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Parrotta L, Tanwar UK, Aloisi I, Sobieszczuk-Nowicka E, Arasimowicz-Jelonek M, Del Duca S. Plant Transglutaminases: New Insights in Biochemistry, Genetics, and Physiology. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091529. [PMID: 35563835 PMCID: PMC9105555 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminases (TGases) are calcium-dependent enzymes that catalyse an acyl-transfer reaction between primary amino groups and protein-bound Gln residues. They are widely distributed in nature, being found in vertebrates, invertebrates, microorganisms, and plants. TGases and their functionality have been less studied in plants than humans and animals. TGases are distributed in all plant organs, such as leaves, tubers, roots, flowers, buds, pollen, and various cell compartments, including chloroplasts, the cytoplasm, and the cell wall. Recent molecular, physiological, and biochemical evidence pointing to the role of TGases in plant biology and the mechanisms in which they are involved allows us to consider their role in processes such as photosynthesis, plant fertilisation, responses to biotic and abiotic stresses, and leaf senescence. In the present paper, an in-depth description of the biochemical characteristics and a bioinformatics comparison of plant TGases is provided. We also present the phylogenetic relationship, gene structure, and sequence alignment of TGase proteins in various plant species, not described elsewhere. Currently, our knowledge of these proteins in plants is still insufficient. Further research with the aim of identifying and describing the regulatory components of these enzymes and the processes regulated by them is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Parrotta
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.P.); (I.A.)
- Interdepartmental Centre for Agri-Food Industrial Research, University of Bologna, Via Quinto Bucci 336, 47521 Cesena, Italy
| | - Umesh Kumar Tanwar
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (U.K.T.); (E.S.-N.)
| | - Iris Aloisi
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.P.); (I.A.)
| | - Ewa Sobieszczuk-Nowicka
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (U.K.T.); (E.S.-N.)
| | - Magdalena Arasimowicz-Jelonek
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Stefano Del Duca
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.P.); (I.A.)
- Interdepartmental Centre for Agri-Food Industrial Research, University of Bologna, Via Quinto Bucci 336, 47521 Cesena, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Serafini-Fracassini D, Della Mea M, Parrotta L, Faleri C, Cai G, Del Duca S, Aloisi I. AtPng1 knockout mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana shows a juvenile phenotype, morpho-functional changes, altered stress response and cell wall modifications. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 167:11-21. [PMID: 34325356 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In order to ascertain the role of plant transglutaminases (TGase) in growth and abiotic stress response, the AtPng1 knock out (KO) line of A. thaliana has been analyzed during plant development and under heat and wound stress. Comparing wild type (WT) and KO lines a 58-kDa band was immunodetected by anti-AtPng1p antibody in the cell wall and chloroplasts only in the WT line. A residual TGase activity, not showing correlation with development nor stress response, was still present in the KO line. The KO line was less developed, with a juvenile phenotype characterized by fewer, smaller and less differentiated cells. Chloroplast TGase activity was insensitive to mutation. Data on stressed plants showed that (i) KO plants under heat stress were more juvenile compared to WT, (ii) different responses between WT and KO lines after wounding took place. TGase activity was not completely absent in the KO line, presenting high activity in the plastidial fraction. In general, the mutation affected A. thaliana growth and development, causing less differentiated cytological and anatomical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Serafini-Fracassini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università Degli Studi di Bologna, Via Irnerio, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - M Della Mea
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università Degli Studi di Bologna, Via Irnerio, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - L Parrotta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università Degli Studi di Bologna, Via Irnerio, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - C Faleri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Della Vita, Università Degli Studi di Siena, Via Mattioli 4, Siena, 53100, Italy
| | - G Cai
- Dipartimento di Scienze Della Vita, Università Degli Studi di Siena, Via Mattioli 4, Siena, 53100, Italy
| | - S Del Duca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università Degli Studi di Bologna, Via Irnerio, Bologna, 40126, Italy.
