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Peters SJW, Warner SM, Saikawa E, Ryan PB, Panuwet P, Barr DB, D'Souza PE, Frank G, Hernandez R, Alvarado T, Hines A, Theal C. Community-Engaged Assessment of Soil Lead Contamination in Atlanta Urban Growing Spaces. GEOHEALTH 2023; 7:e2022GH000674. [PMID: 36968153 PMCID: PMC10038125 DOI: 10.1029/2022gh000674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Urban agriculture is emerging as a method to improve food security and public health in cities across the United States. However, an increased risk of exposure to heavy metals and metalloids (HMM) exists through interaction with contaminated soil. Community-engaged research (CEnR) is one method that can promote the inclusion of all partners when studying exposures such as HMM in soil. Researchers and community gardeners co-designed this study to measure the concentrations of lead (Pb), using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) verified with Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) in soils from 19 urban agricultural and residential sites in the Westside of Atlanta and three rural sites in Georgia. Seventeen other HMM were measured but not included in this study, because they did not pose risks to the community comparable to elevated Pb levels. Pb concentrations were compared to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)'s regional screening levels (RSLs) for residential soil and the University of Georgia (UGA) extension service's low-risk levels (LRLs) for agriculture. Soils from the majority of sites had levels below EPA RSLs for Pb, yet above the UGA LRL. However, soil Pb concentrations were three times higher than the EPA RSL on some sites that contained metal refining waste or slag. Our findings led to direct action by local and federal government agencies to initiate the cleanup of slag residue. Studies involving exposures to communities should engage those affected throughout the process for maximum impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J. W. Peters
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental HealthRollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Sydney M. Warner
- Department of Environmental SciencesEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Eri Saikawa
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental HealthRollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
- Department of Environmental SciencesEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - P. Barry Ryan
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental HealthRollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Parinya Panuwet
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental HealthRollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Dana B. Barr
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental HealthRollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Priya E. D'Souza
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental HealthRollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Gil Frank
- Historic Westside Gardens AtlantaAtlantaGAUSA
| | | | | | | | - Chris Theal
- Historic Westside Gardens AtlantaAtlantaGAUSA
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Saikawa E, Filippelli GM. Invited Perspective: Assessing the Contaminant Exposure Risks of Urban Gardening: Call for Updated Health Guidelines. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:111302. [PMID: 34766833 PMCID: PMC8589015 DOI: 10.1289/ehp10376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eri Saikawa
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory College of Arts and Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gabriel M. Filippelli
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Environmental Resilience Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
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Haque E, Thorne PS, Nghiem AA, Yip CS, Bostick BC. Lead (Pb) concentrations and speciation in residential soils from an urban community impacted by multiple legacy sources. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:125886. [PMID: 34492824 PMCID: PMC8666965 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In many urban areas, elevated soil lead (Pb) concentrations are indicators of community-level Pb exposure. Here, we examine the spatial distribution and speciation of legacy soil Pb contamination in East Chicago, Ind., an industrial center with a wide range of Pb sources including a former lead smelter. In situ X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (n = 358) revealed widespread soil Pb contamination above the Environmental Protection Agency regulatory limit for soils. This soil contamination was heterogenous across all neighborhoods, and mostly uncorrelated with distance from the former smelting site. Soil Pb levels increased with decreasing median household income in East Chicago's nine neighborhoods (r = -0.73, p = 0.03). Extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (n = 44) indicated that the soil Pb was primarily adsorbed to iron and manganese oxides or humic acids, and as Pb hydroxycarbonate regardless of contamination levels. Crystalline insoluble forms of Pb, like pyromorphite, were not detected in significant concentrations. Thus, the unique chemical forms of potential Pb sources to soil, such as paint, ore and slag are not persistent and instead are extensively repartitioned into acid-soluble forms of Pb with greater bioavailability. These findings have implications for remediation efforts and human health as blood Pb levels in this community are significantly elevated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezazul Haque
- Human Toxicology Program, Graduate College, University of Iowa, USA; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, USA
| | - Peter S Thorne
- Human Toxicology Program, Graduate College, University of Iowa, USA; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, USA.
| | - Athena A Nghiem
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York, USA
| | - Caryn S Yip
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, USA
| | - Benjamin C Bostick
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York, USA.
