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Kim D, Natu R, Malinauskas R, Baek JH, Buehler PW, Feng X, Qu H, Pinto J, Xu X, Herbertson L. In vitro test methods for evaluating high molecular weight polyethylene oxide polymer induced hemolytic and thrombotic potential. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 97:105793. [PMID: 38401745 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2024.105793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
To combat opioid abuse, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) released a comprehensive action plan to address opioid addiction, abuse, and overdose that included increasing the prevalence of abuse-deterrent formulations (ADFs) in opioid tablets. Polyethylene oxide (PEO) has been widely used as an excipient to deter abuse via nasal insufflation. However, changes in abuse patterns have led to unexpected shifts in abuse from the nasal route to intravenous injection. Case reports identify adverse effects similar to thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) syndrome following the intravenous (IV) abuse of opioids containing PEO excipient. Increased risk of IV opioid ADF abuse compared to clinical benefit of the drug led to the removal of one opioid product from the market in 2017. Because many generic drugs containing PEO are still in development, there is interest in assessing safety consistent with generic drug regulation and unintended uses. Currently, there are no guidelines or in vitro assessment tools to characterize the safety of PEO excipients taken via intravenous injection. To create a more robust excipient safety evaluation tool and to study the mechanistic basis of HMW PEO-induced TMA, a dynamic in vitro test system involving blood flow through a needle model has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjune Kim
- US FDA, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America; US FDA, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Testing and Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Rucha Natu
- US FDA, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Richard Malinauskas
- US FDA, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Jin Hyen Baek
- US FDA, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Division of Blood Components and Devices, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Vascular Biology, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Paul W Buehler
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Center for Blood Oxygen Transport and Hemostasis and the Department of Pathology, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Xin Feng
- US FDA, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Testing and Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Haiou Qu
- US FDA, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Testing and Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Julia Pinto
- US FDA, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of New Drug Products, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Xiaoming Xu
- US FDA, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Testing and Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Luke Herbertson
- US FDA, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America.
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Tuna R, Yi W, Crespo Cruz E, Romero JP, Ren Y, Guan J, Li Y, Deng Y, Bluestein D, Liu ZL, Sheriff J. Platelet Biorheology and Mechanobiology in Thrombosis and Hemostasis: Perspectives from Multiscale Computation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4800. [PMID: 38732019 PMCID: PMC11083691 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Thrombosis is the pathological clot formation under abnormal hemodynamic conditions, which can result in vascular obstruction, causing ischemic strokes and myocardial infarction. Thrombus growth under moderate to low shear (<1000 s-1) relies on platelet activation and coagulation. Thrombosis at elevated high shear rates (>10,000 s-1) is predominantly driven by unactivated platelet binding and aggregating mediated by von Willebrand factor (VWF), while platelet activation and coagulation are secondary in supporting and reinforcing the thrombus. Given the molecular and cellular level information it can access, multiscale computational modeling informed by biology can provide new pathophysiological mechanisms that are otherwise not accessible experimentally, holding promise for novel first-principle-based therapeutics. In this review, we summarize the key aspects of platelet biorheology and mechanobiology, focusing on the molecular and cellular scale events and how they build up to thrombosis through platelet adhesion and aggregation in the presence or absence of platelet activation. In particular, we highlight recent advancements in multiscale modeling of platelet biorheology and mechanobiology and how they can lead to the better prediction and quantification of thrombus formation, exemplifying the exciting paradigm of digital medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukiye Tuna
- Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA; (R.T.); (E.C.C.); (Z.L.L.)
| | - Wenjuan Yi
- Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA; (R.T.); (E.C.C.); (Z.L.L.)
| | - Esmeralda Crespo Cruz
- Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA; (R.T.); (E.C.C.); (Z.L.L.)
| | - JP Romero
- Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA; (R.T.); (E.C.C.); (Z.L.L.)
| | - Yi Ren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32304, USA
| | - Jingjiao Guan
- Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA; (R.T.); (E.C.C.); (Z.L.L.)
- Institute for Successful Longevity, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32304, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA; (R.T.); (E.C.C.); (Z.L.L.)
- Institute for Successful Longevity, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32304, USA
| | - Yuefan Deng
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Danny Bluestein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
| | - Zixiang Leonardo Liu
- Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA; (R.T.); (E.C.C.); (Z.L.L.)
- Institute for Successful Longevity, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32304, USA
| | - Jawaad Sheriff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
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Chen WA, Boskovic DS. Neutrophil Extracellular DNA Traps in Response to Infection or Inflammation, and the Roles of Platelet Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3025. [PMID: 38474270 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25053025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils present the host's first line of defense against bacterial infections. These immune effector cells are mobilized rapidly to destroy invading pathogens by (a) reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidative bursts and (b) via phagocytosis. In addition, their antimicrobial service is capped via a distinct cell death mechanism, by the release of their own decondensed nuclear DNA, supplemented with a variety of embedded proteins and enzymes. The extracellular DNA meshwork ensnares the pathogenic bacteria and neutralizes them. Such neutrophil extracellular DNA traps (NETs) have the potential to trigger a hemostatic response to pathogenic infections. The web-like chromatin serves as a prothrombotic scaffold for platelet adhesion and activation. What is less obvious is that platelets can also be involved during the initial release of NETs, forming heterotypic interactions with neutrophils and facilitating their responses to pathogens. Together, the platelet and neutrophil responses can effectively localize an infection until it is cleared. However, not all microbial infections are easily cleared. Certain pathogenic organisms may trigger dysregulated platelet-neutrophil interactions, with a potential to subsequently propagate thromboinflammatory processes. These may also include the release of some NETs. Therefore, in order to make rational intervention easier, further elucidation of platelet, neutrophil, and pathogen interactions is still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Chen
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Danilo S Boskovic
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
- Department of Earth and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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Keramati H, de Vecchi A, Rajani R, Niederer SA. Using Gaussian process for velocity reconstruction after coronary stenosis applicable in positron emission particle tracking: An in-silico study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295789. [PMID: 38096169 PMCID: PMC10721050 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate velocity reconstruction is essential for assessing coronary artery disease. We propose a Gaussian process method to reconstruct the velocity profile using the sparse data of the positron emission particle tracking (PEPT) in a biological environment, which allows the measurement of tracer particle velocity to infer fluid velocity fields. We investigated the influence of tracer particle quantity and detection time interval on flow reconstruction accuracy. Three models were used to represent different levels of stenosis and anatomical complexity: a narrowed straight tube, an idealized coronary bifurcation with stenosis, and patient-specific coronary arteries with a stenotic left circumflex artery. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), particle tracking, and the Gaussian process of kriging were employed to simulate and reconstruct the pulsatile flow field. The study examined the error and uncertainty in velocity profile reconstruction after stenosis by comparing particle-derived flow velocity with the CFD solution. Using 600 particles (15 batches of 40 particles) released in the main coronary artery, the time-averaged error in velocity reconstruction ranged from 13.4% (no occlusion) to 161% (70% occlusion) in patient-specific anatomy. The error in maximum cross-sectional velocity at peak flow was consistently below 10% in all cases. PEPT and kriging tended to overestimate area-averaged velocity in higher occlusion cases but accurately predicted maximum cross-sectional velocity, particularly at peak flow. Kriging was shown to be useful to estimate the maximum velocity after the stenosis in the absence of negative near-wall velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Keramati
- School of Bioengineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adelaide de Vecchi
- School of Bioengineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ronak Rajani
- School of Bioengineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Cardiology Department, Guy’s and St, Thomas’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steven A. Niederer
- School of Bioengineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Turing Research and Innovation Cluster in Digital Twins (TRIC: DT), The Alan Turing Institute, London, United Kingdom
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5
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Cheng X, Caruso C, Lam WA, Graham MD. Marginated aberrant red blood cells induce pathologic vascular stress fluctuations in a computational model of hematologic disorders. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadj6423. [PMID: 38019922 PMCID: PMC10686556 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj6423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Red blood cell (RBC) disorders such as sickle cell disease affect billions worldwide. While much attention focuses on altered properties of aberrant RBCs and corresponding hemodynamic changes, RBC disorders are also associated with vascular dysfunction, whose origin remains unclear and which provoke severe consequences including stroke. Little research has explored whether biophysical alterations of RBCs affect vascular function. We use a detailed computational model of blood that enables characterization of cell distributions and vascular stresses in blood disorders and compare simulation results with experimental observations. Aberrant RBCs, with their smaller size and higher stiffness, concentrate near vessel walls (marginate) because of contrasts in physical properties relative to normal cells. In a curved channel exemplifying the geometric complexity of the microcirculation, these cells distribute heterogeneously, indicating the importance of geometry. Marginated cells generate large transient stress fluctuations on vessel walls, indicating a mechanism for the observed vascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopo Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Christina Caruso
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center of Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA
| | - Wilbur A. Lam
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center of Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering. Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Michael D. Graham
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Zeng Z, Nallan Chakravarthula T, Christodoulides A, Hall A, Alves NJ. Effect of Chandler loop shear and tubing size on thrombus architecture. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2023; 34:24. [PMID: 37173603 PMCID: PMC10182104 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-023-06721-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Thrombosis can lead to a wide variety of life-threatening circumstances. As current thrombolytic drug screening models often poorly predict drug profiles, leading to failure of thrombolytic therapy or clinical translation, more representative clot substrates are necessary for drug evaluation. Utilizing a Chandler loop device to form clot analogs at high shear has gained popularity in stroke societies. However, shear-dependent clot microstructure has not been fully addressed and low shear conditions are often overlooked. We herein characterized the impact of wall shear rate (126 to 951 s-1) on clot properties in the Chandler loop. Different revolutions (20-60) per minute and tubing sizes (3.2 to 7.9 mm) were employed to create different sized clots to mimic various thrombosis applications. Increased shear resulted in decreased RBC counts (76.9 ± 4.3% to 17.6 ± 0.9%) and increased fibrin (10 to 60%) based on clot histology. Increased fibrin sheet morphology and platelet aggregates were observed at higher shear under scanning electron microscope. These results show the significant impact of shear and tubing size on resulting clot properties and demonstrate the capability of forming a variety of reproducible in-vivo-like clot analogs in the Chandler loop device controlling for simple parameters to tune clot characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqian Zeng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Tanmaye Nallan Chakravarthula
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Alexei Christodoulides
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Abigail Hall
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Nathan J Alves
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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Aimagambetov MZ, Orazgalieva MT, Omarov NB, Zhanybekov SD, Orazalina AS. Blood Disorders in Patients with Obstructive Jaundice: A Literature Review. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.10470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Mechanical jaundice is a pathological syndrome consisting in a violation of the outflow of hepatic bile through the bile ducts into the duodenum due to mechanical obstacles. The most common causes of mechanical jaundice are gallstone disease, malignant tumors, as well as cicatricial stricture of the bile duct or the large duodenal papilla of the duodenum. All this leads to the development of renal-hepatic insufficiency. Thrombohemorrhagic changes develop in the vascular bed, leading to the development of disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome. Prevention and treatment of cholemic bleeding in case of mechanical jaundice remains one of the complex problems of hepatobiliary surgery. This article is an overview of the causes and pathophysiological changes affecting hemostasis in mechanical jaundice, as well as the main points of treatment of hemostasis disorders in patients with mechanical jaundice.
