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Bellavite P, Fazio S, Affuso F. A Descriptive Review of the Action Mechanisms of Berberine, Quercetin and Silymarin on Insulin Resistance/Hyperinsulinemia and Cardiovascular Prevention. Molecules 2023; 28:4491. [PMID: 37298967 PMCID: PMC10254920 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) and the associated hyperinsulinemia are early pathophysiological changes which, if not well treated, can lead to type 2 diabetes, endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. While diabetes care is fairly well standardized, the prevention and treatment of IR lacks a single pharmaceutical approach and many lifestyle and dietary interventions have been proposed, including a wide range of food supplements. Among the most interesting and well-known natural remedies, alkaloid berberine and the flavonol quercetin have particular relevance in the literature, while silymarin-the active principle of the Silybum marianum thistle-was traditionally used for lipid metabolism disorders and to sustain liver function. This review describes the major defects of insulin signaling leading to IR and the main properties of the three mentioned natural substances, their molecular targets and synergistic action mechanisms. The actions of berberine, quercetin and silymarin are partially superimposable as remedies against reactive oxygen intermediates generated by a high-lipid diet and by NADPH oxidase, which is triggered by phagocyte activation. Furthermore, these compounds inhibit the secretion of a battery of pro-inflammatory cytokines, modulate intestinal microbiota and are especially able to control the various disorders of the insulin receptor and post-receptor signaling systems. Although most of the evidence on the effects of berberine, quercetin and silymarin in modulating insulin resistance and preventing cardiovascular disease derive from experimental studies on animals, the amount of pre-clinical knowledge strongly suggests the need to investigate the therapeutic potential of these substances in human pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bellavite
- Pathophysiology Chair, Homeopathic Medical School of Verona, 37121 Verona, Italy
| | - Serafino Fazio
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy;
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Ohn J, Choi Y, Yun J, Jo SJ. Identifying patients with deteriorating generalized pustular psoriasis: Development of a prediction model. J Dermatol 2022; 49:675-681. [DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.16383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jungyoon Ohn
- Department of Dermatology Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
- Institute of Human‐Environment Interface Biology Medical Research Center Seoul National University Seoul Korea
| | - Young‐Geun Choi
- Department of Statistics Sookmyung Women’s University Seoul Korea
| | - Jieun Yun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering Cheongju University Cheongju Korea
| | - Seong Jin Jo
- Department of Dermatology Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
- Institute of Human‐Environment Interface Biology Medical Research Center Seoul National University Seoul Korea
- Department of Dermatology Seoul National University Hospital Seoul Korea
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3
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Abstract
Obesity has reached epidemic proportions and is a major contributor to insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Importantly, IR and T2D substantially increase the risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease. Although there are successful approaches to maintain glycemic control, there continue to be increased CV morbidity and mortality associated with metabolic disease. Therefore, there is an urgent need to understand the cellular and molecular processes that underlie cardiometabolic changes that occur during obesity so that optimal medical therapies can be designed to attenuate or prevent the sequelae of this disease. The vascular endothelium is in constant contact with the circulating milieu; thus, it is not surprising that obesity-driven elevations in lipids, glucose, and proinflammatory mediators induce endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, and vascular remodeling in all segments of the vasculature. As cardiometabolic disease progresses, so do pathological changes in the entire vascular network, which can feed forward to exacerbate disease progression. Recent cellular and molecular data have implicated the vasculature as an initiating and instigating factor in the development of several cardiometabolic diseases. This Review discusses these findings in the context of atherosclerosis, IR and T2D, and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. In addition, novel strategies to therapeutically target the vasculature to lessen cardiometabolic disease burden are introduced.
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Alam W, Rocca C, Khan H, Hussain Y, Aschner M, De Bartolo A, Amodio N, Angelone T, Cheang WS. Current Status and Future Perspectives on Therapeutic Potential of Apigenin: Focus on Metabolic-Syndrome-Dependent Organ Dysfunction. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10101643. [PMID: 34679777 PMCID: PMC8533599 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome and its associated disorders such as obesity, insulin resistance, atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes mellitus are globally prevalent. Different molecules showing therapeutic potential are currently available for the management of metabolic syndrome, although their efficacy has often been compromised by their poor bioavailability and side effects. Studies have been carried out on medicinal plant extracts for the treatment and prevention of metabolic syndrome. In this regard, isolated pure compounds have shown promising efficacy for the management of metabolic syndrome, both in preclinical and clinical settings. Apigenin, a natural bioactive flavonoid widely present in medicinal plants, functional foods, vegetables and fruits, exerts protective effects in models of neurological disorders and cardiovascular diseases and most of these effects are attributed to its antioxidant action. Various preclinical and clinical studies carried out so far show a protective effect of apigenin against metabolic syndrome. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review on both in vitro and in vivo evidence related to the promising antioxidant role of apigenin in cardioprotection, neuroprotection and renoprotection, and to its beneficial action in metabolic-syndrome-dependent organ dysfunction. We also provide evidence on the potential of apigenin in the prevention and/or treatment of metabolic syndrome, analysing the potential and limitation of its therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqas Alam
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan;
| | - Carmine Rocca
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiovascular Physiology, Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (Di.B.E.S.T.), University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (C.R.); (A.D.B.)
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan;
- Correspondence: or (H.K.); (N.A.); (T.A.)
| | - Yaseen Hussain
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 221400, China;
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Forchheimer 209, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;
| | - Anna De Bartolo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiovascular Physiology, Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (Di.B.E.S.T.), University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (C.R.); (A.D.B.)
| | - Nicola Amodio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Correspondence: or (H.K.); (N.A.); (T.A.)
| | - Tommaso Angelone
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiovascular Physiology, Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (Di.B.E.S.T.), University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (C.R.); (A.D.B.)
- National Institute of Cardiovascular Research I.N.R.C., 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence: or (H.K.); (N.A.); (T.A.)
| | - Wai San Cheang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao 999078, China;
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Ding Y, Zhou Y, Ling P, Feng X, Luo S, Zheng X, Little PJ, Xu S, Weng J. Metformin in cardiovascular diabetology: a focused review of its impact on endothelial function. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:9376-9396. [PMID: 34646376 PMCID: PMC8490502 DOI: 10.7150/thno.64706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As a first-line treatment for diabetes, the insulin-sensitizing biguanide, metformin, regulates glucose levels and positively affects cardiovascular function in patients with diabetes and cardiovascular complications. Endothelial dysfunction (ED) represents the primary pathological change of multiple vascular diseases, because it causes decreased arterial plasticity, increased vascular resistance, reduced tissue perfusion and atherosclerosis. Caused by “biochemical injury”, ED is also an independent predictor of cardiovascular events. Accumulating evidence shows that metformin improves ED through liver kinase B1 (LKB1)/5'-adenosine monophosphat-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and AMPK-independent targets, including nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase-protein kinase B (PI3K-Akt), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), forkhead box O1 (FOXO1), krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) and krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2). Evaluating the effects of metformin on endothelial cell functions would facilitate our understanding of the therapeutic potential of metformin in cardiovascular diabetology (including diabetes and its cardiovascular complications). This article reviews the physiological and pathological functions of endothelial cells and the intact endothelium, reviews the latest research of metformin in the treatment of diabetes and related cardiovascular complications, and focuses on the mechanism of action of metformin in regulating endothelial cell functions.
