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Dey C, Roy M, Dey A, Ghosh Dey S. Heme-Aβ in SDS micellar environment: Active site environment and reactivity. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 246:112271. [PMID: 37301164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that causes brain cell death. Oxidative stress derived from the accumulation of redox cofactors like heme in amyloid plaques originating from amyloid β (Aβ) peptides has been implicated in the pathogenesis of AD. In the past our group has studied the interactions and reactivities of heme with soluble oligomeric and aggregated forms of Aβ. In this manuscript we report the interaction of heme with Aβ that remains membrane bound using membrane mimetic SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) micellar medium. Employing different spectroscopic techniques viz. circular dichroism (CD), absorption (UV-Vis), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and resonance Raman (rR) we find that Aβ binds heme using one of its three His (preferentially His13) in SDS micellar medium. We also find that Arg5 is an essential distal residue responsible for higher peroxidase activity of heme bound Aβ in this membrane mimetic environment than free heme. This peroxidase activity exerted by even membrane bound heme-Aβ can potentially be more detrimental as the active site remains close to membranes and can hence oxidise the lipid bilayer of the neuronal cell, which can induce cell apoptosis. Thus, heme-Aβ in solution as well as in membrane-bound form are detrimental.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmay Dey
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Madhuparna Roy
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Abhishek Dey
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India.
| | - Somdatta Ghosh Dey
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India.
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2
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Yoo J, Han J, Lim MH. Transition metal ions and neurotransmitters: coordination chemistry and implications for neurodegeneration. RSC Chem Biol 2023; 4:548-563. [PMID: 37547459 PMCID: PMC10398360 DOI: 10.1039/d3cb00052d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is characterized by a disturbance in neurotransmitter-mediated signaling pathways. Recent studies have highlighted the significant role of transition metal ions, including Cu(i/ii), Zn(ii), and Fe(ii/iii), in neurotransmission, thereby making the coordination chemistry of neurotransmitters a growing field of interest in understanding signal dysfunction. This review outlines the physiological functions of transition metal ions and neurotransmitters, with the metal-binding properties of small molecule-based neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. Additionally, we discuss the structural and conformational changes of neurotransmitters induced by redox-active metal ions, such as Cu(i/ii) and Fe(ii/iii), and briefly describe the outcomes arising from their oxidation, polymerization, and aggregation. These observations have important implications for neurodegeneration and emphasize the need for further research to develop potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeasang Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Han
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Seoul Seoul 02504 Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Hee Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
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3
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Pal I, Dey SG. The Role of Heme and Copper in Alzheimer's Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. JACS AU 2023; 3:657-681. [PMID: 37006768 PMCID: PMC10052274 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Beyond the well-explored proposition of protein aggregation or amyloidosis as the central event in amyloidogenic diseases like Alzheimer's Disease (AD), and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2Dm); there are alternative hypotheses, now becoming increasingly evident, which suggest that the small biomolecules like redox noninnocent metals (Fe, Cu, Zn, etc.) and cofactors (Heme) have a definite influence in the onset and extent of such degenerative maladies. Dyshomeostasis of these components remains as one of the common features in both AD and T2Dm etiology. Recent advances in this course reveal that the metal/cofactor-peptide interactions and covalent binding can alarmingly enhance and modify the toxic reactivities, oxidize vital biomolecules, significantly contribute to the oxidative stress leading to cell apoptosis, and may precede the amyloid fibrils formation by altering their native folds. This perspective highlights this aspect of amyloidogenic pathology which revolves around the impact of the metals and cofactors in the pathogenic courses of AD and T2Dm including the active site environments, altered reactivities, and the probable mechanisms involving some highly reactive intermediates as well. It also discusses some in vitro metal chelation or heme sequestration strategies which might serve as a possible remedy. These findings might open up a new paradigm in our conventional understanding of amyloidogenic diseases. Moreover, the interaction of the active sites with small molecules elucidates potential biochemical reactivities that can inspire designing of drug candidates for such pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Pal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick
Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Somdatta Ghosh Dey
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick
Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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Nath AK, Roy M, Dey C, Dey A, Dey SG. Spin state dependent peroxidase activity of heme bound amyloid β peptides relevant to Alzheimer's disease. Chem Sci 2022; 13:14305-14319. [PMID: 36545147 PMCID: PMC9749105 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05008k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The colocalization of heme rich deposits in the senile plaque of Aβ in the cerebral cortex of the Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain along with altered heme homeostasis and heme deficiency symptoms in AD patients has invoked the association of heme in AD pathology. Heme bound Aβ complexes, depending on the concentration of the complex or peptide to heme ratio, exhibit an equilibrium between a high-spin mono-His bound peroxidase-type active site and a low-spin bis-His bound cytochrome b type active site. The high-spin heme-Aβ complex shows higher peroxidase activity than free heme, where compound I is the reactive oxidant. It is also capable of oxidizing neurotransmitters like serotonin in the presence of peroxide, owing to the formation of compound I. The low-spin bis-His heme-Aβ complex on the other hand shows enhanced peroxidase activity relative to high-spin heme-Aβ. It reacts with H2O2 to produce two stable intermediates, compound 0 and compound I, which are characterized by absorption, EPR and resonance Raman spectroscopy. The stability of compound I of low-spin heme-Aβ is accountable for its enhanced peroxidase activity and oxidation of the neurotransmitter serotonin. The effect of the second sphere Tyr10 residue of Aβ on the formation and stability of the intermediates of low-spin heme-Aβ has also been investigated. The higher stability of compound I for low-spin heme-Aβ is likely due to H-bonding interactions involving Tyr10 in the distal pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Kumar Nath
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science2A & 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, JadavpurKolkata 700032India
| | - Madhuparna Roy
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science2A & 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, JadavpurKolkata 700032India
| | - Chinmay Dey
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science2A & 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, JadavpurKolkata 700032India
| | - Abhishek Dey
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science2A & 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, JadavpurKolkata 700032India
| | - Somdatta Ghosh Dey
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science2A & 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, JadavpurKolkata 700032India
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Chavan SG, Yagati AK, Koyappayil A, Go A, Yeon S, Lee T, Lee MH. Conformationally Flexible Dimeric-Serotonin-Based Sensitive and Selective Electrochemical Biosensing Strategy for Serotonin Recognition. Anal Chem 2022; 94:17020-17030. [PMID: 36414244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel electrochemical sensor was constructed based on an enzyme-mediated physiological reaction between neurotransmitter serotonin per-oxidation to reconstruct dual-molecule 4,4'-dimeric-serotonin self-assembled derivative, and the potential biomedical application of the multi-functional nano-platform was explored. Serotonin accelerated the catalytic activity to form a dual molecule at the C4 position and created phenolic radical-radical coupling intermediates in a peroxidase reaction system. Here, 4,4' dimeric-serotonin possessed the capability to recognize intermolecular interactions between amine groups. The excellent quenching effects on top of the gold surface electrode system archive logically inexpensive and straightforward analytical demands. In biochemical sensing analysis, the serotonin dimerization concept demonstrated a robust, low-cost, and highly sensitive immunosensor, presenting the potential of quantifying serotonin at point-of-care (POC) testing. The high-specificity serotonin electrochemical sensor had a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.9 nM in phosphate buffer and 1.4 nM in human serum samples and a linear range of 10 to 400 with a sensitivity of 2.0 × 10-2 nM. The bivalent 4,4'-dimer-serotonin interaction strategy provides a promising platform for serotonin biosensing with high specificity, sensitivity, selectivity, stability, and reproducibility. The self-assembling gold surface electrochemical system presents a new analytical method for explicitly detecting tiny neurotransmitter-responsive serotonin neuromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Ganpat Chavan
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul06974, South Korea
| | - Ajay Kumar Yagati
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul06974, South Korea
| | - Aneesh Koyappayil
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul06974, South Korea
| | - Anna Go
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul06974, South Korea
| | - Sangho Yeon
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul06974, South Korea
| | - Taek Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ho Lee
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul06974, South Korea
