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Marconi A, Vernaz G, Karunaratna A, Ngochera MJ, Durbin R, Santos ME. Genetic and developmental divergence in the neural crest programme between cichlid fish species. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.30.578004. [PMID: 38352436 PMCID: PMC10862805 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.30.578004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Neural crest (NC) is a vertebrate-specific embryonic progenitor cell population at the basis of important vertebrate features such as the craniofacial skeleton and pigmentation patterns. Despite the wide-ranging variation of NC-derived traits across vertebrates, the contribution of NC to species diversification remains largely unexplored. Here, leveraging the adaptive diversity of African Great Lakes' cichlid species, we combined comparative transcriptomics and population genomics to investigate the evolution of the NC genetic programme in the context of their morphological divergence. Our analysis revealed substantial differences in transcriptional landscapes across somitogenesis, an embryonic period coinciding with NC development and migration. This included dozens of genes with described functions in the vertebrate NC gene regulatory network, several of which showed signatures of positive selection. Among candidate genes showing between-species expression divergence, we focused on two teleost-specific paralogs of the NC-specifier gene sox10 ( sox10a and sox10b ) as prime candidates to influence NC development. These genes, expressed in NC cells, displayed remarkable spatio-temporal expression variation in cichlids, suggesting their contribution to inter-specific morphological differences. Finally, through CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis, we experimentally demonstrated the functional divergence between cichlid sox10 paralogs, with the acquisition of a novel skeletogenic function by sox10a . When compared to the two teleost models zebrafish and medaka, our findings reveal that sox10 duplication, although retained in most teleost lineages, have had variable functional fates across their phylogeny. Altogether, our study suggests that NC-related processes - particularly those controlled by sox10 s - might be involved in generating morphological diversification between species and lays the groundwork for further investigations into the mechanisms underpinning vertebrate NC diversification.
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Chatzi D, Kyriakoudi SA, Dermitzakis I, Manthou ME, Meditskou S, Theotokis P. Clinical and Genetic Correlation in Neurocristopathies: Bridging a Precision Medicine Gap. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2223. [PMID: 38673496 PMCID: PMC11050951 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13082223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurocristopathies (NCPs) encompass a spectrum of disorders arising from issues during the formation and migration of neural crest cells (NCCs). NCCs undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and upon key developmental gene deregulation, fetuses and neonates are prone to exhibit diverse manifestations depending on the affected area. These conditions are generally rare and often have a genetic basis, with many following Mendelian inheritance patterns, thus making them perfect candidates for precision medicine. Examples include cranial NCPs, like Goldenhar syndrome and Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome; cardiac-vagal NCPs, such as DiGeorge syndrome; truncal NCPs, like congenital central hypoventilation syndrome and Waardenburg syndrome; and enteric NCPs, such as Hirschsprung disease. Additionally, NCCs' migratory and differentiating nature makes their derivatives prone to tumors, with various cancer types categorized based on their NCC origin. Representative examples include schwannomas and pheochromocytomas. This review summarizes current knowledge of diseases arising from defects in NCCs' specification and highlights the potential of precision medicine to remedy a clinical phenotype by targeting the genotype, particularly important given that those affected are primarily infants and young children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Paschalis Theotokis
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.C.); (S.A.K.); (I.D.); (M.E.M.); (S.M.)
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Montalva L, Cheng LS, Kapur R, Langer JC, Berrebi D, Kyrklund K, Pakarinen M, de Blaauw I, Bonnard A, Gosain A. Hirschsprung disease. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2023; 9:54. [PMID: 37828049 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-023-00465-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a rare congenital intestinal disease that occurs in 1 in 5,000 live births. HSCR is characterized by the absence of ganglion cells in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses of the intestine. Most patients present during the neonatal period with the first meconium passage delayed beyond 24 h, abdominal distension and vomiting. Syndromes associated with HSCR include trisomy 21, Mowat-Wilson syndrome, congenital central hypoventilation syndrome, Shah-Waardenburg syndrome and cartilage-hair hypoplasia. Multiple putative genes are involved in familial and isolated HSCR, of which the most common are the RET proto-oncogene and EDNRB. Diagnosis consists of visualization of a transition zone on contrast enema and confirmation via rectal biopsy. HSCR is typically managed by surgical removal of the aganglionic bowel and reconstruction of the intestinal tract by connecting the normally innervated bowel down to the anus while preserving normal sphincter function. Several procedures, namely Swenson, Soave and Duhamel procedures, can be undertaken and may include a laparoscopically assisted approach. Short-term and long-term comorbidities include persistent obstructive symptoms, enterocolitis and soiling. Continued research and innovation to better understand disease mechanisms holds promise for developing novel techniques for diagnosis and therapy, and improving outcomes in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Montalva
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Robert-Debré Children's University Hospital, Paris, France.
- Faculty of Health, Paris-Cité University, Paris, France.
- NeuroDiderot, INSERM UMR1141, Paris, France.
| | - Lily S Cheng
- Division of Paediatric Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Division of Paediatric Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Raj Kapur
- Department of Pathology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jacob C Langer
- Division of Paediatric Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dominique Berrebi
- Department of Pathology, Robert-Debré and Necker Children's University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Kristiina Kyrklund
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Pakarinen
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ivo de Blaauw
- Department of Surgery, Division of Paediatric Surgery, Radboudumc-Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Arnaud Bonnard
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Robert-Debré Children's University Hospital, Paris, France
- Faculty of Health, Paris-Cité University, Paris, France
- NeuroDiderot, INSERM UMR1141, Paris, France
| | - Ankush Gosain
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
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Ganz J, Ratcliffe EM. Who's talking to whom: microbiome-enteric nervous system interactions in early life. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2023; 324:G196-G206. [PMID: 36625480 PMCID: PMC9988524 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00166.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is the intrinsic nervous system of the gastrointestinal tract (GI) and regulates important GI functions, including motility, nutrient uptake, and immune response. The development of the ENS begins during early organogenesis and continues to develop once feeding begins, with ongoing plasticity into adulthood. There has been increasing recognition that the intestinal microbiota and ENS interact during critical periods, with implications for normal development and potential disease pathogenesis. In this review, we focus on insights from mouse and zebrafish model systems to compare and contrast how each model can serve in elucidating the bidirectional communication between the ENS and the microbiome. At the end of this review, we further outline implications for human disease and highlight research innovations that can lead the field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ganz
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
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Sunardi M, Ito K, Sato Y, Uesaka T, Iwasaki M, Enomoto H. A Single RET Mutation in Hirschsprung Disease Induces Intestinal Aganglionosis Via a Dominant-Negative Mechanism. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 15:1505-1524. [PMID: 36521661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a congenital disorder characterized by the absence of the enteric nervous system (ENS). HSCR potentially involves multiple gene aberrations and displays complex patterns of inheritance. Mutations of the RET gene, encoding the RET receptor tyrosine kinase, play a central role in the pathogenesis of HSCR. Although a wide variety of coding RET mutations have been identified, their pathogenetic significance in vivo has remained largely unclear. METHODS We introduced a HSCR-associated RET missense mutation, RET(S811F), into the corresponding region (S812) of the mouse Ret gene. Pathogenetic impact of Ret(S812F) was assessed by histologic and functional analyses of the ENS and by biochemical analyses. Interactions of the Ret(S812F) allele with HSCR susceptibility genes, the RET9 allele and the Ednrb gene, were examined by genetic crossing in mice. RESULTS RetS812F/+ mice displayed intestinal aganglionosis (incidence, 50%) or hypoganglionosis (50%), impaired differentiation of enteric neurons, defecation deficits, and increased lethality. Biochemical analyses revealed that Ret(S811F) protein was not only kinase-deficient but also abrogated function of wild-type RET in trans. Moreover, the Ret(S812F) allele interacted with other HSCR susceptibility genes and caused intestinal aganglionosis with full penetrance. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that a single RET missense mutation alone induces intestinal aganglionosis via a dominant-negative mechanism. The RetS812F/+ mice model HSCR displays dominant inheritance with incomplete penetrance and serves as a valuable platform for better understanding of the pathogenetic mechanism of HSCR caused by coding RET mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukhamad Sunardi
- Division of Neural Differentiation and Regeneration, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ito
- Division of Neural Differentiation and Regeneration, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yuya Sato
- Division of Neural Differentiation and Regeneration, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Uesaka
- Division of Neural Differentiation and Regeneration, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Iwasaki
- Division of Neural Differentiation and Regeneration, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hideki Enomoto
- Division of Neural Differentiation and Regeneration, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan.
