLB-affected trees had a higher tradeoff of resources on defense over growth, leading to sparse canopies and a high tree mortality rate with HLB progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Answiya Neupane
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - Faisal Shahzad
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - Chiara Bernardini
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Amit Levy
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Tripti Vashisth
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lonare S, Sharma M, Dalal V, Gubyad M, Kumar P, Nath Gupta D, Pareek A, Tomar S, Kumar Ghosh D, Kumar P, Kumar Sharma A. Identification and evaluation of potential inhibitor molecules against TcyA from Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. J Struct Biol 2023; 215:107992. [PMID: 37394197 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2023.107992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Of the two putative amino acid binding periplasmic receptors of ABC transporter family in Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), cystine binding receptor (CLasTcyA) has been shown to mainly express in phloem of citrus plant and is a target for inhibitor development. The crystal structure of CLasTcyA in complex with substrates has been reported earlier. The present work reports the identification and evaluation of potential candidates for their inhibitory potential against CLasTcyA. Among many compounds, selected through virtual screening, and MD simulation, pimozide, clidinium, sulfasalazine and folic acid showed significantly higher affinities and stability in complex with CLasTcyA. The SPR studies with CLasTcyA revealed significantly higher binding affinities for pimozide and clidinium (Kd, 2.73 nM and 70 nM, respectively) as compared to cystine (Kd, 1.26 µM). The higher binding affinities could be attributed to significantly increased number of interactions in the binding pocket as evident from the crystal structures of CLasTcyA in complex with pimozide and clidinium as compared to cystine. The CLasTcyA possess relatively large binding pocket where bulkier inhibitors fit quite well. In planta studies, carried out to assess the effect of inhibitors on HLB infected Mosambi plants, showed significant reduction in CLas titre in plants treated with inhibitors as compared to control plants. The results showed that pimozide exhibited higher efficiency as compared to clidinium in reducing CLas titre in treated plants. Our results showed that the inhibitor development against critical proteins like CLasTcyA can be an important strategy in management of HLB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Lonare
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, India
| | - Monica Sharma
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, India
| | - Vikram Dalal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, India
| | - Mrugendra Gubyad
- Plant Virology Laboratory, ICAR Central Citrus Research Institute, Nagpur, India
| | - Pranav Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, India
| | - Deena Nath Gupta
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, India
| | - Akshay Pareek
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, India
| | - Shailly Tomar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, India
| | - Dilip Kumar Ghosh
- Plant Virology Laboratory, ICAR Central Citrus Research Institute, Nagpur, India
| | - Pravindra Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar Sharma
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, India.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pandey SS, Xu J, Achor DS, Li J, Wang N. Microscopic and Transcriptomic Analyses of Early Events Triggered by ' Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' in Young Flushes of Huanglongbing-Positive Citrus Trees. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:985-997. [PMID: 36449527 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-22-0360-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (CLas) is associated with the devastating citrus disease Huanglongbing (HLB). Young flushes are the center of the HLB pathosystem due to their roles in the psyllid life cycle and in the acquisition and transmission of CLas. However, the early events of CLas infection and how CLas modulates young flush physiology remain poorly understood. Here, transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that the mean diameter of the sieve pores decreased in young leaves of HLB-positive trees after CLas infection, consistent with CLas-triggered callose deposition. RNA-seq-based global expression analysis of young leaves of HLB-positive sweet orange with (CLas-Pos) and without (CLas-Neg) detectable CLas demonstrated a significant impact on gene expression in young leaves, including on the expression of genes involved in host immunity, stress response, and plant hormone biosynthesis and signaling. CLas-Pos and CLas-Neg expression data displayed distinct patterns. The number of upregulated genes was higher than that of the downregulated genes in CLas-Pos for plant-pathogen interactions, glutathione metabolism, peroxisome, and calcium signaling, which are commonly associated with pathogen infections, compared with the healthy control. On the contrary, the number of upregulated genes was lower than that of the downregulated genes in CLas-Neg for genes involved in plant-pathogen interactions and peroxisome biogenesis/metabolism. Additionally, a time-course quantitative reverse transcription-PCR-based expression analysis visualized the induced expression of companion cell-specific genes, phloem protein 2 genes, and sucrose transport genes in young flushes triggered by CLas. This study advances our understanding of early events during CLas infection of citrus young flushes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheo Shankar Pandey
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Jin Xu
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Diann S Achor
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Jinyun Li
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bao Y, Zeng Z, Yao W, Chen X, Jiang M, Sehrish A, Wu B, Powell CA, Chen B, Xu J, Zhang X, Zhang M. A gap-free and haplotype-resolved lemon genome provides insights into flavor synthesis and huanglongbing (HLB) tolerance. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad020. [PMID: 37035858 PMCID: PMC10076211 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The lemon (Citrus limon; family Rutaceae) is one of the most important and popular fruits worldwide. Lemon also tolerates huanglongbing (HLB) disease, which is a devastating citrus disease. Here we produced a gap-free and haplotype-resolved chromosome-scale genome assembly of the lemon by combining Pacific Biosciences circular consensus sequencing, Oxford Nanopore 50-kb ultra-long, and high-throughput chromatin conformation capture technologies. The assembly contained nine-pair chromosomes with a contig N50 of 35.6 Mb and zero gaps, while a total of 633.0 Mb genomic sequences were generated. The origination analysis identified 338.5 Mb genomic sequences originating from citron (53.5%), 147.4 Mb from mandarin (23.3%), and 147.1 Mb from pummelo (23.2%). The genome included 30 528 protein-coding genes, and most of the assembled sequences were found to be repetitive sequences. Several significantly expanded gene families were associated with plant-pathogen interactions, plant hormone signal transduction, and the biosynthesis of major active components, such as terpenoids and flavor compounds. Most HLB-tolerant genes were expanded in the lemon genome, such as 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)/Fe(II)-dependent oxygenase and constitutive disease resistance 1, cell wall-related genes, and lignin synthesis genes. Comparative transcriptomic analysis showed that phloem regeneration and lower levels of phloem plugging are the elements that contribute to HLB tolerance in lemon. Our results provide insight into lemon genome evolution, active component biosynthesis, and genes associated with HLB tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wei Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agric-Biological Resources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Mengwei Jiang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Akbar Sehrish
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agric-Biological Resources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Bo Wu
- School of Computing, Clemson University, 821 McMillan Rd, Clemson, SC 29631, USA
| | | | - Baoshan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agric-Biological Resources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Jianlong Xu
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, China/Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Luan R, Liu J, Tao L, Fu G, Zhang C. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals OsBGs and OsGSLs Influence Sugar Transport through Callose Metabolism under Heat Stress in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043175. [PMID: 36834586 PMCID: PMC9964591 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat or high temperature stress have caused huge damage to many crops and have become the largest threat in terms of the future. Although a huge amount of research has been conducted to explore the mechanisms of heat tolerance and many achievements were accomplished, the mechanism by which how heat stress (HS) influences the yield is still unclear. In this study, RNA-seq analysis indicated that nine 1,3-β-glucanases (BGs) belonging to the carbohydrate metabolic pathway were expressed differently during heat treatment. Therefore, we identified the BGs and glucan-synthase-likes (GSLs) in three rice ecotypes and processed the analyses of gene gain and loss, phylogenetic relationship, duplication, and syntenic relationship. We found the possibility of an environmental adaption based on BGs and GSLs during evolution. Submicrostructure and dry matter distribution analysis confirmed that HS might block the endoplasmic sugar transport pathway by increasing callose synthesis, which may lead to decreased yield and quality in rice production. This study provides a new clue regarding rice yield and quality under HS and provides guidance to rice cultivation and heat tolerance breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiwei Luan
- Key Laboratory of Crop Biology of China, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Jingyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Biology of China, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Longxing Tao
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Guanfu Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
- Correspondence: (G.F.); (C.Z.)