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Roy M, Nath AK, Pal I, Dey SG. Second Sphere Interactions in Amyloidogenic Diseases. Chem Rev 2022; 122:12132-12206. [PMID: 35471949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Amyloids are protein aggregates bearing a highly ordered cross β structural motif, which may be functional but are mostly pathogenic. Their formation, deposition in tissues and consequent organ dysfunction is the central event in amyloidogenic diseases. Such protein aggregation may be brought about by conformational changes, and much attention has been directed toward factors like metal binding, post-translational modifications, mutations of protein etc., which eventually affect the reactivity and cytotoxicity of the associated proteins. Over the past decade, a global effort from different groups working on these misfolded/unfolded proteins/peptides has revealed that the amino acid residues in the second coordination sphere of the active sites of amyloidogenic proteins/peptides cause changes in H-bonding pattern or protein-protein interactions, which dramatically alter the structure and reactivity of these proteins/peptides. These second sphere effects not only determine the binding of transition metals and cofactors, which define the pathology of some of these diseases, but also change the mechanism of redox reactions catalyzed by these proteins/peptides and form the basis of oxidative damage associated with these amyloidogenic diseases. The present review seeks to discuss such second sphere modifications and their ramifications in the etiopathology of some representative amyloidogenic diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2Dm), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuparna Roy
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Arnab Kumar Nath
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Ishita Pal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Somdatta Ghosh Dey
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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Nath AK, Dey SG. Simultaneous Binding of Heme and Cu to Amyloid β Peptides: Active Site and Reactivities. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:4986-4999. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00162d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid imbalance and Aβ plaque formation are key histopathological features of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). These amyloid plaques observed in post-mortem AD brains have been found to contain increased levels of...
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Gout J, Meuris F, Desbois A, Dorlet P. In vitro coordination of Fe-protoheme with amyloid β is non-specific and exhibits multiple equilibria. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 227:111664. [PMID: 34955310 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In addition to copper and zinc, heme is thought to play a role in Alzheimer's disease and its metabolism is strongly affected during the course of this disease. Amyloid β, the peptide associated with Alzheimer's disease, was shown to bind heme in vitro with potential catalytic activity linked to oxidative stress. To date, there is no direct determination of the structure of this complex. In this work, we studied the binding mode of heme to amyloid β in different conditions of pH and redox state by using isotopically labelled peptide in combination with advanced magnetic and vibrational spectroscopic methods. Our results show that the interaction between heme and amyloid β leads to a variety of species in equilibrium. The formation of these species seems to depend on many factors suggesting that the binding site is neither very strong nor highly specific. In addition, our data do not support the currently accepted model where a water molecule is bound to the ferric heme as sixth ligand. They also exclude structural models mimicking a peroxidatic site in the amyloid β-Fe-protoheme complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Gout
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Laboratoire Stress Oxydant et Détoxication, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Floriane Meuris
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Laboratoire Stress Oxydant et Détoxication, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Alain Desbois
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Laboratoire Stress Oxydant et Détoxication, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Pierre Dorlet
- CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, BIP, IMM, Marseille, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Laboratoire Stress Oxydant et Détoxication, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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Wong KY, Roy J, Fung ML, Heng BC, Zhang C, Lim LW. Relationships between Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Neurotransmission Failure in Alzheimer's Disease. Aging Dis 2020; 11:1291-1316. [PMID: 33014538 PMCID: PMC7505271 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2019.1125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides extracellular deposition of amyloid beta and formation of phosphorylated tau in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), the pathogenesis of AD is also thought to involve mitochondrial dysfunctions and altered neurotransmission systems. However, none of these components can describe the diverse cognitive, behavioural, and psychiatric symptoms of AD without the pathologies interacting with one another. The purpose of this review is to understand the relationships between mitochondrial and neurotransmission dysfunctions in terms of (1) how mitochondrial alterations affect cholinergic and monoaminergic systems via disruption of energy metabolism, oxidative stress, and apoptosis; and (2) how different neurotransmission systems drive mitochondrial dysfunction via increasing amyloid beta internalisation, oxidative stress, disruption of mitochondrial permeabilisation, and mitochondrial trafficking. All these interactions are separately discussed in terms of neurotransmission systems. The association of mitochondrial dysfunctions with alterations in dopamine, norepinephrine, and histamine is the prospective goal in this research field. By unfolding the complex interactions surrounding mitochondrial dysfunction in AD, we can better develop potential treatments to delay, prevent, or cure this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Yin Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jaydeep Roy
