1
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Watanabe R, Tsuji D, Tanaka H, Uno MS, Ohnishi Y, Kitaguchi S, Matsugu T, Nakae R, Teramoto H, Yamamoto K, Shinohara Y, Hirokawa T, Okino N, Ito M, Itoh K. Lysoglycosphingolipids have the ability to induce cell death through direct PI3K inhibition. J Neurochem 2023; 167:753-765. [PMID: 37975558 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipidoses are inherited metabolic disorders associated with glycosphingolipids accumulation, neurodegeneration, and neuroinflammation leading to severe neurological symptoms. Lysoglycosphingolipids (lysoGSLs), also known to accumulate in the tissues of sphingolipidosis patients, exhibit cytotoxicity. LysoGSLs are the possible pathogenic cause, but the mechanisms are still unknown in detail. Here, we first show that lysoGSLs are potential inhibitors of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) to reduce cell survival signaling. We found that phosphorylated Akt was commonly reduced in fibroblasts from patients with sphingolipidoses, including GM1/GM2 gangliosidoses and Gaucher's disease, suggesting the contribution of lysoGSLs to the pathogenesis. LysoGSLs caused cell death and decreased the level of phosphorylated Akt as in the patient fibroblasts. Extracellularly administered lysoGM1 permeated the cell membrane to diffusely distribute in the cytoplasm. LysoGM1 and lysoGM2 also inhibited the production of phosphatidylinositol-(3,4,5)-triphosphate and the translocation of Akt from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane. We also predicted that lysoGSLs could directly bind to the catalytic domain of PI3K by in silico docking study, suggesting that lysoGSLs could inhibit PI3K by directly interacting with PI3K in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, we revealed that the increment of lysoGSLs amounts in the brain of sphingolipidosis model mice correlated with the neurodegenerative progression. Our findings suggest that the down-regulation of PI3K/Akt signaling by direct interaction of lysoGSLs with PI3K in the brains is a neurodegenerative mechanism in sphingolipidoses. Moreover, we could propose the intracellular PI3K activation or inhibition of lysoGSLs biosynthesis as novel therapeutic approaches for sphingolipidoses because lysoGSLs should be cell death mediators by directly inhibiting PI3K, especially in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Watanabe
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, Graduate school of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tsuji
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, Graduate school of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanaka
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, Graduate school of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Michael Shintaro Uno
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, Graduate school of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yukiya Ohnishi
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, Graduate school of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shindai Kitaguchi
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, Graduate school of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Matsugu
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, Graduate school of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Ryuto Nakae
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, Graduate school of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hiromi Teramoto
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, Graduate school of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kei Yamamoto
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yasuo Shinohara
- Institute for Genome Research, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Hirokawa
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery (molprof), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nozomu Okino
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Makoto Ito
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kohji Itoh
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, Graduate school of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
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Moore TL, Pannuzzo G, Costabile G, Palange AL, Spanò R, Ferreira M, Graziano ACE, Decuzzi P, Cardile V. Nanomedicines to treat rare neurological disorders: The case of Krabbe disease. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 203:115132. [PMID: 37918668 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
The brain remains one of the most challenging therapeutic targets due to the low and selective permeability of the blood-brain barrier and complex architecture of the brain tissue. Nanomedicines, despite their relatively large size compared to small molecules and nucleic acids, are being heavily investigated as vehicles to delivery therapeutics into the brain. Here we elaborate on how nanomedicines may be used to treat rare neurodevelopmental disorders, using Krabbe disease (globoid cell leukodystrophy) to frame the discussion. As a monogenetic disorder and lysosomal storage disease affecting the nervous system, the lessons learned from examining nanoparticle delivery to the brain in the context of Krabbe disease can have a broader impact on the treatment of various other neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we introduce the epidemiology and genetic basis of Krabbe disease, discuss current in vitro and in vivo models of the disease, as well as current therapeutic approaches either approved or at different stage of clinical developments. We then elaborate on challenges in particle delivery to the brain, with a specific emphasis on methods to transport nanomedicines across the blood-brain barrier. We highlight nanoparticles for delivering therapeutics for the treatment of lysosomal storage diseases, classified by the therapeutic payload, including gene therapy, enzyme replacement therapy, and small molecule delivery. Finally, we provide some useful hints on the design of nanomedicines for the treatment of rare neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lee Moore
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, GE, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Pannuzzo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Università di Catania, Catania 95123, CT, Italy
| | - Gabriella Costabile
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, GE, Italy; Department of Pharmacy, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples 80131, NA, Italy
| | - Anna Lisa Palange
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, GE, Italy
| | - Raffaele Spanò
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, GE, Italy
| | - Miguel Ferreira
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, GE, Italy
| | - Adriana Carol Eleonora Graziano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Università di Catania, Catania 95123, CT, Italy; Facolta di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Enna "Kore", Enna 94100, EN, Italy
| | - Paolo Decuzzi
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, GE, Italy
| | - Venera Cardile
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Università di Catania, Catania 95123, CT, Italy.
