Sorption and degradation of carbaryl in soils amended with biochars: influence of biochar type and content

2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) sorption and desorption as a function of biochar properties and pyrolysis temperature

2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) is a highly mobile herbicide that is frequently detected in global potable water sources. One potential mitigation strategy is the sorption on biochar to limit harm to unidentified targets. However, irreversible sorption could restrict bioefficacy thereby compromising its usefulness as a vital crop herbicide. This research evaluated the effect of pyrolysis temperatures (350, 500 and 800°C) on three feedstocks; poultry manure, rice hulls and wood pellets, particularly to examine effects on the magnitude and reversibility of MCPA sorption. Sorption increased with pyrolysis temperature from 350 to 800°C. Sorption and desorption coefficients were strongly corelated with each other (R2 = 0.99; P < .05). Poultry manure and rice hulls pyrolyzed at 800°C exhibited irreversible sorption while for wood pellets at 800°C desorption was concentration dependent. At higher concentrations some desorption was observed (36% at 50 ppm) but was reduced at lower concentrations (1-3% at < 5 ppm). Desorption decreased with increasing pyrolysis temperature. Sorption data were analyzed with Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich and Temkin isotherm models. Freundlich isotherms were better predictors of MCPA sorption (R2 ranging from 0.78 to 0.99). Poultry manure and rice hulls when pyrolyzed at higher temperatures (500 and 800°C) could be used for remediation efforts (such as spills or water filtration), due to the lack of desorption observed. On the other hand, un-pyrolyzed feedstocks or biochars created at 350°C could perform superior for direct field applications to limit indirect losses including runoff and leaching, since these materials also possess the ability to release MCPA subsequently to potentially allow herbicidal action.

A review on influence of biochar amendment on soil processes and environmental remediation

Biochar is the thermal degradation product of biomass generated in an oxygen-limited environment under different pyrolysis conditions. Biochar characteristics are functions of the feedstock material and pyrolysis temperature. Depending on pyrolysis conditions biochar concentrates varying quantities of recalcitrant and labile carbon along with nutrients which in turn affect soil physiochemical properties and microbial processes. Biochar in soil balances carbon content encourages nitrogen fixation and solubilize phosphorus along with enhancing soil enzyme activity. It serves as a microhabitat for microorganisms present in soil thus influences the diversity, composition, and distribution of soil microbial communities by affecting their intra- and interspecific communication. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge about biochar characteristics, its interactions with soil, and associated biota and its role in soil remediation. In addition, this paper also discussed the factors affecting the capacity of biochar to adsorb organic pollutants following different mechanisms. Being an effective adsorbent due its high specific surface area, large porosity, and numerous surface functional groups biochar has been explored extensively in field of environment to remediate contaminated soils.

Bacterial diversity changes in response to an altitudinal gradient in arid and semi-arid regions and their effects on crops growth

The microbiome of soil has a fundamental role in maintaining the health of soil and plants. While the diversity of microbes is one of the most important factors in the environment, little is known about the effects of elevation on the microbiome and the impact of the affected microbiome on plants. The main goal of this study is to expand our knowledge of what happens to the soil bacterial community along an altitudinal gradient and investigate their possibly different impacts on plant growth. Bacteria from soils at various altitudes have been isolated, characterized, and identified by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) to determine the effects of an elevational gradient on the microbiome and plant growth. Furthermore, their effects have been investigated by isolates assessment on maize, wheat, and canola. Based on our results, higher altitude results in a higher diversity of the microbiome and lower bacteria biomass. Bacillus cereus is found in abundance in arid and semi-arid samples. Interestingly, enhanced diversity in higher altitudes shows similarity in response to environmental stress and tolerates these factors well. Furthermore, the inoculation of these bacteria could enhance the overall growth of plants. We prove that bacterial communities could change their biomass and diversity in response to altitude changes. These indicate evolutionary pressure as these bacteria could tolerate stress factors well and have a better relationship with plants.