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Boyle J, Yeter D, Aschner M, Wheeler DC. Estimated IQ points and lifetime earnings lost to early childhood blood lead levels in the United States. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 778:146307. [PMID: 34030355 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There is no safe detectable level of lead (Pb) in the blood of children. Blood lead levels (BLLs) at ages 6-24 months ≥2 μg/dL result in lost grade school intelligence quotient (IQ) points at ages 5-10 years. Black children continue to have the highest BLLs in the United States. Therefore, we examined currently undetermined racial/ethnic disparities in anticipated IQ points and associated lifetime earnings lost to early childhood blood lead. We conducted secondary analysis of infants with blood lead (in μg/dL) measured at ages 12-24 months by the cross-sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) during 1999 to 2010. Nationally-representative estimates were produced using weighted simulation model. A total of 1241 infants were included from the NHANES sample (52% male; mean [SD] age, 18.5 [3.5] months; 25% Black [non-Hispanic], 42% Hispanic [any race], 5% Other/Multiracial, and 29% White [non-Hispanic]) after excluding 811 without BLL determinations. For national outcomes, Black infants experienced approximately 46-55% greater average estimated loss of grade school IQ points from blood lead than Hispanic or White infants (-1.78 IQ points vs. -1.15 and -1.21 respectively) with similar disparities in costs to expected lifetime earnings (-$47,116 USD vs. -$30,393 and -$32,356 respectively). Our estimated nationwide costs of IQ points lost to BLLs during this 12-year period totaled $554 billion ($46.2 billion/year), in which blood lead <5 μg/dL accounted for 74% of this total burden. We report two aspects of the substantial national costs attributable to lead exposure in just the second year of life alone, which disproportionately impact predominately African-American Black infants from continuing legacies of environmental racism in lead exposure. Our findings underscore the remarkably high costs from recognized hazards of blood lead even at the lowest levels and the importance of primary prevention regarding childhood lead exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Boyle
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Deniz Yeter
- School of Nursing, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - David C Wheeler
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
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Wang T, Zhou YP, Sun Y, Zheng YX. Trends in Blood Lead Levels in the U.S. From 1999 to 2016. Am J Prev Med 2021; 60:e179-e187. [PMID: 33485723 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2020.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Trends in blood lead levels in the same birth cohort (generation) are necessary to identify the lead load in the population. This analysis uses a nationally representative sample to investigate the trends in blood lead levels from 1999 to 2016 by birth cohort and to revisit the association between blood lead levels and age. METHODS Data from the 1996 to 2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys were used to describe the distribution of blood lead levels. Trends in blood lead levels were analyzed using joinpoint regression models. Association of blood lead levels with age was conducted with both cross-sectional and birth cohort analysis. Analyses were conducted in 2020. RESULTS In total, 68,877 participants were included (weighted mean age=38.4 years, 50.6% female). From 1999 to 2016, the geometric mean of blood lead levels decreased from 1.68 µg/dL (95% CI=1.63, 1.74) to 0.82 µg/dL (95% CI=0.77, 0.87). The annual percentage change estimated by the joinpoint model was -4.26% (p<0.05). The associations between blood lead levels and age were "U"-shaped by cross-sectional analysis, with higher risks for the lowest and highest ages. However, by birth cohort analysis the blood lead levels declined monotonically with age. The joinpoint analysis indicated the inflection point of age 13-17 years and statistically significant differences in decline slopes before and after this age. CONCLUSIONS In this nationally representative study of the U.S. population, estimates of blood lead levels showed an overall decrease from 1999 to 2016. Blood lead levels are highest in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yun Ping Zhou
- School of Nursing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yun Sun
- Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yu Xin Zheng
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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Fidino M, Gallo T, Lehrer EW, Murray MH, Kay CAM, Sander HA, MacDougall B, Salsbury CM, Ryan TJ, Angstmann JL, Amy Belaire J, Dugelby B, Schell CJ, Stankowich T, Amaya M, Drake D, Hursh SH, Ahlers AA, Williamson J, Hartley LM, Zellmer AJ, Simon K, Magle SB. Landscape-scale differences among cities alter common species' responses to urbanization. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 31:e02253. [PMID: 33141996 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how biodiversity responds to urbanization is challenging, due in part to the single-city focus of most urban ecological research. Here, we delineate continent-scale patterns in urban species assemblages by leveraging data from a multi-city camera trap survey and quantify how differences in greenspace availability and average housing density among 10 North American cities relate to the distribution of eight widespread North American mammals. To do so, we deployed camera traps at 569 sites across these ten cities between 18 June and 14 August. Most data came from 2017, though some cities contributed 2016 or 2018 data if it was available. We found that the magnitude and direction of most species' responses to urbanization within a city were associated with landscape-scale differences among cities. For example, eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis), fox squirrel (Sciurus niger), and red fox (Vulpes vulpes) responses to urbanization changed from negative to positive once the proportion of green space within a city was >~20%. Likewise, raccoon (Procyon lotor) and Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana) responses to urbanization changed from positive to negative once the average housing density of a city exceeded about 700 housing units/km2 . We also found that local species richness within cities consistently declined with urbanization in only the more densely developed cities (>~700 housing units/km2 ). Given our results, it may therefore be possible to design cities to better support biodiversity and reduce the negative influence of urbanization on wildlife by, for example, increasing the amount of green space within a city. Additionally, it may be most important for densely populated cities to find innovative solutions to bolster wildlife resilience because they were the most likely to observe diversity losses of common urban species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason Fidino
