1
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Stirbet A, Guo Y, Lazár D, Govindjee G. From leaf to multiscale models of photosynthesis: applications and challenges for crop improvement. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2024:10.1007/s11120-024-01083-9. [PMID: 38619700 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-024-01083-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
To keep up with the growth of human population and to circumvent deleterious effects of global climate change, it is essential to enhance crop yield to achieve higher production. Here we review mathematical models of oxygenic photosynthesis that are extensively used, and discuss in depth a subset that accounts for diverse approaches providing solutions to our objective. These include models (1) to study different ways to enhance photosynthesis, such as fine-tuning antenna size, photoprotection and electron transport; (2) to bioengineer carbon metabolism; and (3) to evaluate the interactions between the process of photosynthesis and the seasonal crop dynamics, or those that have included statistical whole-genome prediction methods to quantify the impact of photosynthesis traits on the improvement of crop yield. We conclude by emphasizing that the results obtained in these studies clearly demonstrate that mathematical modelling is a key tool to examine different approaches to improve photosynthesis for better productivity, while effective multiscale crop models, especially those that also include remote sensing data, are indispensable to verify different strategies to obtain maximized crop yields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ya Guo
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Process Control for Light Industry, Ministry of Education Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Dušan Lazár
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacký Univesity, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Govindjee Govindjee
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Plant Biology, and the Center of Biophysics & Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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2
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Kugler A, Stensjö K. Machine learning predicts system-wide metabolic flux control in cyanobacteria. Metab Eng 2024; 82:171-182. [PMID: 38395194 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2024.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic fluxes and their control mechanisms are fundamental in cellular metabolism, offering insights for the study of biological systems and biotechnological applications. However, quantitative and predictive understanding of controlling biochemical reactions in microbial cell factories, especially at the system level, is limited. In this work, we present ARCTICA, a computational framework that integrates constraint-based modelling with machine learning tools to address this challenge. Using the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 as chassis, we demonstrate that ARCTICA effectively simulates global-scale metabolic flux control. Key findings are that (i) the photosynthetic bioproduction is mainly governed by enzymes within the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle, rather than by those involve in the biosynthesis of the end-product, (ii) the catalytic capacity of the CBB cycle limits the photosynthetic activity and downstream pathways and (iii) ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) is a major, but not the most, limiting step within the CBB cycle. Predicted metabolic reactions qualitatively align with prior experimental observations, validating our modelling approach. ARCTICA serves as a valuable pipeline for understanding cellular physiology and predicting rate-limiting steps in genome-scale metabolic networks, and thus provides guidance for bioengineering of cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kugler
- Microbial Chemistry, Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Stensjö
- Microbial Chemistry, Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden.
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3
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Tikhonov AN. The cytochrome b 6f complex: plastoquinol oxidation and regulation of electron transport in chloroplasts. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2024; 159:203-227. [PMID: 37369875 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-023-01034-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
In oxygenic photosynthetic systems, the cytochrome b6f (Cytb6f) complex (plastoquinol:plastocyanin oxidoreductase) is a heart of the hub that provides connectivity between photosystems (PS) II and I. In this review, the structure and function of the Cytb6f complex are briefly outlined, being focused on the mechanisms of a bifurcated (two-electron) oxidation of plastoquinol (PQH2). In plant chloroplasts, under a wide range of experimental conditions (pH and temperature), a diffusion of PQH2 from PSII to the Cytb6f does not limit the intersystem electron transport. The overall rate of PQH2 turnover is determined mainly by the first step of the bifurcated oxidation of PQH2 at the catalytic site Qo, i.e., the reaction of electron transfer from PQH2 to the Fe2S2 cluster of the high-potential Rieske iron-sulfur protein (ISP). This point has been supported by the quantum chemical analysis of PQH2 oxidation within the framework of a model system including the Fe2S2 cluster of the ISP and surrounding amino acids, the low-potential heme b6L, Glu78 and 2,3,5-trimethylbenzoquinol (the tail-less analog of PQH2). Other structure-function relationships and mechanisms of electron transport regulation of oxygenic photosynthesis associated with the Cytb6f complex are briefly outlined: pH-dependent control of the intersystem electron transport and the regulatory balance between the operation of linear and cyclic electron transfer chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Tikhonov
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation, 119991.