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Lee C, Lo M, Chen Y, Lin P, Hsu C, Chen P, Wu C, Hsu JS. Identification of nine novel variants across PAX3, SOX10, EDNRB, and MITF genes in Waardenburg syndrome with next-generation sequencing. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2022; 10:e2082. [PMID: 36331148 PMCID: PMC9747560 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.2082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Waardenburg syndrome (WS) is a hereditary, genetically heterogeneous disorder characterized by variable presentations of sensorineural hearing impairment and pigmentation anomalies. This study aimed to investigate the clinical features of WS in detail and determine the genetic causes of patients with clinically suspected WS. METHODS A total of 24 patients from 21 Han-Taiwanese families were enrolled and underwent comprehensive physical and audiological examinations. We applied targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) to investigate the potential causative variants in these patients and further validated the candidate variants through Sanger sequencing. RESULTS We identified 19 causative variants of WS in our cohort. Of these variants, nine were novel and discovered in PAX3, SOX10, EDNRB, and MITF genes, including missense, nonsense, deletion, and splice site variants. Several patients presented with skeletal deformities, hypotonia, megacolon, and neurological disorders that were rarely seen in WS. CONCLUSION This study revealed highly phenotypic variability in Taiwanese WS patients and demonstrated that targeted NGS allowed us to clarify the genetic diagnosis and extend the genetic variant spectrum of WS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen‐Yu Lee
- Department of OtolaryngologyNational Taiwan University Hospital, Hsinchu BranchHsinchuTaiwan
| | - Ming‐Yu Lo
- Department of OtolaryngologyNational Taiwan University HospitalTaipeiTaiwan,Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, College of MedicineNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - You‐Mei Chen
- Department of Medical GeneticsNational Taiwan University HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Pei‐Hsuan Lin
- Department of OtolaryngologyNational Taiwan University HospitalTaipeiTaiwan,Department of OtolaryngologyNational Taiwan University Hospital, Yunlin BranchYunlinTaiwan
| | - Chuan‐Jen Hsu
- Department of OtolaryngologyNational Taiwan University HospitalTaipeiTaiwan,Department of OtolaryngologyBuddhist Tzuchi General Hospital, Taichung BranchTaichungTaiwan
| | - Pei‐Lung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, College of MedicineNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan,Department of Medical GeneticsNational Taiwan University HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chen‐Chi Wu
- Department of OtolaryngologyNational Taiwan University HospitalTaipeiTaiwan,Department of Medical ResearchNational Taiwan University Hospital, Hsinchu BranchHsinchuTaiwan
| | - Jacob Shujui Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, College of MedicineNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
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7
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Comparative role of SOX10 gene in the gliogenesis of central, peripheral, and enteric nervous systems. Differentiation 2022; 128:13-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Mueller JL, Goldstein AM. The science of Hirschsprung disease: What we know and where we are headed. Semin Pediatr Surg 2022; 31:151157. [PMID: 35690468 DOI: 10.1016/j.sempedsurg.2022.151157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a rich network of neurons and glial cells that comprise the gastrointestinal tract's intrinsic nervous system and are responsible for controlling numerous complex functions, including digestion, transit, secretion, barrier function, and maintenance of a healthy microbiome. Development of a functional ENS relies on the coordinated interaction between enteric neural crest-derived cells and their environment as the neural crest-derived cells migrate rostrocaudally along the embryonic gut mesenchyme. Congenital or acquired disruption of ENS development leads to various neurointestinal diseases. Hirschsprung disease is a congenital neurocristopathy, a disease of the neural crest. It is characterized by a variable length of distal colonic aganglionosis due to a failure in enteric neural crest-derived cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and/or survival. In this review, we will review the science of Hirschsprung disease, targeting an audience of pediatric surgeons. We will discuss the basic biology of normal ENS development, as well as what goes awry in ENS development in Hirschsprung disease. We will review animal models that have been integral to studying this disease, as well as current hot topics and future research, including genetic risk profiling, stem cell therapy, non-invasive diagnostic techniques, single-cell sequencing techniques, and genotype-phenotype correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Mueller
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., WRN 1151, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Allan M Goldstein
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., WRN 1151, Boston, MA 02114, United States.
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9
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Avila JA, Southard-Smith EM. "Going the Extra Mile": A Sox10 Target, Cdh19, is Required for Sacral NC Migration in ENS Development. Gastroenterology 2022; 162:42-44. [PMID: 34627857 PMCID: PMC9109251 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin A. Avila
- Program in Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - E Michelle Southard-Smith
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.
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10
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Huang T, Hou Y, Wang X, Wang L, Yi C, Wang C, Sun X, Tam PKH, Ngai SM, Sham MH, Burns AJ, Chan WY. Direct Interaction of Sox10 With Cadherin-19 Mediates Early Sacral Neural Crest Cell Migration: Implications for Enteric Nervous System Development Defects. Gastroenterology 2022; 162:179-192.e11. [PMID: 34425092 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The enteric nervous system, which regulates many gastrointestinal functions, is derived from neural crest cells (NCCs). Defective NCC migration during embryonic development may lead to enteric neuropathies such as Hirschsprung's disease (hindgut aganglionosis). Sox10 is known to be essential for cell migration but downstream molecular events regulating early NCC migration have not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to determine how Sox10 regulates migration of sacral NCCs toward the hindgut using Dominant megacolon mice, an animal model of Hirschsprung's disease with a Sox10 mutation. METHODS We used the following: time-lapse live cell imaging to determine the migration defects of mutant sacral NCCs; genome-wide microarrays, site-directed mutagenesis, and whole embryo culture to identify Sox10 targets; and liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry to ascertain downstream effectors of Sox10. RESULTS Sacral NCCs exhibited retarded migration to the distal hindgut in Sox10-null embryos with simultaneous down-regulated expression of cadherin-19 (Cdh19). Sox10 was found to bind directly to the Cdh19 promoter. Cdh19 knockdown resulted in retarded sacral NCC migration in vitro and ex vivo, whereas re-expression of Cdh19 partially rescued the retarded migration of mutant sacral NCCs in vitro. Cdh19 formed cadherin-catenin complexes, which then bound to filamentous actin of the cytoskeleton during cell migration. CONCLUSIONS Cdh19 is a direct target of Sox10 during early sacral NCC migration toward the hindgut and forms cadherin-catenin complexes which interact with the cytoskeleton in migrating cells. Elucidation of this novel molecular pathway helps to provide insights into the pathogenesis of enteric nervous system developmental defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taida Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yonghui Hou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xia Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Anatomy, Histology & Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liang Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenju Yi
- Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cuifang Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; College of Oceanology and Food Sciences, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyun Sun
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Paul K H Tam
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Dr. Li Dak Sum Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Sai Ming Ngai
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mai Har Sham
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alan J Burns
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom; Gastrointestinal Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
| | - Wood Yee Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Sutton G, Kelsh RN, Scholpp S. Review: The Role of Wnt/β-Catenin Signalling in Neural Crest Development in Zebrafish. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:782445. [PMID: 34912811 PMCID: PMC8667473 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.782445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) is a multipotent cell population in vertebrate embryos with extraordinary migratory capacity. The NC is crucial for vertebrate development and forms a myriad of cell derivatives throughout the body, including pigment cells, neuronal cells of the peripheral nervous system, cardiomyocytes and skeletogenic cells in craniofacial tissue. NC induction occurs at the end of gastrulation when the multipotent population of NC progenitors emerges in the ectodermal germ layer in the neural plate border region. In the process of NC fate specification, fate-specific markers are expressed in multipotent progenitors, which subsequently adopt a specific fate. Thus, NC cells delaminate from the neural plate border and migrate extensively throughout the embryo until they differentiate into various cell derivatives. Multiple signalling pathways regulate the processes of NC induction and specification. This review explores the ongoing role of the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway during NC development, focusing on research undertaken in the Teleost model organism, zebrafish (Danio rerio). We discuss the function of the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway in inducing the NC within the neural plate border and the specification of melanocytes from the NC. The current understanding of NC development suggests a continual role of Wnt/β-catenin signalling in activating and maintaining the gene regulatory network during NC induction and pigment cell specification. We relate this to emerging models and hypotheses on NC fate restriction. Finally, we highlight the ongoing challenges facing NC research, current gaps in knowledge, and this field's potential future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Sutton
- Living Systems Institute, School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Robert N. Kelsh
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Steffen Scholpp
- Living Systems Institute, School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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12
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Choe CP, Choi SY, Kee Y, Kim MJ, Kim SH, Lee Y, Park HC, Ro H. Transgenic fluorescent zebrafish lines that have revolutionized biomedical research. Lab Anim Res 2021; 37:26. [PMID: 34496973 PMCID: PMC8424172 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-021-00103-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its debut in the biomedical research fields in 1981, zebrafish have been used as a vertebrate model organism in more than 40,000 biomedical research studies. Especially useful are zebrafish lines expressing fluorescent proteins in a molecule, intracellular organelle, cell or tissue specific manner because they allow the visualization and tracking of molecules, intracellular organelles, cells or tissues of interest in real time and in vivo. In this review, we summarize representative transgenic fluorescent zebrafish lines that have revolutionized biomedical research on signal transduction, the craniofacial skeletal system, the hematopoietic system, the nervous system, the urogenital system, the digestive system and intracellular organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Pyo Choe
- Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.,Division of Applied Life Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Yong Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Kee
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Hyung Kim
- Department of Marine Life Sciences and Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonsung Lee
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Chul Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Ansan, 15355, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunju Ro
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
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13
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Lai X, Liu J, Zou Z, Wang Y, Wang Y, Liu X, Huang W, Ma Y, Chen Q, Li F, Wu G, Li W, Wang W, Yuan Y, Jiang B. SOX10 ablation severely impairs the generation of postmigratory neural crest from human pluripotent stem cells. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:814. [PMID: 34453037 PMCID: PMC8397771 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04099-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Animal studies have indicated that SOX10 is one of the key transcription factors regulating the proliferation, migration and differentiation of multipotent neural crest (NC), and mutation of SOX10 in humans may lead to type 4 Waardenburg syndrome (WS). However, the exact role of SOX10 in human NC development and the underlying molecular mechanisms of SOX10-related human diseases remain poorly understood due to the lack of appropriate human model systems. In this study, we successfully generated SOX10-knockout human induced pluripotent stem cells (SOX10-/- hiPSCs) by the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing tool. We found that loss of SOX10 significantly inhibited the generation of p75highHNK1+/CD49D+ postmigratory neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) and upregulated the cell apoptosis rate during NC commitment from hiPSCs. Moreover, we discovered that both the neuronal and glial differentiation capacities of SOX10-/- NCSCs were severely compromised. Intriguingly, we showed that SOX10-/- hiPSCs generated markedly more TFAP2C+nonneural ectoderm cells (NNE) than control hiPSCs during neural crest differentiation. Our results indicate that SOX10 is crucial for the transition of premigratory cells to migrating NC and is vital for NC survival. Taken together, these results provide new insights into the function of SOX10 in human NC development, and the SOX10-knockout hiPSC lines may serve as a valuable cell model to study the pathogenesis of SOX10-related human neurocristopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingqiang Lai
- Department of Cardiology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jia Liu
- VIP Medical Service Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengwei Zou
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Center for Stem Cell Clinical Translation, First Affiliated Hospital, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yina Wang
- VIP Medical Service Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ye Wang
- Fetal Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan People's Hospital, Zhongshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Weijun Huang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanchen Ma
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fugui Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan People's Hospital, Zhongshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Guifu Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiqiang Li
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weijia Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan People's Hospital, Zhongshan, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yong Yuan
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, Zhongshan People's Hospital, Zhongshan, Guangdong, China.