- Department of Conservation and Science, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois, 60614, USA
| | - Travis Gallo
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, 22030, USA
| | - Elizabeth W Lehrer
- Department of Conservation and Science, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois, 60614, USA
| | - Maureen H Murray
- Department of Conservation and Science, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois, 60614, USA
| | - Cria A M Kay
- Department of Conservation and Science, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois, 60614, USA
| | - Heather A Sander
- Department of Geographical and Sustainability Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52240, USA
| | - Brandon MacDougall
- Department of Geographical and Sustainability Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52240, USA
| | - Carmen M Salsbury
- Center for Urban Ecology and Sustainability, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46208, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46208, USA
| | - Travis J Ryan
- Center for Urban Ecology and Sustainability, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46208, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46208, USA
| | - Julia L Angstmann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46208, USA
| | | | - Barbara Dugelby
- Wild Basin Creative Research Center, St. Edward's University, Austin, Texas, 78704, USA
| | - Christopher J Schell
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, Washington, 98405, USA
| | - Theodore Stankowich
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, California, 90840, USA
| | - Max Amaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, California, 90840, USA
| | - David Drake
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Sheryl H Hursh
- Nelson Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Adam A Ahlers
- Department of Horticulture and Natural Resources, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA
| | - Jacque Williamson
- Department of Education & Conservation, Brandywine Zoo, Wilmington, Delaware, 19802, USA
| | | | - Amanda J Zellmer
- Department of Biology, Occidental College, Los Angeles, California, 90041, USA
- Arroyos and Foothills Conservancy, Pasadena, California, 91102, USA
| | - Kelly Simon
- Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Austin, Texas, 78774, USA
| | - Seth B Magle
- Department of Conservation and Science, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois, 60614, USA
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Levin R, Zilli Vieira CL, Rosenbaum MH, Bischoff K, Mordarski DC, Brown MJ. The urban lead (Pb) burden in humans, animals and the natural environment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 193:110377. [PMID: 33129862 PMCID: PMC8812512 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Centuries of human activities, particularly housing and transportation practices from the late 19th century through the 1980's, dispersed hundreds of millions of tons of lead into our urban areas. The urban lead burden is evident among humans, wild and domesticated animals, and plants. Animal lead exposures closely mirror and often exceed the lead exposure patterns of their human partners. Some examples: Pigeons in New York City neighborhoods mimicked the lead exposures of neighborhood children, with more contaminated areas associated with higher exposures in both species. Also, immediately following the lead in drinking water crisis in Flint MI in 2015, blood lead levels in pet dogs in Flint were 4 times higher than in surrounding towns. And combining lead's neurotoxicity with urban stress results in well-characterized aggressive behaviors across multiple species. Lead pollution is not distributed evenly across urban areas. Although average US pediatric lead exposures have declined by 90% since the 1970s, there remain well defined neighborhoods where children continue to have toxic lead exposures; animals are poisoned there, too. Those neighborhoods tend to have disproportionate commercial and industrial lead activity; a history of dense traffic; older and deteriorating housing; past and operating landfills, dumps and hazardous waste sites; and often lead contaminated drinking water. The population there tends to be low income and minority. Urban wild and domesticated animals bear that same lead burden. Soil, buildings, dust and even trees constitute huge lead repositories throughout urban areas. Until and unless we begin to address the lead repositories in our cities, the urban lead burden will continue to impose enormous costs distributed disproportionately across the domains of the natural environment. Evidence-based research has shown the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of some US public policies to prevent or reduce these exposures. We end with a series of recommendations to manage lead-safe urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronnie Levin
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Carolina L Zilli Vieira
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Marieke H Rosenbaum
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA.
| | - Karyn Bischoff
- New York State Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | | | - Mary Jean Brown
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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Investigating the Potential Impact of Louisiana Coastal Restoration on the Trace Metal Geochemistry of Constructed Marshlands. SOIL SYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/soilsystems4030055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Coastal restoration through diversion of suspended sediments from the Lower Mississippi River (LMR) into hydrologically isolated marshlands of Mid-Barataria Bay and Mid-Breton Sounds in southern Louisiana has the potential to mobilize lead (Pb), and other trace elements. We investigate the potential impact(s) of the diversion on marsh porewater through analysis of modern riverbank and suspended sediments, compared to sediments from pre-industrial deltaic deposits of LMR. Sequential extraction methods were used to evaluate Pb, cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn) in the sediments. Our results show that metal contents are higher (e.g., 8- to 10-fold for Pb) in the modern sediments relative to pre-industrial deposits. Also, the reducible fraction, presumably iron/manganese (Fe/Mn) oxides/oxyhydroxides, is the chief reservoir of environmentally available metals. The substantially higher trace metal contents of the modern relative to pre-industrial sediments suggest that the modern sediments contain a sizeable amount of anthropogenic contributions. Furthermore, the concentration of the trace metals in the reducible fraction suggests bioavailability to marsh organisms upon reductive dissolution within the planned, constructed coastal marshes. Still, additional sediment samples from the marshlands during the diversion implementation phase will be necessary to support the preliminary findings in this contribution as it affects coastal marshes and vital local fisheries.