| | - Caixia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Biology of China, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
- Correspondence: (G.F.); (C.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ribeiro C, Xu J, Hendrich C, Pandey SS, Yu Q, Gmitter FG, Wang N. Seasonal Transcriptome Profiling of Susceptible and Tolerant Citrus Cultivars to Citrus Huanglongbing. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:286-298. [PMID: 36001783 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-22-0179-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Citrus huanglongbing (HLB) caused by 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (CLas) is the most devastating citrus disease worldwide. Most commercial citrus cultivars are susceptible to HLB, with a few more tolerant exceptions such as 'LB8-9' Sugar Belle mandarin. Transcriptomic analyses have been widely used to investigate the potential mechanisms for disease susceptibility, resistance, or tolerance. Previous transcriptomic studies related to HLB mostly focused on single time point data collection. We hypothesize that changes in day length and temperature throughout the seasons have profound effects on citrus-CLas interactions. Here, we conducted RNA-seq analyses on HLB-susceptible Valencia sweet orange and HLB-tolerant mandarin 'LB8-9' in winter, spring, summer, and fall. Significant variations in differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to HLB were observed among the four seasons. For both cultivars, the highest number of DEGs were found in the spring. CLas infection stimulates the expression of immune-related genes such as NBS-LRR, RLK, RLCK, CDPK, MAPK pathway, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and PR genes in both cultivars, consistent with the model that HLB is a pathogen-triggered immune disease. HLB-positive mandarin 'LB8-9' trees contained higher concentrations of maltose and sucrose, which are known to scavenge ROS. In addition, mandarin 'LB8-9' showed higher expression of genes involved in phloem regeneration, which might contribute to its HLB tolerance. This study shed light on the pathogenicity mechanism of the HLB pathosystem and the tolerance mechanism against HLB, providing valuable insights into HLB management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Ribeiro
- Citrus Research & Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Jin Xu
- Citrus Research & Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Connor Hendrich
- Citrus Research & Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Sheo Shankar Pandey
- Citrus Research & Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Qibin Yu
- Citrus Research & Education Center, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Horticultural Sciences Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Frederick G Gmitter
- Citrus Research & Education Center, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Horticultural Sciences Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research & Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Killiny N, Jones SE, Gonzalez-Blanco P. Silencing of δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase via virus induced gene silencing promotes callose deposition in plant phloem. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2022; 17:2024733. [PMID: 34994280 PMCID: PMC9176224 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.2024733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) enzyme is an intermediate in the biosynthetic pathway of tetrapyrroles. It combines two δ-aminolevulinic acid (δ-ALA) molecules to form the pyrrole, porphobilinogen, an important precursor for plant pigments involved in photosynthesis, respiration, light-sensing, and nutrient uptake. Our recent efforts showed that, in citrus, silencing of ALAD gene via Citrus tristeza virus-induced gene silencing, caused yellow spots and necrosis in leaves and in developing new shoots. Silencing of ALAD gene reduced leaf pigments and altered leaf metabolites. Moreover, total phenolic content, H2O2, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased, indicating that silencing of ALAD induced severe stress. Herein, we hypothesized that conditions including lower sucrose, elevated ROS, alteration of microRNA involved in RNAi regulatory protein Argonaute 1 (AGO1) and ROS lead to higher deposition of callose in phloem tissues. Using aniline blue staining and gene expression analysis of callose synthases, we showed significant deposition of callose in ALAD-silenced citrus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Killiny
- Citrus Research and Education Center and Department of Plant Pathology, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Shelley E. Jones
- Citrus Research and Education Center and Department of Plant Pathology, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Pedro Gonzalez-Blanco
- Citrus Research and Education Center and Department of Plant Pathology, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hu Y, Meng Y, Yao L, Wang E, Tang T, Wang Y, Dai L, Zhao M, Zhang HE, Fan X, Luo L, Xiang W, Zhang Z. Citrus Huanglongbing correlated with incidence of Diaphorina citri carrying Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus and citrus phyllosphere microbiome. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:964193. [PMID: 36466264 PMCID: PMC9716883 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.964193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In China, citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) disease is caused by the Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus bacterium, which is carried by the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama. It was hypothesized that the epidemic of the HLB may related with the rate of bacterium presence in the insect vector and bacterium content in plant tissues, as well as the phyllosphere microbe communities changes. This study systematically analyzed the presence or absence of Ca. L. asiaticus in citrus tree leaves and in the insect vector D. citri over a 6-year period using real-time PCR. In addition, changes in the number of bacteria carried by D. citri over 12 months were quantified, as well as the relationship between the proportion of D. citri carrying Ca. L. asiaticus and the proportion of plants infected with Ca. L. asiaticus were analyzed. Results showed that the proportion of D. citri carrying bacteria was stable and relatively low from January to September. The bacteria in citrus leaves relatively low in spring and summer, then peaked in December. The proportion of D. citri carrying bacteria gradually declined from 2014 to 2019. The proportion of D. citri carrying Ca. L. asiaticus showed a significant positive correlation with the proportion of diseased citrus. The phyllosphere bacterial and fungal communities on the healthy citrus leaf were significantly different with the disease leaf in April and December. Pathogenic invasions change the citrus phyllosphere microbial community structure. It could be summarized that citrus Huanglongbing correlated with incidence of Diaphorina citri carrying Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus and citrus phyllosphere microbiome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hu
- Department of Tree Breeding, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Youqing Meng
- Zhejiang Provincial General Station of Plant Protection, Quarantine and Pesticide Management, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liangjin Yao
- Department of Tree Breeding, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Enguo Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang Linhai Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Taizhou, China
| | - Tao Tang
- Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha, China
| | - Yunsheng Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Liangying Dai
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Mingping Zhao
- Plant Protection and Quarantine Station, Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Jianghua Yao Autonomous County, Yongzhou, China
| | - Hong-en Zhang
- School of Mathematical, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoyan Fan
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Luyun Luo
- School of Advanced Agriculture and Bioengineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Xiang
- Hunan Crop Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha, China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Garcia L, Molina MC, Padgett-Pagliai KA, Torres PS, Bruna RE, García Véscovi E, González CF, Gadea J, Marano MR. A serralysin-like protein of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus modulates components of the bacterial extracellular matrix. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1006962. [DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1006962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB), the current major threat for Citrus species, is caused by intracellular alphaproteobacteria of the genus Candidatus Liberibacter (CaL), with CaL asiaticus (CLas) being the most prevalent species. This bacterium inhabits phloem cells and is transmitted by the psyllid Diaphorina citri. A gene encoding a putative serralysin-like metalloprotease (CLIBASIA_01345) was identified in the CLas genome. The expression levels of this gene were found to be higher in citrus leaves than in psyllids, suggesting a function for this protease in adaptation to the plant environment. Here, we study the putative role of CLas-serralysin (Las1345) as virulence factor. We first assayed whether Las1345 could be secreted by two different surrogate bacteria, Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae A34 (A34) and Serratia marcescens. The protein was detected only in the cellular fraction of A34 and S. marcescens expressing Las1345, and increased protease activity of those bacteria by 2.55 and 4.25-fold, respectively. In contrast, Las1345 expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves did not show protease activity nor alterations in the cell membrane, suggesting that Las1345 do not function as a protease in the plant cell. Las1345 expression negatively regulated cell motility, exopolysaccharide production, and biofilm formation in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc). This bacterial phenotype was correlated with reduced growth and survival on leaf surfaces as well as reduced disease symptoms in N. benthamiana and Arabidopsis. These results support a model where Las1345 could modify extracellular components to adapt bacterial shape and appendages to the phloem environment, thus contributing to virulence.
Collapse
|
16
|
Huang Y, Zhu F, Koh J, Stanton D, Chen S, Wang N. Proteomic and bioinformatic analyses of proteins in the outer membrane and extracellular compartments and outer membrane vesicles of Candidatus Liberibacter species. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:977710. [PMID: 36225379 PMCID: PMC9548881 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.977710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) is the most devastating citrus disease in the world. Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Las) is the prevalent HLB pathogen, which is yet to be cultivated. A recent study demonstrates that Las does not contain pathogenicity factors that are directly responsible for HLB symptoms. Instead, Las triggers systemic and chronic immune responses, representing a pathogen-triggered immune disease. Importantly, overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) causes systemic cell death of phloem tissues, thus causing HLB symptoms. Because Las resides in the phloem tissues, it is expected that phloem cell might recognize outer membrane proteins, outer membrane vesicle (OMV) proteins and extracellular proteins of Las to contribute to the immune responses. Because Las has not been cultivated, we used Liberibacter crescens (Lcr) as a surrogate to identify proteins in the OM fraction, OMV proteins and extracellular proteins by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). We observed OMVs of Lcr under scanning electron microscope, representing the first experimental evidence that Liberibacter can deliver proteins to the extracellular compartment. In addition, we also further analyzed LC–MS/MS data using bioinformatic tools. Our study provides valuable information regarding the biology of Ca. Liberibacter species and identifies many putative proteins that may interact with host proteins in the phloem tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yixiao Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - Fanchao Zhu
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jin Koh
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Daniel Stanton
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - Sixue Chen
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Nian Wang,
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yang B, Li X, Wu L, Chen Y, Zhong F, Liu Y, Zhao F, Ye D, Weng H. Citrus Huanglongbing detection and semi-quantification of the carbohydrate concentration based on micro-FTIR spectroscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:6881-6897. [PMID: 35947156 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04254-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) is nowadays one of the most fatal citrus diseases worldwide. Once the citrus tree is infected by the HLB disease, the biochemistry of the phloem region in midribs would change. In order to investigate the carbohydrate changes in phloem region of citrus midrib, the semi-quantification models were established to predict the carbohydrate concentration in it based on Fourier transform infrared microscopy (micro-FTIR) spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics. Healthy, asymptomatic-HLB, symptomatic-HLB, and nutrient-deficient citrus midribs were collected in this study. The results showed that the intensity of the characteristic peak varied with the carbohydrate (starch and soluble sugar) concentration in citrus midrib, especially at the fingerprint regions of 1175-900 cm-1, 1500-1175 cm-1, and 1800-1500 cm-1. Furthermore, semi-quantitative prediction models of starch and soluble sugar were established using the full micro-FTIR spectra and selected characteristic wavebands. The least squares support vector machine regression (LS-SVR) model combined with the random frog (RF) algorithm achieved the best prediction result with the determination coefficient of prediction ([Formula: see text]) of 0.85, the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.36%, residual predictive deviation (RPD) of 2.54, and [Formula: see text] of 0.87, RMSEP of 0.37%, RPD of 2.76, for starch and soluble sugar concentration prediction, respectively. In addition, multi-layer perceptron (MLP) classification models were established to identify HLB disease, achieving the overall classification accuracy of 94% and 87%, based on the full-range spectra and the optimal wavenumbers selected by the random frog (RF) algorithm, respectively. The results demonstrated that micro-FTIR spectroscopy can be a valuable tool for the prediction of carbohydrate concentration in citrus midribs and the detection of HLB disease, which would provide useful guidelines to detect citrus HLB disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biyun Yang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Sensing Technology, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xiaobin Li
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Sensing Technology, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Lianwei Wu
- Fujian Institute of Testing Technology, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Yayong Chen
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Sensing Technology, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Fenglin Zhong
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yunshi Liu
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- Fujian Institute of Testing Technology, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Dapeng Ye
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China. .,Fujian Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Sensing Technology, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Haiyong Weng
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China. .,Fujian Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Sensing Technology, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ferrarezi RS, Lin X, Gonzalez Neira AC, Tabay Zambon F, Hu H, Wang X, Huang JH, Fan G. Substrate pH Influences the Nutrient Absorption and Rhizosphere Microbiome of Huanglongbing-Affected Grapefruit Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:856937. [PMID: 35646029 PMCID: PMC9141052 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.856937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The substrate pH directly affects nutrient availability in the rhizosphere and nutrient uptake by plants. Macronutrients such as nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur are highly available at pH 6.0-6.5, while micronutrients become less available at higher, alkaline pH (pH > 7.0). Recent research has indicated that low pHs can enhance nutrient uptake and improve sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) tree health. We designed a study to understand the influence of a wide range of substrate pH values on plant size and biomass, nutrient availability, leaf gas exchange, and rhizosphere microbiome of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) affected by Huanglongbing (HLB). Two-year-old "Ray Ruby" grapefruit plants grafted on sour orange (Citrus aurantium) rootstock were cultivated indoors in 10-cm wide × 40-cm tall pots with peat:perlite commercial substrate (80:20 v/v). We tested two disease statuses [HLB-free or healthy (negative, HLB-) and HLB-affected (positive, HLB+)] and six substrate pH values (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) in a 2 × 6 factorial arranged on a complete randomized design with four replications. The canopy volume of HLB+ plants was 20% lower than healthy plants, with pHs 7 and 9 resulting in 44% less canopy volume. The root and shoot ratio of dry weight was 25.8% lower in HLB+ than in healthy plants. Poor root growth and a decrease in fibrous roots were found, especially in pH 5 and 6 treatments in HLB+ plants (p < 0.0001). The disease status and the substrate pHs influenced the leaf nutrient concentration (p < 0.05). High substrate pH affects nutrient availability for root uptake, influencing the nutrient balance throughout the plant system. pH values did not affect plant photosynthesis, indicating that pH does not recover HLB+ plants to the photosynthetic levels of healthy plants-even though high pH positively influenced internal CO2. There were collectively over 200 rhizobacterial identified by the 16S rRNA gene sequencing in individual phylogenetic trees. Most rhizobacteria reads were identified in pH 9. Our results indicated no effect of substrate pHs on the plant disease status induced by enhanced nutrient uptake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rhuanito Soranz Ferrarezi
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Horticultural Sciences Department, Indian River Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL, United States
| | - Xiongjie Lin
- Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Fuzhou, China
| | - Andres C. Gonzalez Neira
- Horticultural Sciences Department, Indian River Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL, United States
| | - Flavia Tabay Zambon
- Horticultural Sciences Department, Indian River Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL, United States
| | - Hanqing Hu
- Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xianda Wang
- Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jing-Hao Huang
- Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guocheng Fan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Accelerated remodeling of the mesophyll-bundle sheath interface in the maize C4 cycle mutant leaves. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5057. [PMID: 35322159 PMCID: PMC8943126 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09135-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
C4 photosynthesis in the maize leaf involves the exchange of organic acids between mesophyll (M) and the bundle sheath (BS) cells. The transport is mediated by plasmodesmata embedded in the suberized cell wall. We examined the maize Kranz anatomy with a focus on the plasmodesmata and cell wall suberization with microscopy methods. In the young leaf zone where M and BS cells had indistinguishable proplastids, plasmodesmata were simple and no suberin was detected. In leaf zones where dimorphic chloroplasts were evident, the plasmodesma acquired sphincter and cytoplasmic sleeves, and suberin was discerned. These modifications were accompanied by a drop in symplastic dye mobility at the M-BS boundary. We compared the kinetics of chloroplast differentiation and the modifications in M-BS connectivity in ppdk and dct2 mutants where C4 cycle is affected. The rate of chloroplast diversification did not alter, but plasmodesma remodeling, symplastic transport inhibition, and cell wall suberization were observed from younger leaf zone in the mutants than in wild type. Our results indicate that inactivation of the C4 genes accelerated the changes in the M-BS interface, and the reduced permeability suggests that symplastic transport between M and BS could be regulated for normal operation of C4 cycle.