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3
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Kuo CL, Su Q, van den Nieuwendijk AMCH, Beenakker TJM, Offen WA, Willems LI, Boot RG, Sarris AJ, Marques ARA, Codée JDC, van der Marel GA, Florea BI, Davies GJ, Overkleeft HS, Aerts JMFG. The development of a broad-spectrum retaining β-exo-galactosidase activity-based probe. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:7813-7820. [PMID: 37724332 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01261a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Acid β-galactosidase (GLB1) and galactocerebrosidase (GALC) are retaining exo-β-galactosidases involved in lysosomal glycoconjugate metabolism. Deficiency of GLB1 may result in the lysosomal storage disorders GM1 gangliosidosis, Morquio B syndrome, and galactosialidosis, and deficiency of GALC may result in Krabbe disease. Activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) is a powerful technique to assess the activity of retaining glycosidases in relation to health and disease. This work describes the use of fluorescent and biotin-carrying activity-based probes (ABPs) to assess the activity of both GLB1 and GALC in cell lysates, culture media, and tissue extracts. The reported ABPs, which complement the growing list of retaining glycosidase ABPs based on configurational isomers of cyclophellitol, should assist in fundamental and clinical research on various β-galactosidases, whose inherited deficiencies cause debilitating lysosomal storage disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Lin Kuo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P. O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Qin Su
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P. O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Thomas J M Beenakker
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P. O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Wendy A Offen
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD York, UK
| | - Lianne I Willems
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P. O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD York, UK
| | - Rolf G Boot
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P. O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Alexi J Sarris
- Bioorganic Synthesis group, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P. O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - André R A Marques
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P. O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Jeroen D C Codée
- Bioorganic Synthesis group, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P. O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Gijsbert A van der Marel
- Bioorganic Synthesis group, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P. O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Bogdan I Florea
- Bioorganic Synthesis group, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P. O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Gideon J Davies
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD York, UK
| | - Herman S Overkleeft
- Bioorganic Synthesis group, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P. O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Johannes M F G Aerts
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P. O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Vantaggiato L, Shaba E, Carleo A, Bezzini D, Pannuzzo G, Luddi A, Piomboni P, Bini L, Bianchi L. Neurodegenerative Disorder Risk in Krabbe Disease Carriers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113537. [PMID: 36362324 PMCID: PMC9654610 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Krabbe disease (KD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the galactocerebrosidase gene (GALC). Defective GALC causes aberrant metabolism of galactolipids present almost exclusively in myelin, with consequent demyelinization and neurodegeneration of the central and peripheral nervous system (NS). KD shares some similar features with other neuropathies and heterozygous carriers of GALC mutations are emerging with an increased risk in developing NS disorders. In this work, we set out to identify possible variations in the proteomic profile of KD-carrier brain to identify altered pathways that may imbalance its homeostasis and that may be associated with neurological disorders. The differential analysis performed on whole brains from 33-day-old twitcher (galc −/−), heterozygous (galc +/−), and wild-type mice highlighted the dysregulation of several multifunctional factors in both heterozygous and twitcher mice. Notably, the KD-carrier mouse, despite its normal phenotype, presents the deregulation of vimentin, receptor of activated protein C kinase 1 (RACK1), myelin basic protein (MBP), 2′,3′-cyclic-nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase (CNP), transitional endoplasmic reticulum ATPase (VCP), and N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 protein (NDRG1) as well as changes in the ubiquitinated-protein pattern. Our findings suggest the carrier may be affected by dysfunctions classically associated with neurodegeneration: (i) alteration of (mechano) signaling and intracellular trafficking, (ii) a generalized affection of proteostasis and lipid metabolism, with possible defects in myelin composition and turnover, and (iii) mitochondrion and energy supply dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza Vantaggiato
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Enxhi Shaba
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Alfonso Carleo
- Department of Pulmonology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Daiana Bezzini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Giovanna Pannuzzo
- Department of Biochemical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy
| | - Alice Luddi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Paola Piomboni
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Luca Bini
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0577-234938
| | - Laura Bianchi
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Wu G, Li Z, Li J, Li X, Wang M, Zhang J, Liu G, Zhang P. A neglected neurodegenerative disease: Adult-onset globoid cell leukodystrophy. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:998275. [PMID: 36161165 PMCID: PMC9490374 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.998275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD), or Krabbe disease (KD) is a rare neurodegenerative disease, and adult-onset GLD is more even neglected by clinicians. This review provides detailed discussions of the serum enzymes, genes, clinical manifestations, neuroimaging features, and therapies of GLD, with particular emphasis on the characteristics of adult-onset GLD, in an attempt to provide clinicians with in-depth insights into this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guode Wu
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhenhua Li
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Manxia Wang
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Manxia Wang,
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guangyao Liu
- Department of Magnetic Resonance, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
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6
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Nasir G, Chopra R, Elwood F, Ahmed SS. Krabbe Disease: Prospects of Finding a Cure Using AAV Gene Therapy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:760236. [PMID: 34869463 PMCID: PMC8633897 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.760236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Krabbe Disease (KD) is an autosomal metabolic disorder that affects both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is caused by a functional deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme, galactocerebrosidase (GALC), resulting in an accumulation of the toxic metabolite, psychosine. Psychosine accumulation affects many different cellular pathways, leading to severe demyelination. Although there is currently no effective therapy for Krabbe disease, recent gene therapy-based approaches in animal models have indicated a promising outlook for clinical treatment. This review highlights recent findings in the pathogenesis of Krabbe disease, and evaluates AAV-based gene therapy as a promising strategy for treating this devastating pediatric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gibran Nasir
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Rajiv Chopra
- AllianThera Biopharma, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Fiona Elwood
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Seemin S Ahmed
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Cambridge, MA, United States
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7
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Bradbury AM, Bongarzone ER, Sands MS. Krabbe disease: New hope for an old disease. Neurosci Lett 2021; 752:135841. [PMID: 33766733 PMCID: PMC8802533 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Krabbe disease (globoid cell leukodystrophy) is a lysosomal storage disease (LSD) characterized by progressive and profound demyelination. Infantile, juvenile and adult-onset forms of Krabbe disease have been described, with infantile being the most common. Children with an infantile-onset generally appear normal at birth but begin to miss developmental milestones by six months of age and die by two to four years of age. Krabbe disease is caused by a deficiency of the acid hydrolase galactosylceramidase (GALC) which is responsible for the degradation of galactosylceramides and sphingolipids, which are abundant in myelin membranes. The absence of GALC leads to the toxic accumulation of galactosylsphingosine (psychosine), a lysoderivative of galactosylceramides, in oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells resulting in demyelination of the central and peripheral nervous systems, respectively. Treatment strategies such as enzyme replacement, substrate reduction, enzyme chaperones, and gene therapy have shown promise in LSDs. Unfortunately, Krabbe disease has been relatively refractory to most single-therapy interventions. Although hematopoietic stem cell transplantation can alter the course of Krabbe disease and is the current standard-of-care, it simply slows the progression, even when initiated in pre-symptomatic children. However, the recent success of combinatorial therapeutic approaches in small animal models of Krabbe disease and the identification of new pathogenic mechanisms provide hope for the development of effective treatments for this devastating disease. This review provides a brief history of Krabbe disease and the evolution of single and combination therapeutic approaches and discusses new pathogenic mechanisms and how they might impact the development of more effective treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Bradbury
- Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, United States.
