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Chu CN, Wang YC, Chang WS, Wang ZH, Liu LC, Wang SC, Lin CC, Liu TY, Chang JG, Tsai CW, Yu CC, Bau DAT. Association of Interleukin-4 Polymorphisms With Breast Cancer in Taiwan. In Vivo 2020; 34:1111-1116. [PMID: 32354899 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The present study aimed at evaluating the contribution of IL-4 promoter T-1099G (rs2243248), C-589T (rs2243250), C-33T (rs2070874) genotypes to the risk of breast cancer in Taiwanese. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 1232 breast cancer patients and 1232 age-matched controls were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) methodology. RESULTS Genotypic frequencies of IL-4 rs2243248, rs2243250 and rs2070874 were not differentially distributed between case and control groups. Consistently, there was no difference in the distribution of allelic frequencies among patients and controls. CONCLUSION IL-4 rs2243248, rs2243250 and rs2070874 do not confer breast cancer susceptibility in Taiwanese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Nan Chu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Division of Radiation Oncology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yun-Chi Wang
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wen-Shin Chang
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Zhi-Hong Wang
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Liang-Chih Liu
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shao-Chun Wang
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Cheng-Chieh Lin
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ting-Yuan Liu
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jan-Gowth Chang
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chia-Wen Tsai
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chien-Chih Yu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - DA-Tian Bau
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C. .,Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
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2
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Bai X, Fisher DE, Flaherty KT. Cell-state dynamics and therapeutic resistance in melanoma from the perspective of MITF and IFNγ pathways. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2019; 16:549-562. [PMID: 30967646 PMCID: PMC7185899 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-019-0204-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Targeted therapy and immunotherapy have greatly improved the prognosis of patients with metastatic melanoma, but resistance to these therapeutic modalities limits the percentage of patients with long-lasting responses. Accumulating evidence indicates that a persisting subpopulation of melanoma cells contributes to resistance to targeted therapy or immunotherapy, even in patients who initially have a therapeutic response; however, the root mechanism of resistance remains elusive. To address this problem, we propose a new model, in which dynamic fluctuations of protein expression at the single-cell level and longitudinal reshaping of the cellular state at the cell-population level explain the whole process of therapeutic resistance development. Conceptually, we focused on two different pivotal signalling pathways (mediated by microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and IFNγ) to construct the evolving trajectories of melanoma and described each of the cell states. Accordingly, the development of therapeutic resistance could be divided into three main phases: early survival of cell populations, reversal of senescence, and the establishment of new homeostatic states and development of irreversible resistance. On the basis of existing data, we propose future directions in both translational research and the design of therapeutic strategies that incorporate this emerging understanding of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education, Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - David E Fisher
- Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Keith T Flaherty
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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3
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Neagu M, Constantin C, Caruntu C, Dumitru C, Surcel M, Zurac S. Inflammation: A key process in skin tumorigenesis. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:4068-4084. [PMID: 30944600 PMCID: PMC6444305 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The extremely delicate shift from an inflammatory process to tumorigenesis is a field of major scientific interest. While the inflammation induced by environmental agents has well known underlying mechanisms, less is known concerning the oncogenic changes that follow an inflammatory chronic status in the tissue microenvironment that can lead to pro-tumorigenic processes. Regardless of the origin of the environmental factors, the maintenance of an inflammatory microenvironment is a clear condition that favors tumorigenesis. Inflammation sustains the proliferation and survival of malignant transformed cells, can promote angiogenesis and metastatic processes, can negatively regulate the antitumoral adaptive and innate immune responses and may alter the efficacy of therapeutic agents. There is an abundance of studies focusing on molecular pathways that trigger inflammation-mediated tumorigenesis, and these data have revealed a series of biomarkers that can improve the diagnosis and prognosis in oncology. In skin there is a clear connection between tissue destruction, inflammation and tumor onset. Inflammation is a self-limiting process in normal physiological conditions, while tumor is a constitutive process activating new pro-tumor mechanisms. Among skin cancers, the most commonly diagnosed skin cancers, squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) have important inflammatory components. The most aggressive skin cancer, melanoma, is extensively research in regards to the new context of novel developed immune-therapies. In skin cancers, inflammatory markers can find their place in the biomarker set for improvement of diagnosis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Neagu
- Immunobiology Laboratory, ‘Victor Babes’ National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 050107 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Pathology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carolina Constantin
- Immunobiology Laboratory, ‘Victor Babes’ National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Pathology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Constantin Caruntu
- Department of Physiology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carmen Dumitru
