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Barssoum R, Al Kassis G, Nassereddine R, Saad J, El Ghoul M, Abboud J, Fayad N, Dupoiron S, Cescut J, Aceves-Lara CA, Fillaudeau L, Awad MK. Biochemical limitations of Bacillus thuringiensis based biopesticides production in a wheat bran culture medium. Res Microbiol 2023; 174:104043. [PMID: 36764472 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis, a gram-positive sporulating bacteria found in the environment, produces, during its sporulation phase, crystals responsible for its insecticidal activity, constituted of an assembly of pore-forming δ-endotoxins. This has led to its use as a biopesticide, an eco-friendly alternative to harmful chemical pesticides. To minimize production cost, one endemic Bacillus thuringiensis sv. kurstaki (Btk) strain Lip, isolated from Lebanese soil, was cultivated in a wheat bran (WB) based medium (IPM-4-Citrus project EC n° 734921). With the aim of studying the biochemical limitations of Btk biopesticide production in a wheat bran based medium, the WB was sieved into different granulometries, heat treated, inoculated with Btk Lip at flask scale, then filtered and separated into an insoluble and a permeate fractions. Several biochemical analyses, ie. bio performances, starch, elemental composition, total nitrogen and ashes, were then conducted on both fractions before and after culture. On a morphological level, two populations were distinguished, the fine starch granules and the coarse lignocellulosic particles. The biochemical analyses showed that both the raw and sieved WB have a similar proteins content (0.115 g/gdm WB), water content (0.116 g/gdm WB) and elemental composition (carbon: 45%, oxygen: 37%, nitrogen: 3%, hydrogen: 6%, ashes: 5%). The starch content was 17%, 14% and 34% and the fermentable fraction was estimated to 32.1%, 36.1% and 51.1% respectively for classes 2, 3 and 4. Both the elemental composition and Kjeldahl analyses showed that the nitrogen is the limiting nutrient of the culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Barssoum
- Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, UR- EGP, Functional Genomic and Proteomic Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Mar Roukos- Dekwaneh, B.P. 17-5208, Mar Mikhael, Beirut, 1104 2020, Lebanon; Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, Bio & Chemical Engineering, Université de Toulouse- (CNRS UMR5504- INRAE UMR792, INSA), 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, Cedex 04, France.
| | - Gabrielle Al Kassis
- Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, UR- EGP, Functional Genomic and Proteomic Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Mar Roukos- Dekwaneh, B.P. 17-5208, Mar Mikhael, Beirut, 1104 2020, Lebanon.
| | - Rayan Nassereddine
- Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, UR- EGP, Functional Genomic and Proteomic Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Mar Roukos- Dekwaneh, B.P. 17-5208, Mar Mikhael, Beirut, 1104 2020, Lebanon.
| | - Jihane Saad
- Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, UR- EGP, Functional Genomic and Proteomic Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Mar Roukos- Dekwaneh, B.P. 17-5208, Mar Mikhael, Beirut, 1104 2020, Lebanon; Toulouse White Biotechnology (INRAE UMS1337, CNRS UMS3582, INSA), INSA-Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil 31077, Toulouse Cedex 04, France.
| | - Meriem El Ghoul
- Pharmacological Laboratory Médis, Route de Tunis Km 7-BP 206, Nabeul 8000, Tunisia.
| | - Joanna Abboud
- Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, UR- EGP, Functional Genomic and Proteomic Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Mar Roukos- Dekwaneh, B.P. 17-5208, Mar Mikhael, Beirut, 1104 2020, Lebanon; Toulouse White Biotechnology (INRAE UMS1337, CNRS UMS3582, INSA), INSA-Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil 31077, Toulouse Cedex 04, France.
| | - Nancy Fayad
- Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, UR- EGP, Functional Genomic and Proteomic Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Mar Roukos- Dekwaneh, B.P. 17-5208, Mar Mikhael, Beirut, 1104 2020, Lebanon; Multi-Omics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box 36, Byblos 1401, Lebanon.
| | - Stéphanie Dupoiron
- Toulouse White Biotechnology (INRAE UMS1337, CNRS UMS3582, INSA), INSA-Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil 31077, Toulouse Cedex 04, France.
| | - Julien Cescut
- Toulouse White Biotechnology (INRAE UMS1337, CNRS UMS3582, INSA), INSA-Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil 31077, Toulouse Cedex 04, France.
| | - César Arturo Aceves-Lara
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, Bio & Chemical Engineering, Université de Toulouse- (CNRS UMR5504- INRAE UMR792, INSA), 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, Cedex 04, France.
| | - Luc Fillaudeau
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, Bio & Chemical Engineering, Université de Toulouse- (CNRS UMR5504- INRAE UMR792, INSA), 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, Cedex 04, France.
| | - Mireille Kallassy Awad
- Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, UR- EGP, Functional Genomic and Proteomic Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Mar Roukos- Dekwaneh, B.P. 17-5208, Mar Mikhael, Beirut, 1104 2020, Lebanon.