Effects of biochar-based materials on the bioavailability of soil organic pollutants and their biological impacts

Motivated by the unique structure and superior properties, biochar-based materials, including pristine biochar and composites of biochar with other functional materials, are considered as new generation materials for diverse multi-functional applications, which may be intentionally or unintentionally released to soil. The influencing mechanism of biochar-based material on soil organisms is a key aspect for quantifying and predicting its benefits and trade-offs. This work focuses on the effects of biochar-based materials on soil organisms within the past ten years. 206 sources are reviewed and available knowledge on biochar-based materials' impacts on soil organisms is summarized from a diverse perspective, including the pollutant bioavailability changes in soil, and potential effects of biochar-based materials on soil organisms. Herein, effects of biochar-based materials on the bioavailability of soil organic pollutants are detailed, from the perspective of plant, microorganism, and soil fauna. Potential biological effects of pristine biochar (PBC), metal/metal compounds-biochar composites (MBC), clay minerals-biochar composites (CMBC), and carbonaceous materials-biochar composites (CBC) on soil organisms are highlighted for the first time. And possible mechanisms are presented based on the different characters of biochar-based materials as well as various environmental interactions. Finally, the bottleneck and challenges of risk assessment of biochar-based materials as well as future prospects are proposed. This work not only promotes the development of risk assessment system of biochar-based materials, but broadens the strategy for the design and optimization of environmental-friendly biochar materials.

A review of pesticides sorption in biochar from maize, rice, and wheat residues: Current status and challenges for soil application

The use of pesticides has been increasing in recent years for maintaining traditional agricultural practices. However, these chemicals are associated with several environmental impacts, demanding urgent remediation techniques. Biochar is a carbonaceous material produced by pyrolysis that has the potential for pesticide sorption and remediation. In this context, this interdisciplinary review systematically assessed the state of the knowledge of crop residues to produce biochar for pesticide sorption. We focused on maize, rice, and wheat residues since these are the three most-produced grains worldwide. Besides, we evaluated different biochar handling, storage, and soil dispersion techniques to ease its implementation in agriculture. In general, pyrolysis temperature influences biochar characteristics and its potential for pesticide sorption. Furthermore, biochar amended soils had greater pesticide sorption capacity, limiting potential leaching and runoff. Most studies showed that the feedstock and specific surface area influence the biochar sorption properties, among other factors. Also, biochar reduces pesticides' bioavailability, decreasing their toxicity to soil organisms and improving soil fertility and crop yields. Nonetheless, the retrieved papers assessed only 21 pesticides, mainly consisting of lab-scale batch experiments. Therefore, there is still a gap in studies evaluating biochar aging, its potential desorption, pesticide co-contaminations, the associated microbiological processes, and field applications. Determining flow properties for biochars of different sizes and pellets is vital for reliable handling equipment design, and performing techno-economic assessment under different farm contexts is encouraged. Ultimately, coupling biochar production with residue management could address this challenge on sustainable agricultural systems.

Phytotoxicity of petroleum hydrocarbons: Sources, impacts and remediation strategies

Extraction and exploration of petroleum hydrocarbons (PHs) to satisfy the rising world population's fossil fuel demand is playing havoc with human beings and other life forms by contaminating the ecosystem, particularly the soil. In the current review, we highlighted the sources of PHs contamination, factors affecting the PHs accumulation in soil, mechanisms of uptake, translocation and potential toxic effects of PHs on plants. In plants, PHs reduce the seed germination andnutrients translocation, and induce oxidative stress, disturb the plant metabolic activity and inhibit the plant physiology and morphology that ultimately reduce plant yield. Moreover, the defense strategy in plants to mitigate the PHs toxicity and other potential remediation techniques, including the use of organic manure, compost, plant hormones, and biochar, and application of microbe-assisted remediation, and phytoremediation are also discussed in the current review. These remediation strategies not only help to remediate PHs pollutionin the soil rhizosphere but also enhance the morphological and physiological attributes of plant and results to improve crop yield under PHs contaminated soils. This review aims to provide significant information on ecological importance of PHs stress in various interdisciplinary investigations and critical remediation techniques to mitigate the contamination of PHs in agricultural soils.