| | - I Aloisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università Degli Studi di Bologna, Via Irnerio, Bologna, 40126, Italy
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3
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Tapia G, González M, Burgos J, Vega MV, Méndez J, Inostroza L. Early transcriptional responses in Solanum peruvianum and Solanum lycopersicum account for different acclimation processes during water scarcity events. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15961. [PMID: 34354211 PMCID: PMC8342453 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95622-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cultivated tomato Solanum lycopersicum (Slyc) is sensitive to water shortages, while its wild relative Solanum peruvianum L. (Sper), an herbaceous perennial small shrub, can grow under water scarcity and soil salinity environments. Plastic Sper modifies the plant architecture when suffering from drought, which is mediated by the replacement of leaf organs, among other changes. The early events that trigger acclimation and improve these morphological traits are unknown. In this study, a physiological and transcriptomic approach was used to understand the processes that differentiate the response in Slyc and Sper in the context of acclimation to stress and future consequences for plant architecture. In this regard, moderate (MD) and severe drought (SD) were imposed, mediating PEG treatments. The results showed a reduction in water and osmotic potential during stress, which correlated with the upregulation of sugar and proline metabolism-related genes. Additionally, the senescence-related genes FTSH6 protease and asparagine synthase were highly induced in both species. However, GO categories such as "protein ubiquitination" or "endopeptidase inhibitor activity" were differentially enriched in Sper and Slyc, respectively. Genes related to polyamine biosynthesis were induced, while several cyclins and kinetin were downregulated in Sper under drought treatments. Repression of photosynthesis-related genes was correlated with a higher reduction in the electron transport rate in Slyc than in Sper. Additionally, transcription factors from the ERF, WRKY and NAC families were commonly induced in Sper. Although some similar responses were induced in both species under drought stress, many important changes were detected to be differentially induced. This suggests that different pathways dictate the strategies to address the early response to drought and the consequent episodes in the acclimation process in both tomato species.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tapia
- Unidad de Recursos Genéticos Vegetales, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA-Quilamapu, Avenida Vicente Mendez 515, Chillán, Chile.
| | - M González
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Aplicada, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Raúl Bitrán 1305, La Serena, Chile
| | - J Burgos
- Unidad de Recursos Genéticos Vegetales, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA-Quilamapu, Avenida Vicente Mendez 515, Chillán, Chile
| | - M V Vega
- Unidad de Recursos Genéticos Vegetales, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA-Quilamapu, Avenida Vicente Mendez 515, Chillán, Chile
| | - J Méndez
- Unidad de Recursos Genéticos Vegetales, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA-Quilamapu, Avenida Vicente Mendez 515, Chillán, Chile
| | - L Inostroza
- Unidad de Recursos Genéticos Vegetales, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA-Quilamapu, Avenida Vicente Mendez 515, Chillán, Chile
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Shu S, Tang Y, Zhou X, Jahan MS, Sun J, Wang Y, Guo S. Physiological mechanism of transglutaminase-mediated improvement in salt tolerance of cucumber seedlings. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 156:333-344. [PMID: 32998100 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminase (TGase) is inextricably associated with plant growth and development. However, the mechanism by which TGase enhances salt tolerance of higher plants under salt stress is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of NaCl stress and exogenous o-phenanthroline (o-Phen, a metalloprotease inhibitor) on TGase activity, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, carbohydrates contents, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging system, and endogenous polyamines (PAs) contents of salt-sensitive 'Jinyou No. 4' and salt-tolerant 'Inbred Line 9930' cucumber. Salt stress significantly inhibited plant growth of the two cultivars, as well as hindered carbohydrates transport, which was more evident in the salt-sensitive cultivar. TGase activity and expression, ROS scavenging capacity, and bound PAs content were up-regulated by salt stress to some extent, which was more distinct in the salt-tolerant cucumber cultivar. However, o-Phen treatment significantly inhibited TGase expression, and further decreased plant growth and the actual photochemical efficiency of photosystem II in the two cultivars. In addition, application of o-Phen significantly decreased endogenous PAs content in leaves of 'Jinyou No. 4' and 'Inbred Line 9930' seedlings by 9.60% and 42.32% under NaCl stress, respectively. These results suggested that high activity of TGase increases the salt stress tolerance of cucumber plants by increasing endogenous PAs content and ROS scavenging capacity, and promoting carbon assimilation and photosynthetic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Shu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Suqian Academy of Protected Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Suqian, 223800, China
| | - Yuanyuan Tang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xinpeng Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mohammad Shan Jahan
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jin Sun
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Suqian Academy of Protected Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Suqian, 223800, China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shirong Guo
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Suqian Academy of Protected Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Suqian, 223800, China.