| | - Boxiong Jiang
- VIP Medical Service Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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14
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Zhang S, Xu H, Tian Y, Liu D, Hou X, Zeng B, Chen B, Liu H, Li R, Li X, Zuo B, Tang R, Tang W. High Genetic Heterogeneity in Chinese Patients With Waardenburg Syndrome Revealed by Next-Generation Sequencing. Front Genet 2021; 12:643546. [PMID: 34149797 PMCID: PMC8212959 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.643546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to explore the genetic causes of probands who were diagnosed with Waardenburg syndrome (WS) or congenital sensorineural hearing loss. Methods A detailed physical and audiological examinations were carried out to make an accurate diagnosis of 14 patients from seven unrelated families. We performed whole-exome sequencing in probands to detect the potential genetic causes and further validated them by Sanger sequencing in the probands and their family members. Results The genetic causes for all 14 patients with WS or congenital sensorineural hearing loss were identified. A total of seven heterozygous variants including c.1459C > T, c.123del, and c.959-409_1173+3402del of PAX3 gene (NM_181459.4), c.198_262del and c.529_556del of SOX10 gene (NM_006941.4), and c.731G > A and c.970dup of MITF gene (NM_000248.3) were found for the first time. Of these mutations, we had confirmed two (c.1459C > T and c.970dup) are de novo by Sanger sequencing of variants in the probands and their parents. Conclusion We revealed a total of seven novel mutations in PAX3, SOX10, and MITF, which underlie the pathogenesis of WS. The clinical and genetic characterization of these families with WS elucidated high heterogeneity in Chinese patients with WS. This study expands the database of PAX3, SOX10, and MITF mutations and improves our understanding of the causes of WS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongen Xu
- Precision Medicine Center, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongan Tian
- BGI College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Danhua Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinyue Hou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Beiping Zeng
- BGI College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bei Chen
- Department of Otology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huanfei Liu
- Precision Medicine Center, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruijun Li
- Precision Medicine Center, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Department of Otology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bin Zuo
- Department of Otology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ryan Tang
- Johns Hopkins University, Maryland, MD, United States
| | - Wenxue Tang
- Precision Medicine Center, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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15
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Zhang Y, Bailey D, Yang P, Kim E, Que J. The development and stem cells of the esophagus. Development 2021; 148:148/6/dev193839. [PMID: 33782045 PMCID: PMC8034879 DOI: 10.1242/dev.193839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The esophagus is derived from the anterior portion of the foregut endoderm, which also gives rise to the respiratory system. As it develops, the esophageal lining is transformed from a simple columnar epithelium into a stratified squamous cell layer, accompanied by the replacement of unspecified mesenchyme with layers of muscle cells. Studies in animal models have provided significant insights into the roles of various signaling pathways in esophageal development. More recent studies using human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) further demonstrate that some of these signaling pathways are conserved in human esophageal development. In addition, a combination of mouse genetics and hPSC differentiation approaches have uncovered new players that control esophageal morphogenesis. In this Review, we summarize these new findings and discuss how the esophagus is established and matures throughout different stages, including its initial specification, respiratory-esophageal separation, epithelial morphogenesis and maintenance. We also discuss esophageal muscular development and enteric nervous system innervation, which are essential for esophageal structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism & Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China,Authors for correspondence (; )
| | - Dominique Bailey
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA,Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA,Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Patrick Yang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Eugene Kim
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA,Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jianwen Que
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA,Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA,Authors for correspondence (; )
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16
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Kang YN, Fung C, Vanden Berghe P. Gut innervation and enteric nervous system development: a spatial, temporal and molecular tour de force. Development 2021; 148:148/3/dev182543. [PMID: 33558316 DOI: 10.1242/dev.182543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During embryonic development, the gut is innervated by intrinsic (enteric) and extrinsic nerves. Focusing on mammalian ENS development, in this Review we highlight how important the different compartments of this innervation are to assure proper gut function. We specifically address the three-dimensional architecture of the innervation, paying special attention to the differences in development along the longitudinal and circumferential axes of the gut. We review recent information about the formation of both intrinsic innervation, which is fairly well-known, as well as the establishment of the extrinsic innervation, which, despite its importance in gut-brain signaling, has received much less attention. We further discuss how external microbial and nutritional cues or neuroimmune interactions may influence development of gut innervation. Finally, we provide summary tables, describing the location and function of several well-known molecules, along with some newer factors that have more recently been implicated in the development of gut innervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ning Kang
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience (LENS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Candice Fung
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience (LENS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Pieter Vanden Berghe
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience (LENS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
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17
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Sox10 Is a Specific Biomarker for Neural Crest Stem Cells in Immunohistochemical Staining in Wistar Rats. DISEASE MARKERS 2020; 2020:8893703. [PMID: 32908618 PMCID: PMC7477616 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8893703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Objective Neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) are prototypically migratory cells immigrating from the dorsal neural tube to specific embryonic sites where they generate a variety of cell types. A lot of biomarkers for NCSCs have been identified. However, which biomarkers are the most specific is still unclear. Methods The rat embryos harvested in embryonic day 9 (E9), E9.5, E10, E10.5, E11, E12, E13, and E14 were paraffin-embedded and sectioned in transverse. NCSCs were spatiotemporally demonstrated by immunohistochemical staining with RET, p75NTR, Pax7, and Sox10. NCSCs were isolated, cultured, and stained with RET, p75NTR, Pax7, and Sox10. Results In the paraffin sections of rat embryos, the immunohistochemical staining of RET, p75NTR, and Sox10 can all be used in demonstrating NCSCs. Sox10 was positive mainly in NCSCs while RET and p75NTR were positive not only in NCSCs but also in other tissue cells. In primary culture cells, Sox10 was mainly in the nucleus of NCSCs, RET was mainly in the membrane, and p75NTR was positive in cytoplasm and membrane. Conclusions Sox10 is the specific marker for immunohistochemical staining of NCSCs in paraffin sections. In cultured cells, Sox10, p75NTR, and RET presented a similar staining effect.
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18
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Kostouros A, Koliarakis I, Natsis K, Spandidos DA, Tsatsakis A, Tsiaoussis J. Large intestine embryogenesis: Molecular pathways and related disorders (Review). Int J Mol Med 2020; 46:27-57. [PMID: 32319546 PMCID: PMC7255481 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The large intestine, part of the gastrointestinal tract (GI), is composed of all three germ layers, namely the endoderm, the mesoderm and the ectoderm, forming the epithelium, the smooth muscle layers and the enteric nervous system, respectively. Since gastrulation, these layers develop simultaneously during embryogenesis, signaling to each other continuously until adult age. Two invaginations, the anterior intestinal portal (AIP) and the caudal/posterior intestinal portal (CIP), elongate and fuse, creating the primitive gut tube, which is then patterned along the antero‑posterior (AP) axis and the radial (RAD) axis in the context of left‑right (LR) asymmetry. These events lead to the formation of three distinct regions, the foregut, midgut and hindgut. All the above‑mentioned phenomena are under strict control from various molecular pathways, which are critical for the normal intestinal development and function. Specifically, the intestinal epithelium constitutes a constantly developing tissue, deriving from the progenitor stem cells at the bottom of the intestinal crypt. Epithelial differentiation strongly depends on the crosstalk with the adjacent mesoderm. Major molecular pathways that are implicated in the embryogenesis of the large intestine include the canonical and non‑canonical wingless‑related integration site (Wnt), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), Notch and hedgehog systems. The aberrant regulation of these pathways inevitably leads to several intestinal malformation syndromes, such as atresia, stenosis, or agangliosis. Novel theories, involving the regulation and homeostasis of intestinal stem cells, suggest an embryological basis for the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). Thus, the present review article summarizes the diverse roles of these molecular factors in intestinal embryogenesis and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Kostouros
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion
| | - Ioannis Koliarakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion
| | - Konstantinos Natsis
- Department of Anatomy and Surgical Anatomy, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki
| | | | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Greece
| | - John Tsiaoussis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion
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19
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Bhave S, Arciero E, Baker C, Ho WL, Stavely R, Goldstein AM, Hotta R. Enteric neuronal cell therapy reverses architectural changes in a novel diphtheria toxin-mediated model of colonic aganglionosis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18756. [PMID: 31822721 PMCID: PMC6904570 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55128-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is characterized by absence of the enteric nervous system (ENS) in the distal bowel. Despite removal of the aganglionic segment, gastrointestinal (GI) problems persist. Cell therapy offers potential treatment but use of genetic models is limited by their poor survival. We have developed a novel model of aganglionosis in which enteric neural crest-derived cells (ENCDCs) express diphtheria toxin (DT) receptor. Local DT injection into the colon wall results in focal, specific, and sustained ENS ablation without altering GI transit or colonic contractility, allowing improved survival over other aganglionosis models. Focal ENS ablation leads to increased smooth muscle and mucosal thickness, and localized inflammation. Transplantation of ENCDCs into this region leads to engraftment, migration, and differentiation of enteric neurons and glial cells, with restoration of normal architecture of the colonic epithelium and muscle, reduction in inflammation, and improved survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhada Bhave
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily Arciero
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Corey Baker
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wing Lam Ho
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rhian Stavely
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Allan M Goldstein
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ryo Hotta
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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20
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Migration and diversification of the vagal neural crest. Dev Biol 2018; 444 Suppl 1:S98-S109. [PMID: 29981692 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Arising within the neural tube between the cranial and trunk regions of the body axis, the vagal neural crest shares interesting similarities in its migratory routes and derivatives with other neural crest populations. However, the vagal neural crest is also unique in its ability to contribute to diverse organs including the heart and enteric nervous system. This review highlights the migratory routes of the vagal neural crest and compares them across multiple vertebrates. We also summarize recent advances in understanding vagal neural crest ontogeny and discuss the contribution of this important neural crest population to the cardiovascular system and endoderm-derived organs, including the thymus, lungs and pancreas.