Collapse
|
20
|
Keeley M, Rowland D, Vincent C. Citrus photosynthesis and morphology acclimate to phloem-affecting huanglongbing disease at the leaf and shoot levels. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13662. [PMID: 35253914 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) is a phloem-affecting disease in citrus that reduces growth and impacts global citrus production. HLB is caused by a phloem-limited bacterium (Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus). By inhibiting phloem function, HLB stunts sink growth, including the production of new shoots and leaves, and induces hyperaccumulation of foliar starch. HLB induces feedback inhibition of photosynthesis by reducing foliar carbohydrate export. Here, we assessed the relationship of bacterial distribution within the foliage, foliar starch accumulation, and net CO2 assimilation (Anet ). Because HLB impacts canopy morphology, we developed a chamber to measure whole-shoot Anet to test the effects of HLB at both the leaf and shoot level. Whole-shoot level Anet saturated at high irradiance, and green stems had high photosynthetic rates compared to leaves. Starch accumulation was correlated with bacterial population, and starch was negatively correlated with Anet at the leaf but not at the shoot level. Starch increased initially after infection, then decreased progressively with increasing length of infection. HLB infection reduced Anet at the leaf level but increased it at the whole-shoot level, in association with reduced leaf size and greater relative contribution of stems to the photosynthetic surface area. Although HLB-increased photosynthetic efficiency, total carbon fixed per shoot decreased because photosynthetic surface area was reduced. We conclude that the localized effects of infection on photosynthesis are mitigated by whole-shoot morphological acclimation over time. Stems contribute important proportions of whole-shoot Anet , and these contributions are likely increased by the morphological acclimation induced by HLB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Keeley
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Diane Rowland
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Christopher Vincent
- Horticultural Sciences Department, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Welker S, Pierre M, Santiago JP, Dutt M, Vincent C, Levy A. Phloem transport limitation in Huanglongbing-affected sweet orange is dependent on phloem-limited bacteria and callose. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:379-390. [PMID: 34617106 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB), caused by Candidatus `Liberibacter asiaticus' (CLas), is a phloem-limited disease that disrupts citrus production in affected areas. In HLB-affected plants, phloem sieve plate pores accumulate callose, and leaf carbohydrate export is reduced. However, whether HLB causes a reduction in carbohydrate phloem translocation speed and the quantitative relationships among callose, CLas population and phloem translocation are still unknown. In this work, a procedure was developed to concurrently measure sugar transport, callose deposition and relative pathogen population at different locations throughout the stem. Increasing quantities of CLas genetic material were positively correlated with quantity and density of callose deposits and negatively correlated with phloem translocation speed. Callose deposit quantity was position and rootstock dependent and was negatively correlated with phloem translocation speed, suggesting a localized relationship. Remarkably, callose accumulation and phloem translocation disruption in the scion were dependent on rootstock genotype. Regression results suggested that the interaction of Ct values and number of phloem callose depositions, but not their size or density, explained the effects on translocation speed. Sucrose, starch and sink 14C label allocation data support the interpretation of a transport pathway limitation by CLas infection. This work shows that the interaction of local accumulation of callose and CLas affects phloem transport. Furthermore, the extent of this accumulation is attenuated by the rootstock and provides important information about the disease mechanism of phloem-inhabiting bacteria. Together, these results constitute the first example of a demonstrated transport limitation of phloem function by a microbial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stacy Welker
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Myrtho Pierre
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
| | - James P Santiago
- Plant Resilience Institute and MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Manjul Dutt
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
- Department of Horticulture, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Christopher Vincent
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
- Department of Horticulture, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Amit Levy
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ma W, Pang Z, Huang X, Xu J, Pandey SS, Li J, Achor DS, Vasconcelos FNC, Hendrich C, Huang Y, Wang W, Lee D, Stanton D, Wang N. Citrus Huanglongbing is a pathogen-triggered immune disease that can be mitigated with antioxidants and gibberellin. Nat Commun 2022; 13:529. [PMID: 35082290 PMCID: PMC8791970 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28189-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) is a devastating disease of citrus, caused by the phloem-colonizing bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas). Here, we present evidence that HLB is an immune-mediated disease. We show that CLas infection of Citrus sinensis stimulates systemic and chronic immune responses in phloem tissue, including callose deposition, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as H2O2, and induction of immunity-related genes. The infection also upregulates genes encoding ROS-producing NADPH oxidases, and downregulates antioxidant enzyme genes, supporting that CLas causes oxidative stress. CLas-triggered ROS production localizes in phloem-enriched bark tissue and is followed by systemic cell death of companion and sieve element cells. Inhibition of ROS levels in CLas-positive stems by NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) indicates that NADPH oxidases contribute to CLas-triggered ROS production. To investigate potential treatments, we show that addition of the growth hormone gibberellin (known to have immunoregulatory activities) upregulates genes encoding H2O2-scavenging enzymes and downregulates NADPH oxidases. Furthermore, foliar spray of HLB-affected citrus with gibberellin or antioxidants (uric acid, rutin) reduces H2O2 concentrations and cell death in phloem tissues and reduces HLB symptoms. Thus, our results indicate that HLB is an immune-mediated disease that can be mitigated with antioxidants and gibberellin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Ma
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Zhiqian Pang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Xiaoen Huang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Jin Xu
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Sheo Shankar Pandey
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Jinyun Li
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Diann S Achor
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Fernanda N C Vasconcelos
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Connor Hendrich
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Yixiao Huang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Wenting Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Donghwan Lee
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Daniel Stanton
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ibanez F, Suh JH, Wang Y, Rivera M, Setamou M, Stelinski LL. Salicylic acid mediated immune response of Citrus sinensis to varying frequencies of herbivory and pathogen inoculation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:7. [PMID: 34979915 PMCID: PMC8722004 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03389-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant immunity against pathogens and pests is comprised of complex mechanisms orchestrated by signaling pathways regulated by plant hormones [Salicylic acid (SA) and Jasmonic acid (JA)]. Investigations of plant immune response to phytopathogens and phloem-feeders have revealed that SA plays a critical role in reprogramming of the activity and/or localization of transcriptional regulators via post-translational modifications. We explored the contributing effects of herbivory by a phytopathogen vector [Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri] and pathogen [Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CaLas)] infection on response of sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] using manipulative treatments designed to mimic the types of infestations/infections that citrus growers experience when cultivating citrus in the face of Huanglongbing (HLB) disease. RESULTS A one-time (7 days) inoculation access period with CaLas-infected vectors caused SA-associated upregulation of PR-1, stimulating defense response after a long period of infection without herbivory (270 and 360 days). In contrast, while repeated (monthly) 'pulses' of 7 day feeding injury by psyllids stimulated immunity in CaLas-infected citrus by increasing SA in leaves initially (up to 120 days), long-term (270 and 360 days) repeated herbivory caused SA to decrease coincident with upregulation of genes associated with SA metabolism (BMST and DMR6). Similarly, transcriptional responses and metabolite (SA and its analytes) accumulation in citrus leaves exposed to a continuously reproducing population of D. citri exhibited a transitory upregulation of genes associated with SA signaling at 120 days and a posterior downregulation after long-term psyllid (adults and nymphs) feeding (270 and 360 days). CONCLUSIONS Herbivory played an important role in regulation of SA accumulation in mature leaves of C. sinensis, whether or not those trees were coincidentally infected with CaLas. Our results indicate that prevention of feeding injury inflicted by D. citri from the tritrophic interaction may allow citrus plants to better cope with the consequences of CaLas infection, highlighting the importance of vector suppression as a component of managing this cosmopolitan disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Freddy Ibanez
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, 33850 USA
- Present address: Texas A&M University-AgriLife Research, 2415 E Highway 83 –, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA
| | - Joon Hyuk Suh
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, 33850 USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, 33850 USA
| | - Monique Rivera
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, 92521 USA
| | - Mamoudou Setamou
- Texas A&M University-Kingsville Citrus Center, 312 N International Blvd, Weslaco, TX 78599 USA
| | - Lukasz L. Stelinski
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, 33850 USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ribeiro C, Stitt M, Hotta CT. How Stress Affects Your Budget-Stress Impacts on Starch Metabolism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:774060. [PMID: 35222460 PMCID: PMC8874198 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.774060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Starch is a polysaccharide that is stored to be used in different timescales. Transitory starch is used during nighttime when photosynthesis is unavailable. Long-term starch is stored to support vegetative or reproductive growth, reproduction, or stress responses. Starch is not just a reserve of energy for most plants but also has many other roles, such as promoting rapid stomatal opening, making osmoprotectants, cryoprotectants, scavengers of free radicals and signals, and reverting embolised vessels. Biotic and abiotic stress vary according to their nature, strength, duration, developmental stage of the plant, time of the day, and how gradually they develop. The impact of stress on starch metabolism depends on many factors: how the stress impacts the rate of photosynthesis, the affected organs, how the stress impacts carbon allocation, and the energy requirements involved in response to stress. Under abiotic stresses, starch degradation is usually activated, but starch accumulation may also be observed when growth is inhibited more than photosynthesis. Under biotic stresses, starch is usually accumulated, but the molecular mechanisms involved are largely unknown. In this mini-review, we explore what has been learned about starch metabolism and plant stress responses and discuss the current obstacles to fully understanding their interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Stitt