| | - Ernesto R Bongarzone
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, United States.
| | - Mark S Sands
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
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8
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Gowrishankar S, Cologna SM, Givogri MI, Bongarzone ER. Deregulation of signalling in genetic conditions affecting the lysosomal metabolism of cholesterol and galactosyl-sphingolipids. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 146:105142. [PMID: 33080336 PMCID: PMC8862610 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of lipids in neuroglial function is gaining momentum in part due to a better understanding of how many lipid species contribute to key cellular signalling pathways at the membrane level. The description of lipid rafts as membrane domains composed by defined classes of lipids such as cholesterol and sphingolipids has greatly helped in our understanding of how cellular signalling can be regulated and compartmentalized in neurons and glial cells. Genetic conditions affecting the metabolism of these lipids greatly impact on how some of these signalling pathways work, providing a context to understand the biological function of the lipid. Expectedly, abnormal metabolism of several lipids such as cholesterol and galactosyl-sphingolipids observed in several metabolic conditions involving lysosomal dysfunction are often accompanied by neuronal and myelin dysfunction. This review will discuss the role of lysosomal biology in the context of deficiencies in the metabolism of cholesterol and galactosyl-sphingolipids and their impact on neural function in three genetic disorders: Niemann-Pick type C, Metachromatic leukodystrophy and Krabbe’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gowrishankar
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - S M Cologna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - M I Givogri
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - E R Bongarzone
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA.
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9
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Loreto C, Caltabiano R, Graziano ACE, Castorina S, Lombardo C, Filetti V, Vitale E, Rapisarda G, Cardile V, Ledda C, Rapisarda V. Defense and protection mechanisms in lung exposed to asbestiform fiber: the role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor and heme oxygenase-1. Eur J Histochem 2020; 64. [PMID: 32312030 PMCID: PMC7171426 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2020.3073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluoro-edenite (FE), an asbestiform fiber, is responsible for many respiratory pathologies: chronic obstructive diseases, pleural plaques, fibrosis, and malignant mesothelioma. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is one of the first cytokines produced in response to lung tissue damage. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a protein with protective effects against oxidative stress. It is up regulated by several stimuli including pro-inflammatory cytokines and factors that promote oxidative stress. In this research, the in vivo model of sheep lungs naturally exposed to FE was studied in order to shed light on the pathophysiological events sustaining exposure to fibers, by determining immunohistochemical lung expression of MIF and HO-1. Protein levels expression of HO-1 and MIF were also evaluated in human primary lung fibroblasts after exposure to FE fibers in vitro. In exposed sheep lungs, MIF and HO-1 immunoexpression were spread involving the intraparenchymal stroma around bronchioles, interstitium between alveoli, alveolar epithelium and macrophages. High MIF immunoexpression prevails in macrophages. Similar results were obtained in vitro, but significantly higher values were only detected for HO-1 at concentrations of 50 and 100 μg/mL of FE fibers. MIF and HO-1 expressions seem to play a role in lung self-protection against uncontrolled chronic inflammation, thus counteracting the strong link with cancer development, induced by exposure to FE. Further studies will be conducted in order to add more information about the role of MIF and HO-1 in the toxicity FE-induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Loreto
- Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnologies Sciences, University of Catania.
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10
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Xia CY, Xu JK, Pan CH, Lian WW, Yan Y, Ma BZ, He J, Zhang WK. Connexins in oligodendrocytes and astrocytes: Possible factors for demyelination in multiple sclerosis. Neurochem Int 2020; 136:104731. [PMID: 32201280 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidences support that glial connexins are involved in the demyelination pathology of multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disorder. Here, we review the data from patients with MS and animal models of MS that implicate connexins in demyelination. Connexins expressed in oligodendrocytes and astrocytes show diverse changes at the different phases of MS. Loss of oligodendrocyte or astrocyte connexins contributes to demyelination and exaggerates the pathology of MS. Channel-dependent and -independent connexins are involved in the pathology of demyelination, which is related with myelin integrity, metabolic homeostasis, the brain-blood barrier, the immune cell infiltration, and the inflammatory response. A comprehensive understanding of connexin function in demyelination may provide new therapeutic targets for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Yuan Xia
- Department of Pharmacy & Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie-Kun Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen-Hao Pan
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Wen Lian
- Department of Pharmacy & Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Yan
- Department of Pharmacy & Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing-Zhi Ma
- Department of Pharmacy & Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun He
- Department of Pharmacy & Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei-Ku Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy & Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Rescifina A, Surdo E, Cardile V, Avola R, Eleonora Graziano AC, Stancanelli R, Tommasini S, Pistarà V, Ventura CA. Gemcitabine anticancer activity enhancement by water soluble celecoxib/sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 206:792-800. [PMID: 30553385 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the complexation of celecoxib (CCB) into sulfobuthyl-ether-β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD) for the realization of an inhalable dry-powder formulation containing gemcitabine (GEM) for lung anticancer therapy. Complexation increased the water solubility of CCB (0.003 mg/mL and 0.834 mg/mL for CCB free and complexed, respectively) and produced a quantitative dissolution of the drug within 15 min. The CCB/SBE-β-CD inclusion complex showed a high stability constant (8131 M-1) not influenced by the presence of GEM in solution. Two-dimensional NMR experiments and computational studies demonstrated that the pyrazole ring of CCB penetrates deeper into SBE-β-CD from the secondary rim. The aromatic rings are positioned at the edge of the cavity, establishing hydrogen bonds with the SBE-β-CD that stabilized the complex. CCB showed limited cytotoxic activity on A549 cell lines. Complexation significantly increased activity passing from 30% to 45% cell mortality. Moreover, CCB/SBE-β-CD strongly improved the cytotoxicity of GEM, observing about 60% of cell mortality for the combined formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Rescifina
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria, 6 - 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Surdo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno D'Alcontrés, 31 - 98166 Messina, Italy.
