1
|
Mateso GQ, Makali S, Shamamba A, Ntaboba B, Urbain V, Eric M, Murhabazi E, Mihigo M, Mwene-Batu P, Kabego L, Baguma M. Etiologies and factors associated with mortality in patients with non-traumatic coma in a tertiary hospital in Bukavu, eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18398. [PMID: 37520991 PMCID: PMC10382283 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-traumatic coma (NTC) is a common medical condition often associated with poor outcomes. Identifying underlying causes is crucial for effective management and prognostication, particularly in resource-poor settings. This study aimed to identify the most common causes and prognostic factors of NTC in a tertiary hospital in Bukavu, in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), using the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) as well as other simple and affordable clinical and paraclinical tools. This retrospective observational study included 219 consecutive patients admitted to the intensive care unit of the Provincial General Hospital of Bukavu between January 2016 and December 2018. Sociodemographic, clinical, and laboratory data were also collected. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify different causes and factors associated with poor outcomes in these patients. The median age of the patients was 49 (interquartile range [IQR]: 33-61) years, and they were predominantly men (62.8%). The most common causes of NTC were stroke (25.7%), acute metabolic complications of diabetes (21.9%), and primary brain infections (meningoencephalitis, 16.0%; and cerebral malaria, 14.2%). The NTC-related in-hospital mortality rate was 35.2%. A high mortality was significantly and independently associated with a GCS<7 (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 4.30, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.73-10.71), the presence of meningismus at clinical evaluation (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.86, 95%CI: 1.41-10.55), oxygen saturation <90% (aOR 3.99, 95%CI: 1.71-9.28), the consumption of traditional herbal medicines prior to hospital admission (aOR 2.82, 95%CI: 1.16-6.86), and elevated serum creatinine (aOR 1.64, 95%CI: 1.17-2.29). In conclusion, clinical neurological examinations, along with simple and affordable paraclinical investigations, can provide sufficient information to determine the etiology of NTC and evaluate the prognosis of comatose patients, even in resource-poor settings. Physicians may use the GCS as a simple, reliable, and affordable tool to identify patients who require special attention and care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guy-Quesney Mateso
- Université Catholique de Bukavu (UCB), Bukavu, The Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hôpital Provincial Général de Référence de Bukavu (HPGRB), Bukavu, The Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Samuel Makali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hôpital Provincial Général de Référence de Bukavu (HPGRB), Bukavu, The Democratic Republic of the Congo
- École Régionale de Santé Publique, Université Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu, The Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Ashuza Shamamba
- Université Catholique de Bukavu (UCB), Bukavu, The Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Balola Ntaboba
- Université Catholique de Bukavu (UCB), Bukavu, The Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Victoire Urbain
- Université Catholique de Bukavu (UCB), Bukavu, The Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Musingilwa Eric
- Université Catholique de Bukavu (UCB), Bukavu, The Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Emmanuel Murhabazi
- Université Catholique de Bukavu (UCB), Bukavu, The Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Martine Mihigo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hôpital Provincial Général de Référence de Bukavu (HPGRB), Bukavu, The Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Pacifique Mwene-Batu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hôpital Provincial Général de Référence de Bukavu (HPGRB), Bukavu, The Democratic Republic of the Congo
- École Régionale de Santé Publique, Université Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu, The Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Landry Kabego
- Department of Medical Biology, Hôpital Provincial Général de Référence de Bukavu (HPGRB), Bukavu, The Democratic Republic of the Congo
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Marius Baguma
- Université Catholique de Bukavu (UCB), Bukavu, The Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hôpital Provincial Général de Référence de Bukavu (HPGRB), Bukavu, The Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Center for Tropical Diseases and Global Health (CTDGH), Université Catholique de Bukavu (UCB), Bukavu, The Democratic Republic of the Congo
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Adegbilero-Iwari OE, Oluwadare T, Adegbilero-Iwari I. Predictors of online health information seeking behaviour of non-medical undergraduate students might vary. Health Info Libr J 2023. [PMID: 36850049 DOI: 10.1111/hir.12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As more people across Generations X, Y, and Z continue to use the Internet meet their information needs, this study assesses the characteristics influencing the online health information seeking behaviour (OHISB) of non-medical university students. Previous studies on the subject in Nigeria have largely assessed the concept of OHISB among university students without examining the determinants of such behaviour. OBJECTIVE To determine the predictors of OHISB among non-medical undergraduate students of a Nigerian private university. METHODS Adopting a cross-sectional research design, the study utilized a semi-structured questionnaire administered via Google forms. Some 361 non-medical undergraduate students were recruited purposively with a response rate of 84.2%. The questionnaire obtained data on students' socio-demographics, Internet usage, and OHISB. RESULTS Presence of a chronic condition, gender, and college showed significant associations with students' OHISB. 'Mothers' occupation' and 'prior experience' became significant predictors of students' OHISB. DISCUSSION The results align with studies that stressed that chronically ill persons would search for health information on the internet and that presence of chronic illness is among the predictors of OHISB. CONCLUSION These findings add to evidence from other countries that had identified health literacy and presence of chronic illness as significant predictors of OHISB among students.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tunrayo Oluwadare