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Carlos Takeshi Hotta
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Carlos Takeshi Hotta,
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sivager G, Calvez L, Bruyere S, Boisne-Noc R, Hufnagel B, Cebrian-Torrejon G, Doménech-Carbó A, Gros O, Ollitrault P, Morillon R. Better tolerance to Huanglongbing is conferred by tetraploid Swingle citrumelo rootstock and is influenced by the ploidy of the scion. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1030862. [PMID: 36407590 PMCID: PMC9669798 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1030862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) is a disease that is responsible for the death of millions of trees worldwide. The bacterial causal agent belongs to Candidatus Liberibacter spp., which is transmitted by psyllids. The bacterium lead most of the time to a reaction of the tree associated with callose synthesis at the phloem sieve plate. Thus, the obstruction of pores providing connections between adjacent sieve elements will limit the symplastic transport of the sugars and starches synthesized through photosynthesis. In the present article, we investigated the impact of the use of tetraploid Swingle citrumelo (Citrus paradisi Macfrad × Poncirus trifoliata [L.] Raf) rootstock on HLB tolerance, compared to its respective diploid. HLB-infected diploid and tetraploid rootstocks were investigated when grafted with Mexican and Persian limes. Secondary roots were anatomically studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to observe callose deposition at the phloem sieve plate and to evaluate the impact of the bacterium's presence at the cellular level. Voltammetry of immobilized microparticles (VIMP) in roots was applied to determine the oxidative stress status of root samples. In the field, Mexican and Persian lime leaves of trees grafted onto tetraploid rootstock presented less symptoms of HLB. Anatomical analysis showed much stronger secondary root degradation in diploid rootstock, compared to tetraploid rootstock. Analysis of the root sieve plate in control root samples showed that pores were approximately 1.8-fold larger in tetraploid Swingle citrumelo than in its respective diploid. SEM analyses of root samples did not reveal any callose deposition into pores of diploid and tetraploid genotypes. VIMP showed limited oxidative stress in tetraploid samples, compared to diploid ones. These results were even strongly enhanced when rootstocks were grafted with Persian limes, compared to Mexican limes, which was corroborated by stronger polyphenol contents. TEM analysis showed that the bacteria was present in both ploidy root samples with no major impacts detected on cell walls or cell structures. These results reveal that tetraploid Swingle citrumelo rootstock confers better tolerance to HLB than diploid. Additionally, an even stronger tolerance is achieved when the triploid Persian lime scion is associated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary Sivager
- Centre de coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Unité Mixte de Recherche Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP) Institut, Equipe Structure Evolutive des Agrumes, Polyploïdie et Amélioration Génétique (SEAPAG), F-97170 Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, French West Indies—Unité Mixte de Recherche Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP) Institut, Univ. Montpellier, Centre de coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Leny Calvez
- Centre de coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Unité Mixte de Recherche Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP) Institut, Equipe Structure Evolutive des Agrumes, Polyploïdie et Amélioration Génétique (SEAPAG), F-97170 Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, French West Indies—Unité Mixte de Recherche Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP) Institut, Univ. Montpellier, Centre de coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Saturnin Bruyere
- Centre de coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Unité Mixte de Recherche Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP) Institut, Equipe Structure Evolutive des Agrumes, Polyploïdie et Amélioration Génétique (SEAPAG), F-97170 Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, French West Indies—Unité Mixte de Recherche Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP) Institut, Univ. Montpellier, Centre de coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Rosiane Boisne-Noc
- Centre de coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Unité Mixte de Recherche Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP) Institut, Equipe Structure Evolutive des Agrumes, Polyploïdie et Amélioration Génétique (SEAPAG), F-97170 Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, French West Indies—Unité Mixte de Recherche Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP) Institut, Univ. Montpellier, Centre de coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Barbara Hufnagel
- Centre de coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Unité Mixte de Recherche Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP) Institut, Equipe Structure Evolutive des Agrumes, Polyploïdie et Amélioration Génétique (SEAPAG), F-97170 Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, French West Indies—Unité Mixte de Recherche Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP) Institut, Univ. Montpellier, Centre de coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Gerardo Cebrian-Torrejon
- Connaissance et Valorisation: Chimie des Matériaux, Environnement, Energie (COVACHIM-M2E) Laboratory Equipe Associée (EA) 3592, Unité de Formations et de Recherche (UFR) des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université des Antilles, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe
| | - Antonio Doménech-Carbó
- Departament de Química Ananlítica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Olivier Gros
- Centre commun de caractérisation des matériaux des Antilles et de la Guyane (C3MAG), Unité de Formations et de Recherche (UFR) des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université des Antilles, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne Université, École Pratique des Hautes Etudes (EPHE), Université des Antilles, Campus de Fouillole, Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Patrick Ollitrault
- Centre de coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Unité Mixte de Recherche Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP) Institut, Equipe Structure Evolutive des Agrumes, Polyploïdie et Amélioration Génétique (SEAPAG), F-97170 Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, French West Indies—Unité Mixte de Recherche Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP) Institut, Univ. Montpellier, Centre de coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Raphaël Morillon
- Centre de coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Unité Mixte de Recherche Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP) Institut, Equipe Structure Evolutive des Agrumes, Polyploïdie et Amélioration Génétique (SEAPAG), F-97170 Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, French West Indies—Unité Mixte de Recherche Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP) Institut, Univ. Montpellier, Centre de coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
- *Correspondence: Raphaël Morillon,
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Pandey SS, Hendrich C, Andrade MO, Wang N. Candidatus Liberibacter: From Movement, Host Responses, to Symptom Development of Citrus Huanglongbing. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:55-68. [PMID: 34609203 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-21-0354-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Candidatus Liberibacter spp. are fastidious α-proteobacteria that cause multiple diseases on plant hosts of economic importance, including the most devastating citrus disease: Huanglongbing (HLB). HLB was reported in Asia a century ago but has since spread worldwide. Understanding the pathogenesis of Candidatus Liberibacter spp. remains challenging as they are yet to be cultured in artificial media and infect the phloem, a sophisticated environment that is difficult to manipulate. Despite those challenges, tremendous progress has been made on Ca. Liberibacter pathosystems. Here, we first reviewed recent studies on genetic information of flagellar and type IV pili biosynthesis, their expression profiles, and movement of Ca. Liberibacter spp. inside the plant and insect hosts. Next, we reviewed the transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic studies of susceptible and tolerant plant genotypes to Ca. Liberibacter spp. infection and how Ca. Liberibacter spp. adapt in plants. Analyses of the interactions between plants and Ca. Liberibacter spp. imply the involvement of immune response in the Ca. Liberibacter pathosystems. Lastly, we reviewed how Ca. Liberibacter spp. movement inside and interactions with plants lead to symptom development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheo Shankar Pandey
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, U.S.A
| | - Connor Hendrich
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, U.S.A
| | - Maxuel O Andrade
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Centre for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Weber KC, Mahmoud LM, Stanton D, Welker S, Qiu W, Grosser JW, Levy A, Dutt M. Insights into the mechanism of Huanglongbing tolerance in the Australian finger lime ( Citrus australasica). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1019295. [PMID: 36340410 PMCID: PMC9634478 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1019295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The Australian finger lime (Citrus australasica) is tolerant to Huanglongbing (HLB; Citrus greening). This species can be utilized to develop HLB tolerant citrus cultivars through conventional breeding and biotechnological approaches. In this report, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of transcriptomic data following a non-choice infection assay to understand the CaLas tolerance mechanisms in the finger lime. After filtering 3,768 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 2,396 were downregulated and 1,372 were upregulated in CaLas-infected finger lime compared to CaLas-infected HLB-susceptible 'Valencia' sweet orange. Comparative analyses revealed several DEGs belonging to cell wall, β-glucanase, proteolysis, R genes, signaling, redox state, peroxidases, glutathione-S-transferase, secondary metabolites, and pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins categories. Our results indicate that the finger lime has evolved specific redox control systems to mitigate the reactive oxygen species and modulate the plant defense response. We also identified candidate genes responsible for the production of Cys-rich secretory proteins and Pathogenesis-related 1 (PR1-like) proteins that are highly upregulated in infected finger lime relative to noninfected and infected 'Valencia' sweet orange. Additionally, the anatomical analysis of phloem and stem tissues in finger lime and 'Valencia' suggested better regeneration of phloem tissues in finger lime in response to HLB infection. Analysis of callose formation following infection revealed a significant difference in the production of callose plugs between the stem phloem of CaLas+ 'Valencia' sweet orange and finger lime. Understanding the mechanism of resistance will help the scientific community design strategies to protect trees from CaLas infection and assist citrus breeders in developing durable HLB tolerant citrus varieties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle C. Weber