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Nabeel PM, Chandran DS, Kaur P, Thanikachalam S, Sivaprakasam M, Joseph J. Association of incremental pulse wave velocity with cardiometabolic risk factors. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15413. [PMID: 34326391 PMCID: PMC8322136 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94723-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigate the association of incremental pulse wave velocity (ΔC; the change in pulse wave velocity over a cardiac cycle) with cardiometabolic risk factors and report the first and (currently) the largest population-level data. In a cross-sectional study performed in a cohort of 1373 general population participants, ΔC was measured using clinically validated ARTSENS devices. There were 455 participants in the metabolic syndrome (MetS) group whose average ΔC was ~ 28.4% higher than that of the non-metabolic syndrome (Non-MetS) group. Females with MetS showed ~ 10.9% elevated average ΔC compared to males of the Non-MetS group. As the number of risk factors increased from 0 to 5, the average ΔC escalated by ~ 55% (1.50 ± 0.52 m/s to 2.33 ± 0.91 m/s). A gradual increase in average ΔC was observed across each decade from the younger (ΔC = 1.53 ± 0.54 m/s) to geriatric (ΔC = 2.34 ± 0.59 m/s) populations. There was also a significant difference in ΔC among the blood pressure categories. Most importantly, ΔC ≥ 1.81 m/s predicted a constellation of ≥ 3 risks with AUC = 0.615, OR = 2.309, and RR = 1.703. All statistical trends remained significant, even after adjusting for covariates. The study provides initial evidence for the potential use of ΔC as a tool for the early detection and screening of vascular dysfunction, which opens up avenues for active clinical and epidemiological studies. Further investigations are encouraged to confirm and establish the causative mechanism for the reported associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. M. Nabeel
- grid.417969.40000 0001 2315 1926Healthcare Technology Innovation Centre, IIT Madras, Chennai, 600113 India
| | - Dinu S. Chandran
- grid.413618.90000 0004 1767 6103Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Prabhdeep Kaur
- grid.419587.60000 0004 1767 6269National Institute of Epidemiology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, 600077 India
| | - Sadagopan Thanikachalam
- grid.412734.70000 0001 1863 5125Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, 600116 India
| | - Mohanasankar Sivaprakasam
- grid.417969.40000 0001 2315 1926Healthcare Technology Innovation Centre, IIT Madras, Chennai, 600113 India ,grid.417969.40000 0001 2315 1926Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036 India
| | - Jayaraj Joseph
- grid.417969.40000 0001 2315 1926Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036 India
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Dagher O, Mury P, Thorin-Trescases N, Noly PE, Thorin E, Carrier M. Therapeutic Potential of Quercetin to Alleviate Endothelial Dysfunction in Age-Related Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:658400. [PMID: 33860002 PMCID: PMC8042157 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.658400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular endothelium occupies a catalog of functions that contribute to the homeostasis of the cardiovascular system. It is a physically active barrier between circulating blood and tissue, a regulator of the vascular tone, a biochemical processor and a modulator of coagulation, inflammation, and immunity. Given these essential roles, it comes to no surprise that endothelial dysfunction is prodromal to chronic age-related diseases of the heart and arteries, globally termed cardiovascular diseases (CVD). An example would be ischemic heart disease (IHD), which is the main cause of death from CVD. We have made phenomenal advances in treating CVD, but the aging endothelium, as it senesces, always seems to out-run the benefits of medical and surgical therapies. Remarkably, many epidemiological studies have detected a correlation between a flavonoid-rich diet and a lower incidence of mortality from CVD. Quercetin, a member of the flavonoid class, is a natural compound ubiquitously found in various food sources such as fruits, vegetables, seeds, nuts, and wine. It has been reported to have a wide range of health promoting effects and has gained significant attention over the years. A growing body of evidence suggests quercetin could lower the risk of IHD by mitigating endothelial dysfunction and its risk factors, such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, accumulation of senescent endothelial cells, and endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT). In this review, we will explore these pathophysiological cascades and their interrelation with endothelial dysfunction. We will then present the scientific evidence to quercetin's anti-atherosclerotic, anti-hypertensive, senolytic, and anti-EndoMT effects. Finally, we will discuss the prospect for its clinical use in alleviating myocardial ischemic injuries in IHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olina Dagher
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Center for Research, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Pauline Mury
- Center for Research, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Pierre Emmanuel Noly
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Center for Research, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Eric Thorin
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Center for Research, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michel Carrier
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Center for Research, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Tuttolomondo A, Cirrincione A, Casuccio A, Del Cuore A, Daidone M, Di Chiara T, Di Raimondo D, Corte VD, Maida C, Simonetta I, Scaglione S, Pinto A. Efficacy of dulaglutide on vascular health indexes in subjects with type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2021; 20:1. [PMID: 33397395 PMCID: PMC7784355 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-020-01183-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent cardiovascular outcome trials have shown significant reductions in major cardiovascular (CV) events with glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 receptor agonists. Additionally, adjunctive surrogates for cardiovascular risk validated by some studies include arterial stiffness and endothelial function indexes. To date, no randomized trial has addressed the possible effects of antidiabetic interventional drugs such as GLP1 agonists on endothelial and arterial stiffness indexes as surrogate markers of vascular damage. Aims We aimed to evaluate metabolic efficacy and surrogate vascular efficacy endpoints of once-weekly dulaglutide (1.5 mg) plus traditional antidiabetic treatment compared with traditional antidiabetic treatment alone in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Methods Men and women (aged ≥ 50 years) with established or newly detected type 2 diabetes whose HbA1c level was 9.5% or less on stable doses of up to two oral glucose lowering drugs with or without basal insulin therapy were eligible for randomization. Subcutaneous dulaglutide was initiated at the full dose (1.5 mg/day weekly). Arterial stiffness (PWV: pulse wave velocity and augmentation index) and endothelial function (RHI: reactive hyperaemia index) were evaluated at baseline and at three-month and nine-month examination visits. At each visit (at 3 and 9 months), the subjects were also evaluated for glycaemic variables such as fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and HbA1c and lipid variables such as total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Results At the three-month follow-up, the subjects treated with dulaglutide showed significantly lower serum levels of FPG and HbA1c than control subjects treated with conventional therapy. At the 9-month follow-up, subjects treated with dulaglutide showed significant lower values of the mean diastolic blood pressure, BMI, total serum cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, FPG, HbA1c and PWV and higher mean RHI values than control subjects treated with conventional therapy. Conclusions Our randomized trial showed that subjects with type 2 diabetes treated with conventional therapy plus 1.5 mg/day of subcutaneous dulaglutide compared with subjects treated with conventional therapy alone showed favourable metabolic effects associated with positive effects on vascular health markers such as arterial stiffness and endothelial function markers. These findings are consistent with previous study findings indicating the strict relationship between cardiovascular risk factors such as systolic blood pressure, total serum cholesterol and LDL levels and cardiovascular events and vascular health surrogate markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Tuttolomondo
- Department of Promoting Health, Maternal-Infant, Excellence and Internal and Specialized Medicine (ProMISE) G. D'Alessandro, University of Palermo (Italy), Piazza delle Cliniche n.2, 90127, Palermo, Italy. .,Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, Policlinico 'P. Giaccone', Palermo, Italy.
| | - Anna Cirrincione
- Department of Promoting Health, Maternal-Infant, Excellence and Internal and Specialized Medicine (ProMISE) G. D'Alessandro, University of Palermo (Italy), Piazza delle Cliniche n.2, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Casuccio
- Department of Promoting Health, Maternal-Infant, Excellence and Internal and Specialized Medicine (ProMISE) G. D'Alessandro, University of Palermo (Italy), Piazza delle Cliniche n.2, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Del Cuore
- Department of Promoting Health, Maternal-Infant, Excellence and Internal and Specialized Medicine (ProMISE) G. D'Alessandro, University of Palermo (Italy), Piazza delle Cliniche n.2, 90127, Palermo, Italy.,Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, Policlinico 'P. Giaccone', Palermo, Italy
| | - Mario Daidone
- Department of Promoting Health, Maternal-Infant, Excellence and Internal and Specialized Medicine (ProMISE) G. D'Alessandro, University of Palermo (Italy), Piazza delle Cliniche n.2, 90127, Palermo, Italy.,Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, Policlinico 'P. Giaccone', Palermo, Italy
| | - Tiziana Di Chiara
- Department of Promoting Health, Maternal-Infant, Excellence and Internal and Specialized Medicine (ProMISE) G. D'Alessandro, University of Palermo (Italy), Piazza delle Cliniche n.2, 90127, Palermo, Italy.,Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, Policlinico 'P. Giaccone', Palermo, Italy
| | - Domenico Di Raimondo
- Department of Promoting Health, Maternal-Infant, Excellence and Internal and Specialized Medicine (ProMISE) G. D'Alessandro, University of Palermo (Italy), Piazza delle Cliniche n.2, 90127, Palermo, Italy.,Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, Policlinico 'P. Giaccone', Palermo, Italy
| | - Vittoriano Della Corte
- Department of Promoting Health, Maternal-Infant, Excellence and Internal and Specialized Medicine (ProMISE) G. D'Alessandro, University of Palermo (Italy), Piazza delle Cliniche n.2, 90127, Palermo, Italy.,Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, Policlinico 'P. Giaccone', Palermo, Italy.,PhD Programme in Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche n.2, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Carlo Maida
- Department of Promoting Health, Maternal-Infant, Excellence and Internal and Specialized Medicine (ProMISE) G. D'Alessandro, University of Palermo (Italy), Piazza delle Cliniche n.2, 90127, Palermo, Italy.,Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, Policlinico 'P. Giaccone', Palermo, Italy.,PhD Programme in Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche n.2, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Irene Simonetta