- Department of Pathology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Surcel
- Immunobiology Laboratory, ‘Victor Babes’ National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 050107 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sabina Zurac
- Department of Pathology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
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4
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Wang H, Zhang L, Yang L, Liu C, Zhang Q, Zhang L. Targeting macrophage anti-tumor activity to suppress melanoma progression. Oncotarget 2017; 8:18486-18496. [PMID: 28060744 PMCID: PMC5392344 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
By phagocytosing cancer cells and their cellular debris, macrophages play a critical role in nonspecific defense (innate immunity) and, as antigen presenters, they help initiate specific defense mechanisms (adaptive immunity). Malignant melanoma is a lethal disease due to its aggressive capacity for metastasis and resistance to therapy. For decades, considerable effort has gone into development of an effective immunotherapy for treatment of metastatic melanoma. In this review, we focus on the anti-tumor activities of macrophages in melanoma and their potential as therapeutic targets in melanoma. Although macrophages can be re-educated through intercellular signaling to promote tumor survival owing to their plasticity, we expect that targeting the anti-tumor activity of macrophages remains a promising strategy for melanoma inhibition. The combination of tumoricidal macrophage activation and other treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, may provide an effective and comprehensive anti-melanoma strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huafeng Wang
- Modern College of Arts and Science, or School of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Modern College of Arts and Science, or School of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, China.,Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Luhong Yang
- Modern College of Arts and Science, or School of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, China
| | - Chengfang Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Sheng, China
| | | | - Linjing Zhang
- Modern College of Arts and Science, or School of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, China
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5
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Wang H, Yang L, Wang D, Zhang Q, Zhang L. Pro-tumor activities of macrophages in the progression of melanoma. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:1556-1562. [PMID: 28441072 PMCID: PMC5512774 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1312043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are located in essentially all tissues due to their “janitor” function. Macrophages can exert either anti- or pro-tumor activities depending upon the specific tumor microenvironment they inhabit. Substantial evidence indicates that macrophages, owing to their plasticity, can be reeducated to adopt a protumoral phenotype within a tumor microenvironment through the help of growth factors in the microenvironment and intercellular interactions. As the lethality of malignant melanoma is due to its aggressive capacity for metastasis and resistance to therapy, considerable effort has gone toward treatment of metastatic melanoma. In the present review, we focus on the pro-tumor activities of macrophages in melanoma. Based upon the information presented in this review it is anticipated that new therapies will soon be developed that target pro-tumor activities of macrophages for use in the treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huafeng Wang
- a Modern College of Arts and Science, or School of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University , Linfen , China
| | - Luhong Yang
- a Modern College of Arts and Science, or School of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University , Linfen , China
| | - Dong Wang
- b Central Blood Station of Tianjin , Tianjin , China
| | - Qi Zhang
- c Nankai Hospital , Tianjin , China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- d Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
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6
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Minn AJ. Interferons and the Immunogenic Effects of Cancer Therapy. Trends Immunol 2016; 36:725-737. [PMID: 26604042 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Much of our understanding on resistance mechanisms to conventional cancer therapies such as chemotherapy and radiation has focused on cell intrinsic properties that antagonize the detrimental effects of DNA and other cellular damage. However, it is becoming clear that the immune system and/or innate immune signaling pathways can integrate with these intrinsic mechanisms to profoundly influence treatment efficacy. In this context, recent evidence indicates that interferon (IFN) signaling has an important role in this integration by influencing immune and intrinsic/non-immune determinants of therapy response. However, IFN signaling can be both immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive, and the factors determining these outcomes in different disease settings are unclear. Here I discuss the regulation and molecular events in cancer that are associated with these dichotomous functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy J Minn
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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7
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Tanese K, Hashimoto Y, Berkova Z, Wang Y, Samaniego F, Lee JE, Ekmekcioglu S, Grimm EA. Cell Surface CD74-MIF Interactions Drive Melanoma Survival in Response to Interferon-γ. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:2775-2784. [PMID: 26039541 PMCID: PMC4640965 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is believed to be a highly immunogenic tumor and recent developments in immunotherapies are promising. IFN-γ produced by immune cells has a crucial role in tumor immune surveillance; however, it has also been reported to be pro-tumorigenic. In the current study, we found that IFN-γ enhances the expression of CD74, which interacts with its ligand, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), and thereby activates the PI3K/AKT pathway in melanoma, promoting tumor survival. IFN-γ increased phosphorylation of AKT Ser473 and upregulated total cell surface expression of CD74 in human melanoma cell lines tested. CD74 was highly expressed in melanoma tissues. Moreover, the expression of CD74 on tumor cells correlated with plasma IFN-γ levels in melanoma patient samples. In our analysis of melanoma cell lines, all produced MIF constitutively. Blockade of CD74-MIF interaction reduced AKT phosphorylation and expression of pro-tumorigenic molecules, including IL-6, IL-8, and BCL-2. Inhibition of CD74-MIF interaction significantly suppressed tumor growth in the presence of IFN-γ in our xenograft mouse model. Thus, we conclude that IFN-γ promotes melanoma cell survival by regulating CD74-MIF signaling, suggesting that targeting the CD74-MIF interaction under IFN-γ-stimulatory conditions would be an effective therapeutic approach for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Tanese