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21
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Nagao Y, Takada H, Miyadai M, Adachi T, Seki R, Kamei Y, Hara I, Taniguchi Y, Naruse K, Hibi M, Kelsh RN, Hashimoto H. Distinct interactions of Sox5 and Sox10 in fate specification of pigment cells in medaka and zebrafish. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007260. [PMID: 29621239 PMCID: PMC5886393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms generating diverse cell types from multipotent progenitors are fundamental for normal development. Pigment cells are derived from multipotent neural crest cells and their diversity in teleosts provides an excellent model for studying mechanisms controlling fate specification of distinct cell types. Zebrafish have three types of pigment cells (melanocytes, iridophores and xanthophores) while medaka have four (three shared with zebrafish, plus leucophores), raising questions about how conserved mechanisms of fate specification of each pigment cell type are in these fish. We have previously shown that the Sry-related transcription factor Sox10 is crucial for fate specification of pigment cells in zebrafish, and that Sox5 promotes xanthophores and represses leucophores in a shared xanthophore/leucophore progenitor in medaka. Employing TILLING, TALEN and CRISPR/Cas9 technologies, we generated medaka and zebrafish sox5 and sox10 mutants and conducted comparative analyses of their compound mutant phenotypes. We show that specification of all pigment cells, except leucophores, is dependent on Sox10. Loss of Sox5 in Sox10-defective fish partially rescued the formation of all pigment cells in zebrafish, and melanocytes and iridophores in medaka, suggesting that Sox5 represses Sox10-dependent formation of these pigment cells, similar to their interaction in mammalian melanocyte specification. In contrast, in medaka, loss of Sox10 acts cooperatively with Sox5, enhancing both xanthophore reduction and leucophore increase in sox5 mutants. Misexpression of Sox5 in the xanthophore/leucophore progenitors increased xanthophores and reduced leucophores in medaka. Thus, the mode of Sox5 function in xanthophore specification differs between medaka (promoting) and zebrafish (repressing), which is also the case in adult fish. Our findings reveal surprising diversity in even the mode of the interactions between Sox5 and Sox10 governing specification of pigment cell types in medaka and zebrafish, and suggest that this is related to the evolution of a fourth pigment cell type. How individual cell fates become specified from multipotent progenitors is a fundamental question in developmental and stem cell biology. Body pigment cells derive from a multipotent progenitor, but while in zebrafish there are three types of pigment cells (melanocytes, iridophores and xanthophores), in medaka these progenitors form four (as zebrafish, plus leucophores). Here, we address whether mechanisms generating each cell-type are conserved between the two species. We focus on two key regulatory proteins, Sox5 and Sox10, which we previously showed were involved in pigment cell development in medaka and zebrafish, respectively. We compare experimentally how the two proteins interact in regulating development of each of the pigment cell lineages in these fish. We show that development of all pigment cells, except leucophores, is dependent on Sox10, and that Sox5 modulates Sox10 activity antagonistically in all pigment cells in zebrafish, and melanocytes and iridophores in medaka. Surprisingly, in medaka, Sox5 acts co-operatively with Sox10 to promote xanthophore fate and to repress leucophore fate. Our findings reveal surprising diversity how Sox5 and Sox10 interact to govern pigment cell development in medaka and zebrafish, and suggest that this likely relates to the evolution of the novel leucophore pigment cell type in medaka.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Nagao
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center and Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Hiroyuki Takada
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center and Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Motohiro Miyadai
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center and Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tomoko Adachi
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center and Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ryoko Seki
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center and Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kamei
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University of Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Spectrography and Bioimaging Facility, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ikuyo Hara
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University of Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Laboratory of Bioresources, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Taniguchi
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Naruse
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University of Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Laboratory of Bioresources, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masahiko Hibi
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center and Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Robert N. Kelsh
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (HH); (RNK)
| | - Hisashi Hashimoto
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center and Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- * E-mail: (HH); (RNK)
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22
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Investigation of the expression of apoptosis-inducing factor-mediated apoptosis in Hirschsprung's disease. Neuroreport 2018; 28:571-578. [PMID: 28562483 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
One of the widely accepted hypotheses of Hirschsprung's disease (HD) is that the absence of ganglion cells in the distal part of the intestine is caused by the death of enteric neural crest-derived cells following migration. Although a caspase-dependent pathway has not yet been detected in the HD bowel, it is unclear whether a caspase-independent pathway contributes toward aganglionosis. In the current study, we observed highly condensed marginal heterochromatin in nuclei only in the transitional segment using electron microscopy and a high proportion of TUNEL-positive cells were observed in the transitional segment. Activation of caspase was not observed in any segments of the HD bowel upon characterization of the apoptotic pathway. Rather, real-time PCR results showed that apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) and calpain-1 mRNAs were highly expressed in the transitional segment, whereas autophagy protein 5 (Atg5) was highly expressed in the narrow segment. Western blot results were consistent with mRNA levels, with increased AIF, calpain-1, and Atg5 expressions in the transitional segment compared with the dilated segment. Furthermore, correlation analysis indicated an inverse correlation between calpain-1 and Atg5 mRNA levels in both the narrow segment and the transitional segment. These results indicated that apoptosis occurs in the HD bowel. The detection of related genes indicates that the AIF-mediated apoptotic pathway may be responsible for the absence of ganglion cells in HD and calpain-1 may act as the regulatory switch between autophagy and apoptosis.
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23
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Uribe RA, Hong SS, Bronner ME. Retinoic acid temporally orchestrates colonization of the gut by vagal neural crest cells. Dev Biol 2018; 433:17-32. [PMID: 29108781 PMCID: PMC5722660 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system arises from neural crest cells that migrate as chains into and along the primitive gut, subsequently differentiating into enteric neurons and glia. Little is known about the mechanisms governing neural crest migration en route to and along the gut in vivo. Here, we report that Retinoic Acid (RA) temporally controls zebrafish enteric neural crest cell chain migration. In vivo imaging reveals that RA loss severely compromises the integrity and migration of the chain of neural crest cells during the window of time window when they are moving along the foregut. After loss of RA, enteric progenitors accumulate in the foregut and differentiate into enteric neurons, but subsequently undergo apoptosis resulting in a striking neuronal deficit. Moreover, ectopic expression of the transcription factor meis3 and/or the receptor ret, partially rescues enteric neuron colonization after RA attenuation. Collectively, our findings suggest that retinoic acid plays a critical temporal role in promoting enteric neural crest chain migration and neuronal survival upstream of Meis3 and RET in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa A Uribe
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
| | - Stephanie S Hong
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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24
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Donkervoort S, Bharucha-Goebel D, Yun P, Hu Y, Mohassel P, Hoke A, Zein WM, Ezzo D, Atherton AM, Modrcin AC, Dasouki M, Foley AR, Bönnemann CG. HSP and deafness: Neurocristopathy caused by a novel mosaic SOX10 mutation. Neurol Genet 2017; 3:e151. [PMID: 28534044 PMCID: PMC5432370 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the underlying genetic cause in 2 sisters affected with progressive lower extremity spasticity, neuropathy, and early-onset deafness. METHODS Whole-exome sequencing was performed, and segregation testing of variants was investigated using targeted Sanger sequencing. An inherited paternal mosaic mutation was further evaluated through quantitative analysis of the ratio of mutant vs wild-type allele in genomic DNA from various tissues, including blood, dermal fibroblasts, and saliva. RESULTS A novel heterozygous nonsense mutation (c.1140C>A; p.Y380X) in SOX10 was identified in the affected sisters. Paternal mosaicism was suspected based on a small chromatogram peak, which was less than the heterozygous peak of the mutated allele. Consistent with mosaicism, the mosaic paternal samples had notable variability in the ratio of mutant vs wild-type allele in various tissues (compared with the fully heterozygous daughter), with the highest paternal mutant levels in saliva (32.7%) and lowest in dermal fibroblasts (13.9%). Targeted clinical re-examination of the father revealed a sensorimotor neuropathy that was previously clinically unrecognized. CONCLUSIONS These findings expand the phenotypic spectrum of SOX10-related neurocristopathy. Mutations in SOX10 should be considered in patients presenting with a complicated form of hereditary spastic paraplegia that includes neuropathy and deafness. Diagnostic workup may be complicated, as SOX10 mutations can present in a mosaic state, with a mild clinical manifestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Donkervoort
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (S.D., D.B.-G., P.Y., Y.H., P.M., D.E., A.R.F., C.G.B.), and National Eye Institute (W.M.Z.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Children's National Medical Center (D.B.-G.), Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (A.H.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Children's Mercy Hospital (A.M.A., A.C.M.), Kansas City, MO; and Department of Neurology (M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Diana Bharucha-Goebel
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (S.D., D.B.-G., P.Y., Y.H., P.M., D.E., A.R.F., C.G.B.), and National Eye Institute (W.M.Z.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Children's National Medical Center (D.B.-G.), Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (A.H.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Children's Mercy Hospital (A.M.A., A.C.M.), Kansas City, MO; and Department of Neurology (M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Pomi Yun