| | - Venera Cardile
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 97 - 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Rosanna Avola
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 97 - 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | | | - Rosanna Stancanelli
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno D'Alcontrés, 31 - 98166 Messina, Italy.
| | - Silvana Tommasini
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno D'Alcontrés, 31 - 98166 Messina, Italy.
| | - Venerando Pistarà
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria, 6 - 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Cinzia Anna Ventura
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno D'Alcontrés, 31 - 98166 Messina, Italy.
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Blue Light Induces Down-Regulation of Aquaporin 1, 3, and 9 in Human Keratinocytes. Cells 2018; 7:cells7110197. [PMID: 30400272 PMCID: PMC6262559 DOI: 10.3390/cells7110197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The development in digital screen technology has exponentially increased in the last decades, and many of today’s electronic devices use light-emitting diode (LED) technology producing very strong blue light (BL) waves. Long-term exposure at LED-BL seems to have an implication in the dehydration of the epidermis, in the alterations of shape and number of the keratinocytes, and in the aging of the skin. Aquaporins (AQPs) are water membrane channels that permeate both water and glycerol and play an important role in the hydration of epidermis, as well as in proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes. Thus, we have hypothesized that AQPs could be involved in the aging of the skin exposed to LED-BL. Therefore, we have examined the expression of AQPs in human keratinocytes exposed to LED-BL at dose of 45 J/cm2, used as an in vitro model to produce the general features of photo aging of the skin. The aim was to verify if LED-BL induces changes of the basal levels of AQPs. The keratinocytes exposure to LED-BL produced an increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS), an activation of 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), an alteration of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and a down-regulation of AQP1, 3 and 9. These findings are preliminary evidences that may be used as starting points for further investigations about the mechanistic involvement of AQP1, 3, and 9 in LED-BL-induced skin aging.
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Avola R, Graziano ACE, Pannuzzo G, Bonina F, Cardile V. Hydroxytyrosol from olive fruits prevents blue-light-induced damage in human keratinocytes and fibroblasts. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:9065-9076. [PMID: 30367495 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Skin aging is a complex biological process influenced by a combination of endogenous or intrinsic and exogenous or extrinsic factors due to environmental damage. The primary environmental factor that causes human skin aging is the ultraviolet irradiation from the sun. Recently, it was established that the long-term exposure to light-emitting-diode-generated blue light (LED-BL) from electronic devices seems to have a relevant implication in the molecular mechanisms of premature photoaging. BL irradiation induces changes in the synthesis of various skin structures through DNA damage and overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), matrix metalloproteinase-1 and -12, which are responsible for the loss of the main components of the extracellular matrix of skin like collagen type I and elastin. In the current study, using human keratinocytes and fibroblasts exposed to specific LED-BL radiation doses (45 and 15 J/cm 2 ), we produced an in vitro model of skin photoaging. We verified that, compared with untreated controls, the treatment with LED-BL irradiation results in the alteration of metalloprotease-1 (collagenase), metalloprotease-12 (elastase), 8-dihydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and collagen type I. Moreover, we showed that the photoaging prevention is possible via the use of hydroxytyrosol extracted from olive fruits, well known for antioxidant properties. Our results demonstrated that hydroxytyrosol protects keratinocytes and fibroblasts from LED-BL-induced damage. Thus, hydroxytyrosol might be proposed as an encouraging candidate for the prevention of BL-induced premature photoaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Avola
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Science-Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, Catania, Italy
| | - Adriana Carol Eleonora Graziano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Science-Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanna Pannuzzo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Science-Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Bonina
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Venera Cardile
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Science-Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, Catania, Italy
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Albouchi F, Avola R, Dico GML, Calabrese V, Graziano ACE, Abderrabba M, Cardile V. Melaleuca styphelioides Sm. Polyphenols Modulate Interferon Gamma/Histamine-Induced Inflammation in Human NCTC 2544 Keratinocytes. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102526. [PMID: 30279388 PMCID: PMC6222365 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Melaleuca styphelioides, known as the prickly-leaf tea tree, contains a variety of bioactive compounds. The purposes of this study were to characterize the polyphenols extracted from Melaleuca styphelioides leaves and assess their potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The polyphenol extracts were prepared by maceration with solvents of increasing polarity. The LC/MS-MS technique was used to identify and quantify the phenolic compounds. An assessment of the radical scavenging activity of all extracts was performed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS+), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The anti-inflammatory activity was determined on interferon gamma (IFN-γ)/histamine (H)-stimulated human NCTC 2544 keratinocytes by Western blot and RT-PCR. Compared to other solvents, methanolic extract presented the highest level of phenolic contents. The most frequent phenolic compounds were quercetin, followed by gallic acid and ellagic acid. DPPH, ABTS+, and FRAP assays showed that methanolic extract exhibits strong concentration-dependent antioxidant activity. IFN-γ/H treatment of human NCTC 2544 keratinocytes induced the secretion of high levels of the pro-inflammatory mediator inter-cellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), which were inhibited by extract. In conclusion, the extract of Melaleuca styphelioides leaves is rich in flavonoids, and presents antioxidant and anti-inflammatory proprieties. It can be proposed as a useful compound to treat inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdaous Albouchi
- Laboratoire Matériaux-Molécules et Applications, University of Carthage, IPEST, B.P. 51 2070, La Marsa, Tunisia.