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Longo M, Rioual S, Talbot P, Faÿ F, Hellio C, Lescop B. A high sensitive microwave sensor to monitor bacterial and biofilm growth. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2022.100493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Díaz Pacheco A, Delgado-Macuil RJ, Larralde-Corona CP, Dinorín-Téllez-Girón J, Martínez Montes F, Martinez Tolibia SE, López Y López VE. Two-methods approach to follow up biomass by impedance spectroscopy: Bacillus thuringiensis fermentations as a study model. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:1097-1112. [PMID: 35037996 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11768-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Impedance spectroscopy is used for the characterization of electrochemical systems as well as for the monitoring of bioprocesses. However, the data obtained using this technique allow multiple interpretations, depending on the methodology implemented. Hence, it is necessary to establish a robust methodology to reliably follow-up biomass in fermentations. In the present work, two methodological approaches, mainly used for the characterization of electrochemical systems, were employed to characterize and determine a frequency that allows the monitoring of biomass in Bacillus thuringiensis fermentations by impedance spectroscopy. The first approach, based on a conventional analysis, revealed a single distribution with a characteristic frequency of around 2 kHz. In contrast, the second approach, based on the distribution of relaxation times, gave three distributions (A, B, and C). The C distribution, found near 9 kHz, was more related to the microbial biomass than the distribution at 2 kHz using the equivalent circuits. The time course of the B. thuringiensis fermentation was followed; bacilli, spores, glucose, and acid and base consumption for pH were determined out of line; and capacitance at 9 kHz was monitored. The correlation between the time course data and the capacitance profile indicated that the monitoring of B. thuringiensis at 9 kHz mainly corresponds to extracellular activity and, in a second instance, to the cellular concentration. These results show that it is necessary to establish a robust and reliable methodology to monitor fermentation processes by impedance spectroscopy, and the distribution of relaxation times was more appropriate. KEY POINTS: • Application of impedance spectroscopy for bioprocess monitoring • Low-frequency monitoring of biomass in fermentations • Analysis of impedance data by two methodological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Díaz Pacheco
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Carretera Estatal Santa Inés Tecuexcomac- Tepetitla, km 1.5, Tepetitla de Lardizábal, Tlaxcala, C.P. 90700, México
| | - Raul Jacobo Delgado-Macuil
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Carretera Estatal Santa Inés Tecuexcomac- Tepetitla, km 1.5, Tepetitla de Lardizábal, Tlaxcala, C.P. 90700, México
| | - Claudia Patricia Larralde-Corona
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Blvd. del Maestro S/N Esq. Elías Piña. Col. Narciso Mendoza, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, C.P. 88710, México
| | - Jabel Dinorín-Téllez-Girón
- Universidad Politécnica de Tlaxcala, Av. Universidad Politécnica No.1 San Pedro Xalcaltzinco, 90180, Tepeyanco, Tlaxcala, México
| | - Francisco Martínez Montes
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Carretera Estatal Santa Inés Tecuexcomac- Tepetitla, km 1.5, Tepetitla de Lardizábal, Tlaxcala, C.P. 90700, México
| | - Shirlley E Martinez Tolibia
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Carretera Estatal Santa Inés Tecuexcomac- Tepetitla, km 1.5, Tepetitla de Lardizábal, Tlaxcala, C.P. 90700, México
| | - Victor Eric López Y López
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Carretera Estatal Santa Inés Tecuexcomac- Tepetitla, km 1.5, Tepetitla de Lardizábal, Tlaxcala, C.P. 90700, México.
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4
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On-line monitoring of industrial interest Bacillus fermentations, using impedance spectroscopy. J Biotechnol 2022; 343:52-61. [PMID: 34826536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Impedance spectroscopy is a technique used to characterize electrochemical systems, increasing its applicability as well to monitor cell cultures. During their growth, Bacillus species have different phases which involve the production and consumption of different metabolites, culminating in the cell differentiation process that allows the generation of bacterial spores. In order to use impedance spectroscopy as a tool to monitor industrial interest Bacillus cultures, we conducted batch fermentations of Bacillus species such as B. subtilis, B. amyloliquefaciens, and B. licheniformis coupled with this technique. Each fermentation was characterized by the scanning of 50 frequencies between 0.5 and 5 MHz every 30 min. Pearson's correlation between impedance and phase angle profiles (obtained from each frequency scanned) with the kinetic profiles of each strain allowed the selection of fixed frequencies of 0.5, 1.143, and 1.878 MHz to follow-up of the fermentations of B. subtilis, B. amyloliquefaciens and B. licheniformis, respectively. Dielectric profiles of impedance, phase angle, reactance, and resistance obtained at the fixed frequency showed consistent changes with exponential, transition, and spore release phases.
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Kelbrick M, Oliver JAW, Ramkissoon NK, Dugdale A, Stephens BP, Kucukkilic-Stephens E, Schwenzer SP, Antunes A, Macey MC. Microbes from Brine Systems with Fluctuating Salinity Can Thrive under Simulated Martian Chemical Conditions. Life (Basel) 2021; 12:life12010012. [PMID: 35054406 PMCID: PMC8781782 DOI: 10.3390/life12010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The waters that were present on early Mars may have been habitable. Characterising environments analogous to these waters and investigating the viability of their microbes under simulated martian chemical conditions is key to developing hypotheses on this habitability and potential biosignature formation. In this study, we examined the viability of microbes from the Anderton Brine Springs (United Kingdom) under simulated martian chemistries designed to simulate the chemical conditions of water that may have existed during the Hesperian. Associated changes in the fluid chemistries were also tested using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The tested Hesperian fluid chemistries were shown to be habitable, supporting the growth of all of the Anderton Brine Spring isolates. However, inter and intra-generic variation was observed both in the ability of the isolates to tolerate more concentrated fluids and in their impact on the fluid chemistry. Therefore, whilst this study shows microbes from fluctuating brines can survive and grow in simulated martian water chemistry, further investigations are required to further define the potential habitability under past martian conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Kelbrick
- Biology Department, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk L39 4QP, UK;
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GJ, UK
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (M.C.M.)
| | | | - Nisha K. Ramkissoon
- AstrobiologyOU, School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK; (N.K.R.); (B.P.S.); (E.K.-S.); (S.P.S.)
| | - Amy Dugdale
- AstrobiologyOU, School of Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, The Open University, Milton Keynes W23 F2H6, UK;
- Biology Department, Maynooth University, Maynooth, W23 F2H6 Kildare, Ireland
| | - Ben P. Stephens
- AstrobiologyOU, School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK; (N.K.R.); (B.P.S.); (E.K.-S.); (S.P.S.)
| | - Ezgi Kucukkilic-Stephens
- AstrobiologyOU, School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK; (N.K.R.); (B.P.S.); (E.K.-S.); (S.P.S.)
| | - Susanne P. Schwenzer
- AstrobiologyOU, School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK; (N.K.R.); (B.P.S.); (E.K.-S.); (S.P.S.)
| | - André Antunes
- State Key Laboratory of Lunar and Planetary Sciences, Macau University of Science and Technology (MUST), Macau, China;
- China National Space Administration (CNSA), Macau Center for Space Exploration and Science, Macau, China
| | - Michael C. Macey
- AstrobiologyOU, School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK; (N.K.R.); (B.P.S.); (E.K.-S.); (S.P.S.)