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9
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Yeter D, Banks EC, Aschner M. Disparity in Risk Factor Severity for Early Childhood Blood Lead among Predominantly African-American Black Children: The 1999 to 2010 US NHANES. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17051552. [PMID: 32121216 PMCID: PMC7084658 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17051552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is no safe detectable level of lead (Pb) in the blood of young children. In the United States, predominantly African-American Black children are exposed to more Pb and present with the highest mean blood lead levels (BLLs). However, racial disparity has not been fully examined within risk factors for early childhood Pb exposure. Therefore, we conducted secondary analysis of blood Pb determinations for 2841 US children at ages 1–5 years with citizenship examined by the cross-sectional 1999 to 2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The primary measures were racial disparities for continuous BLLs or an elevated BLL (EBLL) ≥5 µg/dL in selected risk factors between non-Hispanic Black children (n = 608) and both non-Hispanic White (n = 1208) or Hispanic (n = 1025) children. Selected risk factors included indoor household smoking, low income or poverty, older housing built before 1978 or 1950, low primary guardian education <12th grade/general education diploma (GED), or younger age between 1 and 3 years. Data were analyzed using a regression model corrected for risk factors and other confounding variables. Overall, Black children had an adjusted +0.83 µg/dL blood Pb (95% CI 0.65 to 1.00, p < 0.001) and a 2.8 times higher odds of having an EBLL ≥5 µg/dL (95% CI 1.9 to 3.9, p < 0.001). When stratified by risk factor group, Black children had an adjusted 0.73 to 1.41 µg/dL more blood Pb (p < 0.001 respectively) and a 1.8 to 5.6 times higher odds of having an EBLL ≥5 µg/dL (p ≤ 0.05 respectively) for every selected risk factor that was tested. For Black children nationwide, one in four residing in pre-1950 housing and one in six living in poverty presented with an EBLL ≥5 µg/dL. In conclusion, significant nationwide racial disparity in blood Pb outcomes persist for predominantly African-American Black children even after correcting for risk factors and other variables. This racial disparity further persists within housing, socio-economic, and age-related risk factors of blood Pb outcomes that are much more severe for Black children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Yeter
- Independent Researcher, Kansas City, KS 66104, USA
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;
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Mazari K, Filippelli GM. Using deciduous trees as bioindicators of trace element deposition in a small urban watershed, Indianapolis, IN, USA. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2020; 49:163-171. [PMID: 33016370 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Annual and multiyear records of trace element deposition are difficult to develop using monitoring systems but have proven feasible using plant material in several settings. Here, we used material from several tree species (Populus deltoides W. Bartram ex Marshall, Platanus occidentalis L., and Ginkgo biloba L.) to detect atmospheric deposition of trace elements (Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) in six localities along a transect from near-urban to far-urban in southeastern Indianapolis, IN, and one control site. We captured soil (legacy footprint), bark (multiannual record), and leaves (seasonal record) across a broad swath of the urban landscape and using a multi-metal approach. Tree bark, leaf, and proximal soil samples were collected and analyzed for their trace element content. The highest trace metal concentrations occurred at the near-urban sites, with particularly high Cu and Pb values. The highest Zn values were found at one of the far-urban sites, which is located near a large brownfield that was a former coal and coke storage and processing facility. No correlation was found between soil trace element composition and that of bark and leaves, perhaps indicating a disconnect between legacy inputs recorded in soils and current inputs recorded in the biological materials. Overall, the tree species analyzed served well as trace element bioindicators, although less so for G. biloba, and thus this approach is promising for further understanding the role that airborne pollution and deposition play in urban watersheds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Mazari
- Dep. of Earth Sciences, 723 W. Michigan St., Indiana Univ.-Purdue Univ. Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5132
- Environmental Resilient Institute, 717 E 8th St., Bloomington, IN, 47408
| | - Gabriel M Filippelli
- Dep. of Earth Sciences, 723 W. Michigan St., Indiana Univ.-Purdue Univ. Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5132
- Environmental Resilient Institute, 717 E 8th St., Bloomington, IN, 47408