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5
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Zhong M, Wang Y, Shu S, Sun J, Guo S. Ectopic expression of CsTGase enhances salt tolerance by regulating polyamine biosynthesis, antioxidant activities and Na +/K + homeostasis in transgenic tobacco. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 296:110492. [PMID: 32540011 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminases (TGases), mediators of the transamidation of specific proteins by polyamines (PA), play critical roles in PA metabolism in animals, but their functions and regulatory mechanisms are largely unknown in plants. In this study, we demonstrated that TGase from cucumber played a protective role in the regulation of PA metabolism under salt stress. The expression of TGase was induced by salt stress in cucumber. Ectopic overexpression of cucumber TGase in tobacco conferred enhanced tolerance to salt stress based on both external symptoms and membrane integrity. Overexpression lines maintained high levels of PAs under salt stress, suggesting that PAs played a vital role in TGase-induced salt tolerance. In contrast, the levels of Na+ content in the wild-type (WT) plants increased, while they decreased in the overexpression plants. The expression levels of several genes related to ion exchange enhanced, and the Na+/K+ ratio decreased by increased TGase activity under salt stress. The activities of the proton-pump ATPase (H+-ATPase), vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) and vacuolar H+-pyrophosphatase (PPase) were higher in the overexpression lines than in WT plants under salt stress. Moreover, the malondialdehyde (MDA) and H2O2 contents were significantly lower in the overexpression lines than in WT plants, accompanied by increased antioxidant enzyme activity. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that TGase plays protective roles in response to salt stress, which may promote plant survival by regulating PA metabolism and the Na+/K+ balance under salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Agriculture Technology Extension Station of Jingsu Province, Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210036, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Sheng Shu
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Suqian Academy of Protected Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Suqian, 223800, China
| | - Jin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Suqian Academy of Protected Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Suqian, 223800, China
| | - Shirong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Suqian Academy of Protected Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Suqian, 223800, China.
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6
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Zhong M, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Shu S, Sun J, Guo S. Overexpression of Transglutaminase from Cucumber in Tobacco Increases Salt Tolerance through Regulation of Photosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E894. [PMID: 30791389 PMCID: PMC6413182 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase (TGase) is a regulator of posttranslational modification of protein that provides physiological protection against diverse environmental stresses in plants. Nonetheless, the mechanisms of TGase-mediated salt tolerance remain largely unknown. Here, we found that the transcription of cucumber TGase (CsTGase) was induced in response to light and during leaf development, and the CsTGase protein was expressed in the chloroplast and the cell wall. The overexpression of the CsTGase gene effectively ameliorated salt-induced photoinhibition in tobacco plants, increased the levels of chloroplast polyamines (PAs) and enhanced the abundance of D1 and D2 proteins. TGase also induced the expression of photosynthesis related genes and remodeling of thylakoids under normal conditions. However, salt stress treatment reduced the photosynthesis rate, PSII and PSI related genes expression, D1 and D2 proteins in wild-type (WT) plants, while these effects were alleviated in CsTGase overexpression plants. Taken together, our results indicate that TGase-dependent PA signaling protects the proteins of thylakoids, which plays a critical role in plant response to salt stress. Thus, overexpression of TGase may be an effective strategy for enhancing resistance to salt stress of salt-sensitive crops in agricultural production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Yuemei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Sheng Shu
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Jin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
- Suqian Academy of Protected Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Suqian 223800, China.
| | - Shirong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
- Suqian Academy of Protected Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Suqian 223800, China.