- Department of Promoting Health, Maternal-Infant, Excellence and Internal and Specialized Medicine (ProMISE) G. D'Alessandro, University of Palermo (Italy), Piazza delle Cliniche n.2, 90127, Palermo, Italy.,Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, Policlinico 'P. Giaccone', Palermo, Italy
| | - Stefania Scaglione
- Department of Promoting Health, Maternal-Infant, Excellence and Internal and Specialized Medicine (ProMISE) G. D'Alessandro, University of Palermo (Italy), Piazza delle Cliniche n.2, 90127, Palermo, Italy.,Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, Policlinico 'P. Giaccone', Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Pinto
- Department of Promoting Health, Maternal-Infant, Excellence and Internal and Specialized Medicine (ProMISE) G. D'Alessandro, University of Palermo (Italy), Piazza delle Cliniche n.2, 90127, Palermo, Italy.,Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, Policlinico 'P. Giaccone', Palermo, Italy
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Bar A, Kieronska-Rudek A, Proniewski B, Suraj-Prażmowska J, Czamara K, Marczyk B, Matyjaszczyk-Gwarda K, Jasztal A, Kuś E, Majka Z, Kaczor A, Kurpińska A, Walczak M, Pieterman EJ, Princen HMG, Chlopicki S. In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Based Detection of Heterogeneous Endothelial Response in Thoracic and Abdominal Aorta to Short-Term High-Fat Diet Ascribed to Differences in Perivascular Adipose Tissue in Mice. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e016929. [PMID: 33073641 PMCID: PMC7763398 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.016929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Long-term feeding with a high-fat diet (HFD) induces endothelial dysfunction in mice, but early HFD-induced effects on endothelium have not been well characterized. Methods and Results Using an magnetic resonance imaging-based methodology that allows characterization of endothelial function in vivo, we demonstrated that short-term (2 weeks) feeding with a HFD to C57BL/6 mice or to E3L.CETP mice resulted in the impairment of acetylcholine-induced response in the abdominal aorta (AA), whereas, in the thoracic aorta (TA), the acetylcholine-induced response was largely preserved. Similarly, HFD resulted in arterial stiffness in the AA, but not in the TA. The difference in HFD-induced response was ascribed to distinct characteristics of perivascular adipose tissue in the TA and AA, related to brown- and white-like adipose tissue, respectively, as assessed by histology, immunohistochemistry, and Raman spectroscopy. In contrast, short-term HFD-induced endothelial dysfunction could not be linked to systemic insulin resistance, changes in plasma concentration of nitrite, or concentration of biomarkers of glycocalyx disruption (syndecan-1 and endocan), endothelial inflammation (soluble form of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, soluble form of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and soluble form of E-selectin), endothelial permeability (soluble form of fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 and angiopoietin 2), and hemostasis (tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1). Conclusions Short-term feeding with a HFD induces endothelial dysfunction in the AA but not in the TA, which could be ascribed to a differential response of perivascular adipose tissue to a HFD in the AA versus TA. Importantly, early endothelial dysfunction in the AA is not linked to elevation of classical systemic biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bar
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland
| | - Anna Kieronska-Rudek
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland.,Chair of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine Jagiellonian University Medical College Krakow Poland
| | - Bartosz Proniewski
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland
| | - Joanna Suraj-Prażmowska
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland.,Chair and Department of Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy Jagiellonian University Medical College Krakow Poland
| | - Krzysztof Czamara
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland
| | - Brygida Marczyk
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland.,Chair of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine Jagiellonian University Medical College Krakow Poland
| | - Karolina Matyjaszczyk-Gwarda
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland.,Chair and Department of Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy Jagiellonian University Medical College Krakow Poland
| | - Agnieszka Jasztal
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland
| | - Edyta Kuś
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland
| | - Zuzanna Majka
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland.,Faculty of Chemistry Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kaczor
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland.,Faculty of Chemistry Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland
| | - Anna Kurpińska
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland
| | - Maria Walczak
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland.,Chair and Department of Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy Jagiellonian University Medical College Krakow Poland
| | - Elsbet J Pieterman
- Metabolic Health Research Gaubius Laboratory The Netherlands Organisation of Applied Scientific Research (TNO) Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Hans M G Princen
- Metabolic Health Research Gaubius Laboratory The Netherlands Organisation of Applied Scientific Research (TNO) Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland.,Chair of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine Jagiellonian University Medical College Krakow Poland
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Acikel Elmas M, Cakıcı SE, Dur IR, Kozluca I, Arınc M, Binbuga B, Bingol Ozakpınar O, Kolgazi M, Sener G, Ercan F. Protective effects of exercise on heart and aorta in high-fat diet-induced obese rats. Tissue Cell 2019; 57:57-65. [PMID: 30947964 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Merve Acikel Elmas
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Histology and Embryology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seyit Enes Cakıcı
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ismail Rahmi Dur
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Kozluca
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Melih Arınc
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Berkant Binbuga
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Meltem Kolgazi
- Department of Physiology, Acibadem University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Goksel Sener
- Department of Pharmacology, Marmara University Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Feriha Ercan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
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11
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Boehncke WH. Systemic Inflammation and Cardiovascular Comorbidity in Psoriasis Patients: Causes and Consequences. Front Immunol 2018; 9:579. [PMID: 29675020 PMCID: PMC5895645 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a common inflammatory skin disease characterized by the appearance of red scaly plaques that can affect any part of the body. High prevalence, chronicity, disfiguration, disability, and associated comorbidity make it a challenge for clinicians of multiple specialties. Likewise, its complex pathogenesis, comprising inflammation, hyperproliferation, and angioneogenesis, intrigues numerous scientific disciplines, namely, immunology. From a clinical perspective, the severity of psoriasis is highlighted by its increased mortality, with cardiovascular diseases contributing the highest excess risk. From a scientific point of view, psoriasis has to be considered a systemic inflammatory condition, as blood biomarkers of inflammation are elevated and imaging techniques document sites of inflammation beyond the skin. While the association of psoriasis with cardiovascular diseases is now widely accepted, causes and consequences of this association are controversially discussed. This review comments on epidemiologic, genetic, and mechanistic studies that analyzed the relation between psoriasis and cardiovascular comorbidity. The hypothesis of psoriasis potentially being an independent cardiovascular risk factor, driving atherosclerosis via inflammation-induced endothelial dysfunction, will be discussed. Finally, consequences for the management of psoriasis with the objective to reduce the patients’ excess cardiovascular risk will be pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolf-Henning Boehncke
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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Michael OS, Olatunji LA. Nicotine exposure suppresses hyperinsulinemia and improves endothelial dysfunction mediators independent of corticosteroids in insulin-resistant oral contraceptive-treated female rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 2017; 41:314-323. [DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2017.1413109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olugbenga S. Michael
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
- Cardiometabolic Research Unit, Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria
| | - Lawrence A. Olatunji
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
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Sun HJ, Chen D, Wang PY, Wan MY, Zhang CX, Zhang ZX, Lin W, Zhang F. Salusin- β Is Involved in Diabetes Mellitus-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction via Degradation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2017; 2017:6905217. [PMID: 29359008 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6905217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiological mechanisms for vascular lesions in diabetes mellitus (DM) are complex, among which endothelial dysfunction plays a vital role. Therapeutic target against endothelial injury may provide critical venues for treatment of diabetic vascular diseases. We recently identified that salusin-β contributed to high glucose-induced endothelial cell apoptosis. However, the roles of salusin-β in DM-induced endothelial dysfunction remain largely elusive. Male C57BL/6J mice were used to induce type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) model. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cultured in high glucose/high fat (HG/HF) medium. We demonstrated increased expression of salusin-β in diabetic aortic tissues and high-glucose/high-fat- (HG/HF-) incubated HUVECs. Disruption of salusin-β by shRNA abrogated the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, inflammation, and nitrotyrosine content of HUVECs cultured in HG/HF medium. The HG/HF-mediated decrease in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) expression was restored by salusin-β shRNA, and PPARγ inhibitor T0070907 abolished the protective actions of salusin-β shRNA on endothelial injury in HG/HF-treated HUVECs. Salusin-β silencing obviously improved endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation, oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and nitrative stress in diabetic aorta. Taken together, our results highlighted the essential role of salusin-β in pathological endothelial dysfunction, and salusin-β may be a promising target in treatment of vascular complications of DM.