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (S.D., D.B.-G., P.Y., Y.H., P.M., D.E., A.R.F., C.G.B.), and National Eye Institute (W.M.Z.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Children's National Medical Center (D.B.-G.), Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (A.H.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Children's Mercy Hospital (A.M.A., A.C.M.), Kansas City, MO; and Department of Neurology (M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Ying Hu
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (S.D., D.B.-G., P.Y., Y.H., P.M., D.E., A.R.F., C.G.B.), and National Eye Institute (W.M.Z.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Children's National Medical Center (D.B.-G.), Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (A.H.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Children's Mercy Hospital (A.M.A., A.C.M.), Kansas City, MO; and Department of Neurology (M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Payam Mohassel
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (S.D., D.B.-G., P.Y., Y.H., P.M., D.E., A.R.F., C.G.B.), and National Eye Institute (W.M.Z.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Children's National Medical Center (D.B.-G.), Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (A.H.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Children's Mercy Hospital (A.M.A., A.C.M.), Kansas City, MO; and Department of Neurology (M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Ahmet Hoke
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (S.D., D.B.-G., P.Y., Y.H., P.M., D.E., A.R.F., C.G.B.), and National Eye Institute (W.M.Z.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Children's National Medical Center (D.B.-G.), Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (A.H.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Children's Mercy Hospital (A.M.A., A.C.M.), Kansas City, MO; and Department of Neurology (M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Wadih M Zein
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (S.D., D.B.-G., P.Y., Y.H., P.M., D.E., A.R.F., C.G.B.), and National Eye Institute (W.M.Z.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Children's National Medical Center (D.B.-G.), Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (A.H.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Children's Mercy Hospital (A.M.A., A.C.M.), Kansas City, MO; and Department of Neurology (M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Daniel Ezzo
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (S.D., D.B.-G., P.Y., Y.H., P.M., D.E., A.R.F., C.G.B.), and National Eye Institute (W.M.Z.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Children's National Medical Center (D.B.-G.), Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (A.H.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Children's Mercy Hospital (A.M.A., A.C.M.), Kansas City, MO; and Department of Neurology (M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Andrea M Atherton
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (S.D., D.B.-G., P.Y., Y.H., P.M., D.E., A.R.F., C.G.B.), and National Eye Institute (W.M.Z.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Children's National Medical Center (D.B.-G.), Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (A.H.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Children's Mercy Hospital (A.M.A., A.C.M.), Kansas City, MO; and Department of Neurology (M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Ann C Modrcin
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (S.D., D.B.-G., P.Y., Y.H., P.M., D.E., A.R.F., C.G.B.), and National Eye Institute (W.M.Z.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Children's National Medical Center (D.B.-G.), Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (A.H.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Children's Mercy Hospital (A.M.A., A.C.M.), Kansas City, MO; and Department of Neurology (M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Majed Dasouki
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (S.D., D.B.-G., P.Y., Y.H., P.M., D.E., A.R.F., C.G.B.), and National Eye Institute (W.M.Z.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Children's National Medical Center (D.B.-G.), Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (A.H.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Children's Mercy Hospital (A.M.A., A.C.M.), Kansas City, MO; and Department of Neurology (M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - A Reghan Foley
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (S.D., D.B.-G., P.Y., Y.H., P.M., D.E., A.R.F., C.G.B.), and National Eye Institute (W.M.Z.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Children's National Medical Center (D.B.-G.), Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (A.H.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Children's Mercy Hospital (A.M.A., A.C.M.), Kansas City, MO; and Department of Neurology (M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Carsten G Bönnemann
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section (S.D., D.B.-G., P.Y., Y.H., P.M., D.E., A.R.F., C.G.B.), and National Eye Institute (W.M.Z.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Children's National Medical Center (D.B.-G.), Washington, DC; Department of Neurology (A.H.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Children's Mercy Hospital (A.M.A., A.C.M.), Kansas City, MO; and Department of Neurology (M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
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Hao MM, Capoccia E, Cirillo C, Boesmans W, Vanden Berghe P. Arundic Acid Prevents Developmental Upregulation of S100B Expression and Inhibits Enteric Glial Development. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:42. [PMID: 28280459 PMCID: PMC5322270 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
S100B is expressed in various types of glial cells and is involved in regulating many aspects of their function. However, little is known about its role during nervous system development. In this study, we investigated the effect of inhibiting the onset of S100B synthesis in the development of the enteric nervous system, a network of neurons and glia located in the wall of the gut that is vital for control of gastrointestinal function. Intact gut explants were taken from embryonic day (E)13.5 mice, the day before the first immunohistochemical detection of S100B, and cultured in the presence of arundic acid, an inhibitor of S100B synthesis, for 48 h. The effects on Sox10-immunoreactive enteric neural crest progenitors and Hu-immunoreactive enteric neurons were then analyzed. Culture in arundic acid reduced the proportion of Sox10+ cells and decreased cell proliferation. There was no change in the density of Hu+ enteric neurons, however, a small population of cells exhibited atypical co-expression of both Sox10 and Hu, which was not observed in control cultures. Addition of exogenous S100B to the cultures did not change Sox10+ cell numbers. Overall, our data suggest that cell-intrinsic intracellular S100B is important for maintaining Sox10 and proliferation of the developing enteric glial lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene M Hao
- Laboratory for Enteric Neuroscience, Translational Research in GastroIntestinal Disorders, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elena Capoccia
- Laboratory for Enteric Neuroscience, Translational Research in GastroIntestinal Disorders, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of RomeRome, Italy
| | - Carla Cirillo
- Laboratory for Enteric Neuroscience, Translational Research in GastroIntestinal Disorders, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Werend Boesmans
- Laboratory for Enteric Neuroscience, Translational Research in GastroIntestinal Disorders, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Vanden Berghe
- Laboratory for Enteric Neuroscience, Translational Research in GastroIntestinal Disorders, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
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Nagy N, Goldstein AM. Enteric nervous system development: A crest cell's journey from neural tube to colon. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 66:94-106. [PMID: 28087321 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is comprised of a network of neurons and glial cells that are responsible for coordinating many aspects of gastrointestinal (GI) function. These cells arise from the neural crest, migrate to the gut, and then continue their journey to colonize the entire length of the GI tract. Our understanding of the molecular and cellular events that regulate these processes has advanced significantly over the past several decades, in large part facilitated by the use of rodents, avians, and zebrafish as model systems to dissect the signals and pathways involved. These studies have highlighted the highly dynamic nature of ENS development and the importance of carefully balancing migration, proliferation, and differentiation of enteric neural crest-derived cells (ENCCs). Proliferation, in particular, is critically important as it drives cell density and speed of migration, both of which are important for ensuring complete colonization of the gut. However, proliferation must be tempered by differentiation among cells that have reached their final destination and are ready to send axonal extensions, connect to effector cells, and begin to produce neurotransmitters or other signals. Abnormalities in the normal processes guiding ENCC development can lead to failure of ENS formation, as occurs in Hirschsprung disease, in which the distal intestine remains aganglionic. This review summarizes our current understanding of the factors involved in early development of the ENS and discusses areas in need of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandor Nagy
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Center for Neurointestinal Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Allan M Goldstein
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Center for Neurointestinal Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.
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27
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Bronchain OJ, Chesneau A, Monsoro-Burq AH, Jolivet P, Paillard E, Scanlan TS, Demeneix BA, Sachs LM, Pollet N. Implication of thyroid hormone signaling in neural crest cells migration: Evidence from thyroid hormone receptor beta knockdown and NH3 antagonist studies. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 439:233-246. [PMID: 27619407 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH) have been mainly associated with post-embryonic development and adult homeostasis but few studies report direct experimental evidence for TH function at very early phases of embryogenesis. We assessed the outcome of altered TH signaling on early embryogenesis using the amphibian Xenopus as a model system. Precocious exposure to the TH antagonist NH-3 or impaired thyroid receptor beta function led to severe malformations related to neurocristopathies. These include pathologies with a broad spectrum of organ dysplasias arising from defects in embryonic neural crest cell (NCC) development. We identified a specific temporal window of sensitivity that encompasses the emergence of NCCs. Although the initial steps in NCC ontogenesis appeared unaffected, their migration properties were severely compromised both in vivo and in vitro. Our data describe a role for TH signaling in NCCs migration ability and suggest severe consequences of altered TH signaling during early phases of embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile J Bronchain
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France.