Biochar-induced changes in soil microbial affect species of antimony in contaminated soils

Antimony (Sb) is a highly toxic heavy metal, and the amount of Sb in the soil is increasing due to anthropogenic activities. Recently, biochar (BC) has been used for remediation of Sb-contaminated soil, therefore, understanding the effect of BC-induced changes in soil microbial on the change of Sb speciation will help to elucidate the mechanism of BC in immobilization/mobilization of Sb in contaminated soils. Sb-contaminated soil with 10 wt % of Wheat straw-derived BC (SBC) and fruit (apple) tree-derived BC (FBC) and control was incubated for 130 days. Changes of soil bacterial community composition and Sb oxidation gene induced by BC were explored during the incubation. Dynamic change of Sb speciation was assessed by the citric acid extraction. The redundancy analysis (RDA) and spearman analysis (PCA) was used to analyze the relationship between Sb immobilization/mobilization and change of soil bacterial community induced by BC. The soil properties change induced by BC affected soil bacterial community composition, and Sb mobilization was strongly related to the change of soil bacterial community composition. The relative abundance of Sb oxidation gene increased in the soil amended by BC, which proved that oxidation of Sb(III) after 20 d incubation with SBC and 50 d incubation with FBC incubation. It is noteworthy that the application of BC has a potential mobilizing risk for Sb and both the change of soil bacteria and soil chemical properties play an important role in Sb mobilization. The possible risks induced by BC should be considered before applying the BC to Sb contaminated soil.

Degradation of BDE-47 in mangrove sediments with amendment of extra carbon sources

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely detected in coastal wetlands but their remediation is still difficult. In this study, different carbon sources, namely formate, acetate, pyruvate, lactate, succinate, methanol and ethanol, were added to mangrove sediments contaminated with BDE-47, a common PBDE congener, to enhance its degradation. After 2-month incubation, all carbon addition significantly enhanced degradation percentages. The residual BDE-47 percentage significantly correlated with the abundance of total bacteria and Dehalococcoides spp. The addition of methanol, acetate and succinate also achieved significantly higher degradation rates and shorter half-lives than sediments without carbon amendment at the end of 5-month incubation, although degradation percentages were comparable between sediments with and without extra carbon. The degradation pathway based on the profiles of degradation products was also similar among treatments. The results indicated the stimulatory effect of extra carbon sources on BDE-47 degradation in contaminated sediments was carbon- and time-specific.

Risk Evaluation of Pyrolyzed Biochar from Multiple Wastes

This paper aims at demonstrating the significance of biochar risk evaluation and reviewing risk evaluation from the aspects of pyrolysis process, feedstock, and sources of hazards in biochar and their potential effects and the methods used in risk evaluation. Feedstock properties and the resultant biochar produced at different pyrolysis process influence their chemical, physical, and structural properties, which are vital in understanding the functionality of biochar. Biochar use has been linked to some risks in soil application such as biochar being toxic, facilitating GHGs emission, suppression of the effectiveness of pesticides, and effects on soil microbes. These potential risks originate from feedstock, contaminated feedstock, and pyrolysis conditions that favor the creation of characteristics and functional groups of this nature. These toxic compounds formed pose a threat to human health through the food chain. Determination of toxicity levels is a first step in the risk management of toxic biochar. Various sorption methods of biochar utilized low-cost adsorbents, engineered surface functional groups, and nZVI modified biochars. The mechanisms of organic compound removal was through sorption, enhanced sorption, modified biochar, postpyrolysis thermal air oxidation and that of PFRs degradation was through activation, photoactive functional groups, magnetization, and hydrothermal synthesis. Emissions of GHGs in soils amended with biochar emanated through physical and biotic mediated mechanisms. BCNs have a significance in reducing the health quotient indices for PTEs risk contamination by suppressing cancer risk arising from consumption of contaminated food. The degree of environmental risk assessment of HM pollution in biomass and biochars has been determined by using potential ecological risk index and RAC while organic contaminant degradation by EPFRs was considered when assessing the environmental roles of biochar in regulating the fate of contaminants removal. The magnitude of technologies’ net benefit must be considered in relation to the associated risks.