- Department of Community Medicine, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Idowu Adegbilero-Iwari
- Sciences Library, Scholarly Communications Unit, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Belete H, Mekonen T, Espinosa DC, Ambaw F, Connor J, Chan G, Hides L, Hall W, Leung J. Cannabis use in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction 2023. [PMID: 36807954 DOI: 10.1111/add.16170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The most available data on the prevalence of cannabis use come from population surveys conducted in high-income countries in North America, Oceania and Europe. Less is known about the prevalence of cannabis use in Africa. This systematic review aimed to summarize general population-level cannabis use in sub-Saharan Africa since 2010. METHODS A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO and AJOL databases in addition to Global Health Data Exchange and grey literature without language restriction. Search terms related to 'substance', 'Substance-Related Disorders' and 'Prevalence' and 'Africa South of the Sahara' were used. Studies that reported cannabis use in the general population were selected, while studies from clinical populations and high-risk groups were excluded. Prevalence data on cannabis use in the general population of adolescents (10-17 years) and adults (≥ 18 years) in sub-Saharan Africa were extracted. RESULTS The study included 53 studies for the quantitative meta-analysis and included 13 239 participants. Among adolescents, the life-time, 12-month and 6-month prevalence of cannabis use were 7.9% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 5.4-10.9%], 5.2% (95% CI = 1.7-10.3%) and 4.5% (95% CI = 3.3-5.8%), respectively. The corresponding life-time, 12-month and 6-month prevalence of cannabis use among adults were 12.6% (95% CI = 6.1-21.2%), 2.2% (95% CI = 1.7-2.7%, with data only available from Tanzania and Uganda) and 4.7% (95% CI = 3.3-6.4%), respectively. The male-to-female life-time cannabis use relative risk was 1.90 (95% CI = 1.25-2.98) among adolescents and 1.67 (CI = 0.63-4.39) among adults. CONCLUSIONS Life-time cannabis use prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa appears to be approximately 12% for adults and just under 8% for adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Habte Belete
- Department of Psychiatry, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.,School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Tesfa Mekonen
- Department of Psychiatry, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.,School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Fentie Ambaw
- School of Public Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Jason Connor
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Discipline of Psychiatry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gary Chan
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Leanne Hides
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Wayne Hall
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Janni Leung
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Effects of the "Unplugged" school-based substance use prevention program in Nigeria: A cluster randomized controlled trial. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 228:108966. [PMID: 34509736 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND School-based programs are the most convenient interventions to tackle substance use among youth. "Unplugged" is a Social Influence universal school curriculum developed and tested in the "EU-Dap" project. In 2015, Nigeria implemented a large-scale project to promote healthy lifestyles in schools, families and communities. Within the project, the effectiveness of "Unplugged" was evaluated through a cluster randomized controlled trial. METHODS The program was adapted to the Nigerian context, assembling suggestions from monitoring forms and interviews, and performing fidelity checks on content and method. Thirty-two secondary schools were extracted from a list provided by the Federal Ministry of Education, and randomly allocated to intervention and control arms. A self-completed anonymous questionnaire was used for baseline and follow-up surveys. The analysis sample finally included 2685 pupils (mean age 14.2 years). Multilevel models were run to estimate program effects on prevalence of self-reported cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana use. Mediation analysis was performed to identify possible mediators of program effect on alcohol use. RESULTS Unplugged significantly reduced the prevalence of recent alcohol use in intervention vs control pupils. The effect on prevalence of cigarette and marijuana use was not statistically significant. The program prevented progress and encouraged regress across stages of intensity of alcohol use. Negative beliefs, risk perceptions, and class climate mediated the effect of Unplugged on alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS Unplugged was effective in preventing alcohol use improving beliefs, class climate and risk perceptions among Nigerian students. The implementation of the program at a larger scale in the country should be supported.