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Natasha, Dumat C, Shahid M, Khalid S, Murtaza B. Lead Pollution and Human Exposure: Forewarned is Forearmed, and the Question Now Becomes How to Respond to the Threat! RADIONUCLIDES AND HEAVY METALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-21638-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Kastury F, Smith E, Doelsch E, Lombi E, Donnelley M, Cmielewski PL, Parsons DW, Scheckel KG, Paterson D, de Jonge MD, Herde C, Juhasz AL. In Vitro, in Vivo, and Spectroscopic Assessment of Lead Exposure Reduction via Ingestion and Inhalation Pathways Using Phosphate and Iron Amendments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:10329-10341. [PMID: 31356748 PMCID: PMC7436645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This study compared lead (Pb) immobilization efficacies in mining/smelting impacted soil using phosphate and iron amendments via ingestion and inhalation pathways using in vitro and in vivo assays, in conjunction with investigating the dynamics of dust particles in the lungs and gastro-intestinal tract via X-ray fluorescence (XRF) microscopy. Phosphate amendments [phosphoric acid (PA), hydroxyapatite, monoammonium phosphate (MAP), triple super phosphate (TSP), and bone meal biochar] and hematite were applied at a molar ratio of Pb:Fe/P = 1:5. Pb phosphate formation was investigated in the soil/post-in vitro bioaccessibility (IVBA) residuals and in mouse lung via extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and X-ray absorption near edge structures (XANES) spectroscopy, respectively. EXAFS analysis revealed that anglesite was the dominant phase in the ingestible (<250 μm) and inhalable (<10 μm) particle fractions. Pb IVBA was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) by phosphate amendments in the <250 μm fraction (solubility bioaccessibility research consortium assay) and by PA, MAP, and TSP in the <10 μm fraction (inhalation-ingestion bioaccessibility assay). A 21.1% reduction in Pb RBA (<250 μm fraction) and 56.4% reduction in blood Pb concentration (<10 μm fraction) were observed via the ingestion and inhalation pathways, respectively. XRF microscopy detected Pb in the stomach within 4 h, presumably via mucociliary clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzana Kastury
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5095, Australia
| | - Euan Smith
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5095, Australia
| | - Emmanuel Doelsch
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5095, Australia
- CIRAD, UPR Recyclage et risque, F-34398 Montpellier, France
- Recyclage et Risque, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Enzo Lombi
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5095, Australia
| | - Martin Donnelley
- Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Adelaide 5006, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School and Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Patricia L. Cmielewski
- Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Adelaide 5006, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School and Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - David W. Parsons
- Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Adelaide 5006, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School and Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Kirk G. Scheckel
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati 45224, United States
| | | | | | - Carina Herde
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide 5086, Australia
| | - Albert L. Juhasz
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5095, Australia
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Streeter MT, Schilling KE, St Clair M, Demanett Z. Soil sedimentation and quality within the roadside ditches of an agricultural watershed. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 657:1432-1440. [PMID: 30677909 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Roadside ditches are an integral component to the >6.3 million km of roadsides in the U.S. and act as drainageways for millions of hectares of watershed runoff. Our study of six roadside ditches in Lime Creek watershed characterized soil nutrients and heavy metal patterns as well as quantified the physical and hydrological properties of ditch soils. At all ditch sites, we identified significant sedimentation of silt-sized particles, total nitrogen, and soil carbon in shallow roadside ditch soils. A post-settlement surface soil horizon significantly higher in silt content was observed compared to the underlying subsoil and parent material. Although accumulation of several heavy metals was measured in ditch soils, significant variability was not observed within the ditch environment. Most of the heavy metal concentrations were found to be either similar to or lower than state-wide averages. Higher levels of calcium near the roads were likely due to annual use of road deicers. Overall, we estimated that 42 Mg/ha of total carbon and 5 Mg/ha of total nitrogen are being stored in agricultural ditch soils, which is similar to that of surrounding agricultural land in terms of total carbon storage, but much higher than estimates of total nitrogen storage. Our study of six roadside ditches in an eastern Iowa watershed documented the soil chemistry, morphology, and sediment accumulation that occurred since ditch construction. Further research is needed to develop a better understanding of how the soil and water conditions in the ditches related to the watershed areas that feed them.