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7
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Sobieszczuk-Nowicka E, Paluch-Lubawa E, Mattoo AK, Arasimowicz-Jelonek M, Gregersen PL, Pacak A. Polyamines - A New Metabolic Switch: Crosstalk With Networks Involving Senescence, Crop Improvement, and Mammalian Cancer Therapy. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:859. [PMID: 31354753 PMCID: PMC6635640 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines (PAs) are low molecular weight organic cations comprising biogenic amines that play multiple roles in plant growth and senescence. PA metabolism was found to play a central role in metabolic and genetic reprogramming during dark-induced barley leaf senescence (DILS). Robust PA catabolism can impact the rate of senescence progression in plants. We opine that deciphering senescence-dependent polyamine-mediated multidirectional metabolic crosstalks is important to understand regulation and involvement of PAs in plant death and re-mobilization of nutrients during senescence. This will involve optimizing the use of PA biosynthesis inhibitors, robust transgenic approaches to modulate PA biosynthetic and catabolic genes, and developing novel germplasm enriched in pro- and anti-senescence traits to ensure sustained crop productivity. PA-mediated delay of senescence can extend the photosynthesis capacity, thereby increasing grain starch content in malting grains such as barley. On the other hand, accelerating the onset of senescence can lead to increases in mineral and nitrogen content in grains for animal feed. Unraveling the "polyamine metabolic switch" and delineating the roles of PAs in senescence should further our knowledge about autophagy mechanisms involved in plant senescence as well as mammalian systems. It is noteworthy that inhibitors of PA biosynthesis block cell viability in animal model systems (cell tumor lines) to control some cancers, in this instance, proliferative cancer cells were led toward cell death. Likewise, PA conjugates work as signal carriers for slow release of regulatory molecule nitric oxide in the targeted cells. Taken together, these and other outcomes provide examples for developing novel therapeutics for human health wellness as well as developing plant resistance/tolerance to stress stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Sobieszczuk-Nowicka
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
- *Correspondence: Ewa Sobieszczuk-Nowicka,
| | - Ewelina Paluch-Lubawa
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Autar K. Mattoo
- Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Magdalena Arasimowicz-Jelonek
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Per L. Gregersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Andrzej Pacak
- Department of Gene Expression, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
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Sobieszczuk-Nowicka E, Wrzesiński T, Bagniewska-Zadworna A, Kubala S, Rucińska-Sobkowiak R, Polcyn W, Misztal L, Mattoo AK. Physio-Genetic Dissection of Dark-Induced Leaf Senescence and Timing Its Reversal in Barley. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 178:654-671. [PMID: 30126868 PMCID: PMC6181038 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Barley crop model was analyzed for early and late events during the dark-induced leaf senescence (DILS) as well as for deciphering critical time limit for reversal of the senescence process. Chlorophyll fluorescence vitality index Rfd was determined as the earliest parameter that correlated well with the cessation of photosynthesis prior to microautophagy symptoms, initiation of DNA degradation, and severalfold increase in the endonuclease BNUC1. DILS was found characterized by up-regulation of processes that enable recycling of degraded macromolecules and metabolites, including increased NH4 + remobilization, gluconeogenesis, glycolysis, and partial up-regulation of glyoxylate and tricarboxylate acid cycles. The most evident differences in gene medleys between DILS and developmental senescence included hormone-activated signaling pathways, lipid catabolic processes, carbohydrate metabolic processes, low-affinity ammonia remobilization, and RNA methylation. The mega-autophagy symptoms were apparent much later, specifically on day 10 of DILS, when disruption of organelles-nucleus and mitochondria -became evident. Also, during this latter-stage programmed cell death processes, namely, shrinking of the protoplast, tonoplast interruption, and vacuole breakdown, chromatin condensation, more DNA fragmentation, and disintegration of the cell membrane were prominent. Reversal of DILS by re-exposure of the plants from dark to light was possible until but not later than day 7 of dark exposure and was accompanied by regained photosynthesis, increase in chlorophyll, and reversal of Rfd, despite activation of macro-autophagy-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Sobieszczuk-Nowicka
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Poznań Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Tomasz Wrzesiński
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UZ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Szymon Kubala