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (M.C.M.)
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6
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Grigs O, Bolmanis E, Galvanauskas V. Application of In-Situ and Soft-Sensors for Estimation of Recombinant P. pastoris GS115 Biomass Concentration: A Case Analysis of HBcAg (Mut +) and HBsAg (Mut S) Production Processes under Varying Conditions. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21041268. [PMID: 33578904 PMCID: PMC7916731 DOI: 10.3390/s21041268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Microbial biomass concentration is a key bioprocess parameter, estimated using various labor, operator and process cross-sensitive techniques, analyzed in a broad context and therefore the subject of correct interpretation. In this paper, the authors present the results of P. pastoris cell density estimation based on off-line (optical density, wet/dry cell weight concentration), in-situ (turbidity, permittivity), and soft-sensor (off-gas O2/CO2, alkali consumption) techniques. Cultivations were performed in a 5 L oxygen-enriched stirred tank bioreactor. The experimental plan determined varying aeration rates/levels, glycerol or methanol substrates, residual methanol levels, and temperature. In total, results from 13 up to 150 g (dry cell weight)/L cultivation runs were analyzed. Linear and exponential correlation models were identified for the turbidity sensor signal and dry cell weight concentration (DCW). Evaluated linear correlation between permittivity and DCW in the glycerol consumption phase (<60 g/L) and medium (for Mut+ strain) to significant (for MutS strain) linearity decline for methanol consumption phase. DCW and permittivity-based biomass estimates used for soft-sensor parameters identification. Dataset consisting from 4 Mut+ strain cultivation experiments used for estimation quality (expressed in NRMSE) comparison for turbidity-based (8%), permittivity-based (11%), O2 uptake-based (10%), CO2 production-based (13%), and alkali consumption-based (8%) biomass estimates. Additionally, the authors present a novel solution (algorithm) for uncommon in-situ turbidity and permittivity sensor signal shift (caused by the intensive stirrer rate change and antifoam agent addition) on-line identification and minimization. The sensor signal filtering method leads to about 5-fold and 2-fold minimized biomass estimate drifts for turbidity- and permittivity-based biomass estimates, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskars Grigs
- Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +371-6755-3063
| | - Emils Bolmanis
- Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia;
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia
| | - Vytautas Galvanauskas
- Department of Automation, Kaunas University of Technology, LT-51367 Kaunas, Lithuania;
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Jallouli W, Driss F, Fillaudeau L, Rouis S. Review on biopesticide production by Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki since 1990: Focus on bioprocess parameters. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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8
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Asgharnejad H, Sarrafzadeh MH. Development of Digital Image Processing as an Innovative Method for Activated Sludge Biomass Quantification. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:574966. [PMID: 33042087 PMCID: PMC7530208 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.574966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated sludge process is the most common method for biological treatment of industrial and municipal wastewater. One of the most important parameters in performance of activated sludge systems is quantitative monitoring of biomass to keep the cell concentration in an optimum range. In this study, a novel method for activated sludge quantification based on image processing and RGB analysis is proposed. According to the results, the intensity of blue color in the macroscopic image of activated sludge culture can be a very accurate index for cell concentration measurement and R2 coefficient, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) which are 0.990, 2.000, 0.323, and 13.848, respectively, prove this claim. Besides, in order to avoid the difficulties of working in the three-parameter space of RGB, converting to grayscale space has been applied which can estimate cell concentration with R 2 = 0.99. Ultimately, an exponential correlation between RGB values and cell concentrations in lower amounts of biomass has been proposed based on Beer-Lambert law which can estimate activated sludge biomass concentration with R 2 = 0.97 based on B index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashem Asgharnejad
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Application of dielectric spectroscopy to unravel the physiological state of microorganisms: current state, prospects and limits. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:6101-6113. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10677-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Turick CE, Shimpalee S, Satjaritanun P, Weidner J, Greenway S. Convenient non-invasive electrochemical techniques to monitor microbial processes: current state and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:8327-8338. [PMID: 31478059 PMCID: PMC6800409 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10091-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Real-time electrochemical monitoring in bioprocesses is an improvement over existing systems because it is versatile and provides more information to the user than periodic measurements of cell density or metabolic activity. Real-time electrochemical monitoring provides the ability to monitor the physiological status of actively growing cells related to electron transfer activity and potential changes in the proton gradient of the cells. Voltammetric and amperometric techniques offer opportunities to monitor electron transfer reactions when electrogenic microbes are used in microbial fuel cells or bioelectrochemical synthesis. Impedance techniques provide the ability to monitor the physiological status of a wide range of microorganisms in conventional bioprocesses. Impedance techniques involve scanning a range of frequencies to define physiological activity in terms of equivalent electrical circuits, thereby enabling the use of computer modeling to evaluate specific growth parameters. Electrochemical monitoring of microbial activity has applications throughout the biotechnology industry for generating real-time data and offers the potential for automated process controls for specific bioprocesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E. Turick
- Savannah River National Laboratory, Environmental Science and Biotechnology, Aiken, SC USA
| | - Sirivatch Shimpalee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Computing, University of South Carolina, 541 Main Street, Columbia, SC USA
| | - Pongsarun Satjaritanun
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Computing, University of South Carolina, 541 Main Street, Columbia, SC USA
| | - John Weidner
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Computing, University of South Carolina, 541 Main Street, Columbia, SC USA
| | - Scott Greenway
- Savannah River Consulting, 301 Gateway Drive, Aiken, SC USA
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11
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Soleymani S, Sarrafzadeh MH, Mostoufi N. Modeling of Fermentation Process of Bacillus Thuringiensis as a Sporulating Bacterium. CHEMICAL PRODUCT AND PROCESS MODELING 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/cppm-2018-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This paper intended to develop a model for predicting the progress in sporulation of Bacillus thuringiensis as an industrially important sporulating bacterium. Three distinct forms of B. thuringiensis can be observed during the fermentation process: vegetative cells, sporangia and mature spores. A mathematical model was developed for estimating the population of these three cell forms of this bacterium. A cell population balance was derived to represent the dynamic behavior of the fermentation process in a fed-batch culture. An unstructured and segregated model was used for this purpose. Experimental data at various oxygen saturation levels (0, 50 and 100 %) were used for validating the model. The model consists of a partial differential equation that describes the distribution of the cell population based on the cell age. This equation was solved by the method of lines in MATLAB. The proposed model can properly describe the cell populations and sporulation development in the mentioned conditions.