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA; Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuuri Hashimoto
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Zuzana Berkova
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yuling Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Felipe Samaniego
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jeffrey E Lee
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Suhendan Ekmekcioglu
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
| | - Elizabeth A Grimm
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
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8
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Rendleman J, Vogelsang M, Bapodra A, Adaniel C, Silva I, Moogk D, Martinez CN, Fleming N, Shields J, Shapiro R, Berman R, Pavlick A, Polsky D, Shao Y, Osman I, Krogsgaard M, Kirchhoff T. Genetic associations of the interleukin locus at 1q32.1 with clinical outcomes of cutaneous melanoma. J Med Genet 2015; 52:231-9. [PMID: 25604082 PMCID: PMC5166523 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2014-102832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to high melanoma immunogenicity, germline genetic variants in immune pathways have been studied for association with melanoma prognosis. However, limited candidate selection, inadequate power, or lack of independent validation have hampered the reproducibility of these prior findings, preventing personalised clinical applicability in melanoma prognostication. Our objective was to assess the prognostic utility of genetic variants in immunomodulatory pathways for prediction of melanoma clinical outcomes. METHODS We genotyped 72 tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 44 immunomodulatory genes in a population sample of 1022 melanoma patients and performed Cox regression analysis to test the association between SNPs and melanoma recurrence-free (RFS) and overall survival (OS). We have further investigated the most significant associations using a fine mapping strategy and followed with functional analyses in CD4+ T cells in a subset of 75 melanoma patients. RESULTS The most significant associations were found with melanoma OS for rs3024493 in IL10 at chromosome 1q32.1 (heterozygous HR 0.58, 95% CI 0.39 to 0.86; p=0.0006), a variant previously shown to be linked with autoimmune conditions. Multiple additional SNPs at 1q32.1 were also nominally associated with OS confirming at least two independent association signals in this locus. In addition, we found rs3024493 associated with the downregulation of interleukin 10 (IL10) secretion in CD4+ T cells. CONCLUSIONS We discovered novel associations of IL10 with melanoma survival at 1q32.1, suggesting this locus should be considered as a novel melanoma prognostic biomarker with potential for aiding melanoma patient management. Our findings also provide further support for an alternative role of IL10 in stimulation of anti-tumour immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Rendleman
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- The Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Matjaz Vogelsang
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- The Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Anuj Bapodra
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- The Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Christina Adaniel
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Ines Silva
- The Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Duane Moogk
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- The Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Carlos N Martinez
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- The Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Nathaniel Fleming
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- The Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Jerry Shields
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Richard Shapiro
- The Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Russell Berman
- The Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Anna Pavlick
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- The Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University, New York, USA
| | - David Polsky
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- The Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Yongzhao Shao
- Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- The Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Iman Osman
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- The Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Michelle Krogsgaard
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- The Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Tomas Kirchhoff
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- The Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
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9
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Neagu M, Constantin C, Dumitrascu GR, Lupu AR, Caruntu C, Boda D, Zurac S. Inflammation markers in cutaneous melanoma - edgy biomarkers for prognosis. Discoveries (Craiova) 2015; 3:e38. [PMID: 32309563 PMCID: PMC6941591 DOI: 10.15190/d.2015.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a fine balance between inflammation and tumorigenesis. While environmentally induced inflammatory condition can precede a malignant transformation, in other cases an oncogenic change of unknown origin can induce an inflammatory microenvironment that promotes the development of tumors. Regardless of its origin, maintaining the inflammation milieu has many tumor-promoting effects. As a result, inflammation can aid the proliferation and survival of malignant cells, can promote angiogenesis and metastasis, can down-regulate innate/adaptive immune responses, and can alter responses to hormones and chemotherapeutic agents. There is an abundance of studies unveiling molecular pathways of cancer-related inflammation; this wealth of information brings new insights into biomarkers domain in the diagnosis and treatment improvement pursue.