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Renata Rucińska-Sobkowiak
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology, Poznań Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Władysław Polcyn
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Poznań Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Lucyna Misztal
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Poznań Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Autar K Mattoo
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705
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9
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Li L, Gu W, Li J, Li C, Xie T, Qu D, Meng Y, Li C, Wei S. Exogenously applied spermidine alleviates photosynthetic inhibition under drought stress in maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings associated with changes in endogenous polyamines and phytohormones. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 129:35-55. [PMID: 29793181 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress (DS) is a major environmental factor limiting plant growth and crop productivity worldwide. It has been established that exogenous spermidine (Spd) stimulates plant tolerance to DS. The effects of exogenous Spd on plant growth, photosynthetic performance, and chloroplast ultrastructure as well as changes in endogenous polyamines (PAs) and phytohormones were investigate in DS-resistant (Xianyu 335) and DS-sensitive (Fenghe 1) maize seedlings under well-watered and DS treatments. Exogenous Spd alleviated the stress-induced reduction in growth, photosynthetic pigment content, photosynthesis rate (Pn) and photochemical quenching (qP) parameters, including the maximum photochemistry efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) (Fv/Fm), PSII operating efficiency (ФPSII), and qP coefficient. Exogenous Spd further enhanced stress-induced elevation in non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and the de-epoxidation state of the xanthophyll cycle (DEPS). Microscopic analysis revealed that seedlings displayed a more ordered arrangement of chloroplast ultrastructure upon Spd application during DS. Exogenous Spd increased the endogenous PA concentrations in the stressed plants. Additionally, exogenous Spd increased indoleacetic acid (IAA), zeatin riboside (ZR) and gibberellin A3 (GA3) and decreased salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonate (JA) concentrations under DS. These results indicate that exogenous Spd can alleviate the growth inhibition and damage to the structure and function of the photosynthetic apparatus caused by DS and that this alleviation may be associated with changes in endogenous PAs and phytohormones. This study contributes to advances in the knowledge of Spd-induced drought tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Li
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wanrong Gu
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Congfeng Li
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 10081, China
| | - Tenglong Xie
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Danyang Qu
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yao Meng
- Heilongjiang Academy of Land Reclamation Sciences, Harbin, 150038, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Caifeng Li
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shi Wei
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China.
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10
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Wojciechowska N, Sobieszczuk-Nowicka E, Bagniewska-Zadworna A. Plant organ senescence - regulation by manifold pathways. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20:167-181. [PMID: 29178615 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Senescence is the final stage of plant ontogeny before death. Senescence may occur naturally because of age or may be induced by various endogenous and exogenous factors. Despite its destructive character, senescence is a precisely controlled process that follows a well-defined order. It is often inseparable from programmed cell death (PCD), and a correlation between these processes has been confirmed during the senescence of leaves and petals. Despite suggestions that senescence and PCD are two separate processes, with PCD occurring after senescence, cell death responsible for senescence is accompanied by numerous changes at the cytological, physiological and molecular levels, similar to other types of PCD. Independent of the plant organ analysed, these changes are focused on initiating the processes of cellular structural degradation via fluctuations in phytohormone levels and the activation of specific genes. Cellular structural degradation is genetically programmed and dependent on autophagy. Phytohormones/plant regulators are heavily involved in regulating the senescence of plant organs and can either promote [ethylene, abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA), and polyamines (PAs)] or inhibit [cytokinins (CKs)] this process. Auxins and carbohydrates have been assigned a dual role in the regulation of senescence, and can both inhibit and stimulate the senescence process. In this review, we introduce the basic pathways that regulate senescence in plants and identify mechanisms involved in controlling senescence in ephemeral plant organs. Moreover, we demonstrate a universal nature of this process in different plant organs; despite this process occurring in organs that have completely different functions, it is very similar. Progress in this area is providing opportunities to revisit how, when and which way senescence is coordinated or decoupled by plant regulators in different organs and will provide a powerful tool for plant physiology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Wojciechowska
- Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - E Sobieszczuk-Nowicka
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - A Bagniewska-Zadworna
- Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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Abstract
Leaf senescence is a terminal step in plant growth and development. Considerable information on processes and signals involved in this process has been obtained, although comparatively little is known about leaf senescence in monocotyledonous plants. In particular, little is known about players involved in leaf senescence imposed by a prolonged dark treatment. New information has now been unveiled on dark-induced leaf senescence in a monocot, barley. A close association has been found between ubiquitous polyamines, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and senescence of barley leaves during prolonged darkness. Although polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine) are absolutely essential for critical cellular functions, including regulation of nucleic acids and protein synthesis, macromolecular structural integrity, and signalling, a strong link between polyamines and dark-induced leaf senescence has been found using barley plant as a model of monocots. Interestingly, Arabidopsis polyamine back-conversion oxidase mutants deficient in the conversion of spermine to spermidine and/or spermidine to putrescine do not occur and have delayed entry into dark-induced leaf senescence. This review summarizes the recent molecular, physiological, and biochemical evidence implicating concurrently polyamines and ethylene in dark-induced leaf senescence and broadening our knowledge on the mechanistic events involved in this important plant death process.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sobieszczuk-Nowicka
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University of Poznań, ul. Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
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Aloisi I, Cai G, Serafini-Fracassini D, Del Duca S. Transglutaminase as polyamine mediator in plant growth and differentiation. Amino Acids 2016; 48:2467-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2235-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Sobieszczuk-Nowicka E, Kubala S, Zmienko A, Małecka A, Legocka J. From Accumulation to Degradation: Reprogramming Polyamine Metabolism Facilitates Dark-Induced Senescence in Barley Leaf Cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 6:1198. [PMID: 26779231 PMCID: PMC4702279 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze whether polyamine (PA) metabolism is involved in dark-induced Hordeum vulgare L. 'Nagrad' leaf senescence. In the cell, the titer of PAs is relatively constant and is carefully controlled. Senescence-dependent increases in the titer of the free PAs putrescine, spermidine, and spermine occurred when the process was induced, accompanied by the formation of putrescine conjugates. The addition of the anti-senescing agent cytokinin, which delays senescence, to dark-incubated leaves slowed the senescence-dependent PA accumulation. A feature of the senescence process was initial accumulation of PAs at the beginning of the process and their subsequent decrease during the later stages. Indeed, the process was accompanied by both enhanced expression of PA biosynthesis and catabolism genes and an increase in the activity of enzymes involved in the two metabolic pathways. To confirm whether the capacity of the plant to control senescence might be linked to PA, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, and leaf nitrogen status in senescing barley leaves were measured after PA catabolism inhibition and exogenously applied γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The results obtained by blocking putrescine oxidation showed that the senescence process was accelerated. However, when the inhibitor was applied together with GABA, senescence continued without disruption. On the other hand, inhibition of spermidine and spermine oxidation delayed the process. It could be concluded that in dark-induced leaf senescence, the initial accumulation of PAs leads to facilitating their catabolism. Putrescine supports senescence through GABA production and spermidine/spermine supports senescence-dependent degradation processes, is verified by H2O2 generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Sobieszczuk-Nowicka
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in PoznańPoznań, Poland
| | - Szymon Kubala
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in PoznańPoznań, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zmienko