Collapse
|
5
|
Mehanović E, Virk HK, Ibanga A, Pwajok J, Prichard G, van der Kreeft P, Vigna-Taglianti F. Correlates of alcohol experimentation and drunkenness episodes among secondary-school students in Nigeria. Subst Abus 2021; 43:371-379. [PMID: 34214414 DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2021.1944952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: Alcohol is the most used substance among adolescents in Nigeria. While risk factors for alcohol use among adolescents are well documented in Europe and the US, they have received less attention in the literature on African countries. This study aimed to investigate the factors associated with alcohol experimentation and drunkenness episodes in a national sample of Nigerian adolescents. Methods: A total sample of 4,078 secondary-school students participated in the survey during the school year 2015-2016. The survey involved 32 secondary schools of six geopolitical zones (South-South, South-West, South-East, North-Center, North-West, and North-East) and two metropolitan cities (Abuja and Lagos) of Nigeria. Sociodemographic characteristics, parental alcohol use and permissiveness, friends' alcohol use, risk perceptions and beliefs were investigated as correlates of alcohol experimentation and drunkenness episodes through multilevel, mixed-effect logistic regression models. Results: The prevalence of alcohol experimentation was 34.0%, while the prevalence of drunkenness episodes was 13.4%. Results showed that male gender, family structure different from both parents' families, parental and friends' alcohol use, parental permissiveness to drink, low risk perceptions on drinking alcohol, and positive beliefs on consequences of alcohol use were associated with an increased probability of alcohol experimentation and drunkenness episodes. Family affluence and one-parent family structure were related to an increased probability of alcohol experimentation but not of drunkenness episodes. Conclusions: The majority of risk factors analyzed in this study generalize across drinking-behavior outcomes. Since the young population is dominant in Nigeria, alcohol use could become a big public health problem in the near future. High investment in adolescents' well-being by addressing the factors that contribute to drinking behavior might help to reduce the burden of the problem. Evidence-based prevention curriculum addressing knowledge, risk perceptions, beliefs on consequences of alcohol use, and parental behaviors should be implemented as widely and early as possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emina Mehanović
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Orbassano, Torino, Italy.,Piedmont Centre for Drug Addiction Epidemiology, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Harsheth Kaur Virk
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Project Office, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Akanidomo Ibanga
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Project Office, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | - Glen Prichard
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Project Office, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Peer van der Kreeft
- Faculty of Education, Health and Social Work, University College Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Federica Vigna-Taglianti
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Orbassano, Torino, Italy.,Piedmont Centre for Drug Addiction Epidemiology, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Soremekun RO, Omole OE, Adeyemi OC, Oshatimi AM. Assessment of use of psychoactive and other non-prescription drugs among students of selected tertiary institutions in Ekiti State South West Nigeria - A baseline study. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06232. [PMID: 33681493 PMCID: PMC7930107 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Substance abuse is causing increasing threats to the stability of young minds, from teenage to the older youths and is an issue of public health concern in Nigeria. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of drug abuse among students of tertiary institutions in Ekiti State. Methodology A comparative cross-sectional survey was carried out among students in tertiary institutions in Ekiti state with participants selected from Year 1 to Year 4. Data collection tool was the WHO questionnaire (STASSIS). Data was analysed to obtain descriptive and inferential data, Kruskal-Wallis test and chi square were used for analysis of variance and test of association. Result The majority of the students reported low use of all the drugs (64–90.1%) though moderate to high use were reported for: alcohol 35.1%, marijuana 15.7%, heroine 15.3%, tobacco 13.8% and cocaine 10.2%. There was a significant association between student's moderate to high use and university type. Students in private universities reported more use, especially heroine. Difference in substance use across the four years surveyed was significant with final year students (400 level) showing highest use. Conclusion Tertiary students in Ekiti state are low users of psychoactive substances with a prevalence of 60–91%. Moderate to high prevalence of 10–31% was reported with alcohol as the substance with highest usage. Substance use varied significantly with university type with highest prevalence in the private institution and students at different academic levels with final year students being the highest users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca O Soremekun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Oluwakemi E Omole
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Federal University, Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Oluwatosin C Adeyemi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, Nigeria