AIM: This study aims to study the literature on homeostasis in patients with mechanical jaundice.
SEARCH STRATEGY: To conduct a systematic search for scientific information and to achieve this goal, an analysis of scientific publications in evidence-based medicine databases (PubMed), using specialized search engines (Google Scholar) and in electronic scientific libraries (CyberLeninka, e-library) was carried out from 2005 to 2020.
INCLUSION CRITERIA: Research of high methodological quality: Meta-analysis, systematic review and cohort studies, as well as publications with clearly formulated and statistically proven conclusions in English, Russian, and Kazakh.
EXCLUSION CRITERIA: Summaries of reports, reports in the form of abstracts, and advertising articles.
RESULTS: The mechanisms that affect hemostasis in obstructive jaundice can be considered from four perspectives: The first relates to Vitamin K deficiency in obstructive jaundice, the second describes the effect of ongoing fibrosis and cirrhosis of the liver on hemostasis, the third analyzes the relationship between infectious-septic mechanisms and the hemostasis system, their clinical significance in patients with obstructive jaundice, and the latter involves the analysis of specific factors that manifest obstructive jaundice and may themselves affect the blood coagulation system.
CONCLUSION: Understanding the pathophysiology of hemostatic changes in patients with cholestasis and, more generally, liver disease is a clear way to accurate diagnosis and treatment. The combination of good knowledge with careful examination of each patient can lead to the most promising result.
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Kotsalos C, Raynaud F, Lätt J, Dutta R, Dubois F, Zouaoui Boudjeltia K, Chopard B. Shear induced diffusion of platelets revisited. Front Physiol 2022; 13:985905. [PMID: 36311230 PMCID: PMC9606212 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.985905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The transport of platelets in blood is commonly assumed to obey an advection-diffusion equation with a diffusion constant given by the so-called Zydney-Colton theory. Here we reconsider this hypothesis based on experimental observations and numerical simulations including a fully resolved suspension of red blood cells and platelets subject to a shear. We observe that the transport of platelets perpendicular to the flow can be characterized by a non-trivial distribution of velocities with and exponential decreasing bulk, followed by a power law tail. We conclude that such distribution of velocities leads to diffusion of platelets about two orders of magnitude higher than predicted by Zydney-Colton theory. We tested this distribution with a minimal stochastic model of platelets deposition to cover space and time scales similar to our experimental results, and confirm that the exponential-powerlaw distribution of velocities results in a coefficient of diffusion significantly larger than predicted by the Zydney-Colton theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Kotsalos
- Computer Science Department, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Franck Raynaud
- Computer Science Department, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Lätt
- Computer Science Department, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ritabrata Dutta
- Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, Warwick, United Kindom
| | - Frank Dubois
- Microgravity Research Center, Ecole Polytechnique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Karim Zouaoui Boudjeltia
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine (ULB222), Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles & CHU-Charleroi, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Bastien Chopard
- Computer Science Department, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Bastien Chopard,
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9
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Tsubota KI, Namioka K. Blood cell distribution in small and large vessels: effects of wall and rotating motion of red blood cells. J Biomech 2022; 137:111081. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Sanchez ZAC, Vijayananda V, Virassammy DM, Rosenfeld L, Ramasubramanian AK. The interaction of vortical flows with red cells in venous valve mimics. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2022; 16:024103. [PMID: 35282036 PMCID: PMC8896891 DOI: 10.1063/5.0078337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The motion of cells orthogonal to the direction of main flow is of importance in natural and engineered systems. The lateral movement of red blood cells (RBCs) distal to sudden expansion is considered to influence the formation and progression of thrombosis in venous valves, aortic aneurysms, and blood-circulating devices and is also a determining parameter for cell separation applications in flow-focusing microfluidic devices. Although it is known that the unique geometry of venous valves alters the blood flow patterns and cell distribution in venous valve sinuses, the interactions between fluid flow and RBCs have not been elucidated. Here, using a dilute cell suspension in an in vitro microfluidic model of a venous valve, we quantified the spatial distribution of RBCs by microscopy and image analysis, and using micro-particle image velocimetry and 3D computational fluid dynamics simulations, we analyzed the complex flow patterns. The results show that the local hematocrit in the valve pockets is spatially heterogeneous and is significantly different from the feed hematocrit. Above a threshold shear rate, the inertial separation of streamlines and lift forces contribute to an uneven distribution of RBCs in the vortices, the entrapment of RBCs in the vortices, and non-monotonic wall shear stresses in the valve pockets. Our experimental and computational characterization provides insights into the complex interactions between fluid flow, RBC distribution, and wall shear rates in venous valve mimics, which is of relevance to understanding the pathophysiology of thrombosis and improving cell separation efficiency.
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Li H, Deng Y, Sampani K, Cai S, Li Z, Sun JK, Karniadakis GE. Computational investigation of blood cell transport in retinal microaneurysms. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1009728. [PMID: 34986147 PMCID: PMC8730408 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microaneurysms (MAs) are one of the earliest clinically visible signs of diabetic retinopathy (DR). MA leakage or rupture may precipitate local pathology in the surrounding neural retina that impacts visual function. Thrombosis in MAs may affect their turnover time, an indicator associated with visual and anatomic outcomes in the diabetic eyes. In this work, we perform computational modeling of blood flow in microchannels containing various MAs to investigate the pathologies of MAs in DR. The particle-based model employed in this study can explicitly represent red blood cells (RBCs) and platelets as well as their interaction in the blood flow, a process that is very difficult to observe in vivo. Our simulations illustrate that while the main blood flow from the parent vessels can perfuse the entire lumen of MAs with small body-to-neck ratio (BNR), it can only perfuse part of the lumen in MAs with large BNR, particularly at a low hematocrit level, leading to possible hypoxic conditions inside MAs. We also quantify the impacts of the size of MAs, blood flow velocity, hematocrit and RBC stiffness and adhesion on the likelihood of platelets entering MAs as well as their residence time inside, two factors that are thought to be associated with thrombus formation in MAs. Our results show that enlarged MA size, increased blood velocity and hematocrit in the parent vessel of MAs as well as the RBC-RBC adhesion promote the migration of platelets into MAs and also prolong their residence time, thereby increasing the propensity of thrombosis within MAs. Overall, our work suggests that computational simulations using particle-based models can help to understand the microvascular pathology pertaining to MAs in DR and provide insights to stimulate and steer new experimental and computational studies in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Li
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Yixiang Deng
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Konstantina Sampani
- Beetham Eye Institute, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shengze Cai
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jennifer K. Sun
- Beetham Eye Institute, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - George E. Karniadakis
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
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12
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Abstract
Distinct from dilute, isotropic, and homogeneous reaction systems typically used in laboratory kinetic assays, blood is concentrated, two-phase, flowing, and highly anisotropic when clotting on a surface. This review focuses on spatial gradients that are generated and can dictate thrombus structure and function. Novel experimental and computational tools have recently emerged to explore reaction-transport coupling during clotting. Multiscale simulations help bridge tissue length scales (the coronary arteries) to millimeter scales of a growing clot to the microscopic scale of single-cell signaling and adhesion. Microfluidic devices help create and control pathological velocity profiles, albeit at a low Reynolds number. Since rate processes and force loading are often coupled, this review highlights prevailing convective-diffusive transport physics that modulate cellular and molecular processes during thrombus formation.