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Fratantonio D, Cimino F, Molonia MS, Ferrari D, Saija A, Virgili F, Speciale A. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside ameliorates palmitate-induced insulin resistance by modulating IRS-1 phosphorylation and release of endothelial derived vasoactive factors. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1862:351-357. [PMID: 28011403 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Increased plasma levels of free fatty acids, including palmitic acid (PA), cause insulin resistance in endothelium characterized by a decreased synthesis of insulin-mediated vasodilator nitric oxide (NO), and by an increased production of the vasoconstrictor protein, endothelin-1. Several in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that anthocyanins, natural phenols commonly present in food and vegetables from Mediterranean Diet, exert significant cardiovascular health-promoting activities. These effects are possibly mediated by a positive regulation of the transcription factor Nrf2 and activation of cellular antioxidant and cytoprotective genes. The present study examined, at a molecular level, the effects of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G), a widely distributed anthocyanin, on PA-induced endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Our results indicate that C3G pretreatment effectively reverses the effects of PA on PI3K/Akt axis, and restores eNOS expression and NO release, altered by PA. We observed that these effects were exerted by changes on the phosphorylation of IRS-1 on specific serine and tyrosine residues modulated by PA through the modulation of JNK and IKK activity. Furthermore, silencing Nrf2 transcripts demonstrated that the protective effects of C3G are directly related to the activation of Nrf2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Fratantonio
- Dep. of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Cimino
- Dep. of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, 98168, Messina, Italy.
| | - Maria Sofia Molonia
- Dep. of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Daniela Ferrari
- Dep. of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonella Saija
- Dep. of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Fabio Virgili
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Food and Nutrition Research Centre, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Speciale
- Dep. of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, 98168, Messina, Italy
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Qin W, Xi J, He B, Zhang B, Luan H, Wu F. Ameliorative effects of hispidulin on high glucose-mediated endothelial dysfunction via inhibition of PKCβII-associated NLRP3 inflammasome activation and NF-κB signaling in endothelial cells. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Qin W, Ren B, Wang S, Liang S, He B, Shi X, Wang L, Liang J, Wu F. Apigenin and naringenin ameliorate PKCβII-associated endothelial dysfunction via regulating ROS/caspase-3 and NO pathway in endothelial cells exposed to high glucose. Vascul Pharmacol 2016; 85:39-49. [PMID: 27473516 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is a key event in the progression of atherosclerosis with diabetes. Increasing cell apoptosis may lead to endothelial dysfunction. Apigenin and naringenin are two kinds of widely used flavones. In the present study, we investigated whether and how apigenin and naringenin reduced endothelial dysfunction induced by high glucose in endothelial cells. We showed that apigenin and naringenin protected against endothelial dysfunction via inhibiting phosphorylation of protein kinase C βII (PKCβII) expression and downstream reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in endothelial cells exposed to high glucose. Furthermore, we demonstrated that apigenin and naringenin reduced high glucose-increased apoptosis, Bax expression, caspase-3 activity and phosphorylation of NF-κB in endothelial cells. Moreover, apigenin and naringenin effectively restored high glucose-reduced Bcl-2 expression and Akt phosphorylation. Importantly, apigenin and naringenin significantly increased NO production in endothelial cells subjected to high glucose challenge. Consistently, high glucose stimulation impaired acetylcholine (ACh)-mediated vasodilation in the rat aorta, apigenin and naringenin treatment restored the impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation via dramatically increasing eNOS activity and nitric oxide (NO) level. Taken together, our results manifest that apigenin and naringenin can ameliorate endothelial dysfunction via regulating ROS/caspase-3 and NO pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Qin
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Bei Ren
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China; Taiyuan Institute For Food And Drug Control, 85 Longcheng Avenue, Taiyuan 030000, PR China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Shujun Liang
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Baiqiu He
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Xiaoji Shi
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Liying Wang
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Jingyu Liang
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Feihua Wu
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China.
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Li Y, Zhou ZH, Chen MH, Yang J, Leng J, Cao GS, Xin GZ, Liu LF, Kou JP, Liu BL, Li P, Wen XD. Inhibition of Mitochondrial Fission and NOX2 Expression Prevent NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in the Endothelium: The Role of Corosolic Acid Action in the Amelioration of Endothelial Dysfunction. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 24:893-908. [PMID: 26869350 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Corosolic acid (CRA) is a natural triterpenoid with antioxidative activity. This study was designed to elucidate the mechanism through which CRA protected vessel endothelial homeostasis by combating oxidative stress. RESULTS In endothelial cells, CRA induced dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) phosphorylation at Ser637 and thus inhibited mitochondrial fission in response to oxidative stress. It promoted AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity in an LKB1-dependent manner, and silencing AMPK abrogated its inhibitory effect on Drp1 activation and mitochondrial fission. CRA inhibited the translocation of p47(phox) and p67(phox) and the overexpression of gp91(phox) induced by palmitate (PA), demonstrating its action in suppression of NOX2 activation. Drp1 knockdown reduced PA-induced gp91(phox) expression, while Drp1 induction was also diminished by gp91(phox) knockdown, suggesting the reciprocal relationship between NOX2 and Drp1. Knockdown Drp1 or gp91(phox) attenuated PA-induced NLRP3 induction and enhanced inhibitory effects of CRA. Oral administration of CRA in high-fat diet mice reproduced similar regulation in the aorta endothelium, further confirming its protection on endothelial homeostasis in vivo. INNOVATION This study demonstrated that the defect in mitochondrial morphology is associated with the oxidative stress and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the endothelium. Drp1 and NOX2 regulated each other and worked together to induce NLRP3 inflammasome activation, suggesting that modulation of Drp1 phosphorylation (Ser637) might be a potential therapeutic target for combating oxidative stress in vessel diseases. CONCLUSION CRA prevented mitochondrial fission by regulation of Drp1 phosphorylation (Ser637) in an AMPK-dependent manner, and this action contributed to blocking NOX2 oxidase signaling and suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the endothelium. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 24, 893-908.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
- 2 Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Hui Zhou
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
- 2 Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Mei-Hong Chen
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
- 2 Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Jie Yang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
- 2 Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Jing Leng
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
- 2 Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Sheng Cao
- 3 Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Gui-Zhong Xin
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
- 2 Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Li-Fang Liu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
- 2 Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Ping Kou
- 3 Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Bao-Lin Liu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
- 3 Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Ping Li
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Dong Wen
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
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Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance (IR) are established features of pre-eclampsia, however the cause and effect relationship between them remain unexplained. Circulating endothelial cells (CEC) are increased in pre-eclampsia and appear to correlate with the degree of endothelial dysfunction. We hypothesised that CEC count in pre-eclampsia would correlate with IR and might provide a simple measure of IR in pregnancies complicated by the disease. CEC count and IR were measured in 10 women with pre-eclampsia and 10 normal pregnant controls matched for maternal age, body mass index and gestational age during the third trimester. CEC count was determined using an established immunomagnetic bead separation method and IR was measured by the homeostasis model test. CEC count and IR were significantly increased in pre-eclampsia compared to normal pregnancy. However, there was no correlation between the CEC count and IR in pre-eclampsia. The data suggest that CEC count in pre-eclampsia is not a useful measure on its own of IR in pregnancies complicated by the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Anim-Nyame
- a School of Life Sciences, Kingston University London , Kingston upon Thames , UK
- b Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology , Kingston Hospital , Kingston upon Thames , UK , and
| | - Anshuman Ghosh
- a School of Life Sciences, Kingston University London , Kingston upon Thames , UK
- b Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology , Kingston Hospital , Kingston upon Thames , UK , and
| | - Nick Freestone
- c School of Pharmacy, Kingston University London , Kingston upon Thames , UK
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Dhananjayan R, Koundinya KSS, Malati T, Kutala VK. Endothelial Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Indian J Clin Biochem 2015; 31:372-9. [PMID: 27605734 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-015-0516-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is an imbalance in the production of vasodilator factors and when this balance is disrupted, it predisposes the vasculature towards pro-thrombotic and pro-atherogenic effects. This results in vasoconstriction, leukocyte adherence, platelet activation, mitogenesis, pro-oxidation, impaired coagulation and nitric oxide production, vascular inflammation, atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Endothelial dysfunction is focussed as it is a potential contributor to the pathogenesis of vascular disease in diabetes mellitus. Under physiological conditions, there is a balanced release of endothelial-derived relaxing and contracting factors, but this delicate balance is altered in diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis, thereby contributing to further progression of vascular and end-organ damage. This review focuses on endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, oxidative stress associated with diabetes mellitus, markers and genetics that are implicated in endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dhananjayan
- Department of Biochemistry, ACS Medical College & Hospital, Velappanchavadi, Chennai, Tamil Nadu India
| | | | - T Malati
- Department of Biochemistry, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana India
| | - Vijay Kumar Kutala
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Biochemistry), Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana India