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Man Lung Fung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Boon Chin Heng
- Peking University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
| | - Chengfei Zhang
- Endodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Lee Wei Lim
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Roy M, Pal I, Nath AK, Dey SG. Peroxidase activity of heme bound amyloid β peptides associated with Alzheimer's disease. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:4505-4518. [PMID: 32297620 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09758a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The amyloid cascade hypothesis attributes the neurodegeneration observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD) to the deposition of the amyloid β (Aβ) peptide into plaques and fibrils in the AD brain. The metal ion hypothesis which implicates several metal ions, viz. Zn2+, Cu2+ and Fe3+, in the AD pathology on account of their abnormal accumulation in the Aβ plaques along with an overall dyshomeostasis of these metals in the AD brain was proposed a while back. Metal ion chelators and ionophores, put forward as possible drug candidates for AD, are yet to succeed in clinical trials. Heme, which is widely distributed in the mammalian body as the prosthetic group of several important proteins and enzymes, has been thought to be associated with AD by virtue of its colocalization in the Aβ plaques along with the similarity of several heme deficiency symptoms with those of AD and most importantly, due to its ability to bind Aβ. This feature article illustrates the active site environment of heme-Aβ which resembles those of peroxidases. It also discusses the peroxidase activity of heme-Aβ, its ability to effect oxidative degradation of neurotransmitters like serotonin and also the identification of the highly reactive high-valent intermediate, compound I. The effect of second sphere residues on the formation and peroxidase activity of heme-Aβ along with the generation and decay of compound I is highlighted throughout the article. The reactivities of heme bound Aβ peptides give an alternative theory to understand the possible cause of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuparna Roy
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India.
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Syllwasschy BF, Beck MS, Družeta I, Hopp MT, Ramoji A, Neugebauer U, Nozinovic S, Menche D, Willbold D, Ohlenschläger O, Kühl T, Imhof D. High-affinity binding and catalytic activity of His/Tyr-based sequences: Extending heme-regulatory motifs beyond CP. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129603. [PMID: 32234408 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & MOTIVATION Peptides and proteins can interact with heme through His, Tyr, or Cys in heme-regulatory motifs (HRMs). The Cys-Pro dipeptide is a well investigated HRM, but for His and Tyr such a distinct motif is currently unknown. In addition, many heme-peptide complexes, such as heme-amyloid β, can display a peroxidase-like activity, albeit there is little understanding of how the local primary and secondary coordination environment influences catalytic activity. We thus systematically evaluated a series of His- and Tyr-based peptides to identify sequence features for high-affinity heme binding and their impact on the catalytic activity of heme. METHODS We employed solid-phase peptide synthesis to produce 58 nonapeptides, which were investigated by UV/vis, resonance Raman, and 2D NMR spectroscopy. A chromogenic assay was used to determine the catalytic activity of the heme-peptide complexes. RESULTS Heme-binding affinity and binding mode were found to be dependent on the coordinating amino acid and spacer length between multiple potential coordination sites in a motif. In particular, HXH and HXXXH motifs showed strong heme binding. Analysis of the peroxidase-like activity revealed that some of these peptides and also HXXXY motifs enhance the catalytic activity of heme significantly. CONCLUSIONS We identify HXH, HXXXH, and HXXXY as potential new HRMs with functional properties. Several peptides displayed a strikingly high peroxidase-like activity. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The identification of HRMs allows to discover yet unknown heme-regulated proteins, and consequently, enhances our current understanding of pathologies involving labile heme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Franz Syllwasschy
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Maximilian Steve Beck
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ivona Družeta
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Marie-Thérèse Hopp
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Anuradha Ramoji
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany; Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ute Neugebauer
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany; Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Senada Nozinovic
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Dirk Menche