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4
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Busch FA, Ainsworth EA, Amtmann A, Cavanagh AP, Driever SM, Ferguson JN, Kromdijk J, Lawson T, Leakey ADB, Matthews JSA, Meacham-Hensold K, Vath RL, Vialet-Chabrand S, Walker BJ, Papanatsiou M. A guide to photosynthetic gas exchange measurements: Fundamental principles, best practice and potential pitfalls. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024. [PMID: 38321805 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Gas exchange measurements enable mechanistic insights into the processes that underpin carbon and water fluxes in plant leaves which in turn inform understanding of related processes at a range of scales from individual cells to entire ecosytems. Given the importance of photosynthesis for the global climate discussion it is important to (a) foster a basic understanding of the fundamental principles underpinning the experimental methods used by the broad community, and (b) ensure best practice and correct data interpretation within the research community. In this review, we outline the biochemical and biophysical parameters of photosynthesis that can be investigated with gas exchange measurements and we provide step-by-step guidance on how to reliably measure them. We advise on best practices for using gas exchange equipment and highlight potential pitfalls in experimental design and data interpretation. The Supporting Information contains exemplary data sets, experimental protocols and data-modelling routines. This review is a community effort to equip both the experimental researcher and the data modeller with a solid understanding of the theoretical basis of gas-exchange measurements, the rationale behind different experimental protocols and the approaches to data interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian A Busch
- School of Biosciences and Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Captial Territory, Australia
| | | | - Anna Amtmann
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Amanda P Cavanagh
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Steven M Driever
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - John N Ferguson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Johannes Kromdijk
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tracy Lawson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Andrew D B Leakey
- Departments of Plant Biology and Crop Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | - Richard L Vath
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- LI-COR Environmental, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Silvere Vialet-Chabrand
- Department of Plant Sciences, Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Berkley J Walker
- Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Maria Papanatsiou
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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5
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Gu L. Optimizing the electron transport chain to sustainably improve photosynthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:2398-2412. [PMID: 37671674 PMCID: PMC10663115 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Genetically improving photosynthesis is a key strategy to boosting crop production to meet the rising demand for food and fuel by a rapidly growing global population in a warming climate. Many components of the photosynthetic apparatus have been targeted for genetic modification for improving photosynthesis. Successful translation of these modifications into increased plant productivity in fluctuating environments will depend on whether the electron transport chain (ETC) can support the increased electron transport rate without risking overreduction and photodamage. At present atmospheric conditions, the ETC appears suboptimal and will likely need to be modified to support proposed photosynthetic improvements and to maintain energy balance. Here, I derive photochemical equations to quantify the transport capacity and the corresponding reduction level based on the kinetics of redox reactions along the ETC. Using these theoretical equations and measurements from diverse C3/C4 species across environments, I identify several strategies that can simultaneously increase the transport capacity and decrease the reduction level of the ETC. These strategies include increasing the abundances of reaction centers, cytochrome b6f complexes, and mobile electron carriers, improving their redox kinetics, and decreasing the fraction of secondary quinone-nonreducing photosystem II reaction centers. I also shed light on several previously unexplained experimental findings regarding the physiological impacts of the abundances of the cytochrome b6f complex and plastoquinone. The model developed, and the insights generated from it facilitate the development of sustainable photosynthetic systems for greater crop yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianhong Gu
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
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6
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Liu X, Qiao Y, Zhou W, Dong W, Gu L. Determinants of photochemical characteristics of the photosynthetic electron transport chain of maize. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1279963. [PMID: 38053761 PMCID: PMC10694277 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1279963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The photosynthetic electron transport chain (ETC) is the bridge that links energy harvesting during the photophysical reactions at one end and energy consumption during the biochemical reactions at the other. Its functioning is thus fundamental for the proper balance between energy supply and demand in photosynthesis. Currently, there is a lack of understanding regarding how the structural properties of the ETC are affected by nutrient availability and plant developmental stages, which is a major roadblock to comprehensive modeling of photosynthesis. Methods Redox parameters reflect the structural controls of ETC on the photochemical reactions and electron transport. We conducted joint measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF) and gas exchange under systematically varying environmental conditions and growth stages of maize and sampled foliar nutrient contents. We utilized the recently developed steady-state photochemical model to infer redox parameters of electron transport from these measurements. Results and discussion We found that the inferred values of these photochemical redox parameters varied with leaf macronutrient content. These variations may be caused either directly by these nutrients being components of protein complexes on the ETC or indirectly by their impacts on the structural integrity of the thylakoid and feedback from the biochemical reactions. Also, the redox parameters varied with plant morphology and developmental stage, reflecting seasonal changes in the structural properties of the ETC. Our findings will facilitate the parameterization and simulation of complete models of photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yunzhou Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wangming Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University, Anqing, China
| | - Wenxu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lianhong Gu
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
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7
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Nies T, van Aalst M, Saadat N, Ebeling J, Ebenhöh O. What controls carbon sequestration in plants under which conditions? Biosystems 2023; 231:104968. [PMID: 37419275 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2023.104968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic organisms use photosynthesis to harvest sunlight and convert the solar energy into chemical energy, which is then used to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide into organic molecules. This process forms the basis of all life on Earth, and stands at the beginning of the food chain which feeds the world population. Not surprisingly, many research efforts are currently ongoing aiming at improving growth and product yield of photosynthetic organisms, and several of these activities directly target the photosynthetic pathways. Metabolic Control Analysis (MCA) shows that, in general, the control over a metabolic flux, such as carbon fixation, is distributed among several steps and highly dependent on the external conditions. Therefore, the concept of a single 'rate-limiting' step is hardly ever applicable, and as a consequence, any strategy relying on improving a single molecular process in a complex metabolic system is bound to fail to yield the expected results. In photosynthesis, reports on which processes exert the highest control over carbon fixation are contradictory. This refers to both the photosynthetic 'light' reactions harvesting photons and the 'dark' reactions of the Calvin-Benson-Bassham Cycle (CBB cycle). Here, we employ a recently developed mathematical model, which describes photosynthesis as an interacting supply-demand system, to systematically study how external conditions affect the control over carbon fixation fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Nies