| | - Albert Chesneau
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Anne-Hélène Monsoro-Burq
- Univ Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Centre Universitaire, F-91405, Orsay, France; Institut Curie PSL Research University, Centre Universitaire, F-91405, Orsay, France; UMR 3347 CNRS, U1021 Inserm, Université Paris Saclay, Centre Universitaire, F-91405, Orsay, France
| | - Pascale Jolivet
- CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR8226, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 75005, Paris, France; UMR 7221 CNRS, Muséum National d'histoire Naturelle, Dépt. Régulation, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire, Sorbonne Universités, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Paillard
- Watchfrog S.A., 1 Rue Pierre Fontaine, 91000, Evry, France; Institute of Systems and Synthetic Biology, CNRS, Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, Bâtiment 3, Genopole(®) Campus 3, 1, Rue Pierre Fontaine, F-91058, Evry, France
| | - Thomas S Scanlan
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, L334, Portland, OR, 97239-3098, USA
| | - Barbara A Demeneix
- UMR 7221 CNRS, Muséum National d'histoire Naturelle, Dépt. Régulation, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire, Sorbonne Universités, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Laurent M Sachs
- UMR 7221 CNRS, Muséum National d'histoire Naturelle, Dépt. Régulation, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire, Sorbonne Universités, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Pollet
- Institute of Systems and Synthetic Biology, CNRS, Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, Bâtiment 3, Genopole(®) Campus 3, 1, Rue Pierre Fontaine, F-91058, Evry, France; Evolution, Génomes, Comportement & Ecologie, CNRS, IRD, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Alnajar H, Murro D, Alsadi A, Jakate S. Spectrum of Clinicopathological Deviations in Long-Segment Hirschsprung Disease Compared With Short-Segment Hirschsprung Disease: A Single-Institution Study. Int J Surg Pathol 2016; 25:216-221. [PMID: 27784831 DOI: 10.1177/1066896916675729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a congenital disorder characterized by intestinal aganglionosis leading to pseudoobstruction. The majority of cases are limited to the rectum or rectosigmoid (S-HSCR). A variably longer segment can be affected (L-HSCR), which may show many deviations from S-HSCR. We retrospectively reviewed 48 clinicopathologically confirmed total cases of HSCR at a single institution in a 21-year period to identify L-HSCR cases and determine their deviations from known features of S-HSCR. Eight L-HSCR cases were found where aganglionosis extended to the terminal ileum (7/8) or to the splenic flexure (1/8). L-HSCR lacked male preponderance and was in contrast more common in females (6/8). Associated anomalies included congenital heart disease (2) and neonatal hypothyroidism (1), previously underreported associations. The clinical diagnosis of L-HSCR was often delayed (average age at diagnosis 13 days) and the diagnosis was more often made operatively (5/8) rather than on rectal suction biopsy (3/8). Histologically, apart from aganglionosis, neural hyperplasia was either absent or focal, compounding the diagnostic difficulty. Although the number of cases in our study was limited due to the rarity of L-HSCR, this study still highlights the spectrum of deviations of L-HSCR from known clinicopathological features of S-HSCR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana Murro
- 1 Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alaa Alsadi
- 1 Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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Konstantinidou C, Taraviras S, Pachnis V. Geminin prevents DNA damage in vagal neural crest cells to ensure normal enteric neurogenesis. BMC Biol 2016; 14:94. [PMID: 27776507 PMCID: PMC5075986 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-016-0314-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In vertebrate organisms, the neural crest (NC) gives rise to multipotential and highly migratory progenitors which are distributed throughout the embryo and generate, among other structures, the peripheral nervous system, including the intrinsic neuroglial networks of the gut, i.e. the enteric nervous system (ENS). The majority of enteric neurons and glia originate from vagal NC-derived progenitors which invade the foregut mesenchyme and migrate rostro-caudally to colonise the entire length of the gut. Although the migratory behaviour of NC cells has been studied extensively, it remains unclear how their properties and response to microenvironment change as they navigate through complex cellular terrains to reach their target embryonic sites. Results Using conditional gene inactivation in mice we demonstrate here that the cell cycle-dependent protein Geminin (Gem) is critical for the survival of ENS progenitors in a stage-dependent manner. Gem deletion in early ENS progenitors (prior to foregut invasion) resulted in cell-autonomous activation of DNA damage response and p53-dependent apoptosis, leading to severe intestinal aganglionosis. In contrast, ablation of Gem shortly after ENS progenitors had invaded the embryonic gut did not result in discernible survival or migratory deficits. In contrast to other developmental systems, we obtained no evidence for a role of Gem in commitment or differentiation of ENS lineages. The stage-dependent resistance of ENS progenitors to mutation-induced genotoxic stress was further supported by the enhanced survival of post gut invasion ENS lineages to γ-irradiation relative to their predecessors. Conclusions Our experiments demonstrate that, in mammals, NC-derived ENS lineages are sensitive to genotoxic stress in a stage-specific manner. Following gut invasion, ENS progenitors are distinctly resistant to Gem ablation and irradiation in comparison to their pre-enteric counterparts. These studies suggest that the microenvironment of the embryonic gut protects ENS progenitors and their progeny from genotoxic stress. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-016-0314-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysoula Konstantinidou
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK.,Present address: MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Stavros Taraviras
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, GR 26 500, Greece.
| | - Vassilis Pachnis
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK.
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Taylor CR, Montagne WA, Eisen JS, Ganz J. Molecular fingerprinting delineates progenitor populations in the developing zebrafish enteric nervous system. Dev Dyn 2016; 245:1081-1096. [PMID: 27565577 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To understand the basis of nervous system development, we must learn how multipotent progenitors generate diverse neuronal and glial lineages. We addressed this issue in the zebrafish enteric nervous system (ENS), a complex neuronal and glial network that regulates essential intestinal functions. Little is currently known about how ENS progenitor subpopulations generate enteric neuronal and glial diversity. RESULTS We identified temporally and spatially dependent progenitor subpopulations based on coexpression of three genes essential for normal ENS development: phox2bb, sox10, and ret. Our data suggest that combinatorial expression of these genes delineates three major ENS progenitor subpopulations, (1) phox2bb + /ret- /sox10-, (2) phox2bb + /ret + /sox10-, and (3) phox2bb + /ret + /sox10+, that reflect temporal progression of progenitor maturation during migration. We also found that differentiating zebrafish neurons maintain phox2bb and ret expression, and lose sox10 expression. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that zebrafish enteric progenitors constitute a heterogeneous population at both early and late stages of ENS development and suggest that marker gene expression is indicative of a progenitor's fate. We propose that a progenitor's expression profile reveals its developmental state: "younger" wave front progenitors express all three genes, whereas more mature progenitors behind the wave front selectively lose sox10 and/or ret expression, which may indicate developmental restriction. Developmental Dynamics 245:1081-1096, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte R Taylor
- Institute of Neuroscience, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1254, USA
| | - William A Montagne
- Institute of Neuroscience, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1254, USA
| | - Judith S Eisen
- Institute of Neuroscience, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1254, USA
| | - Julia Ganz
- Institute of Neuroscience, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1254, USA. .,Current address: Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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31
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Regulators of gene expression in Enteric Neural Crest Cells are putative Hirschsprung disease genes. Dev Biol 2016; 416:255-265. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bondurand N, Southard-Smith EM. Mouse models of Hirschsprung disease and other developmental disorders of the enteric nervous system: Old and new players. Dev Biol 2016; 417:139-57. [PMID: 27370713 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hirschsprung disease (HSCR, intestinal aganglionosis) is a multigenic disorder with variable penetrance and severity that has a general population incidence of 1/5000 live births. Studies using animal models have contributed to our understanding of the developmental origins of HSCR and the genetic complexity of this disease. This review summarizes recent progress in understanding control of enteric nervous system (ENS) development through analyses in mouse models. An overview of signaling pathways that have long been known to control the migration, proliferation and differentiation of enteric neural progenitors into and along the developing gut is provided as a framework for the latest information on factors that influence enteric ganglia formation and maintenance. Newly identified genes and additional factors beyond discrete genes that contribute to ENS pathology including regulatory sequences, miRNAs and environmental factors are also introduced. Finally, because HSCR has become a paradigm for complex oligogenic diseases with non-Mendelian inheritance, the importance of gene interactions, modifier genes, and initial studies on genetic background effects are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadege Bondurand
- INSERM, U955, Equipe 6, F-94000 Creteil, France; Universite Paris-Est, UPEC, F-94000 Creteil, France.
| | - E Michelle Southard-Smith
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Saldana-Caboverde A, Perera EM, Watkins-Chow DE, Hansen NF, Vemulapalli M, Mullikin JC, Pavan WJ, Kos L. The transcription factors Ets1 and Sox10 interact during murine melanocyte development. Dev Biol 2015; 407:300-12. [PMID: 25912689 PMCID: PMC4618791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells, arise from multipotent neural crest (NC) cells during embryogenesis. Many genes required for melanocyte development were identified using mouse pigmentation mutants. The variable spotting mouse pigmentation mutant arose spontaneously at the Jackson Laboratory. We identified a G-to-A nucleotide transition in exon 3 of the Ets1 gene in variable spotting, which results in a missense G102E mutation. Homozygous variable spotting mice exhibit sporadic white spotting. Similarly, mice carrying a targeted deletion of Ets1 exhibit hypopigmentation; nevertheless, the function of Ets1 in melanocyte development is unknown. The transcription factor Ets1 is widely expressed in developing organs and tissues, including the NC. In the chick, Ets1 is required for the expression of Sox10, a transcription factor critical for the development of various NC derivatives, including melanocytes. We show that Ets1 is required early for murine NC cell and melanocyte precursor survival in vivo. Given the importance of Ets1 for Sox10 expression in the chick, we investigated a potential genetic interaction between these genes by comparing the hypopigmentation phenotypes of single and double heterozygous mice. The incidence of hypopigmentation in double heterozygotes was significantly greater than in single heterozygotes. The area of hypopigmentation in double heterozygotes was significantly larger than would be expected from the addition of the areas of hypopigmentation of single heterozygotes, suggesting that Ets1 and Sox10 interact synergistically in melanocyte development. Since Sox10 is also essential for enteric ganglia development, we examined the distal colons of Ets1 null mutants and found a significant decrease in enteric innervation, which was exacerbated by Sox10 heterozygosity. At the molecular level, Ets1 was found to activate an enhancer critical for Sox10 expression in NC-derived structures. Furthermore, enhancer activation was significantly inhibited by the variable spotting mutation. Together, these results suggest that Ets1 and Sox10 interact to promote proper melanocyte and enteric ganglia development from the NC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erasmo M Perera
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Dawn E Watkins-Chow
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nancy F Hansen
- Comparative Genomics Analysis Unit, CGCGB, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Meghana Vemulapalli
- NIH Intramural Sequencing Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - James C Mullikin
- Comparative Genomics Analysis Unit, CGCGB, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA; NIH Intramural Sequencing Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - William J Pavan
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lidia Kos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA; Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL.