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Rodríguez-Oroz D, Vidal R, Fernandoy F, Lambert F, Quiero F. Metal concentrations and source identification in Chilean public children's playgrounds. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 190:703. [PMID: 30406856 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-7056-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study is focused on four Biobio region cities, Concepcion, Talcahuano, Los Ángeles, and Tomé; these cities flourished very close to different industrial activities. We determined a pseudo total concentration of seven heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb) in playground soils through inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Principal components analysis (PCA) revealed that contamination in soils comes from three principal sources. Firstly, industrial and burning activities; secondly, the use of phytosanitary and chemical products; and thirdly, vehicular traffic emissions. Zn and Cu are the most abundant analyzed elements in all the playground's soils. Concepción reflected the lowest values of pollutants and Talcahuano the highest, reflecting the industrial effects. The average values of the analyzed elements were Cr = 32.90 mg kg-1; Ni = 23.76 mg kg-1; Cu = 31.51 mg kg-1; Zn = 63.69 mg kg-1; As = 19.51 mg kg-1; Cd = 0.50 mg kg-1; and Pb = 17.59 mg kg-1. Anomalously high values of some elements were found Cu = 462.73 mg kg-1, Zn = 364.39 mg kg-1, As = 34.7 mg kg-1 in Talcahuano, Cd = 1.6 mg kg-1 in Tome, and Pb = 55.59 mg kg-1 in Los Ángeles. Nevertheless, according to international guideline values of pollutants (VROM 2000 and ADEC 2010) there is no risk for children in any playground studied but all playgrounds are a potential risk for the environment. It points out the necessity to continue studying and monitoring Chilean urban playground to prevent health problems in the population. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Rodríguez-Oroz
- Centro de Investigación en Sustentabilidad y Gestión Estratégica de Recursos, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad del Desarrollo, Avenida Plaza 680, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Rodrigo Vidal
- Carretera Concepción-Talcahuano, Universidad Andres Bello, 7100, Concepción, Chile
| | - Francisco Fernandoy
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Andres Bello, Quillota 980, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Centro de Investigación para la Sustentabilidad, Universidad Andres Bello, República 440, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabrice Lambert
- Geography Institute, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Quiero
- Falculty of Exact Sciences, Department of Physics, Universidad Andres Bello, Republica 220, Santiago, Chile
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Alvarez J, Del Rio M, Mayorga T, Dominguez S, Flores-Montoya MG, Sobin C. A Comparison of Child Blood Lead Levels in Urban and Rural Children Ages 5-12 Years Living in the Border Region of El Paso, Texas. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 75:503-511. [PMID: 30056617 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-018-0549-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lead exposure is an unresolved pediatric health risk and disproportionately affects children in lower-income neighborhoods. Residences with children younger than age 5 years are the focus of mitigation policies; however, studies have shown that older children between the ages of 5 and 12 years also are at risk of central nervous system effects. Whether historically contaminated neighborhoods present ongoing risk to older children also is of concern. This study compared the blood lead levels (BLLs) of older children from an historically contaminated urban neighborhood to those of demographically matched children from a nearby rural locale and predicted significantly higher BLLs in the urban children. The study included 222 children aged 5-12 years, 111 from the urban neighborhood and 111 from local rural townships, matched for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and family income. Blood lead, cadmium, and mercury were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. General linear models tested whether geographic location (urban vs. rural) predicted child heavy metal levels, controlling for sex and age. Only location predicted only child BLL (R2= 0.36); children living in the urban setting had significantly higher BLLs as compared with matched rural township children (F = 125, df220,2, p <0.001). Neighborhoods with a history of lead contamination can present current risk of lead exposure for older children between the ages of 5 and 12 years, as well as for infants and toddlers. More studies are needed to better characterize the risk of lead exposure to older children, particularly in lower-income neighborhoods with a history of lead contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Alvarez
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Texas, El Paso, 500 West University, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Michelle Del Rio
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Texas, El Paso, 500 West University, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Tania Mayorga
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Texas, El Paso, 500 West University, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Salvador Dominguez
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Texas, El Paso, 500 West University, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | | | - Christina Sobin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Texas, El Paso, 500 West University, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA.
- Border Biomedical Research Center, Toxicology Core, University of Texas, El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA.
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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Zhen Z, Cao Q, Shao L, Zhang L. Global and Geographically Weighted Quantile Regression for Modeling the Incident Rate of Children's Lead Poisoning in Syracuse, NY, USA. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E2300. [PMID: 30347704 PMCID: PMC6210516 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15102300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore the full distribution of children's lead poisoning and identify "high risk" locations or areas in the neighborhood of the inner city of Syracuse (NY, USA), using quantile regression models. Methods: Global quantile regression (QR) and geographically weighted quantile regression (GWQR) were applied to model the relationships between children's lead poisoning and three environmental factors at different quantiles (25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th). The response variable was the incident rate of children's blood lead level ≥ 5 µg/dL in each census block, and the three predictor variables included building year, town taxable values, and soil lead concentration. Results: At each quantile, the regression coefficients of both global QR and GWQR models were (1) negative for both building year and town taxable values, indicating that the incident rate of children lead poisoning reduced with newer buildings and/or higher taxable values of the houses; and (2) positive for the soil lead concentration, implying that higher soil lead concentration around the house may cause higher risks of children's lead poisoning. Further, these negative or positive relationships between children's lead poisoning and three environmental factors became stronger for larger quantiles (i.e., higher risks). Conclusions: The GWQR models enabled us to explore the full distribution of children's lead poisoning and identify "high risk" locations or areas in the neighborhood of the inner city of Syracuse, which would provide useful information to assist the government agencies to make better decisions on where and what the lead hazard treatment should focus on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhen
- Department of Forest Management, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Qianqian Cao
- Department of Forest and Natural Resources Management, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, One Forestry Drive, Syracuse, New York, NY 13210, USA.
| | - Liyang Shao
- Department of Forest and Natural Resources Management, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, One Forestry Drive, Syracuse, New York, NY 13210, USA.
| | - Lianjun Zhang
- Department of Forest and Natural Resources Management, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, One Forestry Drive, Syracuse, New York, NY 13210, USA.