- Institute of Theoretical and Quantitative Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, 40225, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
| | - Marvin van Aalst
- Institute of Theoretical and Quantitative Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, 40225, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Nima Saadat
- Institute of Theoretical and Quantitative Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, 40225, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, 40225, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Josha Ebeling
- Institute of Theoretical and Quantitative Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, 40225, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Oliver Ebenhöh
- Institute of Theoretical and Quantitative Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, 40225, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, 40225, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
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8
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Niu Y, Lazár D, Holzwarth AR, Kramer DM, Matsubara S, Fiorani F, Poorter H, Schrey SD, Nedbal L. Plants cope with fluctuating light by frequency-dependent nonphotochemical quenching and cyclic electron transport. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023. [PMID: 37429324 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
In natural environments, plants are exposed to rapidly changing light. Maintaining photosynthetic efficiency while avoiding photodamage requires equally rapid regulation of photoprotective mechanisms. We asked what the operation frequency range of regulation is in which plants can efficiently respond to varying light. Chlorophyll fluorescence, P700, plastocyanin, and ferredoxin responses of wild-types Arabidopsis thaliana were measured in oscillating light of various frequencies. We also investigated the npq1 mutant lacking violaxanthin de-epoxidase, the npq4 mutant lacking PsbS protein, and the mutants crr2-2, and pgrl1ab impaired in different pathways of the cyclic electron transport. The fastest was the PsbS-regulation responding to oscillation periods longer than 10 s. Processes involving violaxanthin de-epoxidase dampened changes in chlorophyll fluorescence in oscillation periods of 2 min or longer. Knocking out the PGR5/PGRL1 pathway strongly reduced variations of all monitored parameters, probably due to congestion in the electron transport. Incapacitating the NDH-like pathway only slightly changed the photosynthetic dynamics. Our observations are consistent with the hypothesis that nonphotochemical quenching in slow light oscillations involves violaxanthin de-epoxidase to produce, presumably, a largely stationary level of zeaxanthin. We interpret the observed dynamics of photosystem I components as being formed in slow light oscillations partially by thylakoid remodeling that modulates the redox rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Niu
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences/Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, D-52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dušan Lazár
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Alfred R Holzwarth
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, NL-1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David M Kramer
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Shizue Matsubara
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences/Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, D-52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Fabio Fiorani
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences/Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, D-52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Hendrik Poorter
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences/Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, D-52428, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Silvia D Schrey
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences/Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, D-52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ladislav Nedbal
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences/Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, D-52428, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- PASTEUR, Department of Chemistry, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 24, rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France
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9
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Saroussi S, Redekop P, Karns DAJ, Thomas DC, Wittkopp TM, Posewitz MC, Grossman AR. Restricting electron flow at cytochrome b6f when downstream electron acceptors are severely limited. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:789-804. [PMID: 36960590 PMCID: PMC10231464 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic organisms frequently experience abiotic stress that restricts their growth and development. Under such circumstances, most absorbed solar energy cannot be used for CO2 fixation and can cause the photoproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can damage the photosynthetic reaction centers of PSI and PSII, resulting in a decline in primary productivity. This work describes a biological "switch" in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii that reversibly restricts photosynthetic electron transport (PET) at the cytochrome b6f (Cyt b6f) complex when the capacity for accepting electrons downstream of PSI is severely limited. We specifically show this restriction in STARCHLESS6 (sta6) mutant cells, which cannot synthesize starch when they are limited for nitrogen (growth inhibition) and subjected to a dark-to-light transition. This restriction represents a form of photosynthetic control that causes diminished electron flow to PSI and thereby prevents PSI photodamage but does not appear to rely on a ΔpH. Furthermore, when electron flow is restricted, the plastid alternative oxidase (PTOX) becomes active, functioning as an electron valve that dissipates some excitation energy absorbed by PSII and allows the formation of a proton motive force (PMF) that would drive some ATP production (potentially sustaining PSII repair and nonphotochemical quenching [NPQ]). The restriction at the Cyt b6f complex can be gradually relieved with continued illumination. This study provides insights into how PET responds to a marked reduction in availability of downstream electron acceptors and the protective mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai Saroussi
- Department of Plant Biology, The Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Petra Redekop
- Department of Plant Biology, The Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Devin A J Karns
- Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Dylan C Thomas
- Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Tyler M Wittkopp
- Department of Plant Biology, The Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matthew C Posewitz
- Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Arthur R Grossman
- Department of Plant Biology, The Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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10
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Scafaro AP, Posch BC, Evans JR, Farquhar GD, Atkin OK. Rubisco deactivation and chloroplast electron transport rates co-limit photosynthesis above optimal leaf temperature in terrestrial plants. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2820. [PMID: 37198175 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38496-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Net photosynthetic CO2 assimilation rate (An) decreases at leaf temperatures above a relatively mild optimum (Topt) in most higher plants. This decline is often attributed to reduced CO2 conductance, increased CO2 loss from photorespiration and respiration, reduced chloroplast electron transport rate (J), or deactivation of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate Carboxylase Oxygenase (Rubisco). However, it is unclear which of these factors can best predict species independent declines in An at high temperature. We show that independent of species, and on a global scale, the observed decline in An with rising temperatures can be effectively accounted for by Rubisco deactivation and declines in J. Our finding that An declines with Rubisco deactivation and J supports a coordinated down-regulation of Rubisco and chloroplast electron transport rates to heat stress. We provide a model that, in the absence of CO2 supply limitations, can predict the response of photosynthesis to short-term increases in leaf temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Scafaro
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
- Centre for Entrepreneurial Agri-Technology, Gould Building, Australian National University, Canberra, 2601, Australia.