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jatau AI, Sha'aban A, Gulma KA, Shitu Z, Khalid GM, Isa A, Wada AS, Mustapha M. The Burden of Drug Abuse in Nigeria: A Scoping Review of Epidemiological Studies and Drug Laws. Public Health Rev 2021; 42:1603960. [PMID: 33796340 PMCID: PMC7904248 DOI: 10.3389/phrs.2021.1603960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The burden of drug abuse is becoming a public health concern in Nigeria. Preventive measures should include identifying the root causes of the burden for targeted intervention. We, therefore, aim to conduct a scoping review of the literature to summarize the findings of epidemiological studies on drug abuse and provisions of drug laws in Nigeria. The review also provides appropriate recommendations as interventions for prevention. Methods: We conducted a systematic search of the literature on PubMed to identify information on drug abuse and drug laws in Nigeria from the inception of the database to March 2020. Additional information was retrieved from Google Scholar, a manual search of included articles, discussion with experts on the subject matter, and gray literature. Study selection was performed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statements. Information from gray literature was assessed for quality and accuracy using the AACODS checklist (authority, accuracy, coverage, objectively, date, significance). Results: The systematic search of the literature generated 253 studies. Nine articles were obtained from other sources. After the selection process, 23 eligible studies were included for review. A prevalence of 20-40% and 20.9% of drug abuse was reported among students and youths, respectively. Commonly abused drugs include cannabis, cocaine, amphetamine, heroin, diazepam, codeine, cough syrup and tramadol. Sources where abusers obtained drugs, were pharmacies/patent medicine shops, open drug markets, drug hawkers, fellow drug abusers, friends, and drug pushers. Drug abuse was common among undergraduates and secondary school students, youths, commercial bus drivers, farmers, and sex workers. Reason for use included to increase physical performance, stress and to derive pleasure. Poor socioeconomic factors and low educational background were the common risk factors associated with drug abuse. We identified several drug laws and policies that were established under government agencies such as the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA), National Agency for Foods and Drugs Administration and Control (NAFDAC), Pharmacists Council of Nigeria (PCN) and a Presidential Advisory Committee. Conclusion: Findings from epidemiological studies on drug abuse in Nigeria has demonstrated that the burden of drug abuse is still high despite the existing drug laws, policies, and strategies for prevention. Measures to reduce the burden should involve the community, government, and religious bodies. Preventive measures should target the youths, the students, identified sources of the drugs, reasons and risk factors associated with drug abuse in Nigeria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Abubakar Sha'aban
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | | | - Zayyanu Shitu
- Hospital Services Management Board, Ministry of health, Gusau, Nigeria
| | - Garba Mohammed Khalid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Abubakar S Wada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Mohammed Mustapha
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dumbili EW, Gardner J, Degge HM, Hanewinkel R. Enhancement motivations for using prescription drugs among young adults in Nigeria. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2020; 95:102995. [PMID: 33707065 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The desire for enhancement is a common motive for non-medical use of prescription drugs in Western countries. Little is known about the factors that motivate use in non-Western contexts. METHODS The study explores access to prescription drugs and the motivations for using them among educated young adults in a city located in Anambra State, South-Eastern Nigeria. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 23 participants aged 23-29 years. Data were thematically analysed using NVivo 12 Software. RESULTS The data indicate that prescription drugs are widely available and easy to access without a prescription in the unregistered 'pharmacies' and medicine shops that form part of Nigeria's informal healthcare system. Social networks are also a source of drugs. Participants shared detailed perspectives on their use of prescription drugs, revealing that codeine, Rohypnol, and high doses of tramadol are used to enhance performance in several social life domains. These drugs were described as enhancing performance and productivity in the workplace, and were taken by participants working as labourers and sales representatives. Male participants also shared accounts of using high doses of tramadol to improve stamina and skill in sports. Some participants took Rohypnol to enhance their creative and academic performance. Participants stated that drug use enabled them to meet the pressures associated with work, academia, and parental expectations. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that prescription drugs are being strategically and instrumentally deployed by users to enhance different domains of social life. This is driven by users' experiences of the drugs' bodily effects, and it is supported by a context in which self-medication and informal healthcare are common. Participants' reasons for seeking drug-induced enhancement reflect sociocultural factors within Nigeria and some West African countries, such as employment scarcity and the championing of sporting prowess. The findings can be used to inform the design of tailored approaches to reduce the harms presented by the non-medical use of pharmaceuticals among young adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emeka W Dumbili
- Institute for Therapy and Health Research, Harmsstrasse 2, 24114, Kiel, Germany; Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Enugu-Onitsha Express Way, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria; Department of Social and Political Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, London, United Kingdom, UB8 3PW.