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Shyamala K, Yanduri S, Girish HC, Murgod S. Neural crest: The fourth germ layer. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2015; 19:221-9. [PMID: 26604500 PMCID: PMC4611932 DOI: 10.4103/0973-029x.164536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural crest cells (NCCs), a transient group of cells that emerges from the dorsal aspect of the neural tube during early vertebrate development has been a fascinating group of cells because of its multipotency, long range migration through embryo and its capacity to generate a prodigious number of differentiated cell types. For these reasons, although derived from the ectoderm, the neural crest (NC) has been called the fourth germ layer. The non neural ectoderm, the neural plate and the underlying mesoderm are needed for the induction and formation of NC cells. Once formed, NC cells start migrating as a wave of cells, moving away from the neuroepithelium and quickly splitting into distinct streams. These migrating NCCs home in to different regions and give rise to plethora of tissues. Umpteen number of signaling molecules are essential for formation, epithelial mesenchymal transition, delamination, migration and localization of NCC. Authors believe that a clear understanding of steps and signals involved in NC formation, migration, etc., may help in understanding the pathogenesis behind cancer metastasis and many other diseases. Hence, we have taken this review to discuss the various aspects of the NC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shyamala
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Rajarajeswari Dental College and Hospital No. 14, Ramohally Cross, Kumbalgodu, Mysore Road, Bengaluru - 560 060, Karnataka, India
| | - Sarita Yanduri
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, DAPMRV Dental College and Hospital, J P Nagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - HC Girish
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Rajarajeswari Dental College and Hospital No. 14, Ramohally Cross, Kumbalgodu, Mysore Road, Bengaluru - 560 060, Karnataka, India
| | - Sanjay Murgod
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Rajarajeswari Dental College and Hospital No. 14, Ramohally Cross, Kumbalgodu, Mysore Road, Bengaluru - 560 060, Karnataka, India
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Sinagoga KL, Wells JM. Generating human intestinal tissues from pluripotent stem cells to study development and disease. EMBO J 2015; 34:1149-63. [PMID: 25792515 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201490686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of the largest and most functionally complex organs of the human body, the intestines are primarily responsible for the breakdown and uptake of macromolecules from the lumen and the subsequent excretion of waste from the body. However, the intestine is also an endocrine organ, regulating digestion, metabolism, and feeding behavior. Intricate neuronal, lymphatic, immune, and vascular systems are integrated into the intestine and are required for its digestive and endocrine functions. In addition, the gut houses an extensive population of microbes that play roles in digestion, global metabolism, barrier function, and host-parasite interactions. With such an extensive array of cell types working and performing in one essential organ, derivation of functional intestinal tissues from human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) represents a significant challenge. Here we will discuss the intricate developmental processes and cell types that are required for assembly of this highly complex organ and how embryonic processes, particularly morphogenesis, have been harnessed to direct differentiation of PSCs into 3-dimensional human intestinal organoids (HIOs) in vitro. We will further describe current uses of HIOs in development and disease research and how additional tissue complexity might be engineered into HIOs for better functionality and disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Sinagoga
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - James M Wells
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Kabouridis PS, Pachnis V. Emerging roles of gut microbiota and the immune system in the development of the enteric nervous system. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:956-64. [PMID: 25729852 DOI: 10.1172/jci76308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) consists of neurons and glial cells that differentiate from neural crest progenitors. During embryogenesis, development of the ENS is controlled by the interplay of neural crest cell-intrinsic factors and instructive cues from the surrounding gut mesenchyme. However, postnatal ENS development occurs in a different context, which is characterized by the presence of microbiota and an extensive immune system, suggesting an important role of these factors on enteric neural circuit formation and function. Initial reports confirm this idea while further studies in this area promise new insights into ENS physiology and pathophysiology.
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Abstract
Total colonic aganglionosis is a relatively uncommon form of Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR). It occurs in approximately 2-13 % of HSCR cases and involves the entire colon which is aganglionic but may extend proximally into varying lengths of small bowel. As a result, it should be separated into Total colonic aganglionosis (TCA) [defined as aganglionosis extending from the anus to at least the ileocaecal valve but no more than 50 cm small bowel proximal to the ileocaecal valve] and total colonic and small bowel aganglionosis (TCSA) which may involve very long segments of small bowel aganglionosis. Clinically, TCA appears to represent a different spectrum of disease in terms of presentation and difficulties which may be experienced in diagnosis suggesting a different pathophysiology from the more common forms of HSCR. It is therefore not yet clear whether TCA merely represents a long form of HSCR or a different expression of the disease. A number of differences exist between TCA and other forms of HSCR which require explanation if its ubiquitous clinical features are to be understood. In addition to the usual explanations for the aganglionosis of HSCR, there is some evidence suggesting that in place of being purely congenital, it may represent certain different pathophysiologic mechanisms, some of which may continue to be active after birth. This study reviews what is known about the clinical, radiological and histopathologic differences between TCA and the more frequently encountered recto-sigmoid (or short-segment; S-HSCR) and correlates them with what is currently known about the genetic and molecular biologic background to find possible pathogenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Moore
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Stellenbosch, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa,
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Musser MA, Correa H, Southard-Smith EM. Enteric neuron imbalance and proximal dysmotility in ganglionated intestine of the Sox10Dom/+ Hirschsprung mouse model. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 1:87-101. [PMID: 25844395 PMCID: PMC4380251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS In Hirschsprung disease (HSCR), neural crest-derived progenitors (NCPs) fail to completely colonize the intestine so that the enteric nervous system (ENS) is absent from distal bowel. Despite removal of the aganglionic region, many HSCR patients suffer from residual intestinal dysmotility. To test the hypothesis that inappropriate lineage segregation of NCPs in proximal ganglionated regions of the bowel could contribute to such postoperative disease, we investigated neural crest (NC)-derived lineages and motility in ganglionated, postnatal intestine of the Sox10Dom/+ HSCR mouse model. METHODS Cre-mediated fate-mapping was applied to evaluate relative proportions of NC-derived cell types. Motility assays were performed to assess gastric emptying and small intestine motility while colonic inflammation was assessed by histopathology for Sox10Dom/+ mutants relative to wildtype controls. RESULTS Sox10Dom/+ mice showed regional alterations in neuron and glia proportions as well as Calretinin+ and nNOS+ neuronal subtypes. In the colon, imbalance of enteric NC derivatives correlated with the extent of aganglionosis. All Sox10Dom/+ mice exhibited reduced small intestinal transit at 4-weeks of age, and at 6-weeks, Sox10Dom/+ males had increased gastric emptying rates. Sox10Dom/+ mice surviving to 6-weeks of age had little or no colonic inflammation when compared to wildtype littermates, suggesting that these changes in GI motility are neurally mediated. CONCLUSIONS The Sox10Dom mutation disrupts the balance of NC-derived lineages and affects GI motility in the proximal, ganglionated intestine of adult animals. This is the first report identifying alterations in enteric neuronal classes in Sox10Dom/+ mutants, which suggests a previously unrecognized role for Sox10 in neuronal subtype specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Musser
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Hernan Correa
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - E. Michelle Southard-Smith
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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Can the ‘neuron theory’ be complemented by a universal mechanism for generic neuronal differentiation. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 359:343-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-2049-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Kawai H, Satomi K, Morishita Y, Murata Y, Sugano M, Nakano N, Noguchi M. Developmental markers of ganglion cells in the enteric nervous system and their application for evaluation of Hirschsprung disease. Pathol Int 2014; 64:432-42. [DOI: 10.1111/pin.12191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Kawai
- Department of Pathology; Tsukuba University Hospital; University of Tsukuba; Tsukuba Japan
| | - Kaishi Satomi
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Tsukuba; Tsukuba Japan
| | - Yukio Morishita
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology; Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center; Ami Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Murata
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology; Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences; University of Tsukuba; Tsukuba Japan
| | - Masato Sugano
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Tsukuba; Tsukuba Japan
| | - Noriyuki Nakano
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology; Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences; University of Tsukuba; Tsukuba Japan
| | - Masayuki Noguchi
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Tsukuba; Tsukuba Japan
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Bondurand N, Sham MH. The role of SOX10 during enteric nervous system development. Dev Biol 2013; 382:330-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Wiszniak S, Kabbara S, Lumb R, Scherer M, Secker G, Harvey N, Kumar S, Schwarz Q. The ubiquitin ligase Nedd4 regulates craniofacial development by promoting cranial neural crest cell survival and stem-cell like properties. Dev Biol 2013; 383:186-200. [PMID: 24080509 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The integration of multiple morphogenic signalling pathways and transcription factor networks is essential to mediate neural crest (NC) cell induction, delamination, survival, stem-cell properties, fate choice and differentiation. Although the transcriptional control of NC development is well documented in mammals, the role of post-transcriptional modifications, and in particular ubiquitination, has not been explored. Here we report an essential role for the ubiquitin ligase Nedd4 in cranial NC cell development. Our analysis of Nedd4(-/-) embryos identified profound deficiency of cranial NC cells in the absence of structural defects in the neural tube. Nedd4 is expressed in migrating cranial NC cells and was found to positively regulate expression of the NC transcription factors Sox9, Sox10 and FoxD3. We found that in the absence of these factors, a subset of cranial NC cells undergo apoptosis. In accordance with a lack of cranial NC cells, Nedd4(-/-) embryos have deficiency of the trigeminal ganglia, NC derived bone and malformation of the craniofacial skeleton. Our analyses therefore uncover an essential role for Nedd4 in a subset of cranial NC cells and highlight E3 ubiquitin ligases as a likely point of convergence for multiple NC signalling pathways and transcription factor networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Wiszniak
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Frome Road, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
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Lake JI, Heuckeroth RO. Enteric nervous system development: migration, differentiation, and disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 305:G1-24. [PMID: 23639815 PMCID: PMC3725693 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00452.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) provides the intrinsic innervation of the bowel and is the most neurochemically diverse branch of the peripheral nervous system, consisting of two layers of ganglia and fibers encircling the gastrointestinal tract. The ENS is vital for life and is capable of autonomous regulation of motility and secretion. Developmental studies in model organisms and genetic studies of the most common congenital disease of the ENS, Hirschsprung disease, have provided a detailed understanding of ENS development. The ENS originates in the neural crest, mostly from the vagal levels of the neuraxis, which invades, proliferates, and migrates within the intestinal wall until the entire bowel is colonized with enteric neural crest-derived cells (ENCDCs). After initial migration, the ENS develops further by responding to guidance factors and morphogens that pattern the bowel concentrically, differentiating into glia and neuronal subtypes and wiring together to form a functional nervous system. Molecules controlling this process, including glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and its receptor RET, endothelin (ET)-3 and its receptor endothelin receptor type B, and transcription factors such as SOX10 and PHOX2B, are required for ENS development in humans. Important areas of active investigation include mechanisms that guide ENCDC migration, the role and signals downstream of endothelin receptor type B, and control of differentiation, neurochemical coding, and axonal targeting. Recent work also focuses on disease treatment by exploring the natural role of ENS stem cells and investigating potential therapeutic uses. Disease prevention may also be possible by modifying the fetal microenvironment to reduce the penetrance of Hirschsprung disease-causing mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan I. Lake
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; and
| | - Robert O. Heuckeroth
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; and ,2Department of Developmental, Regenerative, and Stem Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Butler Tjaden NE, Trainor PA. The developmental etiology and pathogenesis of Hirschsprung disease. Transl Res 2013; 162:1-15. [PMID: 23528997 PMCID: PMC3691347 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system is the part of the autonomic nervous system that directly controls the gastrointestinal tract. Derived from a multipotent, migratory cell population called the neural crest, a complete enteric nervous system is necessary for proper gut function. Disorders that arise as a consequence of defective neural crest cell development are termed neurocristopathies. One such disorder is Hirschsprung disease (HSCR), also known as congenital megacolon or intestinal aganglionosis. HSCR occurs in 1/5000 live births and typically presents with the inability to pass meconium, along with abdominal distension and discomfort that usually requires surgical resection of the aganglionic bowel. This disorder is characterized by a congenital absence of neurons in a portion of the intestinal tract, usually the distal colon, because of a disruption of normal neural crest cell migration, proliferation, differentiation, survival, and/or apoptosis. The inheritance of HSCR disease is complex, often non-Mendelian, and characterized by variable penetrance. Extensive research has identified a number of key genes that regulate neural crest cell development in the pathogenesis of HSCR including RET, GDNF, GFRα1, NRTN, EDNRB, ET3, ZFHX1B, PHOX2b, SOX10, and SHH. However, mutations in these genes account for only ∼50% of the known cases of HSCR. Thus, other genetic mutations and combinations of genetic mutations and modifiers likely contribute to the etiology and pathogenesis of HSCR. The aims of this review are to summarize the HSCR phenotype, diagnosis, and treatment options; to discuss the major genetic causes and the mechanisms by which they disrupt normal enteric neural crest cell development; and to explore new pathways that may contribute to HSCR pathogenesis.