- Laboratory of Molecular and Systems Biology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry – Polish Academy of SciencesPoznań, Poland
- Institute of Computing Science, Poznań University of TechnologyPoznań, Poland
| | - Arleta Małecka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in PoznańPoznań, Poland
| | - Jolanta Legocka
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in PoznańPoznań, Poland
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Cai G, Della Mea M, Faleri C, Fattorini L, Aloisi I, Serafini-Fracassini D, Del Duca S. Spermine either delays or promotes cell death in Nicotiana tabacum L. corolla depending on the floral developmental stage and affects the distribution of transglutaminase. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 241:11-22. [PMID: 26706054 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The role of spermine (SM) was studied to verify if SM supplied to Nicotiana tabacum flower can modulate programmed cell death (PCD) of the corolla. SM has strong effects on the development and senescence of excised flowers despite its low physiological levels. The timing and duration of SM treatment is a key factor; SM counteracts PCD (verified by morphological observations, pigment contents and DNA laddering) only in the narrow developmental window of corolla expansion. Before and after, SM promotes PCD. SM exerts its pro-survival role by delaying fresh weight loss, by inhibiting reduction of pigments and finally by preventing DNA degradation. Moreover, SM deeply alters the distribution of the PA-conjugating enzyme transglutaminase (TGase). TGase is present in the epidermis during development, but it sprays also in the cell walls of inner parenchyma at senescence. After SM treatment, parenchyma cells accumulate TGase, increase in size and their cell walls do not undergo stiffening contrarily to control cells. The subcellular localization of TGase has been validated by biolistic-transformation of onion epidermal cells. Results indicated that SM is a critical factor in the senescence of N. tabacum corolla by controlling biochemical and morphological parameters; the lasts are probably interconnected with the action of TGase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampiero Cai
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Siena, Siena 53100, Italy.
| | - Massimiliano Della Mea
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.
| | - Claudia Faleri
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Siena, Siena 53100, Italy.
| | - Laura Fattorini
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma, I-00185, Italy.
| | - Iris Aloisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.
| | - Donatella Serafini-Fracassini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.
| | - Stefano Del Duca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.
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Legocka J, Sobieszczuk-Nowicka E, Wojtyla Ł, Samardakiewicz S. Lead-stress induced changes in the content of free, thylakoid- and chromatin-bound polyamines, photosynthetic parameters and ultrastructure in greening barley leaves. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 186-187:15-24. [PMID: 26318643 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the impact of lead (Pb) stress as 0.6mM Pb(NO3)2 on the content of free, thylakoid- and chromatin-bound polyamines (PAs) and diamine oxidase (DAO) activity in detached greening barley leaves. Additionally, photosynthetic-related parameters, generation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content and ultrastructural changes under Pb-stress were studied. The level of putrescine (Put) was reduced progressively to 56% at 24h of Pb stress, and it was correlated with 38% increase of DAO activity. Spermidine (Spd) content was not affected by Pb-stress, while the free spermine (Spm) level significantly increased by about 83% at 6h, and in that time the lowest level of H2O2 was observed. The exogenous applied Spm to Pb-treated leaves caused a decrease in the content of H2O2. In greening leaves exposed to Pb an accumulation of chlorophylls a and b was inhibited by about 39 and 47%, respectively, and photosynthetic parameters of efficiency of electron transport and photochemical reaction in chloroplasts as ΦPSII, ETR and RFd were lowered by about 23-32%. The level of thylakoid-bound Put decreased by about 22%. Moreover, thylakoids isolated from chloroplasts of Pb-treated leaves were characterized with lower Put/Spm ratio as compared to control leaves. In the presence of Pb the significant decrease in the number of thylakoids per granum and cap-shape invaginations of cytoplasmic material were noticed. In Pb-stressed leaves the level of chromatin-bound Spm increased by about 48% and sometimes condensed chromatin in nuclei was observed. We conclude that in greening barley leaves exposed to Pb-stress changes in free, thylakoid- and chromatin-bound PAs play some role in the functioning of leaves or plants in heavy metal stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Legocka
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, ul. Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Ewa Sobieszczuk-Nowicka