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12
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Cheng L, Li F, Li S, Lin C, Fu Q, Yin H, Tian F, Qu G, Wu J, Shen Z. A novel nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide control strategy for increasing the cell density of Haemophilus parasuis. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 35:e2794. [PMID: 30816004 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Haemophilus parasuis is the causative agent of Glässer's disease and is a major source of economic losses in the swine industry each year. To enhance the production of an inactivated vaccine against H. parasuis, the availability of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) must be carefully controlled to ensure a sufficiently high cell density of H. parasuis. In the present study, the real-time viable cell density of H. parasuis was calculated based on the capacitance of the culture. By assessing the relationship between capacitance and viable cell density/NAD concentration, the NAD supply rate could be adjusted in real time to maintain the NAD concentration at a set value based on the linear relationship between capacitance and NAD consumption. The linear relationship between cell density and addition of NAD indicated that 7.138 × 109 NAD molecules were required to satisfy per cell growth. Five types of NAD supply strategy were used to maintain different NAD concentration for H. parasuis cultivation, and the results revealed that the highest viable cell density (8.57, OD600 ) and cell count (1.57 × 1010 CFU/mL) were obtained with strategy III (NAD concentration maintained at 30 mg/L), which were 1.46- and 1.45- times more, respectively, than cultures with using NAD supply strategy I (NAD concentration maintained at 10 mg/L). An extremely high cell density of H. parasuis was achieved using this NAD supply strategy, and the results demonstrated a convenient and reliable method for determining the real-time viable cell density relative to NAD concentration. Moreover, this method provides a theoretical foundation and an efficient approach for high cell density cultivation of other auxotroph bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Likun Cheng
- Post-doctoral Scientific Research Workstation, Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Binzhou High Cell Density Fermentation, Shandong Lvdu Bio-science and Technology Co. Ltd., Binzhou, China
| | - Feng Li
- Post-doctoral Scientific Research Workstation, Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Binzhou High Cell Density Fermentation, Shandong Lvdu Bio-science and Technology Co. Ltd., Binzhou, China
| | - Shuguang Li
- Post-doctoral Scientific Research Workstation, Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Binzhou High Cell Density Fermentation, Shandong Lvdu Bio-science and Technology Co. Ltd., Binzhou, China
| | - Chuwen Lin
- Post-doctoral Scientific Research Workstation, Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Post-doctoral Scientific Research Workstation, Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou, China
| | - Huanhuan Yin
- Post-doctoral Scientific Research Workstation, Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou, China
| | - Fengrong Tian
- Post-doctoral Scientific Research Workstation, Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou, China
| | - Guanggang Qu
- Post-doctoral Scientific Research Workstation, Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou, China
| | - Jiaqiang Wu
- Institution of Poultry, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan, China
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- Post-doctoral Scientific Research Workstation, Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou, China
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Martin AL, Satjaritanun P, Shimpalee S, Devivo BA, Weidner J, Greenway S, Henson JM, Turick CE. In-situ electrochemical analysis of microbial activity. AMB Express 2018; 8:162. [PMID: 30288622 PMCID: PMC6172163 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-018-0692-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbes have a wide range of metabolic capabilities available that makes them industrially useful organisms. Monitoring these metabolic processes is a crucial component in efficient industrial application. Unfortunately, monitoring these metabolic processes can often be invasive and time consuming and expensive, especially within an anaerobic environment. Electrochemical techniques, such as cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) offer a non-invasive approach to monitor microbial activity and growth. EIS and CV were used to monitor Clostridium phytofermentans, an anaerobic and endospore-forming bacterium. C. phytofermentans ferments a wide range of sugars into hydrogen, acetate, and ethanol as fermentation by-products. For this study, both traditional microbiological and electrochemical techniques were used to monitor the growth of C. phytofermentans and the formation of fermentation products. An irreversible reduction peak was observed using CV beginning at mid-logarithmic phase of growth. This peak was associated with C. phytofermentans and not the spent medium and was indicative of a decrease in carbon and energy sources to the cells. Additionally, EIS analysis during growth provided information related to increased charge transfer resistance of the culture also as a function of carbon and energy source depletion. Results demonstrate that CV and EIS are useful tools in the monitoring the physiological status of bioprocesses.