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - Lamiaa M. Mahmoud
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
- Pomology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Daniel Stanton
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - Stacy Welker
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - Wenming Qiu
- Institute of Fruit and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jude W. Grosser
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - Amit Levy
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - Manjul Dutt
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Manjul Dutt,
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Feng J, Chen Y, Xiao X, Qu Y, Li P, Lu Q, Huang J. Genome-wide analysis of the CalS gene family in cotton reveals their potential roles in fiber development and responses to stress. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12557. [PMID: 34909280 PMCID: PMC8641485 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Callose deposition occurs during plant growth and development, as well as when plants are under biotic and abiotic stress. Callose synthase is a key enzyme for the synthesis of callose. In this study, 27, 28, 16, and 15 callose synthase family members were identified in Gossypium hirsutum, Gossypium barbadense, Gossypium raimondii, and Gossypium arboreum using the sequence of Arabidopsis callose synthase. The CalSs were divided into five groups by phylogenetic, gene structure, and conservative motif analysis. The conserved motifs and gene structures of CalSs in each group were highly similar. Based on the analysis of cis-acting elements, it is inferred that GhCalSs were regulated by abiotic stress. WGD/Segmental duplication promoted the amplification of the CalS gene in cotton, and purification selection had an important function in the CalS family. The transcriptome data and qRT-PCR under cold, heat, salt, and PEG treatments showed that GhCalSs were involved in abiotic stress. The expression patterns of GhCalSs were different in various tissues. We predicted that GhCalS4, which was highly expressed in fibers, had an important effect on fiber elongation. Hence, these results help us understand the role of GhCalSs in fiber development and stress response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Feng
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China.,School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Yi Chen
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Xianghui Xiao
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Yunfang Qu
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Pengtao Li
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Quanwei Lu
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China.,School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Jinling Huang
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sankoh AF, Burch-Smith TM. Approaches for investigating plasmodesmata and effective communication. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 64:102143. [PMID: 34826658 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) are integral plant cell wall components that provide routes for intercellular communication, signaling, and resource sharing. They are therefore essential for plant growth and survival. Much effort has been put forth to understand how PD are generated and their structure is refined for function and to determine how they regulate intercellular trafficking. This review provides an overview of some of the approaches that have been used to study PD structure and function, highlighting those that may be more widely adopted to address questions of PD cell biology and function. Extending our focus on the importance of communication, we address how effective communication strategies can increase diversity and accessibility in the research laboratory, focusing on challenges faced by our deaf/hard-of-hearing colleagues, and highlight successful approaches to including them in the research laboratory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amie F Sankoh
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States
| | - Tessa M Burch-Smith
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Paniagua C, Sinanaj B, Benitez-Alfonso Y. Plasmodesmata and their role in the regulation of phloem unloading during fruit development. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 64:102145. [PMID: 34826657 PMCID: PMC8687135 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Fruit consumption is fundamental to a balanced diet. The contemporary challenge of maintaining a steady food supply to meet the demands of a growing population is driving the development of strategies to improve the production and nutritional quality of fruit. Plasmodesmata, the structures that mediate symplasmic transport between plant cells, play an important role in phloem unloading and distribution of sugars and signalling molecules into developing organs. Targeted modifications to the structures and functioning of plasmodesmata have the potential to improve fruit development; however, knowledge on the mechanisms underpinning plasmodesmata regulation in this context is scarce. In this review, we have compiled current knowledge on plasmodesmata and their structural characterisation during the development of fruit organs. We discuss key questions on phloem unloading, including the pathway shift from symplasmic to apoplastic that takes place during the onset of ripening as potential targets for improving fruit quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Candelas Paniagua
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Besiana Sinanaj
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wang J, Haapalainen M, Nissinen AI, Pirhonen M. Dual Transcriptional Profiling of Carrot and ' Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' at Different Stages of Infection Suggests Complex Host-Pathogen Interaction. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:1281-1297. [PMID: 34319773 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-20-0274-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between the phloem-limited pathogen 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' haplotype C and carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus) were studied at 4, 5, and 9 weeks postinoculation (wpi), by combining dual RNA-Seq results with data on bacterial colonization and observations of the plant phenotype. In the infected plants, genes involved in jasmonate biosynthesis, salicylate signaling, pathogen-associated molecular pattern- and effector-triggered immunity, and production of pathogenesis-related proteins were up-regulated. At 4 wpi, terpenoid synthesis-related genes were up-regulated, presumably as a response to the psyllid feeding, whereas at 5 and 9 wpi, genes involved in both the terpenoid and flavonoid production were down-regulated and phenylpropanoid genes were up-regulated. Chloroplast-related gene expression was down-regulated, in concordance with the observed yellowing of the infected plant leaves. Both the RNA-Seq data and electron microscopy suggested callose accumulation in the infected phloem vessels, likely to impair the transport of photosynthates, while phloem regeneration was suggested by the formation of new sieve cells and the upregulation of cell wall-related gene expression. The 'Ca. L. solanacearum' genes involved in replication, transcription, and translation were expressed at high levels at 4 and 5 wpi, whereas, at 9 wpi, the Flp pilus genes were highly expressed, suggesting adherence and reduced mobility of the bacteria. The 'Ca. L. solanacearum' genes encoding ATP and C4-dicarboxylate uptake were differentially expressed between the early and late infection stages, suggesting a change in the dependence on different host-derived energy sources. HPE1 effector and salicylate hydroxylase were expressed, presumably to suppress host cell death and salicylic acid-dependent defenses during the infection.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Wang
- University of Helsinki, Department of Agricultural Sciences, P. O. Box 27, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Haapalainen
- University of Helsinki, Department of Agricultural Sciences, P. O. Box 27, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne I Nissinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Natural Resources, Tietotie 2C, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Minna Pirhonen
- University of Helsinki, Department of Agricultural Sciences, P. O. Box 27, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Santos-Ortega Y, Killiny N. The Chorion Proteome of Diaphorina citri, the Vector of Huanglongbing Disease in Citrus. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12110959. [PMID: 34821760 PMCID: PMC8618194 DOI: 10.3390/insects12110959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri (Kuwayama) (Hemiptera: Liviidae) is considered the most devastating pest of citrus because it transmits "Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus", the putative causal agent of huanglongbing (HLB) or citrus greening. Controlling the vector is the main strategy used to mitigate HLB. Targeting D. citri at the very early stages of its development may offer an effective control strategy. Identifying chorion proteins will contribute to a better understanding of embryo development and egg hatching and thus could lead to valuable targets to better control psyllid populations. Herein, we analyze the chorion proteins of D. citri. Mass spectrometry-based bottom-up/shotgun proteomics and databases were queried to achieve protein identification. Fifty-one proteins were identified in D. citri chorion. The D. citri chorion proteins were divided into eight categories according to their biological or molecular function: i-enzymes (25%); ii-binding proteins (10%); iii-structural proteins (8%); iv-homeostasis-related proteins, mostly vitellogenins (8%); v-proteins related to gene expression (6%); vi-immune system proteins (6%); vii-other proteins (16%); and viii-uncharacterized proteins (21%). The composition of the chorion proteome suggested that the hatching rate could be reduced by silencing chorion-related genes. The proteomic analysis of D. citri chorion tissue allowed us to identify its proteins, providing promising new targets for D. citri control through RNA interference technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulica Santos-Ortega
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA;
- Department of Biological Environmental and Earth Sciences, Discipline: Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Nabil Killiny
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA;
- Correspondence: author:
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ultrastructure of phytoplasma-infected jujube leaves with witches' broom disease. Micron 2021; 148:103108. [PMID: 34237476 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2021.103108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The subcellular characteristics of phytoplasma-infected jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) leaves were investigated using transmission electron microscopy. Midrib fragments of witches' broom-diseased jujube leaves were collected from abnormally small leaves at an early stage of branch clustering. The diseased jujube leaves showed multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with vesicles and tubules in the phloem parenchyma cells and sieve elements. The MVBs were connected to the plasma membrane appressed to the cell wall. There were increased callose collars at the pore-plasmodesma unit ends of the sieve elements in the diseased leaves than in control leaves. The proliferation of MVBs in the diseased jujube leaves could be associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress-dependent exosome release. The phytoplasma produced pleomorphic cells in sieve elements. Several types of putative extracellular structures were observed on the phytoplasma cells: (i) fimbriae-like threads, (ii) pili-like projections, (iii) flagella-like appendages, and (iv) tube-like structures. This study provides novel insights into intracellular obligate cell wall-less prokaryotes and host phloem structures.