| | - Bradley C Posch
- Department of Research, Collections and Conservation, Desert Botanical Garden, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - John R Evans
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Graham D Farquhar
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Owen K Atkin
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Centre for Entrepreneurial Agri-Technology, Gould Building, Australian National University, Canberra, 2601, Australia
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11
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Zhou Q, Yamamoto H, Shikanai T. Distinct contribution of two cyclic electron transport pathways to P700 oxidation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:326-341. [PMID: 36477622 PMCID: PMC10152692 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic electron transport (CET) around Photosystem I (PSI) acidifies the thylakoid lumen and downregulates electron transport at the cytochrome b6f complex. This photosynthetic control is essential for oxidizing special pair chlorophylls (P700) of PSI for PSI photoprotection. In addition, CET depending on the PROTON GRADIENT REGULATION 5 (PGR5) protein oxidizes P700 by moving a pool of electrons from the acceptor side of PSI to the plastoquinone pool. This model of the acceptor-side regulation was proposed on the basis of the phenotype of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) pgr5-1 mutant expressing Chlamydomonas (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) plastid terminal oxidase (CrPTOX2). In this study, we extended the research including the Arabidopsis chlororespiratory reduction 2-2 (crr2-2) mutant defective in another CET pathway depending on the chloroplast NADH dehydrogenase-like (NDH) complex. Although the introduction of CrPTOX2 did not complement the defect in the acceptor-side regulation by PGR5, the function of the NDH complex was complemented except for its reverse reaction during the induction of photosynthesis. We evaluated the impact of CrPTOX2 under fluctuating light intensity in the wild-type, pgr5-1 and crr2-2 backgrounds. In the high-light period, both PGR5- and NDH-dependent CET were involved in the induction of photosynthetic control, whereas PGR5-dependent CET preferentially contributed to the acceptor-side regulation. On the contrary, the NDH complex probably contributed to the acceptor-side regulation in the low-light period but not in the high-light period. We evaluated the sensitivity of PSI to fluctuating light and clarified that acceptor-side regulation was necessary for PSI photoprotection by oxidizing P700 under high light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhou
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamamoto
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Shikanai
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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12
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Gu L, Grodzinski B, Han J, Marie T, Zhang YJ, Song YC, Sun Y. An exploratory steady-state redox model of photosynthetic linear electron transport for use in complete modelling of photosynthesis for broad applications. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:1540-1561. [PMID: 36760139 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A photochemical model of photosynthetic electron transport (PET) is needed to integrate photophysics, photochemistry, and biochemistry to determine redox conditions of electron carriers and enzymes for plant stress assessment and mechanistically link sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence to carbon assimilation for remotely sensing photosynthesis. Towards this goal, we derived photochemical equations governing the states and redox reactions of complexes and electron carriers along the PET chain. These equations allow the redox conditions of the mobile plastoquinone pool and the cytochrome b6 f complex (Cyt) to be inferred with typical fluorometry. The equations agreed well with fluorometry measurements from diverse C3 /C4 species across environments in the relationship between the PET rate and fraction of open photosystem II reaction centres. We found the oxidation of plastoquinol by Cyt is the bottleneck of PET, and genetically improving the oxidation of plastoquinol by Cyt may enhance the efficiency of PET and photosynthesis across species. Redox reactions and photochemical and biochemical interactions are highly redundant in their complex controls of PET. Although individual reaction rate constants cannot be resolved, they appear in parameter groups which can be collectively inferred with fluorometry measurements for broad applications. The new photochemical model developed enables advances in different fronts of photosynthesis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianhong Gu
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Bernard Grodzinski
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jimei Han
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Telesphore Marie
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yong-Jiang Zhang
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
| | - Yang C Song
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Ying Sun
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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13
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Svoboda V, Oung HMO, Koochak H, Yarbrough R, Mckenzie SD, Puthiyaveetil S, Kirchhoff H. Quantification of energy-converting protein complexes in plant thylakoid membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2023; 1864:148945. [PMID: 36442511 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2022.148945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge about the exact abundance and ratio of photosynthetic protein complexes in thylakoid membranes is central to understanding structure-function relationships in energy conversion. Recent modeling approaches for studying light harvesting and electron transport reactions rely on quantitative information on the constituent complexes in thylakoid membranes. Over the last decades several quantitative methods have been established and refined, enabling precise stoichiometric information on the five main energy-converting building blocks in the thylakoid membrane: Light-harvesting complex II (LHCII), Photosystem II (PSII), Photosystem I (PSI), cytochrome b6f complex (cyt b6f complex), and ATPase. This paper summarizes a few quantitative spectroscopic and biochemical methods that are currently available for quantification of plant thylakoid protein complexes. Two new methods are presented for quantification of LHCII and the cyt b6f complex, which agree well with established methods. In addition, recent improvements in mass spectrometry (MS) allow deeper compositional information on thylakoid membranes. The comparison between mass spectrometric and more classical protein quantification methods shows similar quantities of complexes, confirming the potential of thylakoid protein complex quantification by MS. The quantitative information on PSII, PSI, and LHCII reveal that about one third of LHCII must be associated with PSI for a balanced light energy absorption by the two photosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaclav Svoboda
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Hui Min Olivia Oung
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Haniyeh Koochak
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Robert Yarbrough
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Steven D Mckenzie
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Sujith Puthiyaveetil
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Helmut Kirchhoff
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
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14