In cutaneous tissue there is an established link between tissue damage, inflammation, and cancer development. Inflammation is a self-limiting process in normal healthy physiological conditions, while tumorigenesis is a complex mechanism of constitutive pathway activation. Once more, in cutaneous melanoma, there is an unmet need for inflammatory biomarkers that could improve prognostication. Targeting inflammation and coping with the phenotypic plasticity of melanoma cells represent rational strategies to specifically interfere with metastatic progression. We have shown that there is a prototype of intratumor inflammatory infiltrate depicting a good prognosis, infiltrate that is composed of numerous T cells CD3+, Langerhans cells, few/absent B cells CD20+ and few/absent plasma cells. Circulating immune cells characterized by phenotype particularities are delicately linked to the stage melanoma is diagnosed in. Hence circulatory immune sub-populations, with activated or suppressor phenotype would give the physician a more detailed immune status of the patient. A panel of tissue/circulatory immune markers can complete the immune status, can add value to the overall prognostic of the patient and, as a result direct/redirect the therapy choice. The future lies within establishing low-cost, affordable/available, easily reproducible assays that will complete the pre-clinical parameters of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Neagu
- Immunobiology Laboratory, "Victor Babes" National Institute of Pathology and Biomedical Sciences, Bucharest, Romania.,Faculty of Biochemistry, University of Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carolina Constantin
- Immunobiology Laboratory, "Victor Babes" National Institute of Pathology and Biomedical Sciences, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Georgiana Roxana Dumitrascu
- Immunobiology Laboratory, "Victor Babes" National Institute of Pathology and Biomedical Sciences, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreea Roxana Lupu
- Immunobiology Laboratory, "Victor Babes" National Institute of Pathology and Biomedical Sciences, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Constantin Caruntu
- Immunobiology Laboratory, "Victor Babes" National Institute of Pathology and Biomedical Sciences, Bucharest, Romania.,Dermatology Research Laboratory, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniel Boda
- Dermatology Research Laboratory, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sabina Zurac
- Department of Pathology, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.,Colentina University Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
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10
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Duan Y, Pan C, Shi J, Chen H, Zhang S. Association between interleukin-4 gene intron 3 VNTR polymorphism and cancer risk. Cancer Cell Int 2014; 14:131. [PMID: 25484626 PMCID: PMC4258052 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-014-0131-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-4(IL-4) is a critical inflammatory cytokine and has been involved in pathogenesis of cancer. To date, several studies have investigated the association between IL-4 intron 3 variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) polymorphism and cancer risk in humans; however, the results remain controversial. We performed this meta-analysis to find a more conclusive association between this polymorphism and cancer risk. METHODS Eight eligible case-control studies were identified through searching electronic databases, including 1583 cases and 1638 controls. Odds ratio (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to estimate the strength of the association. RESULTS The results of overall analyses indicated that the variant RP2 allele was associated with a decreased cancer risk compared with the RP1 allele (RP2/RP2 vs. RP1/RP1, OR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.44-0.94; RP2/RP2 vs. RP1/RP1 + RP1/RP2, OR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.60-0.92; RP2 vs. RP1, OR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.56-0.92). In subgroup analyses stratified by ethnicity, there was evidence in the Asian population for an association between this polymorphism and cancer risk (RP2/RP2 vs. RP1/RP1 + RP1/RP2, OR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.63-0.99; RP2 vs. RP1, OR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.61-0.97). CONCLUSIONS IL-4 intron 3 VNTR polymorphism could influence the risk of human cancer. Due to the limitations of this meta-analysis, further well-designed and functional researches should be performed to validate our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Duan
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province PR China
| | - Chi Pan
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province PR China
| | - Jinan Shi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province PR China
| | - Hailong Chen
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province PR China
| | - Suzhan Zhang
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province PR China
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11
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Nishida Y, Higaki Y, Taguchi N, Hara M, Nakamura K, Nanri H, Imaizumi T, Sakamoto T, Horita M, Shinchi K, Tanaka K. Objectively measured physical activity and inflammatory cytokine levels in middle-aged Japanese people. Prev Med 2014; 64:81-7. [PMID: 24732722 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies using self-reported physical activity (PA) showed that higher PA is associated with lower circulating levels of C-reactive protein; in contrast, studies investigating associations of objective PA and other inflammatory markers are limited. We investigated cross-sectional associations of accelerometer-determined PA with circulating levels of myokine-type inflammatory cytokines in a middle-aged Japanese population. METHOD A total of 1838 individuals (737 men and 1101 women) aged 40 to 69 years participated in the baseline survey of a population-based cohort study in Saga, Japan (2005-2007). Habitual PA was assessed by a single-axis accelerometer. Serum interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-15, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were measured by a multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Associations between PA and cytokine levels were assessed by multiple regression analysis and analysis of covariance, with adjustment for potential confounders. RESULTS Step count and PA level (PAL) were inversely associated with TNF-α and IL-15 even after adjusting for BMI. Similarly, greater PA indices were also independently associated with a lower level of inflammatory cytokine z score as an index of overall inflammation. CONCLUSION The current results suggest that greater engagement in daily PA may be linked with reduced levels of myokine-type cytokines including IL-15, irrespective of body weight in middle-aged Japanese people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Nishida
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Nabeshima 5-1-1, Saga 849-8501, Japan.