Collapse
|
34
|
Fang F, Guo H, Zhao A, Li T, Liao H, Deng X, Xu M, Zheng Z. A Significantly High Abundance of " Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" in Citrus Fruit Pith: in planta Transcriptome and Anatomical Analyses. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:681251. [PMID: 34177866 PMCID: PMC8225937 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.681251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Huanglongbing, a highly destructive disease of citrus, is associated with the non-culturable phloem-limited α-proteobacterium "Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" (CLas). The distribution patterns of CLas in infected plant are variable and not consistent, which make the CLas detection and characterization more challenging. Here, we performed a systemic analysis of CLas distribution in citrus branches and fruits of 14 cultivars. A significantly high concentration of CLas was detected in fruit pith (dorsal vascular bundle) of 14 citrus cultivars collected at fruit maturity season. A 2-year monitoring assay of CLas population in citrus branches of "Shatangju" mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco "Shatangju") revealed that CLas population already exhibited a high level even before the appearance of visual symptoms in the fruit rind. Quantitative analyses of CLas in serial 1.5-cm segments of fruit piths showed the CLas was unevenly distributed within fruit pith and tended to colonize in the middle or distal (stylar end) regions of pith. The use of CLas-abundant fruit pith for dual RNA-seq generated higher-resolution CLas transcriptome data compared with the leaf samples. CLas genes involved in transport system, flagellar assembly, lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, virulence, stress response, and cell surface structure, as well as host genes involved in biosynthesis of antimicrobial-associated secondary metabolites, was up-regulated in leaf midribs compared with fruit pith. In addition, CLas infection caused the severe collapse in phloem and callose deposition in the plasmodesmata of fruit pith. The ability of fruit pith to support multiplication of CLas to high levels makes it an ideal host tissue for morphological studies and in planta transcriptome analyses of CLas-host interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Fang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hengyu Guo
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anmin Zhao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huihong Liao
- Horticulture Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaoling Deng
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meirong Xu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Zheng
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wei X, Mira A, Yu Q, Gmitter FG. The Mechanism of Citrus Host Defense Response Repression at Early Stages of Infection by Feeding of Diaphorina citri Transmitting Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:635153. [PMID: 34168662 PMCID: PMC8218908 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.635153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) is the most devastating disease of citrus, presumably caused by "Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" (CaLas). Although transcriptomic profiling of HLB-affected citrus plants has been studied extensively, the initial steps in pathogenesis have not been fully understood. In this study, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to compare very early transcriptional changes in the response of Valencia sweet orange (VAL) to CaLas after being fed by the vector, Diaphorina citri (Asian citrus psyllid, or ACP). The results suggest the existence of a delayed defense reaction against the infective vector in VAL, while the attack by the healthy vector prompted immediate and substantial transcriptomic changes that led to the rapid erection of active defenses. Moreover, in the presence of CaLas-infected psyllids, several downregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified on the pathways, such as signaling, transcription factor, hormone, defense, and photosynthesis-related pathways at 1 day post-infestation (dpi). Surprisingly, a burst of DEGs (6,055) was detected at 5 dpi, including both upregulated and downregulated DEGs on the defense-related and secondary metabolic pathways, and severely downregulated DEGs on the photosynthesis-related pathways. Very interestingly, a significant number of those downregulated DEGs required ATP binding for the activation of phosphate as substrate; meanwhile, abundant highly upregulated DEGs were detected on the ATP biosynthetic and glycolytic pathways. These findings highlight the energy requirement of CaLas virulence processes. The emerging picture is that CaLas not only employs virulence strategies to subvert the host cell immunity, but the fast-replicating CaLas also actively rewires host cellular metabolic pathways to obtain the necessary energy and molecular building blocks to support virulence and the replication process. Taken together, the very early response of citrus to the CaLas, vectored by infective ACP, was evaluated for the first time, thus allowing the changes in gene expression relating to the primary mechanisms of susceptibility and host-pathogen interactions to be studied, and without the secondary effects caused by the development of complex whole plant symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wei
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Amany Mira
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Qibin Yu
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - Fred G. Gmitter
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Liu J, Zhang L, Yan D. Plasmodesmata-Involved Battle Against Pathogens and Potential Strategies for Strengthening Hosts. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:644870. [PMID: 34149749 PMCID: PMC8210831 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.644870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) are membrane-lined pores that connect adjacent cells to mediate symplastic communication in plants. These intercellular channels enable cell-to-cell trafficking of various molecules essential for plant development and stress responses, but they can also be utilized by pathogens to facilitate their infection of hosts. Some pathogens or their effectors are able to spread through the PD by modifying their permeability. Yet plants have developed various corresponding defense mechanisms, including the regulation of PD to impede the spread of invading pathogens. In this review, we aim to illuminate the various roles of PD in the interactions between pathogens and plants during the infection process. We summarize the pathogenic infections involving PD and how the PD could be modified by pathogens or hosts. Furthermore, we propose several hypothesized and promising strategies for enhancing the disease resistance of host plants by the appropriate modulation of callose deposition and plasmodesmal permeability based on current knowledge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dawei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Pandey SS, Nogales da Costa Vasconcelos F, Wang N. Spatiotemporal Dynamics of ' Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' Colonization Inside Citrus Plant and Huanglongbing Disease Development. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:921-928. [PMID: 33174821 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-20-0407-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (CLas), the causal agent of citrus huanglongbing (HLB), colonizes inside the phloem and is naturally transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP). Here, we investigated spatiotemporal CLas colonization in different tissues after ACP transmission. Of the nine plants successfully infected via ACP transmission, CLas was detected in the roots of all trees at 75 days postremoval of ACPs (DPR) but in the mature leaf of only one tree; this finding is consistent with the model that CLas moves passively from source to sink tissues. At 75 and 365 DPR, CLas was detected in 11.1 and 43.1% of mature leaves not fed on by ACPs during transmission, respectively, unveiling active movement to the source tissue. The difference in colonization timing of sink and source tissues indicates that CLas is capable of both passive and active movement, with passive movement being dominant. At 225 DPR, leaves fed on by ACPs during the young stage showed the highest ratio of HLB symptomatic leaves and the highest CLas titer, followed by leaves that emerged after ACP removal and mature leaves not fed on by ACPs. Importantly, our data showed that ACPs were unable to transmit CLas via feeding on mature leaves. It is estimated that it takes 3 years at most for CLas to infect the whole tree. Overall, spatiotemporal detection of CLas in different tissues after ACP transmission helps visualize the infection process of CLas in planta and subsequent HLB symptom development and provides evidence showing that young leaves should be the focus of HLB management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheo Shankar Pandey
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | | | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Li T, Zhang L, Deng Y, Deng X, Zheng Z. Establishment of a Cuscuta campestris-mediated enrichment system for genomic and transcriptomic analyses of 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus'. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 14:737-751. [PMID: 33655703 PMCID: PMC7936317 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (CLas) is a phloem‐limited non‐culturable α‐proteobacterium associated with citrus Huanglongbing, a highly destructive disease threatening global citrus industry. Research on CLas is challenging due to the current inability to culture CLas in vitro and the low CLas titre in citrus plant. Here, we develop a CLas enrichment system using the holoparasitic dodder plant (Cuscuta campestris) as an amenable host to acquire and enrich CLas from CLas‐infected citrus shoots maintained hydroponically. Forty‐eight out of fifty‐five (87%) dodder plants successfully parasitized CLas‐infected citrus shoots with detectable CLas by PCR. Among 48 dodders cultures, 30 showed two‐ to 419‐fold CLas titre increase as compared to the corresponding citrus hosts. The CLas population rapidly increased and reached the highest level in dodder tendrils at 15 days after parasitizing citrus shoot. Genome sequencing and assembly derived from CLas‐enriched dodder DNA samples generated a higher resolution than those obtained for CLas from citrus hosts. No genomic variation was detected in CLas after transmission from citrus to dodder during short‐term parasitism. Dual RNA‐Seq experiments showed similar CLas gene expression profiles in dodder and citrus samples, yet dodder samples generated a higher resolution of CLas transcriptome data. The ability of dodder to support CLas multiplication to high levels, as well as its advantage in CLas genomic and transcriptomic analyses, make it an optimal model for further studies on CLas–host interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China.,Citrus Huanglongbing Research Laboratory, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China.,Citrus Huanglongbing Research Laboratory, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Yunshuang Deng
- Citrus Huanglongbing Research Laboratory, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Xiaoling Deng
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China.,Citrus Huanglongbing Research Laboratory, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Zheng Zheng
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China.,Citrus Huanglongbing Research Laboratory, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Nan J, Zhang S, Jiang L. Antibacterial Potential of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens GJ1 against Citrus Huanglongbing. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10020261. [PMID: 33572917 PMCID: PMC7910844 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Citrus huanglongbing (HLB) is a destructive disease caused by Candidatus Liberibacter species and is a serious global concern for the citrus industry. To date, there is no established strategy for control of this disease. Previously, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens GJ1 was screened as the biocontrol agent against HLB. In this study, two-year-old citrus infected by Ca. L. asiaticus were treated with B. amyloliquefaciens GJ1 solution via root irrigation. In these plants, after seven irrigation treatments, the results indicated that the photosynthetic parameters, chlorophyll content, resistance-associated enzyme content and the expression of defense-related genes were significantly higher than for the plants treated with the same volume water. The content of starch and soluble sugar were significantly lower, compared to the control treatment. The parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) results revealed that treatment with B. amyloliquefaciens GJ1 solution, the expression levels of 3 proteins with photosynthetic function were upregulated in citrus leaves. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in citrus leaves treated with B. amyloliquefaciens GJ1 flag22 was significantly higher than untreated plants and induced the defense-related gene expression in citrus. Finally, surfactin was identified from the fermentation broth of B. amyloliquefaciens GJ1 by high-performance liquid chromatography. These results indicate that B. amyloliquefaciens GJ1 may improve the immunity of citrus by increasing the photosynthesis and enhancing the expression of the resistance-related genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Nan
- College of Horticulture and Forestry, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Biology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Shaoran Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Ling Jiang
- College of Horticulture and Forestry, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Biology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Skipping the Insect Vector: Plant Stolon Transmission of the Phytopathogen ' Ca. Phlomobacter fragariae' from the Arsenophonus Clade of Insect Endosymbionts. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12020093. [PMID: 33499057 PMCID: PMC7912703 DOI: 10.3390/insects12020093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Numerous plant sap-feeding insects are vectors of plant-pathogenic bacteria that cause devastating crop diseases. Some of these bacteria had initially been insect endosymbionts that eventually evolved the capacity to survive in plants after being frequently transmitted to plants by their insect hosts during feeding. An example for this evolutionary transition is the bacterial symbiont ‘Candidatus Phlomobacter fragariae’ (hereafter Phlomobacter) of the planthopper Cixius wagneri. Upon transmission to strawberry plants by its insect vector, the bacterium accumulates in the plant phloem and causes Strawberry Marginal Chlorosis disease. Using quantitative PCR and transmission electron microscopy, we demonstrate an additional plant-to-plant transmission route: Phlomobacter can be transmitted from an infected plant to daughter plants through stolons, a specific type of stem from which daughter plants can develop. Our results show that Phlomobacter was abundant in stolons and was efficiently transmitted to daughter plants, which developed disease symptoms. Hence, Phlomobacter is not only able to survive in plants, but can even be transmitted to new plant generations, independently from its ancestral insect host. Abstract The genus Arsenophonus represents one of the most widespread clades of insect endosymbionts, including reproductive manipulators and bacteriocyte-associated primary endosymbionts. Two strains belonging to the Arsenophonus clade have been identified as insect-vectored plant pathogens of strawberry and sugar beet. The bacteria accumulate in the phloem of infected plants, ultimately causing leaf yellows and necrosis. These symbionts therefore represent excellent model systems to investigate the evolutionary transition from a purely insect-associated endosymbiont towards an insect-vectored phytopathogen. Using quantitative PCR and transmission electron microscopy, we demonstrate that ‘Candidatus Phlomobacter fragariae’, bacterial symbiont of the planthopper Cixius wagneri and the causative agent of Strawberry Marginal Chlorosis disease, can be transmitted from an infected strawberry plant to multiple daughter plants through stolons. Stolons are horizontally growing stems enabling the nutrient provisioning of daughter plants during their early growth phase. Our results show that Phlomobacter was abundant in the phloem sieve elements of stolons and was efficiently transmitted to daughter plants, which rapidly developed disease symptoms. From an evolutionary perspective, Phlomobacter is, therefore, not only able to survive within the plant after transmission by the insect vector, but can even be transmitted to new plant generations, independently from its ancestral insect host.