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Heyno E, Ermakova M, Lopez‐Calcagno PE, Woodford R, Brown KL, Matthews JSA, Osmond B, Raines CA, von Caemmerer S. Rieske FeS overexpression in tobacco provides increased abundance and activity of cytochrome b 6 f. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13803. [PMID: 36259085 PMCID: PMC9828649 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is fundamental for plant growth and yield. The cytochrome b6 f complex catalyses a rate-limiting step in thylakoid electron transport and therefore represents an important point of regulation of photosynthesis. Here we show that overexpression of a single core subunit of cytochrome b6 f, the Rieske FeS protein, led to up to a 40% increase in the abundance of the complex in Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) and was accompanied by an enhanced in vitro cytochrome f activity, indicating a full functionality of the complex. Analysis of transgenic plants overexpressing Rieske FeS by the light-induced fluorescence transients technique revealed a more oxidised primary quinone acceptor of photosystem II (QA ) and plastoquinone pool and faster electron transport from the plastoquinone pool to photosystem I upon changes in irradiance, compared to control plants. A faster establishment of qE , the energy-dependent component of nonphotochemical quenching, in transgenic plants suggests a more rapid buildup of the transmembrane proton gradient, also supporting the increased in vivo cytochrome b6 f activity. However, there was no consistent increase in steady-state rates of electron transport or CO2 assimilation in plants overexpressing Rieske FeS grown in either laboratory conditions or field trials, suggesting that the in vivo activity of the complex was only transiently increased upon changes in irradiance. Our results show that overexpression of Rieske FeS in tobacco enhances the abundance of functional cytochrome b6 f and may have the potential to increase plant productivity if combined with other traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiri Heyno
- Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant ScienceResearch School of Biology, The Australian National UniversityActonAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
| | - Maria Ermakova
- Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant ScienceResearch School of Biology, The Australian National UniversityActonAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
- School of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Patricia E. Lopez‐Calcagno
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of EssexColchesterUK
- School of Natural and Environmental SciencesNewcastle UniversityNewcastleUK
| | - Russell Woodford
- Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant ScienceResearch School of Biology, The Australian National UniversityActonAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
| | - Kenny L. Brown
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of EssexColchesterUK
| | | | - Barry Osmond
- Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant ScienceResearch School of Biology, The Australian National UniversityActonAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
| | | | - Susanne von Caemmerer
- Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant ScienceResearch School of Biology, The Australian National UniversityActonAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
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15
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Sagun JV, Chow WS, Ghannoum O. Leaf pigments and photosystems stoichiometry underpin photosynthetic efficiency of related C 3 , C-C 4 and C 4 grasses under shade. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13819. [PMID: 36344438 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The quantum yield of photosynthesis (QY, CO2 fixed per light absorbed) depends on the efficiency of light absorption, the coupling between light absorption and electron transport, and the coupling between electron transport and carbon metabolism. QY is generally lower in C3 relative to C4 plants at warm temperatures and differs among the C4 subtypes. We investigated the acclimation to shade of light absorption and electron transport in six representative grasses with C3 , C3 -C4 and C4 photosynthesis. Plants were grown under full (control) or 25% (shade) sunlight. We measured the in vivo activity and stoichiometry of PSI and PSII, leaf spectral properties and pigment contents, and photosynthetic enzyme activities. Under control growth-light conditions, C4 species had higher CO2 assimilation rates, which declined to a greater extent relative to the C3 species. Whole leaf PSII/PSI ratios were highest in the C3 species, while QY and cyclic electron flow (CEF) were highest in the C4 , NADP-ME species. Shade significantly reduced leaf PSII/PSI, linear electron flow (LEF) and CEF of most species. Overall, shade reduced leaf absorptance, especially in the green region, as well as carotenoid and chlorophyll contents in C4 more than non-C4 species. The NAD-ME species underwent the greatest reduction in leaf absorptance and pigments under shade. In conclusion, shade compromised QY the least in the C3 and the most in the C4 -NAD-ME species. Different sensitivity to shade was associated with the ability to maintain leaf absorptance and pigments. This is important for maximising light absorption and minimising photoprotection under low light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Ver Sagun
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - Wah Soon Chow
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Oula Ghannoum
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
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16
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Lazár D, Niu Y, Nedbal L. Insights on the regulation of photosynthesis in pea leaves exposed to oscillating light. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:6380-6393. [PMID: 36036782 PMCID: PMC9578350 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants growing in nature often experience fluctuating irradiance. However, in the laboratory, the dynamics of photosynthesis are usually explored by instantaneously exposing dark-adapted plants to constant light and examining the dark-to-light transition, which is a poor approximation of natural phenomena. With the aim creating a better approximation, we exposed leaves of pea (Pisum sativum) to oscillating light and measured changes in the functioning of PSI and PSII, and of the proton motive force at the thylakoid membrane. We found that the dynamics depended on the oscillation period, revealing information about the underlying regulatory networks. As demonstrated for a selected oscillation period of 60 s, the regulation tries to keep the reaction centers of PSI and PSII open. We present an evaluation of the data obtained, and discuss the involvement of particular processes in the regulation of photosynthesis. The forced oscillations provided an information-rich fingerprint of complex regulatory networks. We expect future progress in understanding these networks from experiments involving chemical interventions and plant mutants, and by using mathematical modeling and systems identification and control tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dušan Lazár
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Yuxi Niu
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences/Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, D-52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Ladislav Nedbal
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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17
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Schansker G. Determining photosynthetic control, a probe for the balance between electron transport and Calvin-Benson cycle activity, with the DUAL-KLAS-NIR. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2022; 153:191-204. [PMID: 35844008 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-022-00934-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic Control is defined as the control imposed on photosynthetic electron transport by the lumen-pH-sensitive re-oxidation of plastoquinol (PQH2) by cytochrome b6f. Photosynthetic Control leads at higher actinic light intensities to an electron transport chain with a (relatively) reduced photosystem (PS) II and PQ pool and a (relatively) oxidized PS I. Making Light Curves of more than 33 plant species with the recently introduced DUAL-KLAS-NIR (Chl a fluorescence + the redox states of plastocyanin (PC), P700, and ferredoxin (Fd)) the light intensity-dependent induction of Photosynthetic Control was probed and characterized. It was observed that PC became completely oxidized at light intensities ≤ 400 µmol photons m-2 s-1 (at lower light intensities in shade than in sun leaves). The relationship between qP and P700(red) was used to determine the extent of Photosynthetic Control. Instead of measuring the whole Light Curve, it was shown that a single moderate light intensity can be used to characterize the status of a leaf relative to that of other leaves. It was further found that in some shade-acclimated leaves Fd becomes again more oxidized at high light intensities indicating that electron transfer from the PQ pool to P700 cannot keep up with the outflow of electrons on the acceptor side of PS I. It was observed as well that for NPQ-induction a lower light intensity (less acidified lumen) was needed than for the induction of Photosynthetic Control. The measurements were also used to make a comparison between the parameters qP and qL, a comparison suggesting that qP was the more relevant parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gert Schansker
- Heinz Walz GmbH, Eichenring 6, 91090, Effeltrich, Germany.