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, ul. Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Łukasz Wojtyla
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, ul. Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Sławomir Samardakiewicz
- Laboratory of Electron and Confocal Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, ul. Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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Brychkova G, Yarmolinsky D, Batushansky A, Grishkevich V, Khozin-Goldberg I, Fait A, Amir R, Fluhr R, Sagi M. Sulfite Oxidase Activity Is Essential for Normal Sulfur, Nitrogen and Carbon Metabolism in Tomato Leaves. PLANTS 2015; 4:573-605. [PMID: 27135342 PMCID: PMC4844397 DOI: 10.3390/plants4030573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Plant sulfite oxidase [SO; E.C.1.8.3.1] has been shown to be a key player in protecting plants against exogenous toxic sulfite. Recently we showed that SO activity is essential to cope with rising dark-induced endogenous sulfite levels in tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum/Solanum lycopersicum Mill. cv. Rheinlands Ruhm). Here we uncover the ramifications of SO impairment on carbon, nitrogen and sulfur (S) metabolites. Current analysis of the wild-type and SO-impaired plants revealed that under controlled conditions, the imbalanced sulfite level resulting from SO impairment conferred a metabolic shift towards elevated reduced S-compounds, namely sulfide, S-amino acids (S-AA), Co-A and acetyl-CoA, followed by non-S-AA, nitrogen and carbon metabolite enhancement, including polar lipids. Exposing plants to dark-induced carbon starvation resulted in a higher degradation of S-compounds, total AA, carbohydrates, polar lipids and total RNA in the mutant plants. Significantly, a failure to balance the carbon backbones was evident in the mutants, indicated by an increase in tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) cycle intermediates, whereas a decrease was shown in stressed wild-type plants. These results indicate that the role of SO is not limited to a rescue reaction under elevated sulfite, but SO is a key player in maintaining optimal carbon, nitrogen and sulfur metabolism in tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Brychkova
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus 84990, Israel.
| | - Dmitry Yarmolinsky
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus 84990, Israel.
| | - Albert Batushansky
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus 84990, Israel.
| | - Vladislav Grishkevich
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus 84990, Israel.
| | - Inna Khozin-Goldberg
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus 84990, Israel.
| | - Aaron Fait
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus 84990, Israel.
| | - Rachel Amir
- Migal-Galilee Technology Center, Southern Industrial Zone, POB831 Kiryat-Shmona 11016, Israel.
| | - Robert Fluhr
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, P.O.B. 26 Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Moshe Sagi
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus 84990, Israel.
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Zmienko A, Goralski M, Samelak-Czajka A, Sobieszczuk-Nowicka E, Figlerowicz M. Time course transcriptional profiling of senescing barley leaves. GENOMICS DATA 2015; 4:78-81. [PMID: 26484183 PMCID: PMC4535845 DOI: 10.1016/j.gdata.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cell senescence occurs as a part of developmental or stress-induced process. It is tightly regulated and involves a sequence of metabolic and structural alterations, eventually leading to cell death. Dark-induced leaf senescence is a useful model for studying senescence-related events. To facilitate the integration of physiological and molecular studies utilizing this model, we generated the microarray data set providing time course gene expression profiles in senescing barley leaves. Here, we describe the detailed procedures and data analysis scheme of our experiment. The entire data set (available at NCBI/GEO database under GSE62539) has been successively explored to find the genes differentially expressed during the senescence process as well as to identify genes with the invariant expression as reliable references for qPCR or ddPCR experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Zmienko
- Molecular and Systems Biology Department, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland ; Institute of Computing Science, Faculty of Computing, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland
| | - Michal Goralski
- Molecular and Systems Biology Department, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Samelak-Czajka
- Institute of Computing Science, Faculty of Computing, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland
| | - Ewa Sobieszczuk-Nowicka
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marek Figlerowicz
- Molecular and Systems Biology Department, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland ; Institute of Computing Science, Faculty of Computing, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland
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