Collapse
|
41
|
da Silva JR, Boaretto RM, Lavorenti JAL, dos Santos BCF, Coletta-Filho HD, Mattos D. Effects of Deficit Irrigation and Huanglongbing on Sweet Orange Trees. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:731314. [PMID: 34721459 PMCID: PMC8554030 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.731314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This study addresses the interactive effects of deficit irrigation and huanglongbing (HLB) infection on the physiological, biochemical, and oxidative stress responses of sweet orange trees. We sought to answer: (i) What are the causes for the reduction in water uptake in HLB infected plants? (ii) Is the water status of plants negatively affected by HLB infection? (iii) What are the key physiological traits impaired in HLB-infected plants? and (iv) What conditions can mitigate both disease severity and physiological/biochemical impairments in HLB-infected plants? Two water management treatments were applied for 11 weeks to 1-year-old-trees that were either healthy (HLB-) or infected with HLB (+) and grown in 12-L pots. Half of the trees were fully irrigated (FI) to saturation, whereas half were deficit-irrigated (DI) using 40% of the water required to saturate the substrate. Our results demonstrated that: reduced water uptake capacity in HLB+ plants was associated with reduced root growth, leaf area, stomatal conductance, and transpiration. Leaf water potential was not negatively affected by HLB infection. HLB increased leaf respiration rates (ca. 41%) and starch synthesis, downregulated starch breakdown, blocked electron transport, improved oxidative stress, and reduced leaf photosynthesis (ca. 57%) and photorespiration (ca.57%). Deficit irrigation reduced both leaf respiration (ca. 45%) and accumulation of starch (ca.53%) by increasing maltose (ca. 20%), sucrose, glucose, and fructose contents in the leaves, decreasing bacterial population (ca. 9%) and triggering a series of protective measures against further impairments in the physiology and biochemistry of HLB-infected plants. Such results provide a more complete physiological and biochemical overview of HLB-infected plants and can guide future studies to screen genetic tolerance to HLB and improve management strategies under field orchard conditions.
Collapse
|
42
|
Sivager G, Calvez L, Bruyere S, Boisne-Noc R, Brat P, Gros O, Ollitrault P, Morillon R. Specific Physiological and Anatomical Traits Associated With Polyploidy and Better Detoxification Processes Contribute to Improved Huanglongbing Tolerance of the Persian Lime Compared With the Mexican Lime. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:685679. [PMID: 34512684 PMCID: PMC8427660 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.685679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) is presently a major threat to the citrus industry. Because of this disease, millions of trees are currently dying worldwide. The putative causal agent is a motile bacteria belonging to Candidatus Liberibacter spp., which is transmitted by psyllids. The bacteria is responsible for the synthesis of callose at the phloem sieve plate, leading to the obstruction of the pores that provide connections between adjacent sieve elements, thus limiting the symplastic transport of the sugars and starches synthesized in leaves to the other plant organs. The Persian triploid lime (Citrus latifolia) is one of the most HLB-tolerant citrus varieties, but the determinants associated with the tolerance are still unknown. HLB-infected diploid Mexican lime (Citrus aurantiifolia) and Persian lime were investigated. The leaf petiole was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to observe callose deposition at the phloem sieve plate. Leaf starch contents and detoxification enzyme activities were investigated. In the field, Persian lime leaves present more limited symptoms due to HLB than the Mexican lime leaves do. Photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration decreased compared with control plants, but values remained greater in the Persian than in the Mexican lime. Analysis of the petiole sieve plate in control petiole samples showed that pores were approximately 1.8-fold larger in the Persian than in the Mexican lime. SEM analyses of petiole samples of symptomatic leaves showed the important deposition of callose into pores of Mexican and Persian limes, whereas biochemical analyses revealed better detoxification in Persian limes than in Mexican limes. Moreover, SEM analyses of infected petiole samples of asymptomatic leaves showed much larger callose depositions into the Mexican lime pores than in the Persian lime pores, whereas biochemical traits revealed much better behavior in Persian limes than in Mexican limes. Our results reveal that polyploids present specific behaviors associated with important physiological and biochemical determinants that may explain the better tolerance of the Persian lime against HLB compared with the Mexican lime.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary Sivager
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, Equipe SEAPAG, Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, French West Indies—UMR AGAP Institut, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Leny Calvez
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, Equipe SEAPAG, Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, French West Indies—UMR AGAP Institut, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Saturnin Bruyere
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, Equipe SEAPAG, Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, French West Indies—UMR AGAP Institut, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Rosiane Boisne-Noc
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, Equipe SEAPAG, Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, French West Indies—UMR AGAP Institut, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Brat
- CIRAD UMR Qualisud Dpt PERSYST-Qualisud, Univ. Montpellier, Avignon Université, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Université de La Réunion, Montpellier, France
| | - Olivier Gros
- C3MAG, UFR des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université des Antilles, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe
| | - Patrick Ollitrault
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, Equipe SEAPAG, Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, French West Indies—UMR AGAP Institut, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Raphaël Morillon
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, Equipe SEAPAG, Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, French West Indies—UMR AGAP Institut, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
- *Correspondence: Raphaël Morillon,
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Clark KJ, Pang Z, Trinh J, Wang N, Ma W. Sec-Delivered Effector 1 (SDE1) of ' Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' Promotes Citrus Huanglongbing. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:1394-1404. [PMID: 32986514 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-20-0123-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sec-delivered effector 1 (SDE1) from the huanglongbing (HLB)-associated bacterium 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' was previously characterized as an inhibitor of defense-related, papain-like cysteine proteases in vitro and in planta. Here, we investigated the contributions of SDE1 to HLB progression. We found that SDE1 expression in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana caused severe yellowing in mature leaves, reminiscent of both 'Ca. L. asiaticus' infection symptoms and accelerated leaf senescence. Induction of senescence signatures was also observed in the SDE1-expressing A. thaliana lines. These signatures were apparent in older leaves but not in seedlings, suggesting an age-associated effect. Furthermore, independent lines of transgenic Citrus paradisi (L.) Macfadyen (Duncan grapefruit) that express SDE1 exhibited hypersusceptibility to 'Ca. L. asiaticus'. Similar to A. thaliana, transgenic citrus expressing SDE1 showed altered expression of senescence-associated genes, but only after infection with 'Ca. L. asiaticus'. These findings suggest that SDE1 is a virulence factor that contributes to HLB progression, likely by inducing premature or accelerated senescence in citrus. This work provides new insight into HLB pathogenesis.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelley J Clark
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Zhiqian Pang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, U.S.A
| | - Jessica Trinh
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, U.S.A
| | - Wenbo Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Franco JY, Thapa SP, Pang Z, Gurung FB, Liebrand TWH, Stevens DM, Ancona V, Wang N, Coaker G. Citrus Vascular Proteomics Highlights the Role of Peroxidases and Serine Proteases during Huanglongbing Disease Progression. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:1936-1952. [PMID: 32883801 PMCID: PMC7710146 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra120.002075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) is the most devastating and widespread citrus disease. All commercial citrus varieties are susceptible to the HLB-associated bacterium, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), which resides in the phloem. The phloem is part of the plant vascular system and is involved in sugar transport. To investigate the plant response to CLas, we enriched for proteins surrounding the phloem in an HLB susceptible sweet orange variety, Washington navel (Citrus sinensis (L) Osbeck). Quantitative proteomics revealed global changes in the citrus proteome after CLas inoculation. Plant metabolism and translation were suppressed, whereas defense-related proteins such as peroxidases, proteases and protease inhibitors were induced in the vasculature. Transcript accumulation and enzymatic activity of plant peroxidases in CLas infected sweet orange varieties under greenhouse and field conditions were assessed. Although peroxidase transcript accumulation was induced in CLas infected sweet orange varieties, peroxidase enzymatic activity varied. Specific serine proteases were up-regulated in Washington navel in the presence of CLas based on quantitative proteomics. Subsequent activity-based protein profiling revealed increased activity of two serine proteases, and reduced activity of one protease in two C. sinensis sweet orange varieties under greenhouse and field conditions. The observations in the current study highlight global reprogramming of the citrus vascular proteome and differential regulation of enzyme classes in response to CLas infection. These results open an avenue for further investigation of diverse responses to HLB across different environmental conditions and citrus genotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Y Franco
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Shree P Thapa
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Zhiqian Pang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, USA
| | - Fatta B Gurung
- Citrus Center, Texas A&M University- Kingsville, Weslaco, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas W H Liebrand
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Danielle M Stevens
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Veronica Ancona
- Citrus Center, Texas A&M University- Kingsville, Weslaco, Texas, USA
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, USA
| | - Gitta Coaker
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Curtolo M, Granato LM, Soratto TAT, Curtolo M, Gazaffi R, Takita MA, Cristofani-Yaly M, Machado MA. Expression Quantitative Trait Loci (eQTL) mapping for callose synthases in intergeneric hybrids of Citrus challenged with the bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. Genet Mol Biol 2020; 43:e20190133. [PMID: 32568357 PMCID: PMC7295156 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2019-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus plants have been extremely affected by Huanglongbing (HLB) worldwide, causing
economic losses. HLB disease causes disorders in citrus plants, leading to callose
deposition in the phloem vessel sieve plates. Callose is synthesized by callose
synthases, which are encoded by 12 genes (calS1–
calS12)in Arabidopsis thaliana. We evaluated the
expression of eight callose synthase genes from Citrus in hybrids between
Citrus sunki and Poncirus trifoliata infected
with HLB. The objective of this work was to identify possible tolerance loci
combining the expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) of different callose
synthases and genetic Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) maps of C.