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Van Otterloo E, Cornell RA, Medeiros DM, Garnett AT. Gene regulatory evolution and the origin of macroevolutionary novelties: insights from the neural crest. Genesis 2013; 51:457-70. [PMID: 23712931 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The appearance of novel anatomic structures during evolution is driven by changes to the networks of transcription factors, signaling pathways, and downstream effector genes controlling development. The nature of the changes to these developmental gene regulatory networks (GRNs) is poorly understood. A striking test case is the evolution of the GRN controlling development of the neural crest (NC). NC cells emerge from the neural plate border (NPB) and contribute to multiple adult structures. While all chordates have a NPB, only in vertebrates do NPB cells express all the genes constituting the neural crest GRN (NC-GRN). Interestingly, invertebrate chordates express orthologs of NC-GRN components in other tissues, revealing that during vertebrate evolution new regulatory connections emerged between transcription factors primitively expressed in the NPB and genes primitively expressed in other tissues. Such interactions could have evolved by two mechanisms. First, transcription factors primitively expressed in the NPB may have evolved new DNA and/or cofactor binding properties (protein neofunctionalization). Alternately, cis-regulatory elements driving NPB expression may have evolved near genes primitively expressed in other tissues (cis-regulatory neofunctionalization). Here we discuss how gene duplication can, in principle, promote either form of neofunctionalization. We review recent published examples of interspecies gene-swap, or regulatory-element-swap, experiments that test both models. Such experiments have yielded little evidence to support the importance of protein neofunctionalization in the emergence of the NC-GRN, but do support the importance of novel cis-regulatory elements in this process. The NC-GRN is an excellent model for the study of gene regulatory and macroevolutionary innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Van Otterloo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Pingault V, Bodereau V, Baral V, Marcos S, Watanabe Y, Chaoui A, Fouveaut C, Leroy C, Vérier-Mine O, Francannet C, Dupin-Deguine D, Archambeaud F, Kurtz FJ, Young J, Bertherat J, Marlin S, Goossens M, Hardelin JP, Dodé C, Bondurand N. Loss-of-function mutations in SOX10 cause Kallmann syndrome with deafness. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 92:707-24. [PMID: 23643381 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor SOX10 plays a role in the maintenance of progenitor cell multipotency, lineage specification, and cell differentiation and is a major actor in the development of the neural crest. It has been implicated in Waardenburg syndrome (WS), a rare disorder characterized by the association between pigmentation abnormalities and deafness, but SOX10 mutations cause a variable phenotype that spreads over the initial limits of the syndrome definition. On the basis of recent findings of olfactory-bulb agenesis in WS individuals, we suspected SOX10 was also involved in Kallmann syndrome (KS). KS is defined by the association between anosmia and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism due to incomplete migration of neuroendocrine gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) cells along the olfactory, vomeronasal, and terminal nerves. Mutations in any of the nine genes identified to date account for only 30% of the KS cases. KS can be either isolated or associated with a variety of other symptoms, including deafness. This study reports SOX10 loss-of-function mutations in approximately one-third of KS individuals with deafness, indicating a substantial involvement in this clinical condition. Study of SOX10-null mutant mice revealed a developmental role of SOX10 in a subpopulation of glial cells called olfactory ensheathing cells. These mice indeed showed an almost complete absence of these cells along the olfactory nerve pathway, as well as defasciculation and misrouting of the nerve fibers, impaired migration of GnRH cells, and disorganization of the olfactory nerve layer of the olfactory bulbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Pingault
- Equipe 11, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 955, 94000 Créteil, France.
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Moore SW, Sidler D, Schubert PAW. Segmental aganglionosis (zonal aganglionosis or "skip" lesions) in Hirschsprungs disease: a report of 2 unusual cases. Pediatr Surg Int 2013; 29:495-500. [PMID: 23456285 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-013-3286-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is accumulating evidence that "skip" lesions or zonal aganglionosis do occur in HSCR disease, albeit rarely. They are of interest because it may cause confusion in interpreting surgical margins as well as understanding the pathophysiology of HSCR disease. Normally described as "a skip area" of normally ganglionated bowel, surrounded proximally and distally by aganglionosis with variations may occur. CASE REPORTS We report two cases of infants with unusual types of "skip lesions", identified within the last 5 years. RESULTS One patient had an area of zonal aganglionosis in the transverse colon and recto-sigmoid, bordered by areas of normally enervated bowel in the right and descending colon. In the second patient, the terminal ileum, transverse, descending and sigmoid colons and rectum were histologically aganglionic, but focal patches of ganglion cells were identified in 21 cm of the right ascending colon and the appendix, suggesting some ENS plasticity and possible incomplete apoptosis. CONCLUSION These cases illustrate the point that the presence of ganglion cells at the resection line is not sufficient to guarantee postoperative function and "skip" lesions may uncommonly confuse the picture. In addition, they raise questions as to its pathophysiology and favor an alternate hypothesis of local changes promoting neuroblast apoptosis as the possible cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Moore
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.
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Musser MA, Michelle Southard-Smith E. Balancing on the crest - Evidence for disruption of the enteric ganglia via inappropriate lineage segregation and consequences for gastrointestinal function. Dev Biol 2013; 382:356-64. [PMID: 23376538 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Normal enteric nervous system (ENS) development relies on numerous factors, including appropriate migration, proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of neural crest (NC) derivatives. Incomplete rostral to caudal migration of enteric neural crest-derived progenitors (ENPs) down the gut is at least partially responsible for the absence of enteric ganglia that is a hallmark feature of Hirschsprung disease (HSCR). The thought that ganglia proximal to aganglionosis are normal has guided surgical procedures for HSCR patients. However, chronic gastrointestinal dysfunction suffered by a subset of patients after surgery as well as studies in HSCR mouse models suggest that aberrant NC segregation and differentiation may be occurring in ganglionated regions of the intestine. Studies in mouse models that possess enteric ganglia throughout the length of the intestine (non-HSCR) have also found that certain genetic alterations affect neural crest lineage balance and interestingly many of these mutants also have functional gastrointestinal (GI) defects. It is possible that many GI disorders can be explained in part by imbalances in NC-derived lineages. Here we review studies evaluating ENS defects in HSCR and non-HSCR mouse models, concluding with clinical implications while highlighting areas requiring further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Musser
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine and the PhD Program in Human Genetics, Center for Human Genetic Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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Obermayr F, Hotta R, Enomoto H, Young HM. Development and developmental disorders of the enteric nervous system. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 10:43-57. [PMID: 23229326 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2012.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) arises from neural crest-derived cells that migrate into and along the gut, leading to the formation of a complex network of neurons and glial cells that regulates motility, secretion and blood flow. This Review summarizes the progress made in the past 5 years in our understanding of ENS development, including the migratory pathways of neural crest-derived cells as they colonize the gut. The importance of interactions between neural crest-derived cells, between signalling pathways and between developmental processes (such as proliferation and migration) in ensuring the correct development of the ENS is also presented. The signalling pathways involved in ENS development that were determined using animal models are also described, as is the evidence for the involvement of the genes encoding these molecules in Hirschsprung disease-the best characterized paediatric enteric neuropathy. Finally, the aetiology and treatment of Hirschsprung disease in the clinic and the potential involvement of defects in ENS development in other paediatric motility disorders are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Obermayr
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Children's Hospital, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler Straße 3, Tübingen 72076, Germany
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Xia X, Chen J, Zhang L, Du Q, Sun J, Chang Z. Molecular cloning and mRNA expression pattern of Sox10 in Paramisgurnus dabryanus. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 40:3123-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2386-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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