| | - Yasuki Higaki
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Nanakuma 8-19-1, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Naoto Taguchi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Nabeshima 5-1-1, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Megumi Hara
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Nabeshima 5-1-1, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuyo Nakamura
- St. Mary's College Faculty of Nursing, Tsubuku-honmachi 422, Kurume 830-8558, Japan
| | - Hinako Nanri
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Nabeshima 5-1-1, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Takeshi Imaizumi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Nabeshima 5-1-1, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Sakamoto
- Research Planning and Information Science Division, Department of Management, Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, Shirakibaru 3-5-25, Onojo 816-0943, Japan
| | - Mikako Horita
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Nabeshima 5-1-1, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Koichi Shinchi
- Division of International Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Nabeshima 5-1-1, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Keitaro Tanaka
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Nabeshima 5-1-1, Saga 849-8501, Japan
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Tumor microenvironment-based feed-forward regulation of NOS2 in breast cancer progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:6323-8. [PMID: 24733928 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1401799111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is widely recognized as an inducer of cancer progression. The inflammation-associated enzyme, inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2), has emerged as a candidate oncogene in estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer, and its increased expression is associated with disease aggressiveness and poor survival. Although these observations implicate NOS2 as an attractive therapeutic target, the mechanisms of both NOS2 induction in tumors and nitric oxide (NO)-driven cancer progression are not fully understood. To enhance our mechanistic understanding of NOS2 induction in tumors and its role in tumor biology, we used stimulants of NOS2 expression in ER(-) and ER(+) breast cancer cells and examined downstream NO-dependent effects. Herein, we show that up-regulation of NOS2 occurs in response to hypoxia, serum withdrawal, IFN-γ, and exogenous NO, consistent with a feed-forward regulation of NO production by the tumor microenvironment in breast cancer biology. Moreover, we found that key indicators of an aggressive cancer phenotype including increased S100 calcium binding protein A8, IL-6, IL-8, and tissue inhibitor matrix metalloproteinase-1 are up-regulated by these NOS2 stimulants, whereas inhibition of NOS2 in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells suppressed these markers. Moreover, NO altered cellular migration and chemoresistance of MDA-MB-231 cells to Taxol. Most notably, MDA-MB-231 tumor xenographs and cell metastases from the fat pad to the brain were significantly suppressed by NOS2 inhibition in nude mice. In summary, these results link elevated NOS2 to signals from the tumor microenvironment that arise with cancer progression and show that NO production regulates chemoresistance and metastasis of breast cancer cells.
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Neagu M, Constantin C, Zurac S. Immune parameters in the prognosis and therapy monitoring of cutaneous melanoma patients: experience, role, and limitations. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:107940. [PMID: 24163809 PMCID: PMC3791585 DOI: 10.1155/2013/107940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is an immune-dependent aggressive tumour. Up to our knowledge, there are no reports regarding immune parameters monitoring in longitudinal followup of melanoma patients. We report a followup for 36 months of the immune parameters of patients diagnosed in stages I-IV. The circulatory immune parameters comprised presurgery and postsurgery immune circulating peripheral cells and circulating intercommunicating cytokines. Based on our analysis, the prototype of the intratumor inflammatory infiltrate in a melanoma with good prognosis is composed of numerous T cells CD3+, few or even absent B cells CD20+, few or absent plasma cells CD138+, and present Langerhans cells CD1a+ or langerin+. Regarding circulatory immune cells, a marker that correlates with stage is CD4+/CD8+ ratio, and its decrease clearly indicates a worse prognosis of the disease. Moreover, even in advanced stages, patients that have an increased overall survival rate prove the increase of this ratio. The decrease in the circulating B lymphocytes with stage is balanced by an increase in circulating NK cells, a phenomenon observed in stage III. Out of all the tested cytokines in the followup, IL-6 level correlated with the patient's survival, while in our study, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-12 did not correlate statistically in a significant way with overall survival, or relapse-free survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Neagu
- Immunobiology Laboratory, “Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, 99-101 Splaiul Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carolina Constantin
- Immunobiology Laboratory, “Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, 99-101 Splaiul Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sabina Zurac
- Department of Pathology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, Colentina University Hospital, 21 Stefan cel Mare, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
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Abstract
Cutaneous malignant melanoma is rapidly increasing in the developed world and continues to be a challenge in the clinic. Although extensive epidemiologic evidence points to solar UV as the major risk factor for melanoma, there is a significant gap in our knowledge about how this most ubiquitous environmental carcinogen interacts with the largest organ of the mammalian body (skin) at the microenvironmental and molecular level. We review some recent advances that have started to close this gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Raza Zaidi
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4264, USA.