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13
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Sugihara-Seki M, Takinouchi N. Margination of Platelet-Sized Particles in the Red Blood Cell Suspension Flow through Square Microchannels. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12101175. [PMID: 34683226 PMCID: PMC8539585 DOI: 10.3390/mi12101175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In the blood flow through microvessels, platelets show high concentrations near the vessel wall. This phenomenon is called margination of platelets and is closely associated with hemostasis and thrombosis. In the present study, we conducted in vitro experiments using platelet-sized fluorescent particles as platelet substitutes to investigate the cross-sectional distribution of these particles in the red blood cell suspension flowing through microchannels with a square cross section. Fluorescence observations were performed to measure the transverse distribution of particles at various heights from the bottom face with the use of a confocal laser scanning microscope system. In downstream cross sections of the channel, particles showed focusing near the four corners rather than uniform margination along the entire circumference of the cross section. The focusing of particles near the corners was more enhanced for higher hematocrits. On the other hand, particles in circular channel flows showed nearly axisymmetric uniform accumulation adjacent to the channel wall. The present result suggests that the segregation of suspended particles in the flow of multicomponent suspensions could have such heterogeneous 2D features of particle distribution in the cross section of channels, especially for rectangular channels often used in microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Sugihara-Seki
- Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Kansai University, Osaka 564-8680, Japan;
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-6-6368-0866
| | - Nozomi Takinouchi
- Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Kansai University, Osaka 564-8680, Japan;
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14
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Grande Gutiérrez N, Alber M, Kahn AM, Burns JC, Mathew M, McCrindle BW, Marsden AL. Computational modeling of blood component transport related to coronary artery thrombosis in Kawasaki disease. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009331. [PMID: 34491991 PMCID: PMC8448376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery thrombosis is the major risk associated with Kawasaki disease (KD). Long-term management of KD patients with persistent aneurysms requires a thrombotic risk assessment and clinical decisions regarding the administration of anticoagulation therapy. Computational fluid dynamics has demonstrated that abnormal KD coronary artery hemodynamics can be associated with thrombosis. However, the underlying mechanisms of clot formation are not yet fully understood. Here we present a new model incorporating data from patient-specific simulated velocity fields to track platelet activation and accumulation. We use a system of Reaction-Advection-Diffusion equations solved with a stabilized finite element method to describe the evolution of non-activated platelets and activated platelet concentrations [AP], local concentrations of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and poly-phosphate (PolyP). The activation of platelets is modeled as a function of shear-rate exposure and local concentration of agonists. We compared the distribution of activated platelets in a healthy coronary case and six cases with coronary artery aneurysms caused by KD, including three with confirmed thrombosis. Results show spatial correlation between regions of higher concentration of activated platelets and the reported location of the clot, suggesting predictive capabilities of this model towards identifying regions at high risk for thrombosis. Also, the concentration levels of ADP and PolyP in cases with confirmed thrombosis are higher than the reported critical values associated with platelet aggregation (ADP) and activation of the intrinsic coagulation pathway (PolyP). These findings suggest the potential initiation of a coagulation pathway even in the absence of an extrinsic factor. Finally, computational simulations show that in regions of flow stagnation, biochemical activation, as a result of local agonist concentration, is dominant. Identifying the leading factors to a pro-coagulant environment in each case—mechanical or biochemical—could help define improved strategies for thrombosis prevention tailored for each patient. Computational studies aiming to model thrombosis often rely on an arterial wall injury. Collagen and other extracellular matrix components are exposed to the bloodstream, which facilitates platelet adhesion to the wall and subsequent clot formation. However, these models are not adequate to explain thrombosis in other settings where even in the absence of a focal lesion, clots may still form under certain flow conditions. Coronary artery aneurysm thrombosis following KD is an example of the need to understand the mechanisms of thrombus initiation in the absence of an extrinsic factor. This study provides a new framework to investigate thrombus initiation in KD from a patient-specific perspective, which integrates fluid mechanics and biochemistry and which could help quantify the pro-coagulant environment induced by the aneurysm and become a predictive tool. The work presented here has broad relevance to other clinical situations where flow stagnation and transport are driving factors in thrombus formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Grande Gutiérrez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Mark Alber
- Department of Mathematics and Interdisciplinary Center for Quantitative Modeling in Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew M. Kahn
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Jane C. Burns
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Mathew Mathew
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian W. McCrindle
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alison L. Marsden
- Department of Pediatrics, Bioengineering and Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Liu ZL, Ku DN, Aidun CK. Mechanobiology of shear-induced platelet aggregation leading to occlusive arterial thrombosis: A multiscale in silico analysis. J Biomech 2021; 120:110349. [PMID: 33711601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Occlusive thrombosis in arteries causes heart attacks and strokes. The rapid growth of thrombus at elevated shear rates (~10,000 1/s) relies on shear-induced platelet aggregation (SIPA) thought to come about from the entanglement of von Willebrand factor (VWF) molecules. The mechanism for SIPA is not yet understood in terms of cell- and molecule-level dynamics in fast flowing bloodstreams. Towards this end, we develop a multiscale computational model to recreate SIPA in silico, where the suspension dynamics and interactions of individual platelets and VWF multimers are resolved directly. The platelet-VWF interaction via GP1b-A1 bonds is prescribed with intrinsic binding rates theoretically derived and informed by single-molecule measurements. The model is validated against existing microfluidic SIPA experiments, showing good agreement with the in vitro observations in terms of the morphology, traveling distance and capture time of the platelet aggregates. Particularly, the capture of aggregates can occur in a few milliseconds, comparable to the platelet transit time through pathologic arterial stenotic sections and much shorter than the time for shear-induced platelet activation. The multiscale SIPA simulator provides a cross-scale tool for exploring the biophysical mechanisms of SIPA in silico that are difficult to access with single-molecule measurements or micro-/macro-fluidic assays only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixiang L Liu
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, GE 30332, United States.
| | - David N Ku
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, GE 30332, United States.
| | - Cyrus K Aidun
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, GE 30332, United States.
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16
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van Rooij BJM, Závodszky G, Hoekstra AG, Ku DN. Haemodynamic flow conditions at the initiation of high-shear platelet aggregation: a combined in vitro and cellular in silico study. Interface Focus 2021; 11:20190126. [PMID: 33335707 PMCID: PMC7739908 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2019.0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of the flow environment on platelet aggregation is not fully understood in high-shear thrombosis. The objective of this study is to investigate the role of a high shear rate in initial platelet aggregation. The haemodynamic conditions in a microfluidic device are studied using cell-based blood flow simulations. The results are compared with in vitro platelet aggregation experiments performed with porcine whole blood (WB) and platelet-rich-plasma (PRP). We studied whether the cell-depleted layer in combination with high shear and high platelet flux can account for the distribution of platelet aggregates. High platelet fluxes at the wall were found in silico. In WB, the platelet flux was about twice as high as in PRP. Additionally, initial platelet aggregation and occlusion were observed in vitro in the stenotic region. In PRP, the position of the occlusive thrombus was located more downstream than in WB. Furthermore, the shear rates and stresses in cell-based and continuum simulations were studied. We found that a continuum simulation is a good approximation for PRP. For WB, it cannot predict the correct values near the wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J M van Rooij
- Computational Science Lab, Informatics Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G Závodszky
- Computational Science Lab, Informatics Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A G Hoekstra
- Computational Science Lab, Informatics Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D N Ku
- Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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17
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Sugihara-Seki M, Onozawa T, Takinouchi N, Itano T, Seki J. Development of margination of platelet-sized particles in red blood cell suspensions flowing through Y-shaped bifurcating microchannels. Biorheology 2021; 57:101-116. [PMID: 33523035 DOI: 10.3233/bir-201010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the blood flow through microvessels, platelets exhibit enhanced concentrations in the layer free of red blood cells (cell-free layer) adjacent to the vessel wall. The motion of platelets in the cell-free layer plays an essential role in their interaction with the vessel wall, and hence it affects their functions of hemostasis and thrombosis. OBJECTIVE We aimed to estimate the diffusivity of platelet-sized particles in the transverse direction (the direction of vorticity) across the channel width in the cell-free layer by in vitro experiments for the microchannel flow of red blood cell (RBC) suspensions containing platelet-sized particles. METHODS Fluorescence microscope observations were performed to measure the transverse distribution of spherical particles immersed in RBC suspensions flowing through a Y-shaped bifurcating microchannel. We examined the development of the particle concentration profiles along the flow direction in the daughter channels, starting from asymmetric distributions with low concentrations on the inner side of the bifurcation at the inlet of the daughter channels. RESULTS In daughter channels of 40 μm width, reconstruction of particle margination revealed that a symmetric concentration profile was attained in ∼30 mm from the bifurcation, independent of flow rate. CONCLUSIONS We presented experimental evidence of particle margination developing in a bifurcating flow channel where the diffusivity of 2.9-μm diameter particles was estimated to be ∼40 μm2/s at a shear rate of 1000 s-1 and hematocrit of 0.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Sugihara-Seki
- Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tenki Onozawa
- Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nozomi Takinouchi
- Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Itano
- Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Junji Seki
- Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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18
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Yazdani A, Deng Y, Li H, Javadi E, Li Z, Jamali S, Lin C, Humphrey JD, Mantzoros CS, Em Karniadakis G. Integrating blood cell mechanics, platelet adhesive dynamics and coagulation cascade for modelling thrombus formation in normal and diabetic blood. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20200834. [PMID: 33530862 PMCID: PMC8086870 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2020.0834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal haemostasis is an important physiological mechanism that prevents excessive bleeding during trauma, whereas the pathological thrombosis especially in diabetics leads to increased incidence of heart attacks and strokes as well as peripheral vascular events. In this work, we propose a new multiscale framework that integrates seamlessly four key components of blood clotting, namely transport of coagulation factors, coagulation kinetics, blood cell mechanics and platelet adhesive dynamics, to model the development of thrombi under physiological and pathological conditions. We implement this framework to simulate platelet adhesion due to the exposure of tissue factor in a three-dimensional microchannel. Our results show that our model can simulate thrombin-mediated platelet activation in the flowing blood, resulting in platelet adhesion to the injury site of the channel wall. Furthermore, we simulate platelet adhesion in diabetic blood, and our results show that both the pathological alterations in the biomechanics of blood cells and changes in the amount of coagulation factors contribute to the excessive platelet adhesion and aggregation in diabetic blood. Taken together, this new framework can be used to probe synergistic mechanisms of thrombus formation under physiological and pathological conditions, and open new directions in modelling complex biological problems that involve several multiscale processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Yazdani
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Yixiang Deng
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - He Li
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Elahe Javadi
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Safa Jamali
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chensen Lin
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Jay D. Humphrey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Christos S. Mantzoros
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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19
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de Vrij EL, Bouma HR, Goris M, Weerman U, de Groot AP, Kuipers J, Giepmans BNG, Henning RH. Reversible thrombocytopenia during hibernation originates from storage and release of platelets in liver sinusoids. J Comp Physiol B 2021; 191:603-615. [PMID: 33661336 PMCID: PMC8043940 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-021-01351-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Immobility is a risk factor for thrombosis due to low blood flow, which may result in activation of the coagulation system, recruitment of platelets and clot formation. Nevertheless, hibernating animals-who endure lengthy periods of immobility-do not show signs of thrombosis throughout or after hibernation. One of the adaptations of hemostasis in hibernators consists of a rapidly reversible reduction of the number of circulating platelets during torpor, i.e., the hibernation phase with reduction of metabolic rate, low blood flow and immobility. It is unknown whether these platelet dynamics in hibernating hamsters originate from storage and release, as suggested for ground squirrel, or from breakdown and de novo synthesis. A reduction in detaching forces due to low blood flow can induce reversible adhesion of platelets to the vessel wall, which is called margination. Here, we hypothesized that storage-and-release by margination to the vessel wall induces reversible thrombocytopenia in torpor. Therefore, we transfused labeled platelets in hibernating Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) and platelets were analyzed using flow cytometry and electron microscopy. The half-life of labeled platelets was extended from 20 to 30 h in hibernating animals compared to non-hibernating control hamsters. More than 90% of labeled platelets were cleared from the circulation during torpor, followed by emergence during arousal which supports storage-and-release to govern thrombocytopenia in torpor. Furthermore, the low number of immature platelets, plasma level of interleukin-1α and normal numbers of megakaryocytes in bone marrow make platelet synthesis or megakaryocyte rupture via interleukin-1α unlikely to account for the recovery of platelet counts upon arousal. Finally, using large-scale electron microscopy we revealed platelets to accumulate in liver sinusoids, but not in spleen or lung, during torpor. These results thus demonstrate that platelet dynamics in hibernation are caused by storage and release of platelets, most likely by margination to the vessel wall in liver sinusoids. Translating the molecular mechanisms that govern platelet retention in the liver, may be of major relevance for hemostatic management in (accidental) hypothermia and for the development of novel anti-thrombotic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin L de Vrij
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Hjalmar R Bouma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maaike Goris
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ulrike Weerman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne P de Groot
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kuipers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ben N G Giepmans
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Robert H Henning
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
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20
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Laxmi V, Joshi SS, Agrawal A. Design Evolution and Performance Study of a Reliable Platelet-Rich Plasma Microdevice. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c03590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vijai Laxmi
- Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Suhas S Joshi
- Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Amit Agrawal
- Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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21
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Liu ZL, Clausen JR, Wagner JL, Butler KS, Bolintineanu DS, Lechman JB, Rao RR, Aidun CK. Heterogeneous partition of cellular blood-borne nanoparticles through microvascular bifurcations. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:013310. [PMID: 32795082 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.013310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Blood flowing through microvascular bifurcations has been an active research topic for many decades, while the partitioning pattern of nanoscale solutes in the blood remains relatively unexplored. Here we demonstrate a multiscale computational framework for direct numerical simulation of the nanoparticle (NP) partitioning through physiologically relevant vascular bifurcations in the presence of red blood cells (RBCs). The computational framework is established by embedding a particulate suspension inflow-outflow boundary condition into a multiscale blood flow solver. The computational framework is verified by recovering a tubular blood flow without a bifurcation and validated against the experimental measurement of an intravital bifurcation flow. The classic Zweifach-Fung (ZF) effect is shown to be well captured by the method. Moreover, we observe that NPs exhibit a ZF-like heterogeneous partition in response to the heterogeneous partition of the RBC phase. The NP partitioning prioritizes the high-flow-rate daughter branch except for extreme (large or small) suspension flow partition ratios under which the complete phase separation tends to occur. By analyzing the flow field and the particle trajectories, we show that the ZF-like heterogeneity in the NP partition can be explained by the RBC-entrainment effect caused by the deviation of the flow separatrix preceded by the tank treading of RBCs near the bifurcation junction. The recovery of homogeneity in the NP partition under extreme flow partition ratios is due to the plasma skimming of NPs in the cell-free layer. These findings, based on the multiscale computational framework, provide biophysical insights to the heterogeneous distribution of NPs in microvascular beds that are observed pathophysiologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixiang L Liu
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Jonathan R Clausen
- Thermal and Fluid Processes, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - Justin L Wagner
- Aerosciences Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - Kimberly S Butler
- Molecular and Microbiology, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - Dan S Bolintineanu
- Fluid and Reactive Processes, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - Jeremy B Lechman
- Fluid and Reactive Processes, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - Rekha R Rao
- Fluid and Reactive Processes, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - Cyrus K Aidun
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
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22
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Freeze-dried plasma mitigates the dilution effects of a hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier (HBOC-201) in a model of resuscitation for hemorrhage and hemodilution. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2020; 87:S83-S90. [PMID: 31246911 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000002317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) have proven useful for supplementing oxygen delivery when red cells are unavailable; however, HBOCs do not promote hemostasis. The need for prehospital bridges to blood transfusion informed this study which sought to determine the impact of HBOCs on coagulation, with or without cotransfusion of freeze-dried plasma (FDP). METHODS Treatment was simulated in vitro by replacing whole blood volume (or whole blood prediluted with 25% plasmalyte A as a hemodilution model) with HBOC-201, FDP, or both at ratios of 10% to 50% of original volume. Prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), fibrinogen, complete blood count, viscosity, thromboelastography (TEG), and platelet adhesion to collagen under flow were evaluated. Subsequently, tissue plasminogen activator was added to model hemorrhagic shock effects on fibrinolysis. RESULTS Substituting blood with HBOC resulted in dose-dependent decreases in fibrinogen and cells, which lengthened PT (+61% at highest dose) and aPTT (+40% at highest dose) and produced TEG parameters consistent with dilutional coagulopathy. While substituting blood with FDP decreased cell counts accordingly, fibrinogen, PT, aPTT, and TEG parameters were not statistically changed. When HBOC and FDP were combined 1:1 for volume replacement, observed HBOC-only detriments were mitigated: PT and aPTT were increased by 17% and 11%, respectively, at the highest doses. In prediluted samples, similar trends were seen with exacerbated differences. Platelet adhesion to collagen was directly affected by hematocrit. Samples containing both HBOC and tissue plasminogen activator were highly susceptible to fibrinolysis. CONCLUSION A dose equivalent to 1 unit to 2 units each of HBOC-201 and FDP had a modest impact on functional coagulation measures and is reasonable to consider for clinical study as a part of early transfusion intervention. Higher doses may impart hemodilution risks similar to resuscitation with crystalloid or other colloids in coagulation-compromised patients. Further study of HBOC effects on fibrinolysis is also indicated. STUDY TYPE In vitro laboratory study.