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Tierney WM. Use of Stakeholder Focus Groups to Define the Mission and Scope of a new Department of Population Health. J Gen Intern Med 2018; 33:1069-1076. [PMID: 29633122 PMCID: PMC6025682 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-018-4403-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The focus and funding of US healthcare is evolving from volume to value-based, and healthcare leaders, managers, payers, and researchers are increasingly focusing on managing populations of patients. Simultaneously, there is increasing interest in getting "upstream" from disease management to promote health and prevent disease. Hence, the term "population health" has both clinical and community-based connotations relevant to the tripartite mission of US medical schools. OBJECTIVE To seek broad input for the strategic development of the Department of Population Health in a new medical school at a tier 1 research university. DESIGN Focus groups with facilitated consensus development. PARTICIPANTS Eighty-one persons representing the Dell Medical School and other schools at the University of Texas at Austin, city/county government, community nonprofit organizations, and faculty from other local university schools along with selected national academic leaders. APPROACH Focus groups with subsequent consensus development of emphases identified premeeting by participants by e-mail exchanges. KEY RESULTS The resulting departmental strategic plan included scope of work, desired characteristics of leaders, and early impact activities in seven areas of interest: community engagement and health equity, primary care and value-based health, occupational and environment medicine, medical education, health services and community-based research, health informatics and data analysis, and global health. CONCLUSIONS Medical schools should have a primary focus in population, most effectively at the departmental level. Engaging relevant academic and community stakeholders is an effective model for developing this emerging discipline in US medical schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Tierney
- Department of Population Health, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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18
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Using Public Health Data for Soil Pb Hazard Management in Ohio. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE 2017; 24:e18-e24. [PMID: 28079647 DOI: 10.1097/phh.0000000000000488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate how frequently elevated soil lead (Pb) hazards (≥400 ppm Pb) were identified in existing blood Pb site investigations in Ohio. DESIGN This study evaluated 3050 site investigations from the Ohio Department of Health for children with blood Pb levels at or above 10 μg dL that contained bare soil Pb data. SETTING Data were collected from existing databases maintained by the Ohio Department of Health. PARTICIPANTS All data were de-identified prior to analysis. The data used included blood Pb level test results for children (18 years or younger) in Ohio, with most data coming from children younger than 6 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The main outcome measures were blood Pb levels and identified Pb concentrations in environmental media, including soil, paint, and dust. METHODS Data were organized and summarized according to county. Summary statistics were generated on the basis of type of environmental media and county. RESULTS Soil samples were collected in approximately 5% of all blood Pb cases in Ohio between 1999 and 2015. Median bare soil Pb was 1030 mg Pb kg (range, 0-345 021 mg Pb kg soil). Fifty-six of Ohio's 88 counties had at least 1 soil sample above 10 000 ppm (mg Pb kg). Multiple Pb hazards were identified, including bare soil (74% frequency), deteriorated exterior Pb paint (74%), deteriorated interior Pb paint (72%), and settled Pb dust (72%). Bare soil collected from identified dripline areas contained 2638 ppm Pb above soils collected from bare soil play areas (P = .02). Ninety assessments (3%) contained a bare soil hazard, with no other identified hazards. No trend was found comparing county mean or median Pb with county population. Previously identified high-risk counties for elevated blood Pb levels did not have an elevated prevalence of bare soil Pb hazards compared with other counties (P = .64). CONCLUSIONS Site investigators should anticipate finding and managing elevated bare soil Pb in locations throughout Ohio. When communicating with the public about bare soil Pb hazards, practitioners and policy makers should emphasize the importance of addressing all potential Pb exposure sources. Findings demonstrate the importance of the individual home environment for exposure, as previously identified high-risk counties for elevated blood Pb levels were not different from other counties.