Sorption of ionic and neutral species of pharmaceuticals to loessial soil amended with biochars

To clarify the impact of biochar amendment on soil sorption for coexisting pharmaceuticals, wheat straw-derived biochars pyrolyzed at 300 and 700 °C (labeled as WS300 and WS700, respectively) were prepared. Batch experiments on ketoprofen (KTP), atenolol (ATL) and carbamazepine (CBZ) sorption to biochars, loessial soil and biochar-amended soils were conducted. The results indicated that sorption affinity of different species of pharmaceuticals to WS300 and WS700 was in the order of cationic ATL > neutral CBZ > anionic KTP. Cationic ATL had the highest sorption to biochars due to electrostatic attraction. Coexisting ATL, CBZ and KTP competed for the shared adsorption sites on carbonized phase of biochars, and π-π interactions were proposed to be the main sorption mechanism. Sorption coefficients (K_d) and nonlinearity of ATL, CBZ and KTP to soil increased when biochar was added (5% by weight), especially for WS700 with higher specific surface area. K_d values of the three pharmaceuticals to WS700-amended soil in either single solute or bisolute system were one to two orders of magnitude higher than those to soil, indicating the promoting role of WS700 in sorption of coexisting pharmaceuticals in soil. The study demonstrated the enhanced and competitive sorption of ionic and neutral species of pharmaceuticals to soil amended with biochars, which is helpful in designing biochar as effective sorbents for immobilization of pharmaceuticals in soil remediation.

The biodegradation of carbaryl in soil with Rhodopseudomonas capsulata in wastewater treatment effluent

In this study, the effects of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata present in wastewater effluent on the biodegradation of carbaryl in soil and improvement of soil fertility were investigated. Compared to control treatment, carbaryl was removed efficiently and soil fertility was remediated with the addition of effluent containing R. capsulata. Molecular analysis revealed that carbaryl induced carbaryl hydrolase gene expression to synthesize carbaryl hydrolase through activating MAPKKKs, MAPKKs, MAPKs genes in MAPK signal transduction pathway. The induction and secretion of carbaryl hydrolase occur after one day in R. capsulata, which can be attributed to its characteristics as an ancient bacteria, which require acclimatization to carbaryl before gene induction. However, lack of organics in soil and control treatment could not maintain R. capsulata growth for over one day. The residual organics in the effluent provided sufficient carbon source and energy for R. capsulata under four effluent treatments. This new method resulted in the remediation of carbaryl pollution and improvement of soil fertility and soybean processing wastewater treatment simultaneously, as well as the reutilization of wastewater and R. capsulata as sludge. Meanwhile, the high-order non-linear mathematical model about carbaryl removal rate was established.

Carbaryl biodegradation by Xylaria sp. BNL1 and its metabolic pathway

Although ascomycetes occupy a vaster niche in soil than the well-studied basidiomycetes, they have received limited attention in studies related to bioremediation. In this study, the degradation of carbaryl by Xylaria sp. was studied in different culture conditions and its possible metabolic pathway was elucidated. In liquid culture, 99% of the added carbaryl was eliminated when cytochrome P450 (CYP450) was active, which was similar to the degradation rate of Pleurotus ostreatus, a fungus with strong bioremediation ability. Mn²⁺ is beneficial to the degradation of carbaryl. Compared to the 72.17% degradation rate in sterile soil, 59.0% carbaryl was eliminated in non-sterile soil, which suggested that Xylaria sp. BNL1 can resist microorganismal infection. Furthermore, the intracellular fractions containing laccase, CYP450, and carbaryl esterase efficiently degraded carbaryl. The presence of carbaryl metabolites suggested that Xylaria sp. BNL1 initiated its attack on carbaryl via carbaryl esterase to release α-naphthol, which was further degraded to 1,4-naphthoquinone and benzoic acid by CYP450 and laccase. Thus, our study highlights the potential of using Xylaria sp. for bioremediation.

Aging effect of minerals on biochar properties and sorption capacities for atrazine and phenanthrene

Biochars that were produced from pig manure at two different temperatures were incubated with three different minerals to examine the effects of soil minerals on biochar properties and sorption capacities. Biochars freshly mixed with minerals showed dramatic decreases in the sorption of atrazine (maximum decrease by 70.9% at C_e = 0.5 S_w) and phenanthrene (maximum decrease by 69.5% at C_e = 0.5 S_w) compared to unmixed biochars. Following the incubation, minerals were tightly attached to the biochar surface and insert into inner pores, thus changing the elemental composition and surface area of biochars in a manner dependent on the types of biochars and minerals involved. The changes in biochar properties in turn affected biochar sorption capacities. The sorption of both atrazine and phenanthrene by the pig manure biochar produced at 300 °C (BC300) decreased after aging due to an increase in surface hydrophilicity. In contrast, the sorption of atrazine and phenanthrene by BC700 increased after aging with minerals, which could be attributed to the increase in surface area caused by the minerals. However, the sorption capacities of the aged BC700 were still lower than those of the fresh BC700.