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Jülich Research Centre, Institute of Complex Systems - Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), 52425 Jülich, Germany; Institute of Physical Biology, University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Toni Kühl
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Diana Imhof
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
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12
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Pal I, Nath AK, Roy M, Seal M, Ghosh C, Dey A, Dey SG. Formation of compound I in heme bound Aβ-peptides relevant to Alzheimer's disease. Chem Sci 2019; 10:8405-8410. [PMID: 31803419 PMCID: PMC6844219 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc01679a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolysis of Amyloid Precursor Protein, APP, results in the formation of amyloid β (Aβ) peptides, which have been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recently the failure of therapeutic agents that prohibit Aβ aggregation and sequester Cu/Zn in providing symptomatic relief to AD patients has questioned the amyloid and metal ion hypothesis. Alternatively, abnormal heme homeostasis and reduced levels of neurotransmitters in the brain are hallmark features of AD. Heme can bind Aβ peptides forming a peroxidase type active site which can oxidatively degrade neurotransmitters like serotonin. To date the reactive species responsible for this activity has not been identified. Using rapid kinetics and freeze quenching, we show that heme bound Aβ forms a highly reactive intermediate, compound I. Thus, compound I provides a basis for elucidating the oxidative degradation of neurotransmitters like serotonin, resulting in abnormal neurotransmission, a key pathological feature of AD. Site directed mutants indicate that the Arg5 and Tyr10 residues, unique to human Aβ, affect the rates of formation and decay of compound I providing insight into their roles in the oxidative degradation of neurotransmitters. Tyr10 can potentially play a natural protective role against the highly reactive oxidant, compound I, in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Pal
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , 2A & 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur , Kolkata 700032 , India .
| | - Arnab Kumar Nath
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , 2A & 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur , Kolkata 700032 , India .
| | - Madhuparna Roy
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , 2A & 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur , Kolkata 700032 , India .
| | - Manas Seal
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , 2A & 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur , Kolkata 700032 , India .
| | - Chandradeep Ghosh
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , 2A & 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur , Kolkata 700032 , India .
| | - Abhishek Dey
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , 2A & 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur , Kolkata 700032 , India .
| | - Somdatta Ghosh Dey
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , 2A & 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur , Kolkata 700032 , India .
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13
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Nath AK, Ghosh C, Roy M, Seal M, Ghosh Dey S. Nitrite reductase activity of heme and copper bound Aβ peptides. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:7451-7461. [PMID: 31086893 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt00914k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A significant abundance of copper (Cu) and iron in amyloid β (Aβ) plaques, and several heme related metabolic disorders are directly correlated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and these together with co-localization of Aβ plaques with heme rich deposits in the brains of AD sufferers indicates a possible association of the said metals with the disease. Recently, the Aβ peptides have been found to bind heme and Cu individually as well as simultaneously. Another significant finding relevant to this is the lower levels of nitrite and nitrate found in the brains of patients suffering from AD. In this study, a combination of absorption and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and kinetic assays have been used to study the interaction of nitrite with the metal bound Aβ complexes. The data indicate that heme(III)-Cu(i)-Aβ, heme(II)-Cu(i)-Aβ, heme(II)-Aβ and Cu(i)-Aβ can reduce nitrite to nitric oxide (NO), an important biological messenger also related to AD, and thus behave as nitrite reductases. However these complexes reduce nitrite at different rates with heme(III)-Cu(i)-Aβ being the fastest following an inner sphere electron transfer mechanism. The rest of the metal-Aβ adducts follow an outer sphere electron transfer mechanism during nitrite reduction. Protonation from the Arg5 residue triggering the N-O bond heterolysis in heme(III) bound nitrite with a simultaneous electron transfer from the Cu(i) center to produce NO is the rate determining step, indicating a proton transfer followed by electron transfer (PTET) mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Kumar Nath
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India.
| | - Chandradeep Ghosh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India.
| | - Madhuparna Roy
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India.
| | - Manas Seal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India.
| | - Somdatta Ghosh Dey
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India.