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23
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Zhang X, Caruso C, Lam WA, Graham MD. Flow-induced segregation and dynamics of red blood cells in sickle cell disease. PHYSICAL REVIEW FLUIDS 2020; 5:053101. [PMID: 34095646 PMCID: PMC8174308 DOI: 10.1103/physrevfluids.5.053101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Blood flow in sickle cell disease (SCD) can substantially differ from normal blood flow due to significant alterations in the physical properties of the red blood cells (RBCs). Chronic complications, such as inflammation of the endothelial cells lining blood vessel walls, are associated with SCD, for reasons that are unclear. Here, detailed boundary integral simulations are performed to investigate an idealized model flow flow in SCD, a binary suspension of flexible biconcave discoidal fluid-filled capsules and stiff curved prolate capsules that represent healthy and sickle RBCs, respectively, subjected to pressure-driven flow in a planar slit. The stiff component is dilute. The key observation is that, unlike healthy RBCs that concentrate around the center of the channel and form an RBC-depleted layer (i.e. cell-free layer) next to the walls, sickle cells are largely drained from the bulk of the suspension and aggregate inside the cell-free layer, displaying strong margination. These cells are found to undergo a rigid-body-like rolling orbit near the walls. A binary suspension of flexible biconcave discoidal capsules and stiff straight (non-curved) prolate capsules is also considered for comparison, and the curvature of the stiff component is found to play a minor role in the behavior. Additionally, by considering a mixture of flexible and stiff biconcave discoids, we reveal that rigidity difference by itself is sufficient to induce the segregation behavior in a binary suspension. Furthermore, the additional shear stress on the walls induced by the presence of cells is computed for the various cases. Compared to the small fluctuations in wall shear stress for a suspension of healthy RBCs, large local peaks in wall shear stress are observed for the binary suspensions, due to the proximity of the marginated stiff cells to the walls. This effect is most marked for the straight prolate capsules. As endothelial cells are known to mechanotransduce physical forces such as aberrations in shear stress and convert them to physiological processes such as activation of inflammatory signals, these results may aid in understanding mechanisms for endothelial dysfunction associated with SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1691
| | - Christina Caruso
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center of Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Wilbur A. Lam
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center of Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Michael D. Graham
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1691
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24
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Zheng X, Yazdani A, Li H, Humphrey JD, Karniadakis GE. A three-dimensional phase-field model for multiscale modeling of thrombus biomechanics in blood vessels. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1007709. [PMID: 32343724 PMCID: PMC7224566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical interactions between flowing and coagulated blood (thrombus) are crucial in dictating the deformation and remodeling of a thrombus after its formation in hemostasis. We propose a fully-Eulerian, three-dimensional, phase-field model of thrombus that is calibrated with existing in vitro experimental data. This phase-field model considers spatial variations in permeability and material properties within a single unified mathematical framework derived from an energy perspective, thereby allowing us to study effects of thrombus microstructure and properties on its deformation and possible release of emboli under different hemodynamic conditions. Moreover, we combine this proposed thrombus model with a particle-based model which simulates the initiation of the thrombus. The volume fraction of a thrombus obtained from the particle simulation is mapped to an input variable in the proposed phase-field thrombus model. The present work is thus the first computational study to integrate the initiation of a thrombus through platelet aggregation with its subsequent viscoelastic responses to various shear flows. This framework can be informed by clinical data and potentially be used to predict the risk of diverse thromboembolic events under physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Zheng
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Alireza Yazdani
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - He Li
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Jay D. Humphrey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - George E. Karniadakis
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
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25
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Laxmi V, Tripathi S, Joshi SS, Agrawal A. Separation and Enrichment of Platelets from Whole Blood Using a PDMS-Based Passive Microdevice. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vijai Laxmi
- Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Siddhartha Tripathi
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Goa Campus, Sancoale, Goa 403726, India
| | - Suhas S. Joshi
- Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Amit Agrawal
- Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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26
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Kim D, Bresette C, Liu Z, Ku DN. Occlusive thrombosis in arteries. APL Bioeng 2019; 3:041502. [PMID: 31768485 PMCID: PMC6863762 DOI: 10.1063/1.5115554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombus formation in major arteries is life threatening. In this review article, we discuss how an arterial thrombus can form under pathologically high shear stresses, with bonding rates estimated to be the fastest Kon values in biochemistry. During occlusive thrombosis in arteries, the growth rate of the thrombus explodes to capture a billion platelets in about 10 min. Close to 100% of all platelets passing the thrombus are captured by long von Willebrand factor (vWF) strands that quickly form tethered nets. The nets grow in patches where shear stress is high, and the local concentration of vWF is elevated due to α-granule release by previously captured platelets. This rapidly formed thrombus has few red blood cells and so has a white appearance and is much stronger and more porous than clots formed through coagulation. Understanding and modeling the biophysics of this event can predict totally new approaches to prevent and treat heart attacks and strokes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjune Kim
- GWW School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0363, USA
| | - Christopher Bresette
- GWW School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0363, USA
| | - Zixiang Liu
- GWW School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0363, USA
| | - David N Ku
- GWW School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0363, USA
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27
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Tan J, Ding Z, Hood M, Li W. Simulation of circulating tumor cell transport and adhesion in cell suspensions in microfluidic devices. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2019; 13:064105. [PMID: 31737154 PMCID: PMC6837944 DOI: 10.1063/1.5129787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding cell transport and adhesion dynamics under flow is important for many biotransport problems. We investigated the influence of cell size, ligand coating density, micropost size, and intercellular collisions on circulating tumor cell adhesion and transport in microfluidic devices. The cells were modeled as coarse-grained cell membranes and the adhesion was modeled as pairwise interacting potentials, while the fluid was solved using the lattice Boltzmann method. The coupling between the cell and the fluid was achieved through the immersed boundary method. The cell showed transient rolling adhesion in high shear regions and firm adhesion in low shear regions. The adhesive force for rolling cells on a micropost was increasing before the cell reached the crest of the post and then decreasing afterward. The adhesive strength for cells increases with ligand coating density. Cell trajectories in a microfluidic device with a shifted post design were studied as well. At low concentrations, the majority of the cells follow streamlines closely. However, the intercellular collision and collision from red blood cells impacted the cell trajectories. An L 2 norm of | e | was defined to characterize the difference between the cell trajectories and the associated streamlines. It was shown that | e | L 2 increases with micropost sizes and cell concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifu Tan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, USA
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
| | - Zhenya Ding
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
| | - Michael Hood
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
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28
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Thrombus growth modelling and stenosis prediction in the cerebral microvasculature. J Theor Biol 2019; 478:1-13. [PMID: 31207204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral microvascular occlusions cause restriction of blood supply to the brain, thus potentially severely impacting cognitive abilities. Thus, accurate prediction of thrombus growth in realistic geometries is important. Thrombi growth in an existing 13-generation cerebral microvasculature network is simulated here to study the haemodynamic effects of single and multiple blockages on the occlusion of the network. Compared to a single vessel, in a network, the occlusion probability is found to be different. It is the downstream/smaller arterioles (i.e. the 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th generation arterioles in this study) that tend to reach occlusion first in a network and thus are the critical vessels. Simulations of simultaneous growth of two independent thrombi in the network (referred to here as the two-block case) show a close coupling between the locations of the various blocks in the network, each influencing the other's growth. The presence of the lead block (LB) slows the growth of the trailing block (TB). In some cases, it stops the TB's growth thereby preventing it from occluding the vessel. Findings in this work thus indicate that, to prevent ischaemia, blocks in the smaller arterioles need to be identified and treated first, and that this is more critical if the number of simultaneous blocks is higher.
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29
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Bächer C, Kihm A, Schrack L, Kaestner L, Laschke MW, Wagner C, Gekle S. Antimargination of Microparticles and Platelets in the Vicinity of Branching Vessels. Biophys J 2019; 115:411-425. [PMID: 30021115 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate the margination of microparticles/platelets in blood flow through complex geometries typical for in vivo vessel networks: a vessel confluence and a bifurcation. Using three-dimensional lattice Boltzmann simulations, we confirm that behind the confluence of two vessels, a cell-free layer devoid of red blood cells develops in the channel center. Despite its small size of roughly 1 μm, this central cell-free layer persists for up to 100 μm after the confluence. Most importantly, we show from simulations that this layer also contains a significant amount of microparticles/platelets and validate this result by in vivo microscopy in mouse venules. At bifurcations, however, a similar effect does not appear, and margination is largely unaffected by the geometry. This antimargination toward the vessel center after a confluence may explain earlier in vivo observations, which found that platelet concentrations near the vessel wall are seen to be much higher on the arteriolar side (containing bifurcations) than on the venular side (containing confluences) of the vascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bächer
- Biofluid Simulation and Modeling, Theoretische Physik, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Alexander Kihm
- Experimental Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Lukas Schrack
- Biofluid Simulation and Modeling, Theoretische Physik, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany; Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lars Kaestner
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, Research Centre for Molecular Imaging and Screening, Center for Molecular Signaling, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Matthias W Laschke
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Christian Wagner
- Experimental Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany; Physics and Materials Science Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Stephan Gekle
- Biofluid Simulation and Modeling, Theoretische Physik, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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30
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Carboni EJ, Bognet BH, Cowles DB, Ma AWK. The Margination of Particles in Areas of Constricted Blood Flow. Biophys J 2019; 114:2221-2230. [PMID: 29742415 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death globally and is caused by stenoses, abnormal narrowings of blood vessels. Recently, there has been an increased interest in shear-activated particle clusters for the treatment of stenosis, but there is a lack of literature investigating the impact of different stenosis geometries on particle margination. Margination refers to the movement of particles toward the blood vessel wall and is desirable for drug delivery. The current study investigated ten different geometries and their effects on margination. Microfluidic devices with a constricted area were fabricated to mimic a stenosed blood vessel with different extent of occlusion, constricted length, and eccentricity (gradualness of the constriction and expansion). Spherical fluorescent particles with a diameter of 2.11 μm were suspended in blood and tracked as they moved into, through, and out of the constricted area. A margination parameter, M, was used to quantify margination based on the particle distribution after velocity normalization. Experimental results suggested that a constriction leads to an enhanced margination, whereas an expansion is responsible for a decrease in margination. Further, margination was found to increase with increasing percent occlusion and constriction length, likely a result of higher shear rate and longer residence time, respectively. Margination decreases as the stenosis geometry becomes more gradual (eccentricity increases) with the exception of a sudden constriction/expansion geometry. The findings demonstrate the importance of geometric effects on margination and call for detailed numerical modeling and geometric characterization of the stenosed areas to fully understand the underlying physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik J Carboni
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Brice H Bognet
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - David B Cowles
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Anson W K Ma
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut; Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut.