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Li J, Wang Y, Wang Y, Wen X, Ma XN, Chen W, Huang F, Kou J, Qi LW, Liu B, Liu K. Pharmacological activation of AMPK prevents Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission and alleviates endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated endothelial dysfunction. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Tallapragada DSP, Karpe PA, Tikoo K. Long-lasting partnership between insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction: role of metabolic memory. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:4012-23. [PMID: 25825057 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The persistence of deleterious effects of hyperglycaemia even after glucose normalization is referred to as 'metabolic memory'. However, similar persistent effects of the metabolic consequences of a high fat diet (HFD) have not been described. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Rats were given a normal pellet diet (NPD) or a HFD for 3 months. The animals from the HFD group were then returned to the NPD to observe the long-term effects of insulin resistance. Endothelial dysfunction was assessed by carbachol-mediated vasorelaxation and eNOS phosphorylation. KEY RESULTS As expected, HFD consumption resulted in insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction. Phosphorylation of eNOS at S1177 was decreased in HFD rats, compared with that in the NPD group. Rats on 3 months of HFD showed glucose intolerance and impaired insulin sensitivity and were then switched back to NPD (REV group) . Levels of cholesterol and triglyceride, and adiposity returned to normal in REV rats. However, endothelium-dependent vascular responses to carbachol which were impaired in HFD rats, continued to be impaired in REV rats. Similarly, decreased eNOS phosphorylation after HFD was not improved after 1 or 6 months of REV. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our data indicate that returning to NPD did not improve the insulin sensitivity or the endothelial dysfunction induced by HFD. Although some biochemical parameters responsible for insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction were normalized, molecular and vascular abnormalities, involving NO, persisted for several months, highlighting the long-lasting effects of metabolic memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Sri Priyanka Tallapragada
- Laboratory of Epigenetics and Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Pinakin Arun Karpe
- Laboratory of Epigenetics and Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Kulbhushan Tikoo
- Laboratory of Epigenetics and Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Mohali, Punjab, India
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Carnovale V, Paradis ME, Gigleux I, Ramprasath VR, Couture P, Jones PJ, Lamarche B, Couillard C. Correlates of reactive hyperemic index in men and postmenopausal women. Vasc Med 2014; 18:340-6. [PMID: 24292639 DOI: 10.1177/1358863x13507975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the differences in digital reactive hyperemic index (RHI) in men and postmenopausal women. We investigated the differences in and correlates of RHI, measured by peripheral artery tonometry (PAT), in a group of 82 men (mean age ± SD: 55.6 ± 8.2 years; body mass index: 29.0 ± 4.2 kg/m(2)) and 125 postmenopausal women (58.9 ± 5.2 years; 27.7 ± 4.1 kg/m(2)). We also examined fRHI values (natural log of the PAT ratio of the 90-120 seconds post-occlusion interval) and augmentation index (AIx) as a measure of arterial stiffness. We found that RHI, fRHI and AIx were significantly lower in men compared to postmenopausal women (p<0.0001). We also found that fRHI values were significantly lower in individuals with (MetS+) versus without (MetS-) the metabolic syndrome (MetS). Endothelial inflammation was present in MetS+ subjects as indicated by increased plasma soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) (p<0.001) and E-selectin (p=0.0519) concentrations compared to MetS- individuals. No significant difference was found in RHI or AIx between MetS+ versus MetS- individuals. In summary, our study reveals that men have an impairment of endothelial function, assessed by digital PAT, compared to postmenopausal women. Furthermore, we show that the presence of the MetS is characterized by endothelial dysfunction, as suggested by lower fRHI, as well as by endothelial inflammation, which likely contributes to the increased cardiovascular disease risk associated with the MetS. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01085019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Carnovale
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and serum testosterone levels (TT) in patients with erectile dysfunction (ED). METHODS This study included 280 ED patients above 40-years-of-age. Participants were divided into two groups according to 2005 criteria of International Diabetes Federation. The severity of ED was determined according to the International Index of Erectile Function-EF (IIEF-EF score; 0-10 severe ED, 11-25 mild to moderate ED). The severity of ED, serum TT levels and other MetS components were compared between the groups. RESULTS The mean age of the patients was 55.7 ± 8.2 years. One hundred eighteen patients (%42.1) had MetS. Sixty-eight patients with MetS (57.6%) and 71 patients without MetS (43.8%) had severe ED (p = 0.031). A total of 46 (16.4%) patients had hypogonadism. Hypogonadism was seen more prevalent in patients with MetS (22.9% vs. 11.7%, p = 0.013). Logistic regression analyses for ED risk factors demonstrated that abnormal FBG increased the relative risk of severe ED up to 10.7-fold (p < 0.001) but not presence of hypogonadism (p = 0.706). CONCLUSION Metabolic syndrome was seen in almost half of the patients with ED. ED was more severe among MetS patients. Hypogonadism alone is a not risk factor for severe ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilmaz Aslan
- Department of Urology, Ankara Numune Research and Training Hospital, Ministry of Health , Ankara , Turkey and
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Scioscia M, Nigro M, Montagnani M. The putative metabolic role of d -chiro inositol phosphoglycan in human pregnancy and preeclampsia. J Reprod Immunol 2014; 101-102:140-147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Revised: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Jang HJ, Ridgeway SD, Kim JA. Effects of the green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate on high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E1444-51. [PMID: 24148349 PMCID: PMC3882381 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00434.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance, a hallmark of metabolic disorders, is a risk factor for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Impairment of insulin responsiveness in vascular endothelium contributes to insulin resistance. The reciprocal relationship between insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction augments the pathophysiology of metabolism and cardiovascular functions. The most abundant green tea polyphenol, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), has been shown to have vasodilator action in vessels by activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). However, it is not known whether EGCG has a beneficial effect in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced endothelial dysfunction. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed either a normal chow diet (NCD) or HFD with or without EGCG supplement (50 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1)) for 10 wk. Mice fed a HFD with EGCG supplement gained less body weight and showed improved insulin sensitivity. In vehicle-treated HFD mice, endothelial function was impaired in response to insulin but not to acetylcholine, whereas the EGCG-treated HFD group showed improved insulin-stimulated vasodilation. Interestingly, EGCG intake reduced macrophage infiltration into aortic tissues in HFD mice. Treatment with EGCG restored the insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of eNOS, insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), and protein kinase B (Akt), which was inhibited by palmitate (200 μM, 5 h) in primary bovine aortic endothelial cells. From these results, we conclude that supplementation of EGCG improves glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and endothelial function. The results suggest that EGCG may have beneficial health effects in glucose metabolism and endothelial function through modulating HFD-induced inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ju Jang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Schiff
- James Buchanan Brady Foundation, Department of Urology, New York-Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Ruel G, Lapointe A, Pomerleau S, Couture P, Lemieux S, Lamarche B, Couillard C. Evidence that cranberry juice may improve augmentation index in overweight men. Nutr Res 2012; 33:41-9. [PMID: 23351409 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The stiffening of arteries is a key step in atherogenesis leading to cardiovascular disease. It has been suggested that dietary polyphenols may be cardioprotective through possible favorable effects on oxidative stress and vascular function. The present study was undertaken in order to examine the effect of consuming low-calorie cranberry juice cocktail (CJC), a source of polyphenols, on arterial stiffness in abdominally obese men. We hypothesize that regular CJC consumption will reduce circulating oxidized low-density lipoproteins concentrations and have a beneficial impact on endothelial function. Thirty-five men (mean age ± SD: 45 ± 10 years) were randomly assigned to drink 500 mL CJC/day (27% juice) or 500 mL placebo juice (PJ)/day for 4 weeks in a double-blind crossover design. Augmentation index (AIx), an index of arterial stiffness, was measured by applanation tonometry of the radial artery and the cardiometabolic profile was assessed in each participant before and after each phase of the study. We found no significant difference in AIx changes between men who consumed CJC or PJ for 4 weeks (P = .5820). Furthermore, there was no between-treatment difference in changes in AIx responses to salbutamol (P = .6303) and glyceryl trinitrate (P = .4224). No significant difference was noted in other cardiometabolic variables between men consuming PJ or CJC. However, a significant within group decrease in AIx (mean decrease ± SE; -14.0 ± 5.8%, P = .019) was noted following the consumption of 500 mL CJC/day for 4 weeks. Our results indicate that the effect of chronic consumption of CJC on AIx was not significantly different from changes associated with the consumption of PJ. However, the significant within-group decrease in AIx following CJC consumption in abdominally obese men may deserve further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Ruel
- Institute of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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Liu K, Zhao W, Gao X, Huang F, Kou J, Liu B. Diosgenin ameliorates palmitate-induced endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance via blocking IKKβ and IRS-1 pathways. Atherosclerosis 2012; 223:350-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a collection of risk factors including obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance/impaired glucose tolerance, and/or hypertension. The incidence of obesity has reached pandemic levels, as ~20-30% of adults in most developed countries can be classified as having MetS. This increased prevalence of MetS is critical as it is associated with a two-fold elevated risk for cardiovascular disease. Although the pathophysiology underlying this increase in disease has not been clearly defined, recent evidence indicates that alterations in the control of coronary blood flow could play an important role. The purpose of this review is to highlight current understanding of the effects of MetS on regulation of coronary blood flow and to outline the potential mechanisms involved. In particular, the role of neurohumoral modulation via sympathetic α-adrenoceptors and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) are explored. Alterations in the contribution of end-effector K(+), Ca(2+), and transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are also addressed. Finally, future perspectives and potential therapeutic targeting of the microcirculation in MetS are discussed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Coronary Blood Flow".