| | - John Gardner
- School of Social Sciences, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Hannah M Degge
- Coventry University, Scarborough, YO11 2JW, United Kingdom
| | - Reiner Hanewinkel
- Institute for Therapy and Health Research, Harmsstrasse 2, 24114, Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Soremekun RO, Folorunso BO, Adeyemi OC. Prevalence and perception of drug use amongst secondary school students in two local government areas of Lagos State, Nigeria. S Afr J Psychiatr 2020; 26:1428. [PMID: 32832125 PMCID: PMC7433233 DOI: 10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v26i0.1428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Drug abuse, an excessive and persistent self-administration of a drug without regard to the medically or culturally accepted patterns, has been reported amongst teenagers and adolescents in various regions of the world. Aim This study aimed to measure the prevalence of drug use amongst students of junior and senior secondary schools (aged 10–15 years). Setting This study was conducted at two local government areas in Lagos State. Methods The cross-sectional study was carried out in Ikotun or Igando local council development area (LCDA) and Ikoyi LCDA of Lagos State. Students were sampled using stratified random sampling with classes as strata and sampling performed by balloting. The modified WHO Model Drug Use Survey Questionnaire was distributed to the students for self-reporting. Ethical approval was received from district school boards. Results A total of 1048 students participated in the survey. In this study, alcohol had the highest lifetime drug prevalence rate (29.1%), followed by pharmaceutical opioids (9%). Gender, educational level, type of school management, and geographical economic distribution were found to be predictors of prevalence of drug use. This study demonstrated significant differences in the prevalence of tobacco and opioids use among students in private and public schools; and documented statistically significant differences in the prevalence of cocaine use between low income and high-income areas in two LCDAs in Lagos, Nigeria. Conclusion Prevalence of lifetime, recent use, and current use of drugs among secondary school students in two LCDAs located in Lagos State, Nigeria were documented with alcohol as the drug with the highest prevalence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca O Soremekun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | - Oluwatosin C Adeyemi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mehanović E, Virk HK, Akanidomo I, Pwajok J, Prichard G, van der Kreeft P, Vigna-Taglianti F. Correlates of cannabis and other illicit drugs use among secondary school adolescents in Nigeria. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 206:107457. [PMID: 31786400 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The burden of cannabis and other illicit drug use among youth represent a serious public health problem. The aim of the present study is to explore factors associated with cannabis and other illicit drug use among Nigerian secondary school adolescents of the six geopolitical zones of the country. METHODS A total sample of 4078 secondary school adolescents of 32 schools from the six geopolitical zones of Nigeria participated in a cross-sectional survey in December 2015-January 2016. The association of sociodemographic characteristics, parental smoking, parental permissiveness to drink, friends' marijuana or other drugs use, risk perceptions and beliefs with the risk of lifetime cannabis and other illicit drugs use was examined through multilevel logistic regression models. RESULTS The mean age of the students involved in the study was 14.7 years. Older age, living in one-parent or family structures different from both parents household, parental smoking, parental permissiveness to drink alcohol, friends' use of marijuana or other drugs, low risk perception of harmful effects, and positive beliefs on marijuana or drugs use were associated with the risk of cannabis and illicit drugs use. The indicator of socioeconomic status was associated to the risk of using cannabis, but not to the risk of using illicit drugs. CONCLUSIONS The present study highlights some correlates that influence the uptake of cannabis and drugs among Nigerian adolescents. Preventive programs addressing these factors could help to reduce the burden of the problem. Specific attention should be given to interventions to contrast the incorrect beliefs and perceptions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emina Mehanović
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy; Piedmont Centre for Drug Addiction Epidemiology, ASL TO3, Via Sabaudia 164, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy.