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14
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Gomes LMF, Mahammed A, Prosser KE, Smith JR, Silverman MA, Walsby CJ, Gross Z, Storr T. A catalytic antioxidant for limiting amyloid-beta peptide aggregation and reactive oxygen species generation. Chem Sci 2018; 10:1634-1643. [PMID: 30842826 PMCID: PMC6369440 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc04660c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifaceted disease that is characterized by increased oxidative stress, metal-ion dysregulation, and the formation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles and extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregates. In this work we report the large affinity binding of the iron(iii) 2,17-bis-sulfonato-5,10,15-tris(pentafluorophenyl)corrole complex FeL1 to the Aβ peptide (K d ∼ 10-7) and the ability of the bound FeL1 to act as a catalytic antioxidant in both the presence and absence of Cu(ii) ions. Specific findings are that: (a) an Aβ histidine residue binds axially to FeL1; (b) that the resulting adduct is an efficient catalase; (c) this interaction restricts the formation of high molecular weight peptide aggregates. UV-Vis and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies show that although the binding of FeL1 does not influence the Aβ-Cu(ii) interaction (K d ∼ 10-10), bound FeL1 still acts as an antioxidant thereby significantly limiting reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation from Aβ-Cu. Overall, FeL1 is shown to bind to the Aβ peptide, and modulate peptide aggregation. In addition, FeL1 forms a ternary species with Aβ-Cu(ii) and impedes ROS generation, thus showing the promise of discrete metal complexes to limit the toxicity pathways of the Aβ peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza M F Gomes
- Department of Chemistry , Simon Fraser University , V5A-1S6 , Burnaby , BC , Canada .
| | - Atif Mahammed
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry , Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa , 32000 , Israel .
| | - Kathleen E Prosser
- Department of Chemistry , Simon Fraser University , V5A-1S6 , Burnaby , BC , Canada .
| | - Jason R Smith
- Department of Chemistry , Simon Fraser University , V5A-1S6 , Burnaby , BC , Canada .
| | - Michael A Silverman
- Department of Biological Sciences , Simon Fraser University , V5A-1S6 , Burnaby , BC , Canada
| | - Charles J Walsby
- Department of Chemistry , Simon Fraser University , V5A-1S6 , Burnaby , BC , Canada .
| | - Zeev Gross
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry , Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa , 32000 , Israel .
| | - Tim Storr
- Department of Chemistry , Simon Fraser University , V5A-1S6 , Burnaby , BC , Canada .
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15
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Flemmig J, Zámocký M, Alia A. Amyloid β and free heme: bloody new insights into the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:1170-1174. [PMID: 30028317 PMCID: PMC6065240 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.235021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral formation of Amyloid β (Aβ) is a critical pathological feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). An accumulation of this peptide as senile plaques (SP) was already reported by Alois Alzheimer, the discoverer of the disease. Yet the exact contribution of Aβ to AD development remains elusive. Moreover, while extensive cerebral Aβ formation leads to fibril formation in many species, AD-like symptoms apparently depend on the highly conserved N-terminal residues R5, Y10 and H13. The amino acids were also shown to lead to the formation of Aβ-heme complexes, which exhibit peroxidase activity in the presence of H2O2. Taking together these observations we propose that the formation and enzymatic activity of the named complexes may represent an essential aspect of AD pathology. Furthermore, Aβ is also known to lead to cerebral micro-vessel destruction (CAA) as well as to hemolytic events. Thus we suggest that the Aβ-derived cerebral accumulation of blood-derived free heme represents a likely precondition for the subsequent formation of Aβ-heme complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Flemmig
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marcel Zámocký
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Alia
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany; Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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16
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Mukherjee S, Ghosh C, Seal M, Dey SG. Copper induced spin state change of heme–Aβ associated with Alzheimer's disease. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:13171-13175. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01700f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Binding of Cu(ii) not only drives the conversion of the benign bis-His bound low spin heme(iii)–Aβ complex to the detrimental mono-His high spin form, even in the presence of excess Aβ, but it also forms the most toxic heme(iii)–Cu(ii)–Aβ species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Mukherjee
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata
- India 700032
| | - Chandradeep Ghosh
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata
- India 700032
| | - Manas Seal
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata
- India 700032
| | - Somdatta Ghosh Dey
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata
- India 700032
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17
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Wißbrock A, Kühl T, Silbermann K, Becker AJ, Ohlenschläger O, Imhof D. Synthesis and Evaluation of Amyloid β Derived and Amyloid β Independent Enhancers of the Peroxidase-like Activity of Heme. J Med Chem 2016; 60:373-385. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amelie Wißbrock
- Pharmaceutical
Chemistry I, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Brühler Strasse 7, 53119 Bonn, Germany
| | - Toni Kühl
- Pharmaceutical
Chemistry I, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Brühler Strasse 7, 53119 Bonn, Germany
| | - Katja Silbermann
- Pharmaceutical
Chemistry I, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Brühler Strasse 7, 53119 Bonn, Germany
| | - Albert J. Becker
- Institute
of Neuropathology, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund Freud Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Ohlenschläger
- Leibniz Institute on Aging−Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Diana Imhof
- Pharmaceutical
Chemistry I, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Brühler Strasse 7, 53119 Bonn, Germany
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18
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Kato Y, Oki K, Suga N, Ono S, Ishisaka A, Miura Y, Kanazawa S, Naito M, Kitamoto N, Kettle AJ. A novel quinone derived from 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid reacts with protein: Possible participation of oxidation of serotonin and its metabolite in the development of atherosclerosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 101:500-510. [PMID: 27856348 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The modification of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA) by myeloperoxidase with a xanthine oxidase system was investigated by chromatographic analyses. Two major products were identified as a dimer and quinone (indoleacetate dione) of 5HIAA. The formation of a quinone moiety was also confirmed by chemical trapping with o-phenylenediamine. In the presence of N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), a quinone-NAC adduct was formed. When glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase was exposed to the myeloperoxidase system with 5HIAA, quinone adducts were formed on the protein molecule. A monoclonal antibody was prepared using a quinone-modified protein as an immunogen to immunochemically detect the quinone on a protein. The established antibody recognized the quinone-NAC adduct, quinone-modified poly-L-lysine, and quinone-modified low-density lipoprotein. Quinone-modified proteins in human atherosclerotic lesions were immunohistochemically observed using the established antibody to the quinone and also a monoclonal antibody to tryptamine dione-modified protein, suggesting an occurrence of in vivo oxidation of serotonin and 5HIAA, accompanied by covalent adduction to biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoji Kato
- Graduate School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Hyogo, Japan.
| | - Kota Oki
- Graduate School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Naoko Suga
- Graduate School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shigeki Ono
- Graduate School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Akari Ishisaka
- Graduate School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yoko Miura
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kanazawa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Michitaka Naito
- Division of Nutrition & Health, School and Graduate School of Life Studies, Sugiyama Jogakuen University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Noritoshi Kitamoto
- Graduate School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Anthony J Kettle
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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19
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Heme-coordinated histidine residues form non-specific functional ferritin-heme peroxidase system: Possible and partial mechanistic relevance to oxidative stress-mediated pathology in neurodegenerative diseases. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 91:368-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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20
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Khodarahmi R, Ashrafi-Kooshk MR. Is there correlation between Aβ-heme peroxidase activity and the peptide aggregation state? A literature review combined with hypothesis. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 100:18-36. [PMID: 27664926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.09.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder characterized by aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide, formation of neurofibrillary tangles, synaptic loss and neuronal cell death, and is manifested clinically by progressive cognitive dysfunction and memory loss. Disease pathogenesis is mainly linked to the formation of Aβ insoluble or soluble oligomeric assemblies. Binding of heme to Aβ has been suggested as the origin of the heme deficiency, peroxidase activity, as well as some oxidative stress-mediated AD pathologies, and then differential affinity of heme for human and rodent Aβ peptide has been proposed to account for the susceptibility of humans to AD. This review highlights whether there is any dependency of peroxidase activity of heme-bound Aβ on the Aβ aggregation state or not, with focusing on emerging role of heme in neurodegeneration. Here, several lines of evidence supporting existing contradictory conjectures are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Khodarahmi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Pharmacognosy and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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21