- Faculte des Sciences de Bizerte, University of Carthage, Jarzouna, 7021, Bizerte, Tunisia.
| | - Rosanna Avola
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 97-95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Gianluigi Maria Lo Dico
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Vittorio Calabrese
- Department of Biomed & Biotech Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Adriana Carol Eleonora Graziano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 97-95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Manef Abderrabba
- Laboratoire Matériaux-Molécules et Applications, University of Carthage, IPEST, B.P. 51 2070, La Marsa, Tunisia.
| | - Venera Cardile
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 97-95123 Catania, Italy.
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Graziano ACE, Pannuzzo G, Salemi E, Santagati A, Avola R, Longo E, Cardile V. Synthesis, characterization, molecular modelling and biological evaluation of thieno-pyrimidinone methanesulphonamide thio-derivatives as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2018; 45:952-960. [PMID: 29733109 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the synthesis, molecular docking and biological evaluation of eight (5-8 and 5a-8a) newly synthesized thieno-pyrimidinone methanesulphonamide thio-derivatives. The synthetic route used to prepare the new isomers thioaryl and thio-cycloesyl derivatives of the heterocyclic system 6-phenylthieno[3,2]pyrimidinone was economically and environmentally very advantageous and characterized by the simplicity of procedure, reduction in isolation steps, purification phases, time, costs and waste production. The study in silico for the evaluation of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 selective inhibition was carried out by AutoDock Vina, an open-source program for doing molecular docking which predicts the preferred orientation of one molecule to a second when bound to each other to form a stable complex. The research in vitro for the biological evaluation was performed by using human cartilage and chondrocytes cultures treated with 10 ng/mL of interleukin-1beta as inflammation models. The anti-inflammatory activity of each new compound at the concentration of 10 μmol/L was determined by assaying COX-2, inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM 1) through Western blot. The examined derivatives showed interesting pharmacological activity, and the compound N-[2-[2,4-difluorophenyl)thio]-4-oxo-6-phenylthieno[3,2-d]pyridine-34H-yl]methanesulphonamide (7) was excellent COX-2 inhibitor. In agreement with the biological data, compound 7 was able to fit into the active site of COX-2 with highest interaction energy. These results can support the design of novel specific inhibitors of COX-2 by the comparative modelling of COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes with the available pharmacophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana C E Graziano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanna Pannuzzo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Ettore Salemi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea Santagati
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosanna Avola
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Emanuele Longo
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Venera Cardile
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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16
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Avola R, Graziano ACE, Pannuzzo G, Albouchi F, Cardile V. New insights on Parkinson's disease from differentiation of SH-SY5Y into dopaminergic neurons: An involvement of aquaporin4 and 9. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 88:212-221. [PMID: 29428877 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to explore the behavior of aquaporins (AQPs) in an in vitro model of Parkinson's disease that is a recurrent neurodegenerative disorder caused by the gradual, progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Because of postmortem studies have provided evidences for oxidative damage and alteration of water flow and energy metabolism, we carried out an investigation about AQP4 and 9, demonstrated in the brain to maintain water and energy homeostasis. As an appropriate in vitro cell model, we used SH-SY5Y cultures and induced their differentiation into a mature dopaminergic neuron phenotype with retinoic acid (RA) alone or in association with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (MPA). The association RA plus MPA provided the most complete and mature neuron phenotype, as demonstrated by high levels of β-Tubulin III, MAP-2, and tyrosine hydroxylase. After validation of cell differentiation, the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and H2O2 were applied to reproduce a Parkinson's-like stress. The results confirmed RA/MPA differentiated SH-SY5Y as a useful in vitro system for studying neurotoxicity and for using in a MPTP and H2O2-induced Parkinson's disease cell model. Moreover, the data demonstrated that neuronal differentiation, neurotoxicity, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress are strongly correlated with dynamic changes of AQP4 and 9 transcription and transduction. New in vitro and in vivo experiments are needed to confirm these innovative outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Avola
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Science, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 97-95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Adriana Carol Eleonora Graziano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Science, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 97-95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Pannuzzo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Science, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 97-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Ferdaous Albouchi
- Laboratoire Materiaux Molecules et Applications, Institut Preparatoire au Etude Scientifique et Technique, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, La Marsa, 2070 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Venera Cardile
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Science, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 97-95123 Catania, Italy.