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Eid A, Zawia N. Consequences of lead exposure, and it’s emerging role as an epigenetic modifier in the aging brain. Neurotoxicology 2016; 56:254-261. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Leech TGJ, Adams EA, Weathers TD, Staten LK, Filippelli GM. Inequitable Chronic Lead Exposure: A Dual Legacy of Social and Environmental Injustice. FAMILY & COMMUNITY HEALTH 2016; 39:151-9. [PMID: 27214670 DOI: 10.1097/fch.0000000000000106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Both historic and contemporary factors contribute to the current unequal distribution of lead in urban environments and the disproportionate impact lead exposure has on the health and well-being of low-income minority communities. We consider the enduring impact of lead through the lens of environmental justice, taking into account well-documented geographic concentrations of lead, legacy sources that produce chronic exposures, and intergenerational transfers of risk. We discuss the most promising type of public health action to address inequitable lead exposure and uptake: primordial prevention efforts that address the most fundamental causes of diseases by intervening in structural and systemic inequalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara G J Leech
- Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health (Drs Leech and Staten; Mss Adams and Weathers), Department of Earth Sciences (Dr Filippelli), and Center for Urban Health (Drs Leech, Staten, and Filippelli), Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis
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21
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Stoia M, Kurtanjek Z, Oancea S. Reliability of a decision-tree model in predicting occupational lead poisoning in a group of highly exposed workers. Am J Ind Med 2016; 59:575-82. [PMID: 27219678 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to provide the toxicological profile of some lead-exposed workers and obtain a predictive model for lead poisoning. METHODS Data regarding external and absorbed exposure were collected from 585 subjects employed in ten metallurgical production departments. Airborne lead concentration, blood lead level (BLL), cumulative blood lead index (CBLI), urine delta-aminolevulinic acid (DALA), age, workplace/section, exposure period, and whether reported lead poisoning as occupational disease were examined using ANOVA, and, post-ANOVA, Pearson correlation matrix, PCA (principal component analysis), decision-tree modeling, and logistic modeling. RESULTS BLL was less sensitive than CBLI in predicting poisoning. Decision-tree modeling highlighted the importance of CBLI ≥1,041 µg.years/dl and air lead concentration ≥0.3 mg/m(3) in the occurrence of occupational poisoning. Age ≥48 years and DALA ≥19.3 mg/L were also factors. CONCLUSIONS Workers were at risk of poisoning as a result of their long term unacceptable exposure. Decision-tree modeling is potentially useful for risk management. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:575-582, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Stoia
- Faculty of Medicine; Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu; Sibiu Romania
| | - Zelimir Kurtanjek
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology; University of Zagreb; Zagreb Croatia
| | - Simona Oancea
- Department of Agricultural Sciences and Food Engineering; Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu; Sibiu Romania
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Fang S, Qiao Y, Yin C, Yang X, Li N. Characterizing the physical and demographic variables associated with heavy metal distribution along urban-rural gradient. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:570. [PMID: 26269103 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4780-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a study of how the demographic and physical variables affected the heavy metal (HM) contamination along the urban-rural gradient in PuDong New District, Shanghai. The road density (RDi) and the percentage of built-up areas (BAi) were calculated for various widths of buffers around the soil sampling sites. Through distance allocation, the demographic values of the population change index (PCI) were assigned, with the value being associated with the nearest town. We initiated the use of the population migration rate from 2000 to 2010, i.e., PCI, to represent the urbanization rate. Regression analysis between the soil HM concentrations and the PCI, the RD, and the BA was estimated. The results indicated that the PCI significantly affected the Cd and Cu distribution (p < 0.05), while the RD of the 3-km buffer affected the Pb concentrations. The BA of 2-km buffers affected the spatial distribution of Cd, Cu, and Zn. Zn was also affected by the RD within the 4-km buffer. Using the median values of the PCI and the BA of the 2-km buffer, and the RD of the 3-km buffer, logistic analysis was performed to identify the priority areas for managing HM hazards. The two identified priority areas were the towns of Kangqiao and Zhuqiao, both of which were rapidly urbanized areas with higher PCI values. Our research demonstrated that understanding the rate of urbanization may be as important as the degree of urbanization when examining associated HM contamination patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubo Fang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201306, People's Republic of China
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Mao Q, Huang G, Ma K, Sun Z. Variations of soil lead in different land uses along the urbanization gradient in the Beijing metropolitan area. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:3199-214. [PMID: 24646863 PMCID: PMC3987030 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110303199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the spatial pattern of soil lead (Pb) levels is essential to protecting human health. Most previous studies have examined soil Pb distributions by either urbanization gradient or land-use type. Few studies, however, have examined both factors together. It remains unclear whether the impacts of land use on soil Pb levels are consistent along the urbanization gradient. To fill this gap, we investigated variations in soil Pb level under different land-use types along the urbanization gradient in Beijing, China. We classified the degree of urbanization as the urban core, transitional zone, or suburban area and the land-use type as industrial area, roadside, residential area, institutional area, road greenbelt, park, or forest. Our results showed that the range of soil Pb levels in Beijing is <1 mg/kg-292 mg/kg, with a mean of 22 mg/kg. Along the urbanization gradient, the mean soil Pb level increased from the suburban area to the urban core. Land-use types have an impact on soil Pb levels, however, when the degree of urbanization is considered, the impact from land use on soil Pb level was only significant in the transitional zone. Parks and road greenbelts were found to have lower soil Pb, primarily due to soil restoration. Roadside and residential areas were found to have higher soil Pb because of traffic emissions, leaded paint, and previous industrial contamination. In the urban core and suburban area, the soil Pb level showed no significant differences among various land-use types. Given the results of soil Pb in various land-use types, we suggest that future studies consider the urbanization gradient in which different land-use samples are located.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizheng Mao
- Center for Human-Environment System Sustainability (CHESS), State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology (ESPRE), Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Ganlin Huang
- Center for Human-Environment System Sustainability (CHESS), State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology (ESPRE), Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Keming Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Zexiang Sun
- Center for Human-Environment System Sustainability (CHESS), State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology (ESPRE), Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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