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15
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Abstract
Interferon-γ is a cytokine whose biological activity is conventionally associated with cytostatic/cytotoxic and antitumor mechanisms during cell-mediated adaptive immune response. It has been used clinically to treat a variety of malignancies, albeit with mixed results and side effects that can be severe. Despite ample evidence implicating a role for IFN-γ in tumor immune surveillance, a steady flow of reports has suggested that it may also have protumorigenic effects under certain circumstances. We propose that, in fact, IFN-γ treatment is a double-edged sword whose anti- and protumorigenic activities are dependent on the cellular, microenvironmental, and/or molecular context. As such, inhibition of the IFN-γ/IFN-γ receptor pathway may prove to be a viable new therapeutic target for a subset of malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Raza Zaidi
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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16
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Interferon-γ links ultraviolet radiation to melanomagenesis in mice. Nature 2011; 469:548-53. [PMID: 21248750 PMCID: PMC3140101 DOI: 10.1038/nature09666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous malignant melanoma is a highly aggressive and frequently chemoresistant cancer, whose incidence continues to rise. Epidemiological studies reveal that the major etiological melanoma risk factor is ultraviolet (UV) solar radiation, with the highest risk associated with intermittent burning doses, especially during childhood1,2. We have experimentally validated these epidemiological findings using the hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) transgenic mouse model, which develops lesions in stages highly reminiscent of human melanoma with respect to biological, genetic and etiologic criteria, but only when irradiated as neonatal pups with UVB, not UVA3,4. However, mechanisms underlying UVB-initiated, neonatal-specific melanomagenesis remain largely unknown. Here we introduce a mouse model permitting fluorescence-aided melanocyte imaging and isolation following in vivo UV irradiation. We use expression profiling to show that activated neonatal skin melanocytes isolated following a melanomagenic UVB dose bear a distinct, persistent interferon response signature, including genes associated with immunoevasion. UVB-induced melanocyte activation, characterized by aberrant growth and migration, was abolished by antibody-mediated systemic blockade of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), but not type-I interferons. IFN-γ was produced by macrophages recruited to neonatal skin by UVB-induced ligands to the chemokine receptor Ccr2. Admixed recruited skin macrophages enhanced transplanted melanoma growth by inhibiting apoptosis; notably, IFN-γ blockade abolished macrophage-enhanced melanoma growth and survival. IFN-γ-producing macrophages were also identified in 70% of human melanomas examined. Our data reveal an unanticipated role for IFN-γ in promoting melanocytic cell survival/immunoevasion, and suggest that IFN-γ-R signaling represents a novel therapeutic melanoma target.
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Li T, Christensen SD, Frankel PH, Margolin KA, Agarwala SS, Luu T, Mack PC, Lara PN, Gandara DR. A phase II study of cell cycle inhibitor UCN-01 in patients with metastatic melanoma: a California Cancer Consortium trial. Invest New Drugs 2010; 30:741-8. [PMID: 20967484 PMCID: PMC3277821 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-010-9562-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic abnormalities in cell cycle control are common in malignant melanoma. UCN-01 (7-hydroxystaurosporine) is an investigational agent that exhibits antitumor activity by perturbing the cancer cell cycle. A patient with advanced melanoma experienced a partial response in a phase I trial of single agent UCN-01. We sought to determine the activity of UCN-01 against refractory metastatic melanoma in a phase II study. Patients and methods Patients with advanced melanoma received UCN-01 at 90 mg/m(2) over 3 h on cycle 1, reduced to 45 mg/m(2) over 3 h for subsequent cycles, every 21 days. Primary endpoint was tumor response. Secondary endpoints included progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). A two-stage (17 + 16), single arm phase II design was employed. A true response rate of ≥ 20% (i.e., at least one responder in the first stage, or at least four responders overall) was to be considered promising for further development of UCN-01 in this setting. Results Seventeen patients were accrued in the first stage. One patient was inevaluable for response. Four (24%) patients had stable disease, and 12 (71%) had disease progression. As there were no responders in the first stage, the study was closed to further accrual. Median PFS was 1.3 months (95% CI, 1.2-3.0) while median OS was 7.3 months (95% CI, 3.4-18.4). One-year and two year OS rates were 41% and 12%, respectively. A median of two cycles were delivered (range, 1-18). Grade 3 treatment-related toxicities include hyperglycemia (N = 2), fatigue (N = 1), and diarrhea (N = 1). One patient experienced grade 4 creatinine elevation and grade 4 anemia possibly due to UCN-01. No dose modification was required as these patients had disease progression. Conclusion Although well tolerated, UCN-01 as a single agent did not have sufficient clinical activity to warrant further study in refractory melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhong Li