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Amata E, Dichiara M, Arena E, Pittalà V, Pistarà V, Cardile V, Graziano ACE, Fraix A, Marrazzo A, Sortino S, Prezzavento O. Novel Sigma Receptor Ligand-Nitric Oxide Photodonors: Molecular Hybrids for Double-Targeted Antiproliferative Effect. J Med Chem 2017; 60:9531-9544. [PMID: 29172528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This contribution reports the synthesis and evaluation of novel hybrid compounds that conjugate a sigma (σ) receptor pharmacophore and a nitric oxide (NO) photodonor. All compounds preserve their capability to generate NO under visible light and possess overall σ receptor nanomolar affinity, with one of them (8b) exhibiting remarkable σ2 receptor selectivity. Compounds 8b, 11a, and 11b were tested on tumorigenic MCF-7 and A2058 cells expressing high levels of σ2 and σ1 receptor, respectively. Considerable loss of cell viability was detected under light excitation, while negligible effects in the dark were detected. Moreover, they did not show any significant cytotoxicity in the dark or under irradiation on nontumorigenic NCTC-2544 keratinocytes. NO-induced reduction of cellular viability was demonstrated by in-cell NO detection and total nitrite estimation. For the first time, a combination of σ receptor moieties and a NO photodonor is reported, providing distinctive ligands potentially useful for cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Amata
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, University of Catania , Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Dichiara
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, University of Catania , Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Emanuela Arena
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, University of Catania , Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Valeria Pittalà
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, University of Catania , Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Venerando Pistarà
- Department of Drug Sciences, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, University of Catania , Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Venera Cardile
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Physiology Section, University of Catania , Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Adriana Carol Eleonora Graziano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Physiology Section, University of Catania , Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Aurore Fraix
- Department of Drug Sciences, Laboratory of Photochemistry, University of Catania , Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Agostino Marrazzo
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, University of Catania , Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Sortino
- Department of Drug Sciences, Laboratory of Photochemistry, University of Catania , Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Orazio Prezzavento
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, University of Catania , Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
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Avola R, Graziano ACE, Pannuzzo G, Alvares E, Cardile V. Krabbe's leukodystrophy: Approaches and models in vitro. J Neurosci Res 2017; 94:1284-92. [PMID: 27638610 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This Review describes some in vitro approaches used to investigate the mechanisms involved in Krabbe's disease, with particular regard to the cellular systems employed to study processes of inflammation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. The aim was to update the knowledge on the results obtained from in vitro models of this neurodegenerative disorder and provide stimuli for future research. For a long time, the nonavailability of established neural cells has limited the understanding of neuropathogenic mechanisms in Krabbe's leukodystrophy. More recently, the development of new Krabbe's disease cell models has allowed the identification of neurologically relevant pathogenic cascades, including the major role of elevated psychosine levels. Thus, direct and/or indirect roles of psychosine in the release of cytokines, reactive oxygen species, and nitric oxide and in the activation of kinases, caspases, and angiogenic factors results should be clearer. In parallel, it is now understood that the presence of globoid cells precedes oligodendrocyte apoptosis and demyelination. The information described here will help to continue the research on Krabbe's leukodystrophy and on potential new therapeutic approaches for this disease that even today, despite numerous attempts, is without cure. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Avola
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Giovanna Pannuzzo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Elisa Alvares
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Venera Cardile
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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19
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Graziano ACE, Cardile V, Avola R, Vicario N, Parenti C, Salvatorelli L, Magro G, Parenti R. Wilms' tumor gene 1 silencing inhibits proliferation of human osteosarcoma MG-63 cell line by cell cycle arrest and apoptosis activation. Oncotarget 2017; 8:13917-13931. [PMID: 28107196 PMCID: PMC5355150 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wilms’ tumor gene 1 (WT1) plays complex roles in tumorigenesis, acting as tumor suppressor gene or an oncogene depending on the cellular context. A high WT1 expression level was described in various types of human bone and soft-tissue sarcomas, including osteosarcoma (OS), but its function in carcinogenesis is not yet well understood. This study investigated WT1 both in human OS tissues and in human OS MG-63 cell line in which WT1 gene is up-regulated. The results demonstrated that WT1 is expressed in 50% of human OS cases. WT1-silenced MG-63 cells showed deregulation of proteins of cell cycle and down-regulation of PI3K/AKT pathway. Induction of apoptotic programme was also established by activation of caspase-3 and increase of Bax/Bcl2 ratio and p53 protein. This study provided new findings on role of WT1 and indicated an association between WT1 expression, cell cycle and apoptotic machinery. In conclusion, WT1 acts as a tumour promoter in osteosarcoma and it could be a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Venera Cardile
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Physiology Section, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Rosanna Avola
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Physiology Section, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Nunzio Vicario
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Physiology Section, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Carmela Parenti
- Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Lucia Salvatorelli
- Department G.F. Ingrassia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria ''Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele'' Anatomic Pathology, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Gaetano Magro
- Department G.F. Ingrassia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria ''Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele'' Anatomic Pathology, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Rosalba Parenti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Physiology Section, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
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20