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18
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Han J, Chang CYY, Gu L, Zhang Y, Meeker EW, Magney TS, Walker AP, Wen J, Kira O, McNaull S, Sun Y. The physiological basis for estimating photosynthesis from Chla fluorescence. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:1206-1219. [PMID: 35181903 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Solar-induced Chl fluorescence (SIF) offers the potential to curb large uncertainties in the estimation of photosynthesis across biomes and climates, and at different spatiotemporal scales. However, it remains unclear how SIF should be used to mechanistically estimate photosynthesis. In this study, we built a quantitative framework for the estimation of photosynthesis, based on a mechanistic light reaction model with the Chla fluorescence of Photosystem II (SIFPSII ) as an input (MLR-SIF). Utilizing 29 C3 and C4 plant species that are representative of major plant biomes across the globe, we confirmed the validity of this framework at the leaf level. The MLR-SIF model is capable of accurately reproducing photosynthesis for all C3 and C4 species under diverse light, temperature, and CO2 conditions. We further tested the robustness of the MLR-SIF model using Monte Carlo simulations, and found that photosynthesis estimates were much less sensitive to parameter uncertainties relative to the conventional Farquhar, von Caemmerer, Berry (FvCB) model because of the additional independent information contained in SIFPSII . Once inferred from direct observables of SIF, SIFPSII provides 'parameter savings' to the MLR-SIF model, compared to the mechanistically equivalent FvCB model, and thus avoids the uncertainties arising as a result of imperfect model parameterization. Our findings set the stage for future efforts to employ SIF mechanistically to improve photosynthesis estimates across a variety of scales, functional groups, and environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimei Han
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Soil and Crop Science Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Christine Y-Y Chang
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Soil and Crop Science Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Adaptive Cropping Systems Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Lianhong Gu
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Yongjiang Zhang
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Eliot W Meeker
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Troy S Magney
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Anthony P Walker
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Jiaming Wen
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Soil and Crop Science Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Oz Kira
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Soil and Crop Science Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Negev, 8410501, Israel
| | - Sarah McNaull
- Cornell Botanic Gardens, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Ying Sun
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Soil and Crop Science Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
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19
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Han J, Gu L, Warren JM, Guha A, Mclennan DA, Zhang W, Zhang Y. The roles of photochemical and non-photochemical quenching in regulating photosynthesis depend on the phases of fluctuating light conditions. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:848-861. [PMID: 34617116 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The induction and relaxation of photochemistry and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) are not instantaneous and require time to respond to fluctuating environments. There is a lack of integrated understanding on how photochemistry and NPQ influence photosynthesis in fluctuating environments. We measured the induction and relaxation of chlorophyll a fluorescence and gas exchange in poplar and cotton at varying temperatures under saturating and fluctuating lights. When the light shifted from dark to high, the fraction of open reaction centers in photosystem II (qL) gradually increased while NPQ increased suddenly and then remained stable. Temperature significantly changed the response of qL but not that of NPQ during the dark to high light transition. Increased qL led to higher photosynthesis but their precise relationship was affected by NPQ and temperature. qL was significantly related to biochemical capacity. Thus, qL appears to be a strong indicator of the activation of carboxylase, leading to the similar dynamics between qL and photosynthesis. When the light shifted from high to low intensity, NPQ is still engaged at a high level, causing a stronger decline in photosynthesis. Our finding suggests that the dynamic effects of photochemistry and NPQ on photosynthesis depend on the phases of environmental fluctuations and interactive effects of light and temperature. Across the full spectra of light fluctuation, the slow induction of qL is a more important limiting factor than the slow relaxation of NPQ for photosynthesis in typical ranges of temperature for photosynthesis. The findings provided a new perspective to improve photosynthetic productivity with molecular biology under natural fluctuating environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimei Han
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, North Four Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, P.R. China
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Soil and Crop Sciences Section, Cornell University, 360 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Lianhong Gu
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Warren
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Anirban Guha
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - David A Mclennan
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Wangfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, North Four Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, P.R. China
| | - Yali Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, North Four Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, P.R. China
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20
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Han J, Gu L, Wen J, Sun Y. Inference of photosynthetic capacity parameters from chlorophyll a fluorescence is affected by redox state of PSII reaction centers. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:1298-1314. [PMID: 35098552 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) has been used to infer photosynthetic capacity parameters (e.g., the maximum carboxylation rate Vcmax , and the maximum electron transport rate Jmax ). However, the precise mechanism and practical utility of such approach under dynamic environments remain unclear. We used the balance between the light and carbon reactions to derive theoretical equations relating chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlF) emission and photosynthetic capacity parameters, and formulated testable hypotheses regarding the dynamic relationships between the true total ChlF emitted from PSII (SIFPSII ) and Vcmax and Jmax . We employed concurrent measurements of gas exchanges and ChlF parameters for 15 species from six biomes to test the formulated hypotheses across species, temperatures, and limitation state of carboxylation. Our results revealed that SIFPSII alone is incapable of informing the variations in Vcmax and Jmax across species, even when SIFPSII is determined under the same environmental conditions. In contrast, the product of SIFPSII and the fraction of open PSII reactions qL , which indicates the redox state of PSII, is a strong predictor of both Vcmax and Jmax , although their precise relationships vary somewhat with environmental conditions. Our findings suggest the redox state of PSII strongly influences the relationship between SIFPSII and Vcmax and Jmax .