| | - Harsheth Kaur Virk
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Project Office, NDLEA Headquarters, 4 Onilegbale Road Road, Ikoyi, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Ibanga Akanidomo
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Project Office, NDLEA Headquarters, 4 Onilegbale Road Road, Ikoyi, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Juliet Pwajok
- University of Jos, P.M.B. 2084, 93001 Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Glen Prichard
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Project Office, NDLEA Headquarters, 4 Onilegbale Road Road, Ikoyi, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Peer van der Kreeft
- Faculty for Education, Health and Social Work, University College Ghent, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Federica Vigna-Taglianti
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy; Piedmont Centre for Drug Addiction Epidemiology, ASL TO3, Via Sabaudia 164, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Vigna‐Taglianti F, Alesina M, Damjanović L, Mehanović E, Akanidomo I, Pwajok J, Prichard G, Kreeft P, Virk HK. Knowledge, attitudes and behaviours on tobacco, alcohol and other drugs among Nigerian secondary school students: Differences by geopolitical zones. Drug Alcohol Rev 2019; 38:712-724. [DOI: 10.1111/dar.12974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Vigna‐Taglianti
- Department of Clinical and Biological SciencesUniversity of Torino Torino Italy
- Piedmont Centre for Drug Addiction Epidemiology, ASL TO3, Grugliasco Torino Italy
| | - Marta Alesina
- Department of Clinical and Biological SciencesUniversity of Torino Torino Italy
- Piedmont Centre for Drug Addiction Epidemiology, ASL TO3, Grugliasco Torino Italy
| | - Ljiljana Damjanović
- Department of Clinical and Biological SciencesUniversity of Torino Torino Italy
- Piedmont Centre for Drug Addiction Epidemiology, ASL TO3, Grugliasco Torino Italy
| | - Emina Mehanović
- Department of Clinical and Biological SciencesUniversity of Torino Torino Italy
- Piedmont Centre for Drug Addiction Epidemiology, ASL TO3, Grugliasco Torino Italy
| | - Ibanga Akanidomo
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Project Office Lagos Nigeria
| | | | - Glen Prichard
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Project Office Lagos Nigeria
| | - Peer Kreeft
- Faculty for Education, Health and Social Work, University College Ghent Belgium
| | - Harsheth K. Virk
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Project Office Lagos Nigeria
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Pufall EL, Eaton JW, Robertson L, Mushati P, Nyamukapa C, Gregson S. Education, substance use, and HIV risk among orphaned adolescents in Eastern Zimbabwe. VULNERABLE CHILDREN AND YOUTH STUDIES 2017; 12:360-374. [PMID: 29170681 PMCID: PMC5679749 DOI: 10.1080/17450128.2017.1332398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in education as a means to reduce HIV infection in vulnerable children in sub-Saharan Africa; however, the mechanisms by which education reduces HIV infection remain uncertain. Substance use has been associated with high-risk sexual behaviour and could lie on the causal pathway between education and HIV risk. Therefore, we used multivariable regression to measure associations between: (i) orphanhood and substance use (alcohol, recreational drugs, and smoking), (ii) substance use and sexual risk behaviours, and (iii) school enrolment and substance use, in adolescents aged 15-19 years, in Eastern Zimbabwe. We found substance use to be low overall (6.4%, 3.2%, and 0.9% of males reported alcohol, drug, and cigarette use; <1% of females reported any substance use), but was more common in male maternal and double orphans than non-orphans. Substance use was positively associated with early sexual debut, number of sexual partners, and engaging in transactional sex, while school enrolment was associated with lower substance use in males. We conclude that education may reduce sexual risk behaviours and HIV infection rates among male adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa, in part, by reducing substance abuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E. L. Pufall
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J. W. Eaton
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - L. Robertson
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - P. Mushati
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - C. Nyamukapa
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - S. Gregson
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Manyike PC, Chinawa JM, Chinawa AT, Obu HA, Nwokocha ARC, Odetunde OI. Correlates for psycho-active substance use among boarding secondary school adolescents in Enugu, South East, Nigeria. BMC Pediatr 2016; 16:78. [PMID: 27282877 PMCID: PMC4899923 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-016-0615-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Psycho-active substance use among adolescents is a national and global problem and its attendant effects on adolescents cannot be overemphasized. The objectives of this study are to determine the prevalence and pattern of psychoactive substance use among adolescents; the substances involved and the extent of the problem in this locale. Methods This is a cross-sectional study that assesses the pattern of psychoactive substance use among secondary school adolescents in Enugu, south East, Nigeria. The study was carried out among adolescents attending six secondary boarding schools in Enugu metropolis of Enugu State of Nigeria. The WHO Student Drug Use Questionnaire was adapted for this study. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences program (SPSS), version 17. Chi-square and multivariate regression were used as a test of significance for qualitative variables. A p-value less than 0.05 were accepted as significant for each statistical test. Results Out of 900, a total of 896 respondents, comprising 400 and 82 boys (482) (53.8 %) and 400 and 14 girls (414) (46.2 %) completed the questionnaires. This gave a response rate of 99.6 %. The study revealed that the prevalence of current use for psychoactive substances ranges from 0.4 to 34.9 % while that for life use ranges from 0.8 to 63.5 %. The least being cannabis and the most being kola nuts. Kola nut is the most widely used psychoactive substance both for current use, past year use and the respondents’ life time use. It shows a lifetime prevalence of 63.5 % and a current use prevalence of 34.9 %. More than half of the users of each of the psychoactive substances take it occasionally, using them on 1–5 days in a month. On the other hand, almost one-quarter of the users of each of the substances take it on 20 or more days in a month. Conclusion The study revealed that the prevalence of current use for psychoactive substances ranges from 0.4 to 34.9 % while that for life use ranges from 0.8 to 63.5 %. The least being cannabis and the most being kola nuts. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12887-016-0615-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pius C Manyike
- College of Medicine, Ebonyi State University/Department of Pediatrics, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakiliki, Nigeria
| | - Josephat M Chinawa
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus/University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH), Ituku- Ozalla, Enugu State, 400001, Nigeria.