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Graziano ACE, Avola R, Pannuzzo G, Cardile V. Aquaporin1 and 3 modification as a result of chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cell. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:2279-2291. [PMID: 28708257 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chondrocytes are cells of articular cartilage particularly sensitive to water transport and ionic and osmotic changes from extracellular environment and responsible for the production of the synovial fluid. Aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of water and small solute transport channel proteins identified in several tissues, involved in physiological pathways and in manifold human diseases. In a recent period, AQP1 and 3 seem to have a role in metabolic water regulation in articular cartilage of load bearing joints. The aim of this study was to examine the levels of AQP1 and 3 during the chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from adipose tissue (AT). For the determination of chondrogenic markers and AQPs levels, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) quantification, immunocytochemistry, RT-PCR, and Western blot were used after 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days from the start of differentiation. At 21 days, chondrocytes derived from AT-MSCs were able to produce augmented content of GAGs and significant quantity of SOX-9, lubricin, aggrecan, and collagen type II, suggesting hyaline cartilage formation, in combination with an increase of AQP3 and AQP1. However, while AQP1 level decreased after 21 days; AQP3 reached higher values at 28 days. The expression of AQP1 and 3 is a manifestation of physiological adaptation of functionally mature chondrocytes able to respond to the change of their internal environment influenced by extracellular matrix. The alteration or loss of expression of AQP1 and 3 could contribute to destruction of chondrocytes and to development of cartilage damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana C E Graziano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Science, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosanna Avola
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Science, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanna Pannuzzo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Science, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Venera Cardile
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Science, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Rapisarda V, Caltabiano R, Musumeci G, Castrogiovanni P, Ferrante M, Ledda C, Lombardo C, Graziano ACE, Cardile V, Loreto C. Analysis of fibulin-3 after exposure to asbestos-like fibers. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 156:381-387. [PMID: 28395242 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A significantly increased incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Biancavilla (Sicily, Italy) has been ascribed to exposure to fluoro-edenite, a fibrous amphibole extracted from a local stone quarry. Fibulin-3 is a highly conserved glycoprotein proposed as a biomarker for malignant mesothelioma that belongs to the family of extracellular matrix proteins. Previous studies demonstrated high Fibulin-3 plasma levels in workers with pleural plaques exposed to fluoro-edenite. Therefore, in order to gain insight into the biomolecular mechanisms of fluoro-edenite toxicity, we performed the analysis of Fibulin-3 expression by immunohistochemistry in the lung samples derived from sheep belonging to the area of Biancavilla. Furthermore, an in vitro model of exposed fluoro-edenite fibroblasts was used to perform functional experiments to better understand the modulation of Fibulin-3 expression. The percentage of immunostained area by Fibulin-3 was very much higher in exposed lungs compared with non-exposed ones. The Fibulin-3 protein level was significantly expressed in primary human lung fibroblasts exposed to 50 and 100µg/ml of fluoro-edenite fibers for 72h, compared to the unexposed controls. The results from the present study further demonstrate the implication of Fibulin-3 during fluoro-edenite exposure. This would endorse our previous results regarding the use of Fibulin-3 as a possible screening biomarker for fluoro-edenite exposed individuals, thereby contributing to the monitoring of the population at risk. The present study also suggested that the Fibulin-3 overexpression may reflect a defensive response of the tissues after exogenous stimuli and may be implicated in cancer development, especially in the context of fluoro-edenite contamination. However, further studies are necessary in order to make Fibulin-3 a customized screening tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venerando Rapisarda
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Rosario Caltabiano
- Department "G.F. Ingrassia", Section of Hygiene and Public Health, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Paola Castrogiovanni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Margherita Ferrante
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Physiology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Caterina Ledda
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Catania, Italy.
| | - Claudia Lombardo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Italy
| | | | - Venera Cardile
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Physiology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Carla Loreto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Italy
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22
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Zhang Q, Su M. Sufentanil attenuates oxaliplatin cytotoxicity via inhibiting connexin 43‑composed gap junction function. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:943-948. [PMID: 28586033 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive strategies for the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) have become increasingly important. One of the most important factors is pain relief. Therefore, patients with CRC are concurrently treated with analgesics and chemotherapeutic agents; however, the effects of analgesics on the therapeutic activity of chemotherapeutic agents remain largely unknown. The present study investigated the effects of three widely used analgesics in clinics: Fentanyl, remifentanil and sufentanil, on the cytotoxicity of oxaliplatin, a commonly used chemotherapeutic agent for CRC. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms of those effects in association with connexin 43 (Cx43)‑composed gap junction (GJ) function were analyzed. The Lovo, Colo320, HCT116 and HT29 human CRC cell lines, with or without Cx43 expression, were used to examine the effects of the three analgesics on the cytotoxicity of oxaliplatin. The results demonstrated that in the cell lines expressing Cx43 (Lovo and Colo320), the cytotoxicity of oxaliplatin was attenuated and Cx43 GJ function was inhibited. Sufentanil, not fentanyl or remifentanil, inhibited Cx43 GJ function effectively, and reduced the cytotoxicity of oxaliplatin. In contrast, these effects were not observed in the other two colon cancer cell lines not expressing Cx43 (HCT116 and HT29). These results suggested that alternation of Cx43 GJ function may regulate the cytotoxicity of oxaliplatin in regard to CRC. Furthermore, sufentanil, not fentanyl or remifentanil, suppressed the cytotoxicity of oxaliplatin through inhibition of Cx43 GJ function. These results may be beneficial for the treatment of CRC and reduction of treatment resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Hospital Affiliated to Hubei University of Arts and Science/Xiangyang Central Hospital, Xiangyang, Hubei 441021, P.R. China
| | - Min Su
- Department of Oncology, Hospital Affiliated to Hubei University of Arts and Science/Xiangyang Central Hospital, Xiangyang, Hubei 441021, P.R. China
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23
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Lauro MR, Crascí L, Sansone F, Cardile V, Panico AM, Puglisi G. Development and In Vitro Evaluation of an Innovative "Dietary Flavonoid Supplement" on Osteoarthritis Process. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:7503240. [PMID: 28367273 PMCID: PMC5359531 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7503240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the antidegenerative effect in osteoarthritis damage of eriocitrin alone and eriocitrin formulated as innovative "dietary flavonoid supplement." A complexation between eriocitrin and hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin by solubilization/freeze-drying method was performed. The complex in solution was evaluated by phase solubility studies and the optimal 1 : 2 flavanone/cyclodextrin molar ratio was selected. Hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin was able to complex eriocitrin as confirmed by UV-Vis absorption, DSC, and FTIR studies. The complex formed increased the eriocitrin water solubility (from 4.1 ± 0.2 g·L-1 to 11.0 ± 0.1 g·L-1) and dissolution rate (from 37.0% to 100%) in 30 min. The in vitro studies exhibit the notion that eriocitrin and its complex inhibit AGEs in a similar manner because hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin does not interfere with the flavanone intrinsic property. Instead, the presence of cyclodextrin improves eriocitrin antioxidant stability maintaining a high fluorescence value until 8 hours with respect to the pure materials. Moreover, hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin showed moderate GAGs restoration acting synergistically with the complexed compound to maintain the structural chondrocytes integrity. The results point out that ERT/HP-betaCD complex possesses technological and biological characteristics able to obtain an easily soluble nutraceutical product, which reduces the degenerative and oxidative damage which occurs in osteoarthritis, and improve the patient compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosaria Lauro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Lucia Crascí