sunki and P. trifoliata. The expression data from all
CscalS ranged widely among the hybrids. Furthermore, the data
allowed the detection of 18 eQTL in the C. sunki map and 34 eQTL in
the P. trifoliata map. In both maps, some eQTL for different
CscalS were overlapped; thus, a single region could be associated
with the regulation of more than one CscalS. The regions identified
in this work can be interesting targets for future studies of Citrus
breeding programs to manipulate callose synthesis during HLB infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maiara Curtolo
- Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Centro APTA Citros Sylvio Moreira, Cordeirópolis, SP, Brazil.,Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Laís Moreira Granato
- Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Centro APTA Citros Sylvio Moreira, Cordeirópolis, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Maisa Curtolo
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Melhoramento de Plantas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Gazaffi
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Biotecnologia e Produção Vegetal e Animal, Araras, SP, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Takita
- Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Centro APTA Citros Sylvio Moreira, Cordeirópolis, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Antonio Machado
- Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Centro APTA Citros Sylvio Moreira, Cordeirópolis, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ramsey JS, Chin EL, Chavez JD, Saha S, Mischuk D, Mahoney J, Mohr J, Robison FM, Mitrovic E, Xu Y, Strickler SR, Fernandez N, Zhong X, Polek M, Godfrey KE, Giovannoni JJ, Mueller LA, Slupsky CM, Bruce JE, Heck M. Longitudinal Transcriptomic, Proteomic, and Metabolomic Analysis of Citrus limon Response to Graft Inoculation by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:2247-2263. [PMID: 32338516 PMCID: PMC7970439 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Presymptomatic detection of citrus trees infected with Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), the bacterial pathogen associated with Huanglongbing (HLB; citrus greening disease), is critical to controlling the spread of the disease. To test whether infected citrus trees produce systemic signals that may be used for indirect disease detection, lemon (Citrus limon) plants were graft-inoculated with either CLas-infected or control (CLas-) budwood, and leaf samples were longitudinally collected over 46 weeks and analyzed for plant changes associated with CLas infection. RNA, protein, and metabolite samples extracted from leaves were analyzed using RNA-Seq, mass spectrometry, and 1H NMR spectroscopy, respectively. Significant differences in specific transcripts, proteins, and metabolites were observed between CLas-infected and control plants as early as 2 weeks post graft (wpg). The most dramatic differences between the transcriptome and proteome of CLas-infected and control plants were observed at 10 wpg, including coordinated increases in transcripts and proteins of citrus orthologs of known plant defense genes. This integrated approach to quantifying plant molecular changes in leaves of CLas-infected plants supports the development of diagnostic technology for presymptomatic or early disease detection as part of efforts to control the spread of HLB into uninfected citrus groves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John S Ramsey
- USDA Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, 538 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Elizabeth L Chin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, 392 Old Davis Road, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Juan D Chavez
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, William H. Foege Hall, 3720 15th Avenue NE, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Surya Saha
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Darya Mischuk
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, 392 Old Davis Road, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jaclyn Mahoney
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jared Mohr
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, William H. Foege Hall, 3720 15th Avenue NE, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Faith M Robison
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Elizabeth Mitrovic
- Contained Research Facility, University of California, 555 Hopkins Road, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Yimin Xu
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Susan R Strickler
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Noe Fernandez
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Xuefei Zhong
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, William H. Foege Hall, 3720 15th Avenue NE, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - MaryLou Polek
- Citrus Research Board, 217 N Encina Street, Visalia, California 93291, United States
- National Clonal Germplasm Repository for Citrus, 1060 Martin Luther King Blvd., Riverside, California 92507, United States
| | - Kris E Godfrey
- Contained Research Facility, University of California, 555 Hopkins Road, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - James J Giovannoni
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- USDA Plant, Soil, and Nutrition Research Unit, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, 538 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, 236 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Lukas A Mueller
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Carolyn M Slupsky
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, 392 Old Davis Road, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - James E Bruce
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, William H. Foege Hall, 3720 15th Avenue NE, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Michelle Heck
- USDA Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, 538 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, 236 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Gene silencing of Diaphorina citri candidate effectors promotes changes in feeding behaviors. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5992. [PMID: 32265528 PMCID: PMC7138822 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62856-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect effectors are mainly secreted by salivary glands, modulate plant physiology and favor the establishment and transmission of pathogens. Feeding is the principal vehicle of transmission of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Ca. Las) by the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri. This study aimed to predict putative ACP effectors that may act on the Huanglongbing (HLB) pathosystem. Bioinformatics analysis led to the identification of 131 candidate effectors. Gene expression investigations were performed to select genes that were overexpressed in the ACP head and modulated by Ca. Las. To evaluate the actions of candidate effectors on D. citri feeding, six effectors were selected for gene silencing bioassays. Double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) of the target genes were delivered to D. citri adults via artificial diets for five days. RNAi silencing caused a reduction in the ACP lifespan and decreased the salivary sheath size and honeydew production. Moreover, after dsRNA delivery of the target genes using artificial diet, the feeding behaviors of the insects were evaluated on young leaves from citrus seedlings. These analyses proved that knockdown of D. citri effectors also interfered with ACP feeding abilities in planta, causing a decrease in honeydew production and reducing ACP survival. Electrical penetration graph (EPG) analysis confirmed the actions of the effectors on D. citri feeding behaviors. These results indicate that gene silencing of D. citri effectors may cause changes in D. citri feeding behaviors and could potentially be used for ACP control.
Collapse
|
48
|
Gardner CL, da Silva DR, Pagliai FA, Pan L, Padgett-Pagliai KA, Blaustein RA, Merli ML, Zhang D, Pereira C, Teplitski M, Chaparro JX, Folimonova SY, Conesa A, Gezan S, Lorca GL, Gonzalez CF. Assessment of unconventional antimicrobial compounds for the control of 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus', the causative agent of citrus greening disease. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5395. [PMID: 32214166 PMCID: PMC7096471 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62246-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, newly identified small molecules were examined for efficacy against ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ in commercial groves of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) and white grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) trees. We used benzbromarone and/or tolfenamic acid delivered by trunk injection. We evaluated safety and efficacy parameters by performing RNAseq of the citrus host responses, 16S rRNA gene sequencing to characterize citrus-associated microbial communities during treatment, and qRT-PCR as an indirect determination of ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ viability. Analyses of the C. sinensis transcriptome indicated that each treatment consistently induced genes associated with normal metabolism and growth, without compromising tree viability or negatively affecting the indigenous citrus-associated microbiota. It was found that treatment-associated reduction in ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ was positively correlated with the proliferation of several core taxa related with citrus health. No symptoms of phytotoxicity were observed in any of the treated trees. Trials were also performed in commercial groves to examine the effect of each treatment on fruit productivity, juice quality and efficacy against ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’. Increased fruit production (15%) was observed in C. paradisi following twelve months of treatment with benzbromarone and tolfenamic acid. These results were positively correlated with decreased ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ transcriptional activity in root samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Gardner
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, Genetics Institute, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Danilo R da Silva
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, Genetics Institute, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Fernando A Pagliai
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, Genetics Institute, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Lei Pan
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, Genetics Institute, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kaylie A Padgett-Pagliai
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, Genetics Institute, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ryan A Blaustein
- Soil and Water Sciences Department, Genetics Institute, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Marcelo L Merli
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, Genetics Institute, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Dan Zhang
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, Genetics Institute, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Cécile Pereira
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, Genetics Institute, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Max Teplitski
- Soil and Water Sciences Department, Genetics Institute, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jose X Chaparro
- Fruit Tree Breeding and Genetics, Horticultural Sciences Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Svetlana Y Folimonova
- Plant Pathology Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Ana Conesa
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, Genetics Institute, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Salvador Gezan
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Graciela L Lorca
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, Genetics Institute, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Claudio F Gonzalez
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, Genetics Institute, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ruiz M, Oustric J, Santini J, Morillon R. Synthetic Polyploidy in Grafted Crops. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:540894. [PMID: 33224156 PMCID: PMC7674608 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.540894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic polyploids have been extensively studied for breeding in the last decade. However, the use of such genotypes at the agronomical level is still limited. Polyploidization is known to modify certain plant phenotypes, while leaving most of the fundamental characteristics apparently untouched. For this reason, polyploid breeding can be very useful for improving specific traits of crop varieties, such as quality, yield, or environmental adaptation. Nevertheless, the mechanisms that underlie polyploidy-induced novelty remain poorly understood. Ploidy-induced phenotypes might also include some undesired effects that need to be considered. In the case of grafted or composite crops, benefits can be provided both by the rootstock's adaptation to the soil conditions and by the scion's excellent yield and quality. Thus, grafted crops provide an extraordinary opportunity to exploit artificial polyploidy, as the effects can be independently applied and explored at the root and/or scion level, increasing the chances of finding successful combinations. The use of synthetic tetraploid (4x) rootstocks may enhance adaptation to biotic and abiotic stresses in perennial crops such as apple or citrus. However, their use in commercial production is still very limited. Here, we will review the current and prospective use of artificial polyploidy for rootstock and scion improvement and the implications of their combination. The aim is to provide insight into the methods used to generate and select artificial polyploids and their limitations, the effects of polyploidy on crop phenotype (anatomy, function, quality, yield, and adaptation to stresses) and their potential agronomic relevance as scions or rootstocks in the context of climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ruiz
- Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Moncada, Spain
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Julie Oustric
- Laboratoire Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire du Végétal, CNRS, UMR 6134 SPE, Université de Corse, Corte, France
| | - Jérémie Santini
- Laboratoire Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire du Végétal, CNRS, UMR 6134 SPE, Université de Corse, Corte, France
| | - Raphaël Morillon
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Equipe SEAPAG, F-97170 Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France - AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
- *Correspondence: Raphaël Morillon,
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Jiang Y, Zhang CX, Chen R, He SY. Challenging battles of plants with phloem-feeding insects and prokaryotic pathogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:23390-23397. [PMID: 31712429 PMCID: PMC6876188 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1915396116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For the past 4 decades, intensive molecular studies of mostly leaf mesophyll cell-infecting pathogens and chewing insects have led to compelling models of plant-pathogen and plant-insect interactions. Yet, some of the most devastating pathogens and insect pests live in or feed on the phloem, a systemic tissue belonging to the plant vascular system. Phloem tissues are difficult to study, and phloem-inhabiting pathogens are often impossible to culture, thus limiting our understanding of phloem-insect/pathogen interactions at a molecular level. In this Perspective, we highlight recent literature that reports significant advances in the understanding of phloem interactions with insects and prokaryotic pathogens and attempt to identify critical questions that need attention for future research. It is clear that study of phloem-insect/pathogen interactions represents an exciting frontier of plant science, and influx of new scientific expertise and funding is crucial to achieve faster progress in this important area of research that is integral to global food security.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanjuan Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China;
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Department of Energy, Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Chuan-Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Rongzhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Sheng Yang He
- Department of Energy, Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824;
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| |
Collapse
|