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Cytochrome c peroxidase activity of heme bound amyloid β peptides. J Biol Inorg Chem 2016; 21:683-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-016-1367-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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22
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Ghosh C, Mukherjee S, Seal M, Dey SG. Peroxidase to Cytochrome b Type Transition in the Active Site of Heme-Bound Amyloid β Peptides Relevant to Alzheimer’s Disease. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:1748-57. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b02683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chandradeep Ghosh
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Soumya Mukherjee
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Manas Seal
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Somdatta Ghosh Dey
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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23
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Seal M, Mukherjee S, Dey SG. Fe–oxy adducts of heme–Aβ and heme–hIAPP complexes: intermediates in ROS generation. Metallomics 2016; 8:1266-1272. [DOI: 10.1039/c6mt00214e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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24
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Abstract
Redox active iron is utilized in biology for various electron transfer and catalytic reactions essential for life, yet this same chemistry mediates the formation of partially reduced oxygen species (PROS). Oxidative stress derived from the iron accumulated in the amyloid plaques originating from amyloid β (Aβ) peptides and neurofibrillary tangles derived from hyperphosphorylated tau proteins has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Altered heme homeostasis leading to dysregulation of expression of heme proteins and heme deposits in the amyloid plaques are characteristic of the AD brain. However, the pathogenic significance of heme in neurodegeneration in AD has been unappreciated due to the lack of detailed understanding of the chemistry of the interaction of heme and Aβ peptides. As a result, the biochemistry and biophysics of heme complexes of Aβ peptides (heme-Aβ) remained largely unexplored. In this Account, we discuss the active site environment of heme bound Aβ complexes, which involves three amino acid residues unique in mammalian Aβ (Arg5, Tyr10, and His13) and missing in Aβ from rodents, which do not get affected by AD. The histidine residue binds heme, while the arginine and the tyrosine act as key second sphere residues of the heme-Aβ active site that play a crucial role in its reactivity. Generation of PROS, enhanced peroxidase activity, and oxidation of neurotransmitters such as serotonin (5-HT) are all found to be catalyzed by heme-Aβ in in vitro assays, and these reactivities can potentially be linked to the observed neuropathologies in AD brain. Association of Cu with heme-Aβ leads to the formation of heme-Cu-Aβ. The heme-Cu-Aβ complex produces a greater amount of PROS than reduced heme-Aβ or Cu-Aβ alone. Nitric oxide (NO), a signaling molecule, is found to ameliorate the detrimental effects of heme-Aβ and Cu bound heme-Aβ complexes by detaching heme from the heme-Aβ complex and releasing it into the environment solution. Heme-Aβ complexes show fast electron transfer with oxidized cytochrome c and rapid heme transfer with apomyoglobin and aponeuroglobin. NO, cytochrome c, and apoglobins can all lead to reduction in PROS generated by reduced heme-Aβ. Synthetic analogues of heme, offering a hydrophobic distal environment, have been used to trap oxygen bound intermediates, which provides insight into the mechanism of PROS generation by reduced heme-Aβ. Artificial constructs of Aβ on nonbiological platforms are used not only to stabilize metastable and physiologically relevant large and small amyloid aggregates but also to monitor the interaction of various drug candidates with heme and Cu bound Aβ aggregates, representing a tractable avenue for testing therapeutic agents targeting metals and cofactors in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandradeep Ghosh
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Manas Seal
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Soumya Mukherjee
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Somdatta Ghosh Dey
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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25
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Interaction of apoNeuroglobin with heme–Aβ complexes relevant to Alzheimer’s disease. J Biol Inorg Chem 2015; 20:563-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-015-1241-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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