| | - Awoere T Chinawa
- Department Of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Enugu State University Teaching Hospital, Enugu, 400001, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Herbert A Obu
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus/University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH), Ituku- Ozalla, Enugu State, 400001, Nigeria
| | - Ada R C Nwokocha
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus/University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH), Ituku- Ozalla, Enugu State, 400001, Nigeria
| | - Odutola I Odetunde
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus/University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH), Ituku- Ozalla, Enugu State, 400001, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Atilola O, Ola B. Towards school mental health programmes in Nigeria: systematic review revealed the need for contextualised and culturally-nuanced research. J Child Adolesc Ment Health 2016; 28:47-70. [PMID: 27088276 DOI: 10.2989/17280583.2016.1144607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND School-based mental health programmes, a potential avenue to reach many children and youth, are not yet developed in Nigeria. In view of the importance of cultural nuances in mental health issues, initial groundwork towards the establishment of these programmes in Nigeria must be cognizant of cultural peculiarities at the outset. OBJECTIVES The objective of the study was to critically examine, through the lens of transcultural psychiatry, all the currently available epidemiological studies and needs assessments relevant to school-based mental health programmes in Nigeria. METHODS The study was a systematic review of relevant studies available from MEDLINE, Science Direct, PsychInfo, Google Scholar, and AJOL databases. RESULTS This review shows that there is an ongoing effort at documenting the burden of mental health problems and risks, resource needs, and the available resource and capacity for school-based mental health programmes in Nigeria. However, generally speaking these epidemiological data and needs assessments are significantly limited in epistemological philosophy and cultural contextualisation. This was evidenced by a preponderance of non-representative data, quantitative assessments, and decontextualised interpretation of results and conclusions. CONCLUSIONS Going forward, recommendations are offered for culturally-nuanced epidemiology and the direction is set for context-appropriate needs assessments for school-based mental health programmes in Nigeria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olayinka Atilola
- a Department of Behavioural Medicine , Lagos State University College of Medicine Ikeja , Lagos Nigeria
| | - Bolanle Ola
- a Department of Behavioural Medicine , Lagos State University College of Medicine Ikeja , Lagos Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mamat CFB, Jamshed SQ, El Syed T, Khan TM, Othman N, Al-Shami AK, Zaini SB, Siddiqui MJ. The use of psychotropic substances among students: The prevalence, factor association, and abuse. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2015; 7:181-7. [PMID: 26229351 PMCID: PMC4517319 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.160011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This detailed review analyzed the previously published studies related to the prevalence of psychotropic substances use, associated factors, and the misuse of the psychotropics among students. A comprehensive literature search covering six databases was performed. References from published articles and reports were extracted. This helped in identifying the available information on the use of psychotropic drugs. A total of 16 articles were included in this review. There is an upsurge of using psychotropics with the preceding years. More students are exposed to the risk of using psychotropic substances due to the multiple factors like stress, increased academic workload, etc. The misuse is found to be common with prescribed psychotropic substances. Students need to be aware of the bad outcomes of using psychotropic substances. Participation of every stakeholder to curb this menace needs to be emphasized. More extensive studies are required to know about the increasing prevalence, factors, and misuse of psychotropics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Che Fadhilah Bt Mamat
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Shazia Qasim Jamshed
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Tarek El Syed
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Tahir Mehmood Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Monash University, Sunway Campus, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noordin Othman
- Department of Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunawwarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Kareem Al-Shami
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Syahrir Bin Zaini