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Escalante-Sánchez A, Barrera-Cortés J, Poggi-Varaldo HM, Ponce-Noyola T, Baruch IS. A soft sensor based on online biomass measurements for the glucose estimation and control of fed-batch cultures of Bacillus thuringiensis. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2018; 41:1471-1484. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-018-1975-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Randek
- Division of Biotechnology, IFM, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Fan R, Ebrahimi M, Quitmann H, Aden M, Czermak P. An Innovative Optical Sensor for the Online Monitoring and Control of Biomass Concentration in a Membrane Bioreactor System for Lactic Acid Production. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16030411. [PMID: 27007380 PMCID: PMC4813986 DOI: 10.3390/s16030411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Accurate real-time process control is necessary to increase process efficiency, and optical sensors offer a competitive solution because they provide diverse system information in a noninvasive manner. We used an innovative scattered light sensor for the online monitoring of biomass during lactic acid production in a membrane bioreactor system because biomass determines productivity in this type of process. The upper limit of the measurement range in fermentation broth containing Bacillus coagulans was ~2.2 g·L−1. The specific cell growth rate (µ) during the exponential phase was calculated using data representing the linear range (cell density ≤ 0.5 g·L−1). The results were consistently and reproducibly more accurate than offline measurements of optical density and cell dry weight, because more data were gathered in real-time over a shorter duration. Furthermore, µmax was measured under different filtration conditions (transmembrane pressure 0.3–1.2 bar, crossflow velocity 0.5–1.5 m·s−1), showing that energy input had no significant impact on cell growth. Cell density was monitored using the sensor during filtration and was maintained at a constant level by feeding with glucose according to the fermentation kinetics. Our novel sensor is therefore suitable for integration into control strategies for continuous fermentation in membrane bioreactor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Fan
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Membrane Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstr. 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Mehrdad Ebrahimi
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Membrane Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstr. 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Hendrich Quitmann
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Membrane Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstr. 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Matthias Aden
- FAUDI Aviation GmbH, Scharnhorststr. 7B, 35260 Stadtallendorf, Germany.
| | - Peter Czermak
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Membrane Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstr. 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, 1005 Durland Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Horta ACL, Silva AJD, Sargo CR, Cavalcanti-Montaño ID, Galeano-Suarez ID, Velez AM, Santos MP, Gonçalves VM, Giordano RC, Zangirolami TC. ON-LINE MONITORING OF BIOMASS CONCENTRATION BASED ON A CAPACITANCE SENSOR: ASSESSING THE METHODOLOGY FOR DIFFERENT BACTERIA AND YEAST HIGH CELL DENSITY FED-BATCH CULTURES. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-6632.20150324s00003534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Sarrafzadeh MH, La HJ, Seo SH, Asgharnejad H, Oh HM. Evaluation of various techniques for microalgal biomass quantification. J Biotechnol 2015; 216:90-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Biechele P, Busse C, Solle D, Scheper T, Reardon K. Sensor systems for bioprocess monitoring. Eng Life Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201500014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Biechele
- Institute of Technical Chemistry; Leibniz University; Hannover Germany
| | - Christoph Busse
- Institute of Technical Chemistry; Leibniz University; Hannover Germany
| | - Dörte Solle
- Institute of Technical Chemistry; Leibniz University; Hannover Germany
| | - Thomas Scheper
- Institute of Technical Chemistry; Leibniz University; Hannover Germany
| | - Kenneth Reardon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO USA
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20
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Reactance and resistance: main properties to follow the cell differentiation process in Bacillus thuringiensis by dielectric spectroscopy in real time. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:5439-50. [PMID: 25862207 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6562-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
During growth, Bacillus thuringiensis presents three phases: exponential phase (EP), transition state (TS), and sporulation phase (SP). In order to form a dormant spore and to synthesize delta-endotoxins during SP, bacteria must undergo a cellular differentiation process initiated during the TS. Dielectric spectroscopy is a technique that can be utilized for continuous and in situ monitoring of the cellular state. In order to study on-line cell behavior in B. thuringiensis cultures, we conducted a number of batch cultures under different conditions, by scanning 200 frequencies from 42 Hz to 5 MHz and applying fixed current and voltage of 20 mA and 5 V DC, respectively. The resulting signals included Impedance (Z), Angle phase (Deg), Voltage (V), Current (I), Conductance (G), Reactance (X), and Resistance (R). Individual raw data relating to observed dielectric property profiles were correlated with the different growth phases established using data from cellular growth, cry1Ac gene expression, and free spores obtained with conventional techniques and fermentation parameters. Based on these correlations, frequencies of 0.1, 0.5, and 1.225 MHz were selected for the purpose of measuring dielectric properties in independent batch cultures, at a fixed frequency. X and R manifest more propitious behavior in relation to EP, TS, SP, and spore release, due to particular changes in their signals. Interestingly, these profiles underwent pronounced changes during EP and TS that were not noticed when using conventional methods, but were indicative of the beginning of the B. thuringiensis cell differentiation process.