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, University of California Davis Cancer Center, 4501 X Street, Suite 3016, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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Fitzgerald SP, McConnell RI, Huxley A. Simultaneous analysis of circulating human cytokines using a high-sensitivity cytokine biochip array. J Proteome Res 2007; 7:450-5. [PMID: 18020322 DOI: 10.1021/pr070409o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Biochip array technology allows the simultaneous measurement of multiple analytes per sample using a single analytical device. This study shows its applicability to the simultaneous measurement of 12 circulating human cytokines with high-sensitivity detection. This application increases their real-time detectability, maintaining a broad concentration range and without compromising the precision. This methodology represents a very applicable tool in cytokine research when simultaneous determination of minute concentrations can be of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pete Fitzgerald
- Randox Laboratories, 55 Diamond Road, Crumlin, Co Antrim, United Kingdom BT29 4QY
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19
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Yurkovetsky ZR, Kirkwood JM, Edington HD, Marrangoni AM, Velikokhatnaya L, Winans MT, Gorelik E, Lokshin AE. Multiplex analysis of serum cytokines in melanoma patients treated with interferon-alpha2b. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:2422-8. [PMID: 17438101 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-1805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Interferon (IFN)-alpha2b is the only Food and Drug Administration-approved treatment for operable high-risk melanoma that has been shown to significantly and durably prolong relapse-free survival (RFS) of patients with stage IIB-III melanoma. Development of reliable serum assays may contribute to the development of methods for earlier detection of melanoma and the selection of patients who may be most susceptible to current available interventions with IFNalpha. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A powerful high-throughput xMAP multiplex immunobead assay technology (Luminex Corp., Austin, TX) was used to simultaneously test 29 cytokines, chemokines, angiogenic as well as growth factors, and soluble receptors in the sera of 179 patients with high-risk melanoma and 378 healthy individuals. RESULTS Serum concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12p40, IL-13, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha, MIP-1beta, IFNalpha, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, epidermal growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and TNF receptor II were found to be significantly higher in patients with resected high-risk melanoma compared with healthy controls. Bayesian Network algorithm classification of the data offered 90% sensitivity at 98% specificity with 96.5% of melanoma patients distinguished from healthy individuals. IFN-alpha2b therapy resulted in a significant decrease of serum levels of immunosuppressive and tumor angiogenic/growth stimulatory factors (VEGF, epidermal growth factor, and hepatocyte growth factor) and increased levels of antiangiogenic IFN-gamma inducible protein 10 (IP-10) and IFN-alpha. Pretreatment levels of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1beta, IL-1alpha, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and chemokines MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta were found to be significantly higher in the serum of patients with longer RFS values of 1 to 5 and >5 years when compared with patients with shorter RFS of <1 year. CONCLUSION These data show that multiplexed analysis of serum biomarkers is useful for the evaluation of prognostic markers of clinical outcome and potential predictive markers of response to IFN-alpha2b in patients with high-risk operable melanoma.
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Impact of Gene Polymorphisms on Clinical Outcome for Stage IV Melanoma Patients Treated with Biochemotherapy: An Exploratory Study. Clin Cancer Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.1237.11.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose: Biochemotherapy can achieve high response rates in advanced melanoma, but the factors that influence regression and survival remain unknown. The present exploratory study tested the hypothesis that cytokine gene polymorphisms predict clinical outcome in stage IV melanoma patients treated with biochemotherapy.
Experimental Design: Ninety patients with stage IV melanoma were treated with biochemotherapy, including cisplatin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine combined with interleukin (IL)-2 and IFN-α either with or without tamoxifen. Cytokine gene polymorphisms for IFN-γ (+874A→T) and IL-10 (−1082G→A) were assessed. X-ray repair cross-complementing gene 1 (XRCC1; Arg399Gln), xeroderma pigmentosum complementary group D (XPD; Lys751Gln), and excision repair cross-complementing gene 1 (ERCC1; codon 118) DNA repair polymorphisms were also determined.
Results: IFN-γ (+874A→T) gene polymorphism was statistically significantly associated with response (P = 0.001), progression-free survival (P = 0.0012), and overall survival (P < 0.001), whereas the IL-10 polymorphism was marginally associated with response (P = 0.03) and overall survival (P = 0.065). Multivariate analysis revealed that IFN-γ (+874A→T) independently predicted overall survival (P = 0.003). The ERCC1 polymorphism was weakly associated with overall survival (P = 0.045). Combining polymorphisms for IFN-γ, IL-10, and ERCC1 stratified patients into four distinct groups with significantly different clinical outcome (P < 0.001), so that patients with more “favorable” polymorphisms had a better outcome.
Conclusions: Cytokine gene polymorphisms predicted clinical outcome for advanced melanoma patients who received biochemotherapy. The combined effects of multiple genetic polymorphisms may provide more accurate prognostic information. Additional independent studies are needed to confirm these pilot findings.