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31
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Sarode DN, Roy S. In Vitro models for thrombogenicity testing of blood-recirculating medical devices. Expert Rev Med Devices 2019; 16:603-616. [PMID: 31154869 DOI: 10.1080/17434440.2019.1627199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Blood-recirculating medical devices, such as mechanical circulatory support (MCS), extracorporeal membrane oxygenators (ECMO), and hemodialyzers, are commonly used to treat or improve quality of life in patients with cardiac, pulmonary, and renal failure, respectively. As part of their regulatory approval, guidelines for thrombosis evaluation in pre-clinical development have been established. In vitro testing evaluates a device's potential to produce thrombosis markers in static and dynamic flow loops. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on in vitro static and dynamic models to assess thrombosis in blood-recirculating medical devices. A summary of key devices is followed by a review of molecular markers of contact activation. Current thrombosis testing guidance documents, ISO 10993-4, ASTM F-2888, and F-2382 will be discussed, followed by analysis of their application to in vitro testing models. EXPERT OPINION In general, researchers have favored in vivo models to thoroughly evaluate thrombosis, limiting in vitro evaluation to hemolysis. In vitro studies are not standardized and it is often difficult to compare studies on similar devices. As blood-recirculating devices have advanced to include wearable and implantable artificial organs, expanded guidelines standardizing in vitro testing are needed to identify the thrombotic potential without excessive use of in vivo resources during pre-clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika N Sarode
- a Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences , University of California , San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Shuvo Roy
- a Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences , University of California , San Francisco , CA , USA
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32
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Chang HY, Yazdani A, Li X, Douglas KAA, Mantzoros CS, Karniadakis GE. Quantifying Platelet Margination in Diabetic Blood Flow. Biophys J 2018; 115:1371-1382. [PMID: 30224049 PMCID: PMC6170725 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) develop thrombotic abnormalities strongly associated with cardiovascular diseases. In addition to the changes of numerous coagulation factors such as elevated levels of thrombin and fibrinogen, the abnormal rheological effects of red blood cells (RBCs) and platelets flowing in blood are crucial in platelet adhesion and thrombus formation in T2DM. An important process contributing to the latter is the platelet margination. We employ the dissipative particle dynamics method to seamlessly model cells, plasma, and vessel walls. We perform a systematic study on RBC and platelet transport in cylindrical vessels by considering different cell shapes, sizes, and RBC deformabilities in healthy and T2DM blood, as well as variable flowrates and hematocrit. In particular, we use cellular-level RBC and platelet models with parameters derived from patient-specific data and present a sensitivity study. We find T2DM RBCs, which are less deformable compared to normal RBCs, lower the transport of platelets toward the vessel walls, whereas platelets with higher mean volume (often observed in T2DM) lead to enhanced margination. Furthermore, increasing the flowrate or hematocrit enhances platelet margination. We also investigated the effect of platelet shape and observed a nonmonotonic variation with the highest near-wall concentration corresponding to platelets with a moderate aspect ratio of 0.38. We examine the role of white blood cells (WBCs), whose count is increased notably in T2DM patients. We find that WBC rolling or WBC adhesion tends to decrease platelet margination due to hydrodynamic effects. To the best of our knowledge, such simulations of blood including all blood cells have not been performed before, and our quantitative findings can help separate the effects of hydrodynamic interactions from adhesive interactions and potentially shed light on the associated pathological processes in T2DM such as increased inflammatory response, platelet activation and adhesion, and ultimately thrombus formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yu Chang
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Alireza Yazdani
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Xuejin Li
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Konstantinos A A Douglas
- S. Lepida Biomedical Laboratory, Athens, Greece; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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33
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Ye H, Shen Z, Li Y. Shear rate dependent margination of sphere-like, oblate-like and prolate-like micro-particles within blood flow. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:7401-7419. [PMID: 30187053 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01304g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the shear rate dependent margination of micro-particles (MPs) with different shapes in blood flow through numerical simulations. We develop a multiscale computational model to handle the fluid-structure interactions involved in the blood flow simulations. The lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is used to solve the plasma dynamics and a coarse-grained model is employed to capture the dynamics of red blood cells (RBCs) and MPs. These two solvers are coupled together by the immersed boundary method (IBM). The shear rate dependent margination of sphere MPs is firstly investigated. We find that margination of sphere MPs dramatically increases with the increment of wall shear rate [small gamma, Greek, dot above]ω under 800 s-1, induced by the breaking of rouleaux in blood flow. However, the margination probability only slowly grows when [small gamma, Greek, dot above]ω > 800 s-1. Furthermore, the shape effect of MPs is examined by comparing the margination behaviors of sphere-like, oblate-like and prolate-like MPs under different wall shear rates. We find that the margination of MPs is governed by the interplay of two factors: hydrodynamic collisions with RBCs including the collision frequency and collision displacement of MPs, and near wall dynamics. MPs that demonstrate poor performance in one process such as collision frequency may stand out in the other process like near wall dynamics. Specifically, the ellipsoidal MPs (oblate and prolate) with small aspect ratio (AR) outperform those with large AR regardless of the wall shear rate, due to their better performance in both the collision with RBCs and near wall dynamics. Additionally, we find there exists a transition shear rate region 700 s-1 < [small gamma, Greek, dot above]ω < 900 s-1 for all of these MPs: the margination probability dramatically increases with the shear rate below this region and slowly grows above this region, similar to sphere MPs. We further use the surface area to volume ratio (SVR) to distinguish different shaped MPs and illustrate their shear rate dependent margination in a contour in the shear rate-SVR plane. It is of significance that we can approximately predict the margination of MPs with a specific SVR. All these simulation results can be potentially applied to guide the design of micro-drug carriers for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilin Ye
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 191 Auditorium Road, Unit 3139, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA.
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34
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Dutta R, Chopard B, Lätt J, Dubois F, Zouaoui Boudjeltia K, Mira A. Parameter Estimation of Platelets Deposition: Approximate Bayesian Computation With High Performance Computing. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1128. [PMID: 30177886 PMCID: PMC6109765 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardio/cerebrovascular diseases (CVD) have become one of the major health issue in our societies. Recent studies show the existing clinical tests to detect CVD are ineffectual as they do not consider different stages of platelet activation or the molecular dynamics involved in platelet interactions. Further they are also incapable to consider inter-individual variability. A physical description of platelets deposition was introduced recently in Chopard et al. (2017), by integrating fundamental understandings of how platelets interact in a numerical model, parameterized by five parameters. These parameters specify the deposition process and are relevant for a biomedical understanding of the phenomena. One of the main intuition is that these parameters are precisely the information needed for a pathological test identifying CVD captured and that they capture the inter-individual variability. Following this intuition, here we devise a Bayesian inferential scheme for estimation of these parameters, using experimental observations, at different time intervals, on the average size of the aggregation clusters, their number per mm2, the number of platelets, and the ones activated per μℓ still in suspension. As the likelihood function of the numerical model is intractable due to the complex stochastic nature of the model, we use a likelihood-free inference scheme approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) to calibrate the parameters in a data-driven manner. As ABC requires the generation of many pseudo-data by expensive simulation runs, we use a high performance computing (HPC) framework for ABC to make the inference possible for this model. We consider a collective dataset of seven volunteers and use this inference scheme to get an approximate posterior distribution and the Bayes estimate of these five parameters. The mean posterior prediction of platelet deposition pattern matches the experimental dataset closely with a tight posterior prediction error margin, justifying our main intuition and providing a methodology to infer these parameters given patient data. The present approach can be used to build a new generation of personalized platelet functionality tests for CVD detection, using numerical modeling of platelet deposition, Bayesian uncertainty quantification, and High performance computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritabrata Dutta
- Institute of Computational Science, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Bastien Chopard
- Computer Science Department, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Lätt
- Computer Science Department, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Frank Dubois
- Microgravity Research Centre, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karim Zouaoui Boudjeltia
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine (ULB 222 Unit), Université Libre de Bruxelles and CHU de Charleroi, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Antonietta Mira
- Institute of Computational Science, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
- Department of Science and High Technology, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
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35
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Cooley M, Sarode A, Hoore M, Fedosov DA, Mitragotri S, Sen Gupta A. Influence of particle size and shape on their margination and wall-adhesion: implications in drug delivery vehicle design across nano-to-micro scale. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:15350-15364. [PMID: 30080212 PMCID: PMC6247903 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr04042g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Intravascular drug delivery technologies majorly utilize spherical nanoparticles as carrier vehicles. Their targets are often at the blood vessel wall or in the tissue beyond the wall, such that vehicle localization towards the wall (margination) becomes a pre-requisite for their function. To this end, some studies have indicated that under flow environment, micro-particles have a higher propensity than nano-particles to marginate to the wall. Also, non-spherical particles theoretically have a higher area of surface-adhesive interactions than spherical particles. However, detailed systematic studies that integrate various particle size and shape parameters across nano-to-micro scale to explore their wall-localization behavior in RBC-rich blood flow, have not been reported. We address this gap by carrying out computational and experimental studies utilizing particles of four distinct shapes (spherical, oblate, prolate, rod) spanning nano- to-micro scale sizes. Computational studies were performed using the Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator (LAMMPS) package, with Dissipative Particle Dynamics (DPD). For experimental studies, model particles were made from neutrally buoyant fluorescent polystyrene spheres, that were thermo-stretched into non-spherical shapes and all particles were surface-coated with biotin. Using microfluidic setup, the biotin-coated particles were flowed over avidin-coated surfaces in absence versus presence of RBCs, and particle adhesion and retention at the surface was assessed by inverted fluorescence microscopy. Our computational and experimental studies provide a simultaneous analysis of different particle sizes and shapes for their retention in blood flow and indicate that in presence of RBCs, micro-scale non-spherical particles undergo enhanced 'margination + adhesion' compared to nano-scale spherical particles, resulting in their higher binding. These results provide important insight regarding improved design of vascularly targeted drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Cooley
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
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36
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Hosseinzadegan H, Tafti DK. A Predictive Model of Thrombus Growth in Stenosed Vessels with Dynamic Geometries. J Med Biol Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40846-018-0443-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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37
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Laxmi V, Tripathi S, Joshi SS, Agrawal A. Microfluidic Techniques for Platelet Separation and Enrichment. J Indian Inst Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s41745-018-0072-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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38
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Tan J, Sinno T, Diamond SL. A parallel fluid-solid coupling model using LAMMPS and Palabos based on the immersed boundary method. JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE 2018; 25:89-100. [PMID: 30220942 PMCID: PMC6136258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocs.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The study of viscous fluid flow coupled with rigid or deformable solids has many applications in biological and engineering problems, e.g., blood cell transport, drug delivery, and particulate flow. We developed a partitioned approach to solve this coupled Multiphysics problem. The fluid motion was solved by Palabos (Parallel Lattice Boltzmann Solver), while the solid displacement and deformation was simulated by LAMMPS (Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator). The coupling was achieved through the immersed boundary method (IBM). The code modeled both rigid and deformable solids exposed to flow. The code was validated with the Jeffery orbits of an ellipsoid particle in shear flow, red blood cell stretching test, and effective blood viscosity flowing in tubes. It demonstrated essentially linear scaling from 512 to 8192 cores for both strong and weak scaling cases. The computing time for the coupling increased with the solid fraction. An example of the fluid-solid coupling was given for flexible filaments (drug carriers) transport in a flowing blood cell suspensions, highlighting the advantages and capabilities of the developed code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifu Tan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
| | - Talid Sinno
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