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Procentese A, Raganati F, Olivieri G, Russo ME, Salatino P, Marzocchella A. Continuous lactose fermentation by Clostridium acetobutylicum--assessment of solventogenic kinetics. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 180:330-337. [PMID: 25621726 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This work reports the results of a series of tests on the specific butanol production rate by Clostridium acetobutylicum continuous cultures. The tests were carried out using lactose as carbon source to mimic cheese-whey. A continuous stirred tank reactor equipped with a microfiltration unit was used. The dilution rate (D) ranged between 0.02 and 0.15h(-1) and the ratio R of the permeate stream rate to the stream fed to the reactor ranged between 14% and 95%. For each set of D and R values, the continuous cultures were characterized in terms of concentration of cells, acids and solvents. Results were processed to assess the concentration of acidogenic cells, solventogenic cells, spores and the specific butanol production rate. The max butanol productivity was 0.5gL(-1)h(-1) at D=0.1h(-1) and R=95%. The butanol productivity referred to solventogenic cells was expressed as a function of concentration of lactose, acids and butanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Procentese
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, P.le V. Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesca Raganati
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, P.le V. Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Olivieri
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, P.le V. Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy; Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Maria Elena Russo
- Istituto di Ricerche sulla Combustione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, P.le V. Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Piero Salatino
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, P.le V. Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonio Marzocchella
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, P.le V. Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy
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Sarrafzadeh MH, Schorr-Galindo S, La HJ, Oh HM. Aeration effects on metabolic events during sporulation of Bacillus thuringiensis. J Microbiol 2014; 52:597-603. [PMID: 24972809 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-014-3547-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The metabolism of Bacillus thuringiensis during its sporulation process was investigated under different concentrations of oxygen. At the beginning of sporulation, the aeration conditions were regulated to obtain different oxygen transfer rates (OTR) in four separate fermentations, representing interrupted, limited, non-limited, and saturated oxygenation, respectively. A higher OTR resulted in a higher pH, up to about 9 in the case of saturated oxygenation, while the interrupted oxygenation resulted in a significantly acidic culture. In contrast, the absence of oxygen resulted in rapid sporangia lysis and caused acidification of the medium, indicating a distinctly different sporangia composition and different metabolism. The bacterium also showed different CO2 production rates during sporulation, although a maximum point was observed in every case.With a higher OTR, the maximal value was observed after a longer time and at a lower value (40, 26, and 13 mmol/L/h for limited, non-limited, and saturated cases, respectively). Despite the exhaustion of glucose prior to the sporulation phase, the interrupted oxygenation resulted in acetate, lactate, and citrate in the medium with a maximum concentration of 4.8, 1.3, and 5.0 g/L, respectively. Notwithstanding, while the metabolic events differed visibly in the absence of oxygen, once sporulation was triggered, it was completed, even in the case of an interrupted oxygen supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H Sarrafzadeh
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, P.O. Box 11155-4563, Iran
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23
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Shariati FP, Heran M, Sarrafzadeh MH, Mehrnia MR, Sarzana G, Ghommidh C, Grasmick A. Biomass characterization by dielectric monitoring of viability and oxygen uptake rate measurements in a novel membrane bioreactor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 140:357-362. [PMID: 23708851 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.04.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The application of permittivity and oxygen uptake rate (OUR) as biological process control parameters in a wastewater treatment system was evaluated. Experiments were carried out in a novel airlift oxidation ditch membrane bioreactor under different organic loading rates (OLR). Permittivity as representative of activated sludge viability was measured by a capacitive on-line sensor. OUR was also measured as a representative for respirometric activity. Results showed that the biomass concentration increases with OLR and all biomass related measurements and simulators such as MLSS, permittivity, OUR, ASM1 and ASM3 almost follow the same increasing trends. The viability of biomass decreased when the OLR was reduced from 5 to 4 kg COD m(-3)d(-1). During decreasing of OLR, biomass related parameters generally decreased but not in a similar manner. Also, protein concentration in the system during OLR decreasing changed inversely with the activated sludge viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshid Pajoum Shariati
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; IEM, Université Montpellier 2, F-34095 Montpellier, France
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24
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Shariati FP, Heran M, Sarrafzadeh MH, Mehrnia MR, Sarzana G, Ghommidh C, Grasmick A. Biomass characterization by dielectric monitoring of viability and oxygen uptake rate measurements in a novel membrane bioreactor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 35:425-31. [PMID: 23708851 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2013.831459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The application of permittivity and oxygen uptake rate (OUR) as biological process control parameters in a wastewater treatment system was evaluated. Experiments were carried out in a novel airlift oxidation ditch membrane bioreactor under different organic loading rates (OLR). Permittivity as representative of activated sludge viability was measured by a capacitive on-line sensor. OUR was also measured as a representative for respirometric activity. Results showed that the biomass concentration increases with OLR and all biomass related measurements and simulators such as MLSS, permittivity, OUR, ASM1 and ASM3 almost follow the same increasing trends. The viability of biomass decreased when the OLR was reduced from 5 to 4 kg COD m(-3)d(-1). During decreasing of OLR, biomass related parameters generally decreased but not in a similar manner. Also, protein concentration in the system during OLR decreasing changed inversely with the activated sludge viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshid Pajoum Shariati
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; IEM, Université Montpellier 2, F-34095 Montpellier, France
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25
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Shariati FP, Mehrnia MR, Sarrafzadeh MH, Rezaee S, Grasmick A, Heran M. Fouling in a novel airlift oxidation ditch membrane bioreactor (AOXMBR) at different high organic loading rate. Sep Purif Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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26