- Department of Drug Science, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria, 95100 Catania, Italy
| | - Francesca Sansone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Venera Cardile
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Panico
- Department of Drug Science, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria, 95100 Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Puglisi
- Department of Drug Science, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria, 95100 Catania, Italy
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24
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Lysosomal Re-acidification Prevents Lysosphingolipid-Induced Lysosomal Impairment and Cellular Toxicity. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002583. [PMID: 27977664 PMCID: PMC5169359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) are severe and untreatable, and mechanisms underlying cellular dysfunction are poorly understood. We found that toxic lipids relevant to three different LSDs disrupt multiple lysosomal and other cellular functions. Unbiased drug discovery revealed several structurally distinct protective compounds, approved for other uses, that prevent lysosomal and cellular toxicities of these lipids. Toxic lipids and protective agents show unexpected convergence on control of lysosomal pH and re-acidification as a critical component of toxicity and protection. In twitcher mice (a model of Krabbe disease [KD]), a central nervous system (CNS)-penetrant protective agent rescued myelin and oligodendrocyte (OL) progenitors, improved motor behavior, and extended lifespan. Our studies reveal shared principles relevant to several LSDs, in which diverse cellular and biochemical disruptions appear to be secondary to disruption of lysosomal pH regulation by specific lipids. These studies also provide novel protective strategies that confer therapeutic benefits in a mouse model of a severe LSD.
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25
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Ottanà R, Paoli P, Naß A, Lori G, Cardile V, Adornato I, Rotondo A, Graziano ACE, Wolber G, Maccari R. Discovery of 4-[(5-arylidene-4-oxothiazolidin-3-yl)methyl]benzoic acid derivatives active as novel potent allosteric inhibitors of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B: In silico studies and in vitro evaluation as insulinomimetic and anti-inflammatory agents. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 127:840-858. [PMID: 27842892 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
New 4-{[5-arylidene-2-(4-fluorophenylimino)-4-oxothiazolidin-3-yl]methyl}benzoic acids (5) and 2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone analogues (6) were synthesised as a part of a continuing search for new inhibitors of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), an enzyme which is implicated in metabolic disorders and inflammatory signaling. Most of the tested compounds were shown to be potent PTP1B inhibitors. Moreover, their inhibition mechanism was markedly influenced by the substituents in the positions 2 and 5, as kinetic studies indicated. Docking experiments suggested that certain derivatives 5 and 6 may efficiently fit into an allosteric site positioned between the β-sheet including Leu71 and Lys73 and a lipophilic pocket closed by the loop consisting of Pro210 to Leu 204. In cellular assays, several of these new 4-thiazolidinone derivatives showed insulinomimetic and anti-inflammatory properties. Out of them, compound 5b exhibited the most promising profile, being able to promote the activation of both insulin receptor and downstream Akt protein as well as to increase 2-deoxyglucose cellular uptake. Interestingly, compound 5b was also able to interrupt critical events in inflammatory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Ottanà
- Department of Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, Viale SS. Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Paolo Paoli
- Department of Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche, Sezione di Scienze Biochimiche, University of Firenze, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Alexandra Naß
- Institute of Pharmacy, Computer-Aided Molecular Design, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin-Luisestr. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Giulia Lori
- Department of Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche, Sezione di Scienze Biochimiche, University of Firenze, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Venera Cardile
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 64, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Ilenia Adornato
- Department of Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, Viale SS. Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Archimede Rotondo
- Department of Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali, Università degli Studi di Messina - sez. SASTAS - Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, Viale SS. Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Adriana Carol Eleonora Graziano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 64, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Gerhard Wolber
- Institute of Pharmacy, Computer-Aided Molecular Design, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin-Luisestr. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rosanna Maccari
- Department of Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, Viale SS. Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy.
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26
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Won JS, Singh AK, Singh I. Biochemical, cell biological, pathological, and therapeutic aspects of Krabbe's disease. J Neurosci Res 2016; 94:990-1006. [PMID: 27638584 PMCID: PMC5812347 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Krabbe's disease (KD; also called globoid cell leukodystrophy) is a genetic disorder involving demyelination of the central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS) nervous systems. The disease may be subdivided into three types, an infantile form, which is the most common and severe; a juvenile form; and a rare adult form. KD is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of galactocerebrosidase activity in lysosomes, leading to accumulation of galactoceramide and neurotoxic galactosylsphingosine (psychosine [PSY]) in macrophages (globoid cells) as well as neural cells, especially in oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells. This ultimately results in damage to myelin in both CNS and PNS with associated morbidity and mortality. Accumulation of PSY, a lysolipid with detergent-like properties, over a threshold level could trigger membrane destabilization, leading to cell lysis. Moreover, subthreshold concentrations of PSY trigger cell signaling pathways that induce oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, inflammation, endothelial/vascular dysfunctions, and neuronal and axonal damage. From the time the "psychosine hypothesis" was proposed, considerable efforts have been made in search of an effective therapy for lowering PSY load with pharmacological, gene, and stem cell approaches to attenuate PSY-induced neurotoxicity. This Review focuses on the recent advances and prospective research for understanding disease mechanisms and therapeutic approaches for KD. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je-Seong Won
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Avtar K. Singh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Inderjit Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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