19104, USA
| | - Scott L Diamond
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
19104, USA
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39
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Carroll PD, Livingston E, Baer VL, Karkula K, Christensen RD. Evaluating Otherwise-Discarded Umbilical Cord Blood as a Source for a Neonate's Complete Blood Cell Count at Various Time Points. Neonatology 2018; 114:82-86. [PMID: 29719291 DOI: 10.1159/000488024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have reported the use of cord blood for admission laboratory complete blood counts (CBCs). However, no studies have investigated its stability for the first 30 min after delivery. OBJECTIVES We quantified blood cells drawn from the umbilical vein to determine the effect of (1) the time after placental delivery, and (2) the site of blood sampling (umbilical vein on an isolated cord segment vs. umbilical vein on the placental surface). METHODS Timed phlebotomies were drawn at 2, 10, and 30 min from (1) the umbilical vein on an isolated, double-clamped cord segment, and (2) the umbilical vein near or on the placental surface. Leukocyte count, hemoglobin, platelet count, and fibrinogen were measured on each phlebotomy sample. RESULTS Blood drawn from the isolated umbilical cord segments had leukocyte count, hemoglobin, platelet count, and fibrinogen that remained unchanged between the phlebotomies at 2, 10, and 30 min after delivery. However, blood drawn from the umbilical vein on the placental surface had, at 30 min, a leukocyte count (p = 0.002), hemoglobin (p = 0.01), and platelet count (p = 0.001) that were statistically different from the values at 2 and 10 min after delivery. There was no difference in fibrinogen at 2, 10, or 30 min. CONCLUSIONS If cord blood is used for a neonate's initial CBC, the blood should be drawn within 10 min of the placental delivery when it is taken from the umbilical vein on or near the placenta. If an umbilical cord segment is obtained, the phlebotomy can be delayed for up to 30 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D Carroll
- Women and Newborn's Clinical Program, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Dixie Regional Medical Center, St. George, Utah, USA
| | | | - Vickie L Baer
- Women and Newborn's Clinical Program, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Kerby Karkula
- Dixie Regional Medical Center, St. George, Utah, USA
| | - Robert D Christensen
- Women and Newborn's Clinical Program, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Divisions of Neonatology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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40
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Ng J, Bourantas CV, Torii R, Ang HY, Tenekecioglu E, Serruys PW, Foin N. Local Hemodynamic Forces After Stenting: Implications on Restenosis and Thrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:2231-2242. [PMID: 29122816 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Local hemodynamic forces are well-known to modulate atherosclerotic evolution, which remains one of the largest cause of death worldwide. Percutaneous coronary interventions with stent implantation restores blood flow to the downstream myocardium and is only limited by stent failure caused by restenosis, stent thrombosis, or neoatherosclerosis. Cumulative evidence has shown that local hemodynamic forces affect restenosis and the platelet activation process, modulating the pathophysiological mechanisms that lead to stent failure. This article first covers the pathophysiological mechanisms through which wall shear stress regulates arterial disease formation/neointima proliferation and the role of shear rate on stent thrombosis. Subsequently, the article reviews the current evidence on (1) the implications of stent design on the local hemodynamic forces, and (2) how stent/scaffold expansion can influence local flow, thereby affecting the risk of adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaryl Ng
- From the National Heart Centre Singapore (J.N., H.Y.A., N.F.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore (J.N.); Departments of Cardiovascular Sciences (C.V.B.) and Mechanical Engineering (R.T.), University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (C.V.B.); Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam Erasmus University, The Netherlands (E.T., P.W.S.); National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (P.W.S.); and Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore (N.F.)
| | - Christos V Bourantas
- From the National Heart Centre Singapore (J.N., H.Y.A., N.F.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore (J.N.); Departments of Cardiovascular Sciences (C.V.B.) and Mechanical Engineering (R.T.), University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (C.V.B.); Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam Erasmus University, The Netherlands (E.T., P.W.S.); National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (P.W.S.); and Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore (N.F.)
| | - Ryo Torii
- From the National Heart Centre Singapore (J.N., H.Y.A., N.F.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore (J.N.); Departments of Cardiovascular Sciences (C.V.B.) and Mechanical Engineering (R.T.), University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (C.V.B.); Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam Erasmus University, The Netherlands (E.T., P.W.S.); National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (P.W.S.); and Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore (N.F.)
| | - Hui Ying Ang
- From the National Heart Centre Singapore (J.N., H.Y.A., N.F.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore (J.N.); Departments of Cardiovascular Sciences (C.V.B.) and Mechanical Engineering (R.T.), University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (C.V.B.); Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam Erasmus University, The Netherlands (E.T., P.W.S.); National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (P.W.S.); and Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore (N.F.)
| | - Erhan Tenekecioglu
- From the National Heart Centre Singapore (J.N., H.Y.A., N.F.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore (J.N.); Departments of Cardiovascular Sciences (C.V.B.) and Mechanical Engineering (R.T.), University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (C.V.B.); Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam Erasmus University, The Netherlands (E.T., P.W.S.); National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (P.W.S.); and Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore (N.F.)
| | - Patrick W Serruys
- From the National Heart Centre Singapore (J.N., H.Y.A., N.F.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore (J.N.); Departments of Cardiovascular Sciences (C.V.B.) and Mechanical Engineering (R.T.), University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (C.V.B.); Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam Erasmus University, The Netherlands (E.T., P.W.S.); National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (P.W.S.); and Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore (N.F.)
| | - Nicolas Foin
- From the National Heart Centre Singapore (J.N., H.Y.A., N.F.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore (J.N.); Departments of Cardiovascular Sciences (C.V.B.) and Mechanical Engineering (R.T.), University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (C.V.B.); Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam Erasmus University, The Netherlands (E.T., P.W.S.); National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (P.W.S.); and Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore (N.F.).
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41
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Caballero D, Blackburn SM, de Pablo M, Samitier J, Albertazzi L. Tumour-vessel-on-a-chip models for drug delivery. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:3760-3771. [PMID: 28861562 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00574a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Nanocarriers for drug delivery have great potential to revolutionize cancer treatment, due to their enhanced selectivity and efficacy. Despite this great promise, researchers have had limited success in the clinical translation of this approach. One of the main causes of these difficulties is that standard in vitro models, typically used to understand nanocarriers' behaviour and screen their efficiency, do not provide the complexity typically encountered in living systems. In contrast, in vivo models, despite being highly physiological, display serious bottlenecks which threaten the relevancy of the obtained data. Microfluidics and nanofabrication can dramatically contribute to solving this issue, providing 3D high-throughput models with improved resemblance to in vivo systems. In particular, microfluidic models of tumour blood vessels can be used to better elucidate how new nanocarriers behave in the microcirculation of healthy and cancerous tissues. Several key steps of the drug delivery process such as extravasation, immune response and endothelial targeting happen under flow in capillaries and can be accurately modelled using microfluidics. In this review, we will present how tumour-vessel-on-a-chip systems can be used to investigate targeted drug delivery and which key factors need to be considered for the rational design of these materials. Future applications of this approach and its role in driving forward the next generation of targeted drug delivery methods will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Caballero
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Sen Gupta A. Bio-inspired nanomedicine strategies for artificial blood components. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 9:10.1002/wnan.1464. [PMID: 28296287 PMCID: PMC5599317 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Blood is a fluid connective tissue where living cells are suspended in noncellular liquid matrix. The cellular components of blood render gas exchange (RBCs), immune surveillance (WBCs) and hemostatic responses (platelets), and the noncellular components (salts, proteins, etc.) provide nutrition to various tissues in the body. Dysfunction and deficiencies in these blood components can lead to significant tissue morbidity and mortality. Consequently, transfusion of whole blood or its components is a clinical mainstay in the management of trauma, surgery, myelosuppression, and congenital blood disorders. However, donor-derived blood products suffer from issues of shortage in supply, need for type matching, high risks of pathogenic contamination, limited portability and shelf-life, and a variety of side-effects. While robust research is being directed to resolve these issues, a parallel clinical interest has developed toward bioengineering of synthetic blood substitutes that can provide blood's functions while circumventing the above problems. Nanotechnology has provided exciting approaches to achieve this, using materials engineering strategies to create synthetic and semi-synthetic RBC substitutes for enabling oxygen transport, platelet substitutes for enabling hemostasis, and WBC substitutes for enabling cell-specific immune response. Some of these approaches have further extended the application of blood cell-inspired synthetic and semi-synthetic constructs for targeted drug delivery and nanomedicine. The current study provides a comprehensive review of the various nanotechnology approaches to design synthetic blood cells, along with a critical discussion of successes and challenges of the current state-of-art in this field. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2017, 9:e1464. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1464 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Sen Gupta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Guilbert C, Chayer B, Allard L, Yu FTH, Cloutier G. Influence of erythrocyte aggregation on radial migration of platelet-sized spherical particles in shear flow. J Biomech 2017; 61:26-33. [PMID: 28720200 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Blood platelets when activated are involved in the mechanisms of hemostasis and thrombosis, and their migration toward injured vascular endothelium necessitates interaction with red blood cells (RBCs). Rheology co-factors such as a high hematocrit and a high shear rate are known to promote platelet mass transport toward the vessel wall. Hemodynamic conditions promoting RBC aggregation may also favor platelet migration, particularly in the venous system at low shear rates. The aim of this study was to confirm experimentally the impact of RBC aggregation on platelet-sized micro particle migration in a Couette flow apparatus. Biotin coated micro particles were mixed with saline or blood with different aggregation tendencies, at two shear rates of 2 and 10s-1 and three hematocrits ranging from 20 to 60%. Streptavidin membranes were respectively positioned on the Couette static and rotating cylinders upon which the number of adhered fluorescent particles was quantified. The platelet-sized particle adhesion on both walls was progressively enhanced by increasing the hematocrit (p<0.001), reducing the shear rate (p<0.001), and rising the aggregation of RBCs (p<0.001). Particle count was minimum on the stationary cylinder when suspended in saline at 2s-1 (57±33), and maximum on the rotating cylinder at 60% hematocrit, 2s-1 and the maximum dextran-induced RBC aggregation (2840±152). This fundamental study is confirming recent hypotheses on the role of RBC aggregation on venous thrombosis, and may guide molecular imaging protocols requiring injecting active labeled micro particles in the venous flow system to probe human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Guilbert
- Laboratory of Biorheology and Medical Ultrasonics, University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Boris Chayer
- Laboratory of Biorheology and Medical Ultrasonics, University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Louise Allard
- Laboratory of Biorheology and Medical Ultrasonics, University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - François T H Yu
- Laboratory of Biorheology and Medical Ultrasonics, University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Guy Cloutier
- Laboratory of Biorheology and Medical Ultrasonics, University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Radiology, Radio-oncology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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44
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Takeishi N, Imai Y. Capture of microparticles by bolus flow of red blood cells in capillaries. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5381. [PMID: 28710401 PMCID: PMC5511268 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05924-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have concluded that microparticles (MPs) can more effectively approach the microvessel wall than nanoparticles because of margination. In this study, however, we show that MPs are not marginated in capillaries where the vessel diameter is comparable to that of red blood cells (RBCs). We numerically investigated the behavior of MPs with a diameter of 1 μm in various microvessel sizes, including capillaries. In capillaries, the flow mode of RBCs shifted from multi-file flow to bolus (single-file) flow, and MPs were captured by the bolus flow of the RBCs instead of being marginated. Once MPs were captured, they rarely escaped from the vortex-like flow structures between RBCs. These capture events were enhanced when the hematocrit was decreased, and reduced when the shear rate was increased. Our results suggest that microparticles may be rather inefficient drug carriers when targeting capillaries because of capture events, but nanoparticles, which are more randomly distributed in capillaries, may be more effective carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Takeishi
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Department of Biosystems Science, 53 Shogoin-Kawara-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yohsuke Imai
- School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-01 Aoba, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan.