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Emma P, Kamen A. Real-time monitoring of influenza virus production kinetics in HEK293 cell cultures. Biotechnol Prog 2012; 29:275-84. [PMID: 22848016 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There is an increased interest from the vaccine industry to use mammalian cell cultures for influenza vaccine manufacturing. Therefore, it became important to study the influenza infection mechanism, the viral-host interaction, and the replication kinetics from a bioprocessing stand point to maximize the influenza viral production yield in cell culture. In the present work, influenza replication kinetics was studied in HEK293 cells. Two infection conditions were evaluated, a low (0.01) and a high multiplicity of infection (1.0). Critical time points of the viral production cycle (infection, protein synthesis, viral assembly and budding, viral release, and host-cell death) were identified in small-scale cell cultures. Additionally, cell growth, viability, and viral titers were monitored in the viral production process. The infection state of the cultivated cell population was assessed by influenza immunolabeling throughout the culture period. Influenza virus production kinetics were also on-line monitored by dielectric spectroscopy and successfully correlated to real-time capacitance measures. Overall, this work provided insights into the mechanisms associated with the infection of human HEK293 cell line by the influenza virus and demonstrated, once again, the usefulness of multifrequency scanning permittivity for in-line monitoring and supervision of cell-based viral production processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petiot Emma
- National Research Council, Bioprocessing and Manufacturing, Vaccine Program, Montreal, QC, Canada
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27
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Intensification of high cell-density cultivations of rE. coli for production of S. pneumoniae antigenic surface protein, PspA3, using model-based adaptive control. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2012; 35:1269-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-012-0714-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Sonnleitner B. Automated measurement and monitoring of bioprocesses: key elements of the M(3)C strategy. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2012. [PMID: 23179291 DOI: 10.1007/10_2012_173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The state-of-routine monitoring items established in the bioprocess industry as well as some important state-of-the-art methods are briefly described and the potential pitfalls discussed. Among those are physical and chemical variables such as temperature, pressure, weight, volume, mass and volumetric flow rates, pH, redox potential, gas partial pressures in the liquid and molar fractions in the gas phase, infrared spectral analysis of the liquid phase, and calorimetry over an entire reactor. Classical as well as new optical versions are addressed. Biomass and bio-activity monitoring (as opposed to "measurement") via turbidity, permittivity, in situ microscopy, and fluorescence are critically analyzed. Some new(er) instrumental analytical tools, interfaced to bioprocesses, are explained. Among those are chromatographic methods, mass spectrometry, flow and sequential injection analyses, field flow fractionation, capillary electrophoresis, and flow cytometry. This chapter surveys the principles of monitoring rather than compiling instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Sonnleitner
- Institute for Chemistry and Biological Chemistry (ICBC), Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Einsiedlerstrasse 29, CH-8820, Waedenswil, Switzerland,
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Opel CF, Li J, Amanullah A. Quantitative modeling of viable cell density, cell size, intracellular conductivity, and membrane capacitance in batch and fed-batch CHO processes using dielectric spectroscopy. Biotechnol Prog 2010; 26:1187-99. [PMID: 20730773 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Dielectric spectroscopy was used to analyze typical batch and fed-batch CHO cell culture processes. Three methods of analysis (linear modeling, Cole-Cole modeling, and partial least squares regression), were used to correlate the spectroscopic data with routine biomass measurements [viable packed cell volume, viable cell concentration (VCC), cell size, and oxygen uptake rate (OUR)]. All three models predicted offline biomass measurements accurately during the growth phase of the cultures. However, during the stationary and decline phases of the cultures, the models decreased in accuracy to varying degrees. Offline cell radius measurements were unsuccessfully used to correct for the deviations from the linear model, indicating that physiological changes affecting permittivity were occurring. The beta-dispersion was analyzed using the Cole-Cole distribution parameters Deltaepsilon (magnitude of the permittivity drop), f(c) (critical frequency), and alpha (Cole-Cole parameter). Furthermore, the dielectric parameters static internal conductivity (sigma(i)) and membrane capacitance per area (C(m)) were calculated for the cultures. Finally, the relationship between permittivity, OUR, and VCC was examined, demonstrating how the definition of viability is critical when analyzing biomass online. The results indicate that the common assumptions of constant size and dielectric properties used in dielectric analysis are not always valid during later phases of cell culture processes. The findings also demonstrate that dielectric spectroscopy, while not a substitute for VCC, is a complementary measurement of viable biomass, providing useful auxiliary information about the physiological state of a culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cary F Opel
- Genentech, Inc., Oceanside PTD, US Biologics, Pharma Technical Development, One Antibody Way, Oceanside, CA 92056, USA.
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Real-time monitor on the release of salicylic acid from chitosan gel beads by means of dielectric spectroscopy. Colloid Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-010-2248-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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On-line monitoring of responses to nutrient feed additions by multi-frequency permittivity measurements in fed-batch cultivations of CHO cells. Cytotechnology 2010; 62:121-32. [PMID: 20407823 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-010-9267-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 03/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in the nutrient availability of mammalian cell cultures are reflected in the beta-dispersion parameter characteristic frequency (f ( C )) and the on-line dual frequency permittivity signal. Multi-frequency permittivity measurements were therefore evaluated in fed-batch cultivations of two different CHO cell lines. Similar responses to nutrient depletions and discontinuous feed additions were monitored in different cultivation phases and experimental setups. Sudden increases in permittivity and f ( C ) occurred when feed additions were conducted. A constant or declining permittivity value in combination with a decrease in f ( C ) indicated nutrient limitations. f ( C ) correlated well with changes in oxygen uptake rate when cell diameter remained constant, indicating that metabolic activity is reflected in the value of f ( C ). When significant cell size changes occurred during the cultivations, the analysis of the beta-dispersion parameters was rendered complex. For the application of our findings in other systems it will be hence required to conduct additional off-line measurements. Based on these results, it is hypothesized that multi-frequency permittivity measurements can give information on the intracellular or physiological state in fed-batch mode. Similar observations were made when using different cell lines and feeding strategies, indicating that the findings are transferable to other cell lines and systems. The results should lead to an improved understanding of routine fed-batch processes. Additional studies are, however, required to explore how these observations can be used for fed-batch process development and optimization.