Biochars change the sorption and degradation of thiacloprid in soil: Insights into chemical and biological mechanisms

One interest of using biochar as soil amendment is to reduce pesticide adverse effects. In this paper, the sorption and degradation of thiacloprid (THI) in a black soil amended by various biochars were systematically investigated, and the mechanisms therein were explored by analyzing the changes in soil physicochemical properties, degrading enzymes and genes and microorganism community. Biochar amendment increased THI sorption in soil, which was associated with an increase in organic carbon and surface area and a decrease in H/C. Amendments of 300-PT (pyrolyzing temperature) biochar promoted the biodegradation of THI by increasing the microbe abundance and improving nitrile hydratase (NHase) activity. In contrast, 500- and 700-PT biochar amendments inhibited biodegradation by reducing THI availability and changing NHase activity and THI-degradative nth gene abundance, and instead promoted chemical degradation mainly through elevated pH, active groups on mineral surface and generation of •OH and other free radicals. Furthermore, THI shifted the soil microbial community, stimulated the NHase activity and elevated nth gene abundance. Biochar amendments also changed soil bacterial community by modulating soil pH, dissolved organic matter and nitrogen and phosphorus levels, which further influenced THI biodegradation. Therefore, the impact of biochars on the fate of a pesticide in soil depends greatly on their type and properties, which should be comprehensively examined when applying biochar to soil.

Effect of biochar on photosynthetic microorganism growth and iron cycling in paddy soil under different phosphate levels

The surplus of exogenous and endogenous phosphate in submerged paddy fields could increase the risk of algal blooms, the photosynthesis of which might further influence the redox processes of iron. This work investigated the effects of biochar on photosynthetic microorganism growth and iron redox under different phosphate (P) levels to understand the dynamics of P and thereby control non-point source pollution by biochar addition. Paddy soils were incubated anaerobically with phosphate and biochar addition under controlled illumination conditions to determine the variation in chlorophyll a (Chl a), ferrous iron [Fe(II)], soil pH and water-soluble phosphate (W-P) with incubation time. Biochar addition significantly inhibited the photosynthetic microorganism growth, with Chl a decreased by 4.74-15.78mg·g^-1 when compared with the control. Fe(III) reduction was significantly stimulated in response to biochar addition, while Fe(II) oxidation was inhibited because of the suppression of photosynthetic microorganism growth. The enhanced Fe(III) reduction and suppressed Fe(II) oxidation decreased the P solubility in the tested soils. These findings provide a cost-effective approach for inhibiting photosynthetic microorganism growth in paddy field and valuable insight into the effect of iron cycling on P retention for further management of eutrophication from exogenous and endogenous P loading.

Biochar accelerates microbial reductive debromination of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) in anaerobic mangrove sediments

A common congener of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), is a prevalent, persistent and toxic pollutant. It could be removed by reduction debromination by microorganisms but the rate is often slow. The study hypothesized that spent mushroom substrate derived biochar amendment could accelerate the microbial reductive debromination of BDE-47 in anaerobic mangrove sediment slurries and evaluated the mechanisms behind. At the end of 20-week experiment, percentages of residual BDE-47 in slurries amended with biochar were significantly lower but debromination products were higher than those without biochar. Such stimulatory effect on debromination was dosage-dependent, and debromination was coupled with iron (Fe) reduction. Biochar amendment significantly enhanced the Fe(II):Fe(III) ratio, Fe(III) reduction rate and the abundance of iron-reducing bacteria in genus Geobacter, thus promoting bacterial iron-reducing process. The abundances of dehalogenating bacteria in genera Dehalobacter, Dehalococcoides, Dehalogenimonas and Desulfitobacterium were also stimulated by biochar. Biochar as an electron shuttle might increase electron transfer from iron-reducing and dehalogenating bacteria to PBDEs for their reductive debromination. More, biochar shifted microbial community composition in sediment, particularly the enrichment of potential PBDE-degrading bacteria including organohalide-respiring and sulfate-reducing bacteria, which in turn facilitated the reductive debromination of BDE-47 in anaerobic mangrove sediment slurries.