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimei Han
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, School of Integrative Plant Science, Soil and Crop Science Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Lianhong Gu
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jiaming Wen
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, School of Integrative Plant Science, Soil and Crop Science Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Ying Sun
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, School of Integrative Plant Science, Soil and Crop Science Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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21
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Li R, Lombardozzi D, Shi M, Frankenberg C, Parazoo NC, Köhler P, Yi K, Guan K, Yang X. Representation of Leaf-to-Canopy Radiative Transfer Processes Improves Simulation of Far-Red Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence in the Community Land Model Version 5. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS 2022; 14:e2021MS002747. [PMID: 35865620 PMCID: PMC9285887 DOI: 10.1029/2021ms002747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in satellite observations of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) provide a new opportunity to constrain the simulation of terrestrial gross primary productivity (GPP). Accurate representation of the processes driving SIF emission and its radiative transfer to remote sensing sensors is an essential prerequisite for data assimilation. Recently, SIF simulations have been incorporated into several land surface models, but the scaling of SIF from leaf-level to canopy-level is usually not well-represented. Here, we incorporate the simulation of far-red SIF observed at nadir into the Community Land Model version 5 (CLM5). Leaf-level fluorescence yield was simulated by a parametric simplification of the Soil Canopy-Observation of Photosynthesis and Energy fluxes model (SCOPE). And an efficient and accurate method based on escape probability is developed to scale SIF from leaf-level to top-of-canopy while taking clumping and the radiative transfer processes into account. SIF simulated by CLM5 and SCOPE agreed well at sites except one in needleleaf forest (R 2 > 0.91, root-mean-square error <0.19 W⋅m-2⋅sr-1⋅μm-1), and captured the day-to-day variation of tower-measured SIF at temperate forest sites (R 2 > 0.68). At the global scale, simulated SIF generally captured the spatial and seasonal patterns of satellite-observed SIF. Factors including the fluorescence emission model, clumping, bidirectional effect, and leaf optical properties had considerable impacts on SIF simulation, and the discrepancies between simulate d and observed SIF varied with plant functional type. By improving the representation of radiative transfer for SIF simulation, our model allows better comparisons between simulated and observed SIF toward constraining GPP simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- Department of Environmental SciencesUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA
| | - Danica Lombardozzi
- Climate and Global Dynamics LaboratoryNational Center for Atmospheric ResearchBoulderCOUSA
| | - Mingjie Shi
- Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWAUSA
| | - Christian Frankenberg
- Division of Geological and Planetary SciencesCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | | | - Philipp Köhler
- Division of Geological and Planetary SciencesCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Koong Yi
- Department of Environmental SciencesUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA
- Earth and Environmental Sciences AreaLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCAUSA
| | - Kaiyu Guan
- College of Agricultural, Consumers, and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaILUSA
- National Center of Supercomputing ApplicationsUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaILUSA
- Agroecosystem Sustainability Center, Institute for Sustainability, Energy, and Environment (iSEE)University of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaILUSA
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Environmental SciencesUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA
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22
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Salvatori N, Carteni F, Giannino F, Alberti G, Mazzoleni S, Peressotti A. A System Dynamics Approach to Model Photosynthesis at Leaf Level Under Fluctuating Light. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:787877. [PMID: 35154180 PMCID: PMC8833254 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.787877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis has been mainly studied under steady-state conditions even though this assumption results inadequate for assessing the biochemical responses to rapid variations occurring in natural environments. The combination of mathematical models with available data may enhance the understanding of the dynamic responses of plants to fluctuating environments and can be used to make predictions on how photosynthesis would respond to non-steady-state conditions. In this study, we present a leaf level System Dynamics photosynthesis model based and validated on an experiment performed on two soybean varieties, namely, the wild type Eiko and the chlorophyll-deficient mutant MinnGold, grown in constant and fluctuating light conditions. This mutant is known to have similar steady-state photosynthesis compared to the green wild type, but it is found to have less biomass at harvest. It has been hypothesized that this might be due to an unoptimized response to non-steady-state conditions; therefore, this mutant seems appropriate to investigate dynamic photosynthesis. The model explained well the photosynthetic responses of these two varieties to fluctuating and constant light conditions and allowed to make relevant conclusions on the different dynamic responses of the two varieties. Deviations between data and model simulations are mostly evident in the non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) dynamics due to the oversimplified combination of PsbS- and zeaxanthin-dependent kinetics, failing in finely capturing the NPQ responses at different timescales. Nevertheless, due to its simplicity, the model can provide the basis of an upscaled dynamic model at a plant level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Salvatori
- DI4A, Department of Agri-Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Carteni
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Francesco Giannino
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Giorgio Alberti
- DI4A, Department of Agri-Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Stefano Mazzoleni
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Peressotti
- DI4A, Department of Agri-Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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23