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Nayak R, Gomes J. Sequential adaptive networks: An ensemble of neural networks for feed forward control of L-methionine production. Chem Eng Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2009.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ansorge S, Esteban G, Schmid G. Multifrequency permittivity measurements enable on-line monitoring of changes in intracellular conductivity due to nutrient limitations during batch cultivations of CHO cells. Biotechnol Prog 2009; 26:272-83. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Kinetics of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis growth on high glucose concentrations. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 35:1397-404. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-008-0439-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
We develop a theoretical framework to describe the dielectric response of live cells in suspensions when placed in low external electric fields. The treatment takes into account the presence of the cell's membrane and of the charge movement at the membrane's surfaces. For spherical cells suspended in aqueous solutions, we give an analytic solution for the dielectric function, which is shown to account for the alpha- and beta-plateaus seen in many experimental data. The effect of different physical parameters on the dielectric curves is methodically analyzed.
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Thermal profiling for parallel on-line monitoring of biomass growth in miniature stirred bioreactors. Biotechnol Lett 2008; 30:1571-5. [PMID: 18415051 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-008-9719-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently we have described the design and operation of a miniature bioreactor system in which 4-16 fermentations can be performed (Gill et al., Biochem Eng J 39:164-176, 2008). Here we report on the use of thermal profiling techniques for parallel on-line monitoring of cell growth in these bioreactors based on the natural heat generated by microbial culture. Results show that the integrated heat profile during E. coli TOP10 pQR239 fermentations followed the same pattern as off-line optical density (OD) measurements. The maximum specific growth rates calculated from off-line OD and on-line thermal profiling data were in good agreement, at 0.66+/-0.04 and 0.69+/-0.05 h(-1) respectively. The combination of a parallel miniature bioreactor system with a non-invasive on-line technique for estimation of culture kinetic parameters provides a valuable approach for the rapid optimisation of microbial fermentation processes.
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Kiviharju K, Salonen K, Moilanen U, Eerikäinen T. Biomass measurement online: the performance of in situ measurements and software sensors. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 35:657-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-008-0346-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2008] [Revised: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Xiong ZQ, Guo MJ, Guo YX, Chu J, Zhuang YP, Zhang SL. Real-time viable-cell mass monitoring in high-cell-density fed-batch glutathione fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae T65 in industrial complex medium. J Biosci Bioeng 2008; 105:409-13. [DOI: 10.1263/jbb.105.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Brahmbhatt TN, Janes BK, Stibitz ES, Darnell SC, Sanz P, Rasmussen SB, O'Brien AD. Bacillus anthracis exosporium protein BclA affects spore germination, interaction with extracellular matrix proteins, and hydrophobicity. Infect Immun 2007; 75:5233-9. [PMID: 17709408 PMCID: PMC2168272 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00660-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus collagen-like protein of anthracis (BclA) is the immunodominant glycoprotein on the exosporium of Bacillus anthracis spores. Here, we sought to assess the impact of BclA on spore germination in vitro and in vivo, surface charge, and interaction with host matrix proteins. For that purpose, we constructed a markerless bclA null mutant in B. anthracis Sterne strain 34F2. The growth and sporulation rates of the DeltabclA and parent strains were nearly indistinguishable, but germination of mutant spores occurred more rapidly than that of wild-type spores in vitro and was more complete by 60 min. Additionally, the mean time to death of A/J mice inoculated subcutaneously or intranasally with mutant spores was lower than that for the wild-type spores even though the 50% lethal doses of the two strains were similar. We speculated that these in vitro and in vivo differences between mutant and wild-type spores might reflect the ease of access of germinants to their receptors in the absence of BclA. We also compared the hydrophobic and adhesive properties of DeltabclA and wild-type spores. The DeltabclA spores were markedly less water repellent than wild-type spores, and, probably as a consequence, the extracellular matrix proteins laminin and fibronectin bound significantly better to mutant than to wild-type spores. These studies suggest that BclA acts as a shield to not only reduce the ease with which spores germinate but also change the surface properties of the spore, which, in turn, may impede the interaction of the spore with host matrix substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trupti N Brahmbhatt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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Sarrafzadeh MH, Bigey F, Capariccio B, Mehrnia MR, Guiraud JP, Navarro JM. Simple indicators of plasmid loss during fermentation of Bacillus thuringiensis. Enzyme Microb Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Jönsson M, Welch K, Hamp S, Strømme M. Bacteria Counting with Impedance Spectroscopy in a Micro Probe Station. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:10165-9. [PMID: 16706478 DOI: 10.1021/jp060148q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A method to quantify the density of viable biological cells in suspensions is presented. The method is implemented by low-frequency impedance spectroscopy and based on the finding that immobilized ions are released to move freely in the surrounding suspension when viable Escherichia coli cells are killed by a heat shock. The presented results show that an amount of ions corresponding to approximately 2 x 10(8) unit charges are released per viable bacterium killed. A micro probe station with coplanar Ti electrodes was electrically characterized and used as a measuring unit for the impedance spectroscopy recordings. This unit is compatible with common microfabrication techniques and should enable the presented method to be employed using a flow-cell device for viable bacteria counting in miniaturized on-line monitoring systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Jönsson
- Department of Engineering Sciences, The Angström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden
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Abstract
The development of a fully automated on-line monitoring and control system is very important in bioprocesses. One of the most important parameters in these processes is biomass. This review discusses different methods for biomass quantification. A general definition of biomass and biovolume are presented. Interesting concepts about active but not culturable cells considerations are included as well as concepts that must be taken into account when selecting biomass quantification technology. Chemical methods have had few applications in biomass measurement to date; however, bioluminescence can selectively enumerate viable cells. Photometric methods including fluorescence and scattered light measurements are presented. Reference methods including dry and wet weight, viable counts and direct counts are discussed, as well as the physical methods of flow cytometry, impedancimetric and dielectric techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Madrid
- Departamento de Bioingeniería, FACET/INSIBIO, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Tucuman, Argentina.
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Sarrafzadeh M, Navarro J. The effect of oxygen on the sporulation, δ-endotoxin synthesis and toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis H14. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-005-9037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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