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary C. Berwick
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Gregory M. Dick
- Department of Exercise Physiology Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences West Virginia University School of Medicine
| | - Johnathan D. Tune
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
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Abstract
Pre-diabetes represents an elevation of plasma glucose above the normal range but below that of clinical diabetes. Pre-diabetes can be identified as either impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). The latter is detected by oral glucose tolerance testing. Both IFG and IGT are risk factors for type 2 diabetes, and risk is even greater when IFG and IGT occur together. Pre-diabetes commonly associates with the metabolic syndrome. Both in turn are closely associated with obesity. The mechanisms whereby obesity predisposes to pre-diabetes and metabolic syndrome are incompletely understood but likely have a common metabolic soil. Insulin resistance is a common factor; systemic inflammation engendered by obesity may be another. Pre-diabetes has only a minor impact on microvascular disease; glucose-lowering drugs can delay conversion to diabetes, but whether in the long run the drug approach will delay development of microvascular disease is in dispute. To date, the drug approach to prevention of microvascular disease starting with pre-diabetes has not been evaluated. Pre-diabetes carries some predictive power for macrovascular disease, but most of this association appears to be mediated through the metabolic syndrome. The preferred clinical approach to cardiovascular prevention is to treat all the metabolic risk factors. For both pre-diabetes and metabolic syndrome, the desirable approach is lifestyle intervention, especially weight reduction and physical activity. When drug therapy is contemplated and when the metabolic syndrome is present, the primary consideration is prevention of cardiovascular disease. The major targets are elevations of cholesterol and blood pressure.
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Adamowicz J, Drewa T. Is there a link between soft drinks and erectile dysfunction? Cent European J Urol 2011; 64:140-3. [PMID: 24578881 PMCID: PMC3921721 DOI: 10.5173/ceju.2011.03.art8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 04/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the potential role of soft drinks, particularly the sugar component, in the pathogenesis of erectile dysfunction (ED). We analyzed the hypothetical link between metabolic disorders, induced by sweetened soft drinks overconsumption, and ED. High caloric intake, high refined-carbohydrates, and high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) content and less satiety are main factors responsible for metabolic disorders contributing to ED development. Regular diet mistakes among human males, such as soft drink consumption, may lead to slow and asymptomatic progression of ED, finally resulting in full claimed manifestation of ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Adamowicz
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland ; Department of Urology, Oncology Centre, prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Drewa
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland ; Department of Urology, Oncology Centre, prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Abstract
With the growing worldwide obesity epidemic, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension leading to premature cardiovascular events, are increasingly prevalent. Diabetes mellitus is a significant public health concern and more aggressive management of the condition and its complications, particularly cardiovascular disease, is warranted. Endothelial cell dysfunction is now known to be present at the earliest stages of metabolic syndrome, and insulin resistance and may precede the clinical diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus by several years. The current focus on endothelial cell function as a potential target of pharmacotherapy in the management of cardiovascular disease in diabetics seems warranted, though not all drugs currently prescribed target endothelial cell function equally. In this review, we consider the six classes of drugs currently prescribed for the treatment of hypertension as they impact endothelial cell function and advocate for the development of novel drugs that can repair the endothelium and enhance nitric oxide availability thus preventing future cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Highlander
- School of Podiatric Medicine, Barry University, Miami Shores, FL, USA
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a potent risk factor for the development of a wide spectrum of cardiovascular (CV) complications. The complex metabolic milieu accompanying diabetes alters blood rheology, the structure of arteries and disrupts the homeostatic functions of the endothelium. These changes act as the substrate for end-organ damage and the occurrence of CV events. In those who develop acute coronary syndromes, patients with diabetes are more likely to die, both in the acute phase and during follow-up. Patients with diabetes are also more likely to suffer from chronic cardiac failure, independently of the presence of large vessel disease, and also more likely to develop stroke, renal failure and peripheral vascular disease. Preventing vascular events is the primary goal of therapy. Optimal cardiac care for the patient with diabetes should focus on aggressive management of traditional CV risk factors to optimize blood glucose, lipid and blood pressure control. Targeting medical therapy to improve plaque stability and diminish platelet hyper-responsiveness reduces the frequency of events associated with atherosclerotic plaque burden. In patients with critical lesions, revascularization strategies, either percutaneous or surgical, will often be necessary to improve symptoms and prevent vascular events. Improved understanding of the vascular biology will be crucial for the development of new therapeutic agents to prevent CV events and improve outcomes in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Lockhart
- Department of Therapeutics and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Queens university, Belfast, UK
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Chung JH, Seo AY, Chung SW, Kim MK, Leeuwenburgh C, Yu BP, Chung HY. Molecular mechanism of PPAR in the regulation of age-related inflammation. Ageing Res Rev 2008; 7:126-36. [PMID: 18313368 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2008.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Evidence from many recent studies has linked uncontrolled inflammatory processes to aging and aging-related diseases. Decreased a nuclear receptor subfamily of transcription factors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) activity is closely associated with increased levels of inflammatory mediators during the aging process. The anti-inflammatory action of PPARs is substantiated by both in vitro and in vivo studies that signify the importance of PPARs as major players in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory diseases. In this review, we highlight the molecular mechanisms and roles of PPARalpha, gamma in regulation of age-related inflammation. By understanding these current findings of PPARs, we open up the possibility of developing new therapeutic agents that modulate these nuclear receptors to control various inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, vascular diseases, Alzheimer's disease, and cancer.
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, even in the presence of intensive glycemic control. Substantial clinical and experimental evidence suggest that both diabetes and insulin resistance cause a combination of endothelial dysfunctions, which may diminish the anti-atherogenic role of the vascular endothelium. Both insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction appear to precede the development of overt hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. Therefore, in patients with diabetes or insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction may be a critical early target for preventing atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Microalbuminuria is now considered to be an atherosclerotic risk factor and predicts future cardiovascular disease risk in diabetic patients, in elderly patients, as well as in the general population. It has been implicated as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and premature cardiovascular mortality for patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, as well as for patients with essential hypertension. A complete biochemical understanding of the mechanisms by which hyperglycemia causes vascular functional and structural changes associated with the diabetic milieu still eludes us. In recent years, the numerous biochemical and metabolic pathways postulated to have a causal role in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular disease have been distilled into several unifying hypotheses. The role of chronic hyperglycemia in the development of diabetic microvascular complications and in neuropathy has been clearly established. However, the biochemical or cellular links between elevated blood glucose levels, and the vascular lesions remain incompletely understood. A number of trials have demonstrated that statins therapy as well as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors is associated with improvements in endothelial function in diabetes. Although antioxidants provide short-term improvement of endothelial function in humans, all studies of the effectiveness of preventive antioxidant therapy have been disappointing. Control of hyperglycemia thus remains the best way to improve endothelial function and to prevent atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular complications of diabetes. In the present review we provide the up to date details on this subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi A R Hadi
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, State of Qatar, UAE.