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Johnson JE, Field CB, Berry JA. The limiting factors and regulatory processes that control the environmental responses of C 3, C 3-C 4 intermediate, and C 4 photosynthesis. Oecologia 2021; 197:841-866. [PMID: 34714387 PMCID: PMC8591018 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-05062-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Here, we describe a model of C3, C3-C4 intermediate, and C4 photosynthesis that is designed to facilitate quantitative analysis of physiological measurements. The model relates the factors limiting electron transport and carbon metabolism, the regulatory processes that coordinate these metabolic domains, and the responses to light, carbon dioxide, and temperature. It has three unique features. First, mechanistic expressions describe how the cytochrome b6f complex controls electron transport in mesophyll and bundle sheath chloroplasts. Second, the coupling between the mesophyll and bundle sheath expressions represents how feedback regulation of Cyt b6f coordinates electron transport and carbon metabolism. Third, the temperature sensitivity of Cyt b6f is differentiated from that of the coupling between NADPH, Fd, and ATP production. Using this model, we present simulations demonstrating that the light dependence of the carbon dioxide compensation point in C3-C4 leaves can be explained by co-occurrence of light saturation in the mesophyll and light limitation in the bundle sheath. We also present inversions demonstrating that population-level variation in the carbon dioxide compensation point in a Type I C3-C4 plant, Flaveria chloraefolia, can be explained by variable allocation of photosynthetic capacity to the bundle sheath. These results suggest that Type I C3-C4 intermediate plants adjust pigment and protein distributions to optimize the glycine shuttle under different light and temperature regimes, and that the malate and aspartate shuttles may have originally functioned to smooth out the energy supply and demand associated with the glycine shuttle. This model has a wide range of potential applications to physiological, ecological, and evolutionary questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Johnson
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Christopher B Field
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Joseph A Berry
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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24
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Cinq-Mars M, Samson G. Down-Regulation of Photosynthetic Electron Transport and Decline in CO2 Assimilation under Low Frequencies of Pulsed Lights. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10102033. [PMID: 34685841 PMCID: PMC8540243 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The decline in CO2 assimilation in leaves exposed to decreasing frequencies of pulsed light is well characterized, in contrast to the regulation of photosynthetic electron transport under these conditions. Thus, we exposed sunflower leaves to pulsed lights of different frequencies but with the same duty ratio (25%) and averaged light intensity (575 μmoles photons m−2 s−1). The rates of net photosynthesis Pn were constant from 125 to 10 Hz, and declined by 70% from 10 to 0.1 Hz. This decline coincided with (1) a marked increase in nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ), and (2) the completion after 25 ms of illumination of the first phase of P700 photooxidation, the primary electron donor of PSI. Under longer light pulses (<5 Hz), there was a slower and larger P700 photooxidation phase that could be attributed to the larger NPQ and to a resistance of electron flow on the PSI donor side indicated by 44% slower kinetics of a P700+ dark reduction. In addition, at low frequencies, the decrease in quantum yield of photochemistry was 2.3-times larger for PSII than for PSI. Globally, our results indicate that the decline in CO2 assimilation at 10 Hz and lower frequencies coincide with the formation of NPQ and a restriction of electron flows toward PSI, favoring the accumulation of harmless P700+.
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25
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Porcar-Castell A, Malenovský Z, Magney T, Van Wittenberghe S, Fernández-Marín B, Maignan F, Zhang Y, Maseyk K, Atherton J, Albert LP, Robson TM, Zhao F, Garcia-Plazaola JI, Ensminger I, Rajewicz PA, Grebe S, Tikkanen M, Kellner JR, Ihalainen JA, Rascher U, Logan B. Chlorophyll a fluorescence illuminates a path connecting plant molecular biology to Earth-system science. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:998-1009. [PMID: 34373605 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-00980-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
For decades, the dynamic nature of chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlaF) has provided insight into the biophysics and ecophysiology of the light reactions of photosynthesis from the subcellular to leaf scales. Recent advances in remote sensing methods enable detection of ChlaF induced by sunlight across a range of larger scales, from using instruments mounted on towers above plant canopies to Earth-orbiting satellites. This signal is referred to as solar-induced fluorescence (SIF) and its application promises to overcome spatial constraints on studies of photosynthesis, opening new research directions and opportunities in ecology, ecophysiology, biogeochemistry, agriculture and forestry. However, to unleash the full potential of SIF, intensive cross-disciplinary work is required to harmonize these new advances with the rich history of biophysical and ecophysiological studies of ChlaF, fostering the development of next-generation plant physiological and Earth-system models. Here, we introduce the scale-dependent link between SIF and photosynthesis, with an emphasis on seven remaining scientific challenges, and present a roadmap to facilitate future collaborative research towards new applications of SIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Porcar-Castell
- Optics of Photosynthesis Laboratory, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Forest Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Center (ViPS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Zbyněk Malenovský
- School of Geography, Planning, and Spatial Sciences, College of Sciences Engineering and Technology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Troy Magney
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Shari Van Wittenberghe
- Optics of Photosynthesis Laboratory, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Forest Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Center (ViPS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Laboratory of Earth Observation, University of Valencia, Paterna, Spain
| | - Beatriz Fernández-Marín
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, University of La Laguna (ULL), Tenerife, Spain
| | - Fabienne Maignan
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Yongguang Zhang
- International Institute for Earth System Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kadmiel Maseyk
- School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Jon Atherton
- Optics of Photosynthesis Laboratory, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Forest Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Center (ViPS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Loren P Albert
- Institute at Brown for Environment and Society, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Biology Department, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Thomas Matthew Robson
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Feng Zhao
- School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Ingo Ensminger
- Department of Biology, Graduate Programs in Cell & Systems Biology and Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paulina A Rajewicz
- Optics of Photosynthesis Laboratory, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Forest Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Center (ViPS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Steffen Grebe
- Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mikko Tikkanen
- Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - James R Kellner
- Institute at Brown for Environment and Society, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Janne A Ihalainen
- Nanoscience Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Uwe Rascher
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Barry Logan
- Biology Department, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME, USA
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