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45
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Rosén T, Kotsubo Y, Aidun CK, Do-Quang M, Lundell F. Orientational dynamics of a triaxial ellipsoid in simple shear flow: Influence of inertia. Phys Rev E 2017; 96:013109. [PMID: 29347073 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.96.013109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The motion of a single ellipsoidal particle in simple shear flow can provide valuable insights toward understanding suspension flows with nonspherical particles. Previously, extensive studies have been performed on the ellipsoidal particle with rotational symmetry, a so-called spheroid. The nearly prolate ellipsoid (one major and two minor axes of almost equal size) is known to perform quasiperiodic or even chaotic orbits in the absence of inertia. With small particle inertia, the particle is also known to drift toward this irregular motion. However, it is not previously understood what effects from fluid inertia could be, which is of highest importance for particles close to neutral buoyancy. Here, we find that fluid inertia is acting strongly to suppress the chaotic motion and only very weak fluid inertia is sufficient to stabilize a rotation around the middle axis. The mechanism responsible for this transition is believed to be centrifugal forces acting on fluid, which is dragged along with the rotational motion of the particle. With moderate fluid inertia, it is found that nearly prolate triaxial particles behave similarly to the perfectly spheroidal particles. Finally, we also are able to provide predictions about the stable rotational states for the general triaxial ellipsoid in simple shear with weak inertia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Rosén
- KTH Mechanics, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yusuke Kotsubo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tokyo, 113-8656 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Cyrus K Aidun
- G. W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0405, USA
| | - Minh Do-Quang
- KTH Mechanics, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Lundell
- KTH Mechanics, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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46
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Hosseinzadegan H, Tafti DK. Modeling thrombus formation and growth. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 114:2154-2172. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Hosseinzadegan
- Mechanical Engineering DepartmentVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 213E Goodwin Hall ‐ 0238, 635 Prices Fork RoadBlacksburgVirginia24061
| | - Danesh K. Tafti
- Mechanical Engineering DepartmentVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 213E Goodwin Hall ‐ 0238, 635 Prices Fork RoadBlacksburgVirginia24061
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren D.C. Casa
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332;,
| | - David N. Ku
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332;,
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48
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Spann AP, Campbell JE, Fitzgibbon SR, Rodriguez A, Cap AP, Blackbourne LH, Shaqfeh ESG. The Effect of Hematocrit on Platelet Adhesion: Experiments and Simulations. Biophys J 2017; 111:577-588. [PMID: 27508441 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The volume fraction of red blood cells (RBCs) in a capillary affects the degree to which platelets are promoted to marginate to near a vessel wall and form blood clots. In this work we investigate the relationship between RBC hematocrit and platelet adhesion activity. We perform experiments flowing blood samples through a microfluidic channel coated with type 1 collagen and observe the rate at which platelets adhere to the wall. We compare these results with three-dimensional boundary integral simulations of a suspension of RBCs and platelets in a periodic channel where platelets can adhere to the wall. In both cases, we find that the rate of platelet adhesion varies greatly with the RBC hematocrit. We observe that the relative decrease in platelet activity as hematocrit falls shows a similar profile for simulation and experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Spann
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | | | - Sean R Fitzgibbon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Armando Rodriguez
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA-Ft Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Andrew P Cap
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA-Ft Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Lorne H Blackbourne
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA-Ft Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Eric S G Shaqfeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Institute for Computational & Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
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49
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Carboni EJ, Bognet BH, Bouchillon GM, Kadilak AL, Shor LM, Ward MD, Ma AWK. Direct Tracking of Particles and Quantification of Margination in Blood Flow. Biophys J 2017; 111:1487-1495. [PMID: 27705771 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Margination refers to the migration of particles toward blood vessel walls during blood flow. Understanding the mechanisms that lead to margination will aid in tailoring the attributes of drug-carrying particles for effective drug delivery. Most previous studies evaluated the margination propensity of these particles via an adhesion mechanism, i.e., by measuring the number of particles that adhered to the channel wall. Although particle adhesion and margination are related, adhesion also depends on other factors. In this study, we quantified the margination propensity of particles of varying diameters (0.53, 0.84, and 2.11 μm) and apparent wall shear rates (30, 61, and 121 s-1) by directly tracking fluorescent particles flowing through a microfluidic channel. The margination parameter, M, is defined as the total number of particles found within the cell-free layers normalized by the total number of particles that passed through the channel. In this study, an M-value of 0.2 indicated no margination, which was observed for all particle sizes in water. In the case of blood, larger particles were found to have higher M-values and thus marginated more effectively than smaller particles. The corresponding M-values at the device outlet were 0.203, 0.223, and 0.285 for 0.53-, 0.84-, and 2.11-μm particles, respectively. At the inlet, the M-values for all particle sizes in blood were <0.2, suggesting that non-fully-developed flow and constriction may lead to demargination. For particle velocities transverse to the flow direction (vy), all particle sizes showed a larger standard deviation of vy as well as a higher effective diffusivity when the particles were suspended in blood relative to water. These higher values are attributed to collisions between the blood cells and particles, further supporting recent simulation results. In terms of flow rates, for a given particle size, the higher the flow rate, the higher the M-value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik J Carboni
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Brice H Bognet
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Grant M Bouchillon
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Andrea L Kadilak
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Leslie M Shor
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut; Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Michael D Ward
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Anson W K Ma
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut; Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut.
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50
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Guckenberger A, Gekle S. Theory and algorithms to compute Helfrich bending forces: a review. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:203001. [PMID: 28240220 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa6313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell membranes are vital to shield a cell's interior from the environment. At the same time they determine to a large extent the cell's mechanical resistance to external forces. In recent years there has been considerable interest in the accurate computational modeling of such membranes, driven mainly by the amazing variety of shapes that red blood cells and model systems such as vesicles can assume in external flows. Given that the typical height of a membrane is only a few nanometers while the surface of the cell extends over many micrometers, physical modeling approaches mostly consider the interface as a two-dimensional elastic continuum. Here we review recent modeling efforts focusing on one of the computationally most intricate components, namely the membrane's bending resistance. We start with a short background on the most widely used bending model due to Helfrich. While the Helfrich bending energy by itself is an extremely simple model equation, the computation of the resulting forces is far from trivial. At the heart of these difficulties lies the fact that the forces involve second order derivatives of the local surface curvature which by itself is the second derivative of the membrane geometry. We systematically derive and compare the different routes to obtain bending forces from the Helfrich energy, namely the variational approach and the thin-shell theory. While both routes lead to mathematically identical expressions, so-called linear bending models are shown to reproduce only the leading order term while higher orders differ. The main part of the review contains a description of various computational strategies which we classify into three categories: the force, the strong and the weak formulation. We finally give some examples for the application of these strategies in actual simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Guckenberger
- Biofluid Simulation and Modeling, Fachbereich Physik, Universität Bayreuth, Germany
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