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Innes KE, Vincent HK. The influence of yoga-based programs on risk profiles in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2007; 4:469-86. [PMID: 18227915 PMCID: PMC2176136 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nel103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that yoga may offer a safe and cost-effective intervention for Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (DM 2). However, systematic reviews are lacking. This article critically reviews the published literature regarding the effects of yoga-based programs on physiologic and anthropometric risk profiles and related clinical outcomes in adults with DM 2. We performed a comprehensive literature search using four computerized English and Indian scientific databases. The search was restricted to original studies (1970-2006) that evaluated the metabolic and clinical effects of yoga in adults with DM 2. Studies targeting clinical populations with cardiovascular disorders that included adults with comorbid DM were also evaluated. Data were extracted regarding study design, setting, target population, intervention, comparison group or condition, outcome assessment, data analysis and presentation, follow-up, and key results, and the quality of each study was evaluated according to specific predetermined criteria. We identified 25 eligible studies, including 15 uncontrolled trials, 6 non-randomized controlled trials and 4 randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Overall, these studies suggest beneficial changes in several risk indices, including glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, lipid profiles, anthropometric characteristics, blood pressure, oxidative stress, coagulation profiles, sympathetic activation and pulmonary function, as well as improvement in specific clinical outcomes. Yoga may improve risk profiles in adults with DM 2, and may have promise for the prevention and management of cardiovascular complications in this population. However, the limitations characterizing most studies preclude drawing firm conclusions. Additional high-quality RCTs are needed to confirm and further elucidate the effects of standardized yoga programs in populations with DM 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim E. Innes
- Center for the Study of Complementary and Alternative Therapies and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Virginia Health Systems, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Heather K. Vincent
- Center for the Study of Complementary and Alternative Therapies and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Virginia Health Systems, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Kim JA, Formoso G, Li Y, Potenza MA, Marasciulo FL, Montagnani M, Quon MJ. Epigallocatechin Gallate, a Green Tea Polyphenol, Mediates NO-dependent Vasodilation Using Signaling Pathways in Vascular Endothelium Requiring Reactive Oxygen Species and Fyn. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:13736-45. [PMID: 17363366 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m609725200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Green tea consumption is associated with reduced cardiovascular mortality in some epidemiological studies. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a bioactive polyphenol in green tea, mimics metabolic actions of insulin to inhibit gluconeogenesis in hepatocytes. Because signaling pathways regulating metabolic and vasodilator actions of insulin are shared in common, we hypothesized that EGCG may also have vasodilator actions to stimulate production of nitric oxide (NO) from endothelial cells. Acute intra-arterial administration of EGCG to mesenteric vascular beds isolated ex vivo from WKY rats caused dose-dependent vasorelaxation. This was inhibitable by L-NAME (NO synthase inhibitor), wortmannin (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor), or PP2 (Src family kinase inhibitor). Treatment of bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) with EGCG (50 microm) acutely stimulated production of NO (assessed with NO-specific fluorescent dye DAF-2) that was inhibitable by l-NAME, wortmannin, or PP2. Stimulation of BAEC with EGCG also resulted in dose- and time-dependent phosphorylation of eNOS that was inhibitable by wortmannin or PP2 (but not by MEK inhibitor PD98059). Specific knockdown of Fyn (but not Src) with small interfering RNA inhibited both EGCG-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt and eNOS as well as production of NO in BAEC. Treatment of BAEC with EGCG generated intracellular H(2)O(2) (assessed with H(2)O(2)-specific fluorescent dye CM-H(2)DCF-DA), whereas treatment with N-acetylcysteine inhibited EGCG-stimulated phosphorylation of Fyn, Akt, and eNOS. We conclude that EGCG has endothelial-dependent vasodilator actions mediated by intracellular signaling pathways requiring reactive oxygen species and Fyn that lead to activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Akt, and eNOS. This mechanism may explain, in part, beneficial vascular and metabolic health effects of green tea consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-A Kim
- Diabetes Unit, NCCAM, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is characterized by a vasoconstrictive and prothrombotic state in the vasculature; it plays a role in all stages of cardiac disease and is a significant independent predictor of cardiovascular outcomes. Nitric oxide (NO) performs multiple biologic activities in the endothelium, including vasodilation and antithrombotic actions. Reduced NO bioactivity is a major component of endothelial dysfunction. Impaired NO bioactivity is an important factor in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and in the metabolic syndrome. The functions of NO bioactivity in the heart go well beyond those in the endothelium, as all 3 NO synthase (NOS) isoforms-endothelial NOS, neuronal NOS, and inducible NOS-are expressed in cardiac myocytes and mediate systolic, diastolic, and chronotropic cardiac functions. Impairment of NO bioactivity is a pathogenic factor in various forms of cardiac disease. Although these findings support the potential use of NO-targeted therapies for treatment of cardiac disease, the complexities of the biologic actions of NO in the vasculature and heart are such that development of therapies is still largely in the preliminary stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopoldo Raij
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, and the Vascular Biology Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL 33125-1624, USA.
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Abstract
A popular diet used for weight reduction is the low-carbohydrate diet, which has most calories derived from fat and protein, but effects of this dietary regimen on coronary vascular function have not been identified. We tested the hypothesis that obesity-induced impairment in coronary endothelial function is reversed by a low-carbohydrate diet. We used four groups of male Zucker rats: lean and obese on normal and low-carbohydrate diets. Rats were fed ad libitum for 3 wk; total caloric intake and weight gain were similar in both diets. To assess endothelial and vascular function, coronary arterioles were cannulated and pressurized for diameter measurements during administration of acetylcholine or sodium nitroprusside or during flow. When compared with lean rats, endothelium-dependent acetylcholine-induced vasodilation was impaired by approximately 50% in obese rats (normal diet), but it was restored to normal by the low-carbohydrate diet. When the normal diet was fed, flow-induced dilation (FID) was impaired by >50% in obese compared with lean rats. Similar to acetylcholine, responses to FID were restored to normal by a low-carbohydrate diet. N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (10 microM), an inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthase, inhibited acetylcholine- and flow-induced dilation in lean rats, but it had no effect on acetylcholine- or flow-induced vasodilation in obese rats on a low-carbohydrate diet. Tetraethylammonium, a nonspecific K(+) channel antagonist, blocked flow-dependent dilation in the obese rats, suggesting that the improvement in function was mediated by a hyperpolarizing factor independent of NO. In conclusion, obesity-induced impairment in endothelium-dependent vasodilation of coronary arterioles can be dramatically improved with a low-carbohydrate diet most likely through the production of a hyperpolarizing factor independent of NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Focardi
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1901 Perdido Street, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Duprez DA, Cohn JN. Detection of Early Cardiovascular Disease. Cardiovascular Medicine 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-84628-715-2_78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Sorensen MB, Franks S, Robertson C, Pennell DJ, Collins P. Severe endothelial dysfunction in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome is only partially explained by known cardiovascular risk factors. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2006; 65:655-9. [PMID: 17054469 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02645.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess whether metabolic abnormalities can explain endothelial dysfunction and associated cardiovascular disease risk (CVDr) in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Endothelial function, a recognized composite marker of CVDr, may be reduced in PCOS and can be precisely and noninvasively assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR). PATIENTS Fourteen women with anovulatory PCOS (age [mean +/- SD] 33 +/- 4 years) and 13 controls (age: 33 +/- 6 years) with similar body mass index and regular menses. METHODS Endothelium-dependent (flow-mediated dilatation - FMD) and -independent (glyceryl trinitrate - GTN) changes in the brachial artery area were measured using CMR in women with PCOS and controls. Arterial function was assessed twice, in the early follicular phase and mid cycle in controls and after an interval of 2 weeks in PCOS subjects. Fasting lipids, glucose, insulin and sex hormones were measured at the first visit. RESULTS FMD was greatly reduced in women with PCOS compared to controls (-1%vs 5% and 2%vs 12%, P < 0.01) without differences in GTN responses. Risk factors were more prevalent in PCOS women and displayed significant linear relationships with FMD. PCOS status was the strongest predictor of FMD. Linear regression between PCOS and FMD remained significant after correction for all CVD risk markers linked to the metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSION PCOS is associated with changes in CVD risk markers and pronounced endothelial dysfunction. However endothelial dysfunction with PCOS is only partly explained by recognized CVD risk markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten B Sorensen
- CMR Unit and Department of Cardiac Medicine, Imperial College London, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
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Abstract
Dysfunction of the endothelium and of the arterial wall is well described in patients with atherosclerosis, diabetes, and other risk factors for vascular disease. In recent years, clinical research has focused on elucidating the role of this dysfunction in influencing vascular disease progression. Alteration in the structure of arteries and disruption of the homeostatic functions of the endothelium act as a substrate for end-organ damage and the occurrence of vascular events. Dysfunction of the vascular endothelial cells is probably the earliest event promoting atherosclerotic lesion formation. Therefore, methods capable of assessing endothelial function at a preclinical stage hold potential to refine cardiovascular risk stratification and serve as a guide to monitor the effects of therapeutic interventions. A number of methodologies are currently employed to assess endothelial function, but the optimal approach is not firmly established. In this article, we critically appraise the use of different methodologies employed to study endothelial function as a surrogate marker of future cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Lockhart
- Cardiovascular Division, Mayo Mail Code 508, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