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Nagata H, Arai T, Soejima Y, Suzuki H, Ishii H, Hibi T. Limited Capability of Regional Lymph Nodes to Eradicate Metastatic Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2004; 64:8239-48. [PMID: 15548690 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-1182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The capacity of lymph nodes to eradicate cancer is a controversial issue. The purpose of this study was to determine the interplay between tumor growth and host resistance at early stages of lymph node metastasis. A metastasis model was made in the rat mesenteric lymph node, and migration of cancer cells was visualized in vivo. The lymph node was removed for histologic analysis and cytokine measurement. Migrant cancer cells were initially arrested in the marginal sinus. After an initial increase, the number of cancer cells in the marginal sinus declined until 48 hours after inoculation. Germinal centers and lymphoid cells in the medulla proliferated before 48 hours. ED3(+) macrophages incorporated apoptotic cancer cells, but significant cancer proliferation occurred after 4 days. Lymph nodes depleted of macrophages were massively invaded by cancer cells. Tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin (IL)-1beta in the nodes transiently increased after 1 hour and 3 hours, respectively, and were expressed in ED3(+) and ED2(+) macrophages, respectively. These changes were followed by a transient increase in IL-2. Interferon-gamma and IL-12 did not increase during the early stages of metastasis, but they decreased after 48 hours. In conclusion, the marginal sinus constitutes a mechanical barrier against cancer cell passage. Early pathological manifestations in the regional lymph node are consistent with those in cancer patients with improved survival. Parasinus macrophages play a role in the transient antimetastatic capability of the node, and cytokines secreted by these cells increased at the early stages of metastasis. Deterioration of cytokine induction may be responsible for subsequent cancer proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nagata
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
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22
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Lathers DMR, Achille NJ, Young MRI. Incomplete Th2 skewing of cytokines in plasma of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Hum Immunol 2003; 64:1160-6. [PMID: 14630398 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2003.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Levels of cytokines, and in particular those that reflect Th1 or Th2 bias, were measured in the plasma of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). Compared with plasma cytokine levels of age-matched controls, cytokine levels in HNSCC patients suggested a shift to a Th2 bias as levels of the Th2 cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-6, and IL-10 were increased, and levels of the Th1 cytokine interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) were decreased. However, levels of the Th1 cytokines IL-2 and granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) were increased, which is not consistent with full Th2 skewing. Assessment of cytokine levels in patients with malignancies other than HNSCC demonstrated many similarities to HNSCC patients, but HNSCC patients exhibited a more pronounced increase in GM-CSF levels and a decline in IFN-gamma levels. For most cytokines there was no association between the shifts in cytokine levels in HNSCC patients and either the extent of tumor burden or extent of metastasis. However, patients with large HNSCC tended to be the population that demonstrated increased levels of IL-4 and IL-6. These results suggest skewing toward a Th2 bias in HNSCC patients, with the Th2 shift being incomplete and indicative of the presence, rather than the extent, of malignant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanne M R Lathers
- Research Service, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
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Martínez-Escribano JA, Moya-Quiles MR, Muro M, Montes-Ares O, Hernández-Caselles T, Frías JF, Alvarez-López MR. Interleukin-10, interleukin-6 and interferon-gamma gene polymorphisms in melanoma patients. Melanoma Res 2002; 12:465-9. [PMID: 12394188 DOI: 10.1097/00008390-200209000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The immune response against melanoma can be influenced by cytokines with potentially opposite effects on tumour cell growth, such as interleukin-10 (IL10), interleukin-6 (IL6) and interferon-gamma (IFNgamma). Our objective in this study was to investigate whether polymorphisms in the regulatory regions of IL10, IL6 and IFNgamma genes are associated with the development of primary cutaneous melanoma and/or the prognosis of this tumour. We studied genotypic variations at positions -1082, -819 and -592 in the IL10 promoter, -174 in the IL6 promoter and +874 in the IFNgamma intron 1 in 42 melanoma patients and 48 healthy controls. These two populations showed very similar genotypic frequencies for IL10, IL6 and IFNgamma gene polymorphisms. There was a significant increase in the prevalence of IL10 low expression genotypes, specially the ACC/ATA genotype, among patients with a poorer prognosis. In contrast, IL6 promoter and IFNgamma intron 1 gene polymorphisms did not correlate with melanoma prognosis. These data indicate that investigation of polymorphisms in the regulatory regions of IL10, IL6 and INFgamma genes does not seem to be useful for predicting the risk of development of primary cutaneous melanoma. However, IL10 low expression genotypes may be associated with a poorer outcome in melanoma patients.
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Lee JE, Abdalla J, Porter GA, Bradford L, Grimm EA, Reveille JD, Mansfield PF, Gershenwald JE, Ross MI. Presence of the human leukocyte antigen class II gene DRB1*1101 predicts interferon gamma levels and disease recurrence in melanoma patients. Ann Surg Oncol 2002; 9:587-93. [PMID: 12095976 DOI: 10.1007/bf02573896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) levels are an independent predictor of melanoma recurrence. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II genes can regulate cytokine production; we investigated whether these genes would predict IFN-gamma levels and recurrence in melanoma patients. METHODS Of 591 patients who presented with localized melanoma, 579 underwent identification of HLA class II alleles; 233 melanoma patients and 90 controls underwent determination of plasma IFN-gamma levels. HLA class II genes were examined for association with IFN-gamma levels and disease recurrence. RESULTS After a median follow-up of 60 months, melanoma patients with IFN-gamma levels above the mean control value were more likely to have developed disease recurrence compared with patients with levels below the mean. The HLA class II gene HLA-DRB1*1101 was the strongest predictor of recurrence, and HLA-DRB1*1101-positive melanoma patients had increased levels of IFN-gamma compared with patients lacking the gene. CONCLUSIONS Among patients with localized melanoma, both HLA-DRB1*1101 and increased IFN-gamma levels were associated with an increased risk for recurrence; HLA-DRB1*1101-positive patients had relatively increased levels of IFN-gamma. HLA class II genes may mediate cytokine production in melanoma patients, and this mechanism may help determine the risk of disease recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey E Lee
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA.
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