Enhanced iron(III) reduction following amendment of paddy soils with biochar and glucose modified biochar

Although biochar application to paddy fields has been widely studied, its effects on Fe(III) reduction have not yet been investigated. Paddy soil slurry and soil microbial inoculation incubation were conducted with unmodified biochar (UMB) or glucose-modified biochar (GMB) additions at different particle sizes. The Fe(II) concentration and pH value were determined regularly, and Fe(III) reducing capacity (FeRC) was evaluated by modeling. Fe(III) reduction potential (a) was increased by 0-1.96 mg g^-1 in response to UMBs addition, and a more remarkable increase in a was related to the decrease of particle size. The dissolved organic carbon of UMBs was responsible for the majority of the biochar reducing capacity. UMBs addition increased the contribution of free Fe and nitrate nitrogen to FeRC, while it decreased that of available phosphorus. Moreover, GMBs led to greater promotion of FeRC than the corresponding UMBs, with an increase in a of 2.9-16% in soil slurry and reduction rate of 13-35% in microbial inoculation incubation. The maximum Fe(III) reduction rate (V _max) with GMBs addition was faster or invariable than UMBs, while the time to V _max (T _Vmax) was shorter or stable. The effect of GMBs on Fe(III) reduction was less sensitive as GMB particle size increased. Compared with UMBs addition, pH declined remarkably in response to GMBs. These findings suggest that GMBs can effectively stimulate Fe(III) reduction in paddy fields, while simultaneously alleviating the pH increase usually caused by pristine biochar application.

Role of biochar on composting of organic wastes and remediation of contaminated soils-a review

Biochar is produced by pyrolysis of biomass residues under limited oxygen conditions. In recent years, biochar as an amendment has received increasing attention on composting and soil remediation, due to its unique properties such as chemical recalcitrance, high porosity and sorption capacity, and large surface area. This paper provides an overview on the impact of biochar on the chemical characteristics (greenhouse gas emissions, nitrogen loss, decomposition and humification of organic matter) and microbial community structure during composting of organic wastes. This review also discusses the use of biochar for remediation of soils contaminated with organic pollutants and heavy metals as well as related mechanisms. Besides its aging, the effects of biochar on the environment fate and efficacy of pesticides deserve special attention. Moreover, the combined application of biochar and compost affects synergistically on soil remediation and plant growth. Future research needs are identified to ensure a wide application of biochar in composting and soil remediation. Graphical abstract ᅟ.

Assessing the Effect of Organoclays and Biochar on the Fate of Abscisic Acid in Soil

The potential use of allelopathic and signaling compounds as environmentally friendly agrochemicals is a subject of increasing interest, but the fate of these compounds once they reach the soil environment is poorly understood. This work studied how the sorption, persistence, and leaching of the two enantiomers of the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) in agricultural soil was affected by the amendments of two organoclays (SA-HDTMA and Cloi10) and a biochar derived from apple wood (BC). In conventional 24-h batch sorption experiments, higher affinity toward ABA enantiomers was displayed by SA-HDTMA followed by Cloi10 and then BC. Desorption could be ascertained only in BC, where ABA enantiomers presented difficulties to be desorbed. Dissipation of ABA in the soil was enantioselective with S-ABA being degraded more quickly than R-ABA, and followed the order unamended > Cloi10-amended > BC-amended > SA-HDTMA-amended soil for both enantiomers. Sorption determined during the incubation experiment indicated some loss of sorption capacity with time in organoclay-amended soil and increasing sorption in BC-amended soil, suggesting surface sorption mechanisms for organoclays and slow (potentially pore filling) kinetics in BC-amended soil. The leaching of ABA enantiomers was delayed after amendment of soil to an extent that depended on the amendment sorption capacity, and it was almost completely suppressed by addition of BC due to its irreversible sorption. Organoclays and BC affected differently the final behavior and enantioselectivity of ABA in soil as a consequence of dissimilar sorption capacities and alterations in sorption with time, which will affect the plant and microbial availability of endogenous and exogenous ABA in the rhizosphere.

Impact of mineral components in cow manure biochars on the adsorption and competitive adsorption of oxytetracycline and carbaryl

Knowledge about the impact of mineral component in biochar on the sorption of OTC and CBL is limited and need be systematically studied. The mineral component of cow manure biochar showed different effects on the sorption of OTC and CBL.