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Chetty VT, Sharma AM. Can PPARgamma agonists have a role in the management of obesity-related hypertension? Vascul Pharmacol 2006; 45:46-53. [PMID: 16713364 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2005.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2005] [Revised: 11/01/2005] [Accepted: 11/01/2005] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) are ligand-activated transcription factors belonging to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. PPARgamma is the most extensively studied amongst the three subtypes (alpha, delta and gamma). This receptor is a key modulator of lipid and glucose homeostasis and is predominantly expressed in adipose tissue. Expression of PPARgamma is also found in non-adipose tissues including heart, kidney, spleen, and interestingly, in all relevant components of the vasculature: endothelial and smooth muscle cells. These receptors may therefore also play a role in the regulation of vascular tone and blood pressure. Genetic variants of PPARgamma have also been associated with features of the metabolic syndrome, including obesity and increased blood pressure. The discovery of synthetic ligands for PPARgamma, the Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) has greatly enhanced our understanding of their ligand dependent activation and more importantly their role in vascular pathobiology. Approximately 10 years ago, serendipitous animal experiments demonstrated that despite causing sodium retention, the TZDs actually lowered blood pressure. This review will highlight the role of TZDs in various models of hypertension and discuss their potential role in the management of obesity-related hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasudhevan T Chetty
- Michael deGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction contributes to cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease, which are also characterized by insulin resistance. Insulin resistance is a hallmark of metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity, which are also characterized by endothelial dysfunction. Metabolic actions of insulin to promote glucose disposal are augmented by vascular actions of insulin in endothelium to stimulate production of the vasodilator nitric oxide (NO). Indeed, NO-dependent increases in blood flow to skeletal muscle account for 25% to 40% of the increase in glucose uptake in response to insulin stimulation. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent insulin-signaling pathways in endothelium related to production of NO share striking similarities with metabolic pathways in skeletal muscle that promote glucose uptake. Other distinct nonmetabolic branches of insulin-signaling pathways regulate secretion of the vasoconstrictor endothelin-1 in endothelium. Metabolic insulin resistance is characterized by pathway-specific impairment in phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent signaling, which in endothelium may cause imbalance between production of NO and secretion of endothelin-1, leading to decreased blood flow, which worsens insulin resistance. Therapeutic interventions in animal models and human studies have demonstrated that improving endothelial function ameliorates insulin resistance, whereas improving insulin sensitivity ameliorates endothelial dysfunction. Taken together, cellular, physiological, clinical, and epidemiological studies strongly support a reciprocal relationship between endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance that helps to link cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. In the present review, we discuss pathophysiological mechanisms, including inflammatory processes, that couple endothelial dysfunction with insulin resistance and emphasize important therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-a Kim
- Diabetes Unit, National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1632, USA
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Parmar KM, Nambudiri V, Dai G, Larman HB, Gimbrone MA, García-Cardeña G. Statins Exert Endothelial Atheroprotective Effects via the KLF2 Transcription Factor. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:26714-9. [PMID: 15878865 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c500144200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, statins, have been shown to positively impact vascular function independent of their plasma lipid-lowering action. Several of these beneficial effects involve modulation of gene expression. Here we explored whether the transcription factor Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2), a biomechanically activated gene we recently identified as part of the endothelial "atheroprotective phenotype," is regulated by statins and whether this mechanism is important for the non-lipid lowering beneficial effects mediated by these drugs in endothelium. The mRNA levels of KLF2 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells increased in the presence of various statins. KLF2 induction was observed within 8 h after drug treatment and remained elevated for at least 24 h. This statin effect on KLF2 expression was reversed by addition of mevalonate and its downstream metabolite geranygeranyl pyrophosphate. Furthermore, inhibition of protein geranylgeranylation with GGTI-298 significantly induced KLF2 levels, whereas inhibition of farnesylation did not. Statin-mediated KLF2 expression was followed by the up-regulation of several of its downstream transcriptional targets. Using small interfering RNA to block KLF2 expression, we demonstrated that this transcription factor is necessary for the statin-mediated regulation of several pathophysiologically relevant genes. These results strongly implicate KLF2 as a transcriptional regulator of the statin-mediated effects in vascular endothelium and provide a novel mechanism for the well established non-lipid lowering beneficial cardiovascular effects of statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kush M Parmar
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Abstract
Obesity, currently affecting >20% of the adult population in most Western countries, is a major risk factor for the development of hypertension. Hypertension in obese patients is, in the majority of instances, further complicated by the concomitant presence of dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. The latter is reflected by derangement of glucose homeostasis, ranging from hyperinsulinemia to frank type 2 diabetes. Hypertension in obese patients is also associated with an increased risk for left ventricular hypertrophy, endothelial dysfunction, renal hyperfiltration, microalbuminuria, and elevated markers of inflammation. Sodium retention, volume expansion, and increased cardiac output are common findings in obese individuals. These changes are largely attributable to increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system and insufficient suppression of the renin-angiotensin system. Recent data show increased expression of angiotensin II-forming enzymes in adipose tissue, and increased activity of the renin-angiotensin system has recently been implicated in the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Accordingly, antihypertensive agents that block the renin-angiotensin system might be a beneficial strategy for treatment of obesity-related hypertension. Both angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin type-1 receptor blockers have been associated with favorable metabolic properties and end-organ protection in addition to their antihypertensive effects. Data from ongoing large trials will provide an indication of the protective and preventive effects of these treatment strategies while offering insights into the mechanisms linking obesity, hypertension, and other facets of the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arya M Sharma
- McMaster University, Hamilton General Hospital, 237 Barton Street East, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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Dang L, Seale JP, Qu X. Reduction of high glucose and phorbol-myristate-acetate-induced endothelial cell permeability by protein kinase C inhibitors LY379196 and hypocrellin A. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 67:855-64. [PMID: 15104238 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2003.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial barrier dysfunction plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications. Although recent studies have established a link between protein kinase C (PKC) pathway and hyperglycaemic-induced vascular permeability, it is unclear which PKC isoforms involve increased endothelial cell permeability. In the present study, we investigated whether high glucose induced endothelial hyperpermeability via distinct PKC isoforms in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and whether increased endothelial permeability could be substantially reversed by PKC inhibitors LY379196 and hypocrellin A (HA). High glucose (20 mM) and phorbol-myristate-acetate (PMA)-induced endothelial hyperpermeability was almost abolished by 150 nM HA and partially reduced by 30 nM PKC beta inhibitor (LY379196). LY379196 and HA inhibited the membrane fraction of PKC activity in a dose-dependent manner. Western blot analysis revealed high-glucose-induced overexpression of PKC alpha and PKC beta2 in the membrane fraction of HUVECs. LY379196 (30 and 150 nM) selectively inhibited PKC beta2 with no significant effect on PKC alpha expression. HA (150 nM) significantly reduced PKC alpha expression with no inhibitory effect on PKC beta2. At higher concentrations (300 nM), both LY379196 and HA were no longer selective for PKC beta or alpha, respectively. This study showed that both PKC alpha and beta2 contributed to endothelial hyperpermeability. Since reduction of endothelial hyperpermeability was greater with inhibition of PKC alpha rather than PKC beta2, we conclude that PKC alpha may be a major isoform involved in endothelial permeability in HUVECs, and that PKC alpha-mediated endothelial permeability was significantly reversed by the PKC inhibitor HA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Dang
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Technology, Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
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Abstract
Alteration in the physical properties of arterial blood vessels act as the substrate for end-organ damage and the occurrence of vascular events in hypertension. Structural and functional alteration in the microcirculation represents a prevalent and characteristic abnormality described in the earliest stages of hypertension. In addition to lowering arterial pressure, the importance of reversing structural abnormalities and restoring endothelial function has recently been emphasized. The normalization of microvascular function does not always correlate with blood pressure reduction and might depend on the class of antihypertensive agent employed. Because altered resistance vessel structure and function is a recognized hallmark of hypertension, institution of drug therapy that corrects the associated pathogenic vascular abnormalities is a rational, if unproven, clinical goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary E McVeigh
- Department of Therapeutics and Pharmacology, Queen's University Belfast, Whitla Medical Building, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland.
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Giacconi R, Cipriano C, Albanese F, Boccoli G, Saba V, Olivieri F, Franceschi C, Mocchegiani E. The −174G/C polymorphism of IL-6 is useful to screen old subjects at risk for atherosclerosis or to reach successful ageing. Exp Gerontol 2004; 39:621-8. [PMID: 15050298 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2003.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2003] [Revised: 11/26/2003] [Accepted: 12/01/2003] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
High levels of IL-6 are coupled with impaired immune efficiency, morbidity and mortality in ageing. Elderly men with GG (C-) genotype in -174 locus of IL-6 promoter are disadvantaged for longevity due to higher IL-6 than CG or CC (C+) carriers. As IL-6 increases in atherosclerosis, the study of the polymorphism of IL-6 may be a useful tool in identifying old subjects at risk for atherosclerosis. Thus, we divided old men into C+ and C- genotypes. Natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-alpha, MTmRNA and zinc ion bioavailability were also evaluated and compared with nonagenarians and old patients affected by carotid stenosis. Old C- patients display, other than elevated IL-6, higher IL-10, TNF-alpha and MTmRNA coupled with impaired NK cell cytotoxicity and lower zinc ion bioavailability than C+ patients. The same trend is observed in old subjects with C- phenotype. Nonagenarians with C+ genotype show less inflammation, low MTmRNA, satisfactory NK cell cytotoxicity and good zinc bioavailability than long-living individuals with C- genotype. A higher degree of bilateral carotid stenosis is observed in C- patients than in C+ patients (88 vs 52%). Therefore, C- genotype is coupled with chronic inflammation, impaired immune efficiency, low zinc ion bioavailability and high MTmRNA. As such, C- genotype is a risk factor for the appearance of severe atherosclerosis. Thus, the polymorphism of IL-6, together with the analysis of zinc turnover and immune parameters, is of a great clinical relevance in order to genetically identify old subjects at risk in developing severe atherosclerosis and, at the same time, to predict subjects predestined to successful ageing. As a consequence, more convenient therapies may be prepared for a complete recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robertina Giacconi
- Immunology Centre (Sect: Nutrition, Immunity and Ageing), Research Department of INRCA, Via Birarelli 8, 60121 Ancona, Italy
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