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Jamshed Siddiqui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dumbili EW. A review of substance use among secondary school students in Nigeria: Implications for policies. DRUGS-EDUCATION PREVENTION AND POLICY 2015. [DOI: 10.3109/09687637.2015.1041455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
18
|
Somadril and edgework in South Sulawesi. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2014; 25:755-61. [PMID: 25018153 PMCID: PMC4154454 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of psychoactive prescription drugs (PPDs) by young people is part of a broader worldwide trend towards the consumption of pharmaceuticals to improve social, emotional, and sexual performance. Few studies have examined how young people use PPDs in developing countries, where off-label use is likely to be greater due to weaker market controls. This study presents our findings on PPD use among sex workers in Makassar, Indonesia. We focus on one potent painkiller, Somadril, which is freely available over the counter in pharmacies. The sex workers we studied used most of their earnings to purchase Somadril pills, which they used to feel more confident and to make their work more palatable. This paper also traces the history of the active component in Somadril, carisoprodol. This was developed in the United States, where it was soon used recreationally. We found that knowledge of its effects seeped from health professionals into youth networks, where it was spread by word of mouth. The flow of information on carisoprodol's harmful effects, however, was less evident.
Collapse
|
19
|
Novel psychoactive substances in young adults with and without psychiatric comorbidities. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:815424. [PMID: 25133182 PMCID: PMC4123484 DOI: 10.1155/2014/815424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective. Comorbidities between psychiatric diseases and consumption of traditional substances of abuse (alcohol, cannabis, opioids, and cocaine) are common. Nevertheless, there is no data regarding the use of novel psychoactive substances (NPS) in the psychiatric population. The purpose of this multicentre survey is to investigate the consumption of a wide variety of psychoactive substances in a young psychiatric sample and in a paired sample of healthy subjects. Methods. A questionnaire has been administered, in different Italian cities, to 206 psychiatric patients aged 18 to 26 years and to a sample of 2615 healthy subjects matched for sex, gender, and living status. Results. Alcohol consumption was more frequent in the healthy young population compared to age-matched subjects suffering from mental illness (79.5% versus 70.7%; P < 0.003). Conversely, cocaine and NPS use was significantly more common in the psychiatric population (cocaine 8.7% versus 4.6%; P = 0.002) (NPS 9.8% versus 3%; P < 0.001). Conclusions. The use of novel psychoactive substances in a young psychiatric population appears to be a frequent phenomenon, probably still underestimated. Therefore, careful and constant monitoring and accurate evaluations of possible clinical effects related to their use are necessary.
Collapse
|
20
|
Atilola O, Ayinde O, Adeitan O. Beyond prevalence and pattern: problematic extent of alcohol and substance use among adolescents in Ibadan South-west Nigeria. Afr Health Sci 2013; 13:777-84. [PMID: 24250321 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v13i3.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research on adolescent alcohol/substance use in Nigeria had focused on the pattern of use without consideration for the extent of use. Socio-demographic correlates have also not been well explored. Information about socio-demographic correlates can also inform target-points in preventive strategies. Knowledge of the prevalence of problematic pattern of alcohol/substance use can inform the inclusion of rehabilitation strategies in intervention policies. OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence, pattern and extent-as well as socio-demographic correlates-of alcohol/substance use among a cohort of adolescents in Nigeria. METHODS Pattern and extent of alcohol/substance use was examined using the CRAFFT instrument. RESULTS A total of 538 adolescents with a mean age of 15.1 ± 1.4 years returned completed questionnaires. 12-month prevalence of alcohol and other substance use was 21.4%. About 46% of those who reported use of alcohol or any other substance had a CRAFFT score of >2 which suggests problematic pattern of use. Older age, male gender, parental alcohol and substance and lower than average school performance were independently associated with 12-moNth use of alcohol or any other substance. CONCLUSIONS Adolescent alcohol and substance use is common in Nigeria and a large proportion of users show a problematic pattern of use that warrants rehabilitative intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Atilola
- Department of Behavioural Medicine, Lagos state University College of Medicine Ikeja Lagos, Nigeria ; Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Affiliation(s)
- Aribert Rothenberger
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Göttingen, Von-Siebold Str. 5, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|