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Yang JF, Liao Q, Lu CL. SOX9 promotes the invasion and migration of lung adenocarcinoma cells by activating the RAP1 signaling pathway. BMC Pulm Med 2023; 23:421. [PMID: 37919693 PMCID: PMC10623714 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-023-02740-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE SOX9 has been shown to be related to the metastasis of various cancers. Recently, it has been reported that SOX9 plays a regulatory role in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) cell metastasis, but the specific mechanism remains to be explored. Therefore, the objective of this study was to observe the effect and mechanism of SOX9 on the invasion and migration of LUAD cells. METHODS RT-qPCR was applied to observe the expression of SOX9 and RAP1 in tumor tissues and corresponding normal lung tissues collected from LUAD patients. Co-immunoprecipitation and Pearson correlation to analyze the expression correlation of SOX9 with RAP1. To observe the role of SOX9, the invasion and migration levels of LUAD A549 cells in each group were observed by Transwell invasion assay and Scratch migration assay after knocking down or overexpressing SOX9. Besides, the expression levels of RAP1 pathway-related proteins (RAP1, RAP1GAP and RasGRP33) were observed by RT-qCPR or western blot. Subsequently, RAP1 was overexpressed and SOX9 was knocked down in A549 cells, and then the cell invasion/migration level and RAP1 pathway activity were assessed. RESULTS The expression levels of SOX9 and RAP1 in tumor tissues and A549 cells of LUAD patients were significantly increased and positively correlated. Overexpression of SOX9 or RAP1 alone in A549 cells enhanced the invasion and migration ability of cells, as well as up-regulated the expression levels of RAP1, RAP1GAP and RasGRP33. However, knocking down SOX9 decreased cell invasion and migration levels and weakened the activity of RAP1 pathway. Notably, overexpressing RAP1 while knocking down SOX9 significantly activated RAP1 pathway and promoted cell invasion and migration. CONCLUSION Overexpression of SOX9 in LUAD can significantly activate the RAP1 signaling pathway and promote cell invasion and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Fa Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Taizhou School of Clinical Medicine, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing Liao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Taizhou School of Clinical Medicine, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen-Lin Lu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Taizhou School of Clinical Medicine, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, China.
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2
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Yang Y, Gomez N, Infarinato N, Adam RC, Sribour M, Baek I, Laurin M, Fuchs E. The pioneer factor SOX9 competes for epigenetic factors to switch stem cell fates. Nat Cell Biol 2023; 25:1185-1195. [PMID: 37488435 PMCID: PMC10415178 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01184-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
During development, progenitors simultaneously activate one lineage while silencing another, a feature highly regulated in adult stem cells but derailed in cancers. Equipped to bind cognate motifs in closed chromatin, pioneer factors operate at these crossroads, but how they perform fate switching remains elusive. Here we tackle this question with SOX9, a master regulator that diverts embryonic epidermal stem cells (EpdSCs) into becoming hair follicle stem cells. By engineering mice to re-activate SOX9 in adult EpdSCs, we trigger fate switching. Combining epigenetic, proteomic and functional analyses, we interrogate the ensuing chromatin and transcriptional dynamics, slowed temporally by the mature EpdSC niche microenvironment. We show that as SOX9 binds and opens key hair follicle enhancers de novo in EpdSCs, it simultaneously recruits co-factors away from epidermal enhancers, which are silenced. Unhinged from its normal regulation, sustained SOX9 subsequently activates oncogenic transcriptional regulators that chart the path to cancers typified by constitutive SOX9 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihao Yang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas Gomez
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Allen Institute for Cell Sciences, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicole Infarinato
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- PRECISIONscientia, Yardley, PA, USA
| | - Rene C Adam
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Megan Sribour
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Inwha Baek
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mélanie Laurin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elaine Fuchs
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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3
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Mijiti M, Maimaiti A, Chen X, Tuersun M, Dilixiati M, Dilixiati Y, Zhu G, Wu H, Li Y, Turhon M, Abulaiti A, Maimaitiaili N, Yiming N, Kasimu M, Wang Y. CRISPR-cas9 screening identified lethal genes enriched in Hippo kinase pathway and of predictive significance in primary low-grade glioma. Mol Med 2023; 29:64. [PMID: 37183261 PMCID: PMC10183247 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00652-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-grade gliomas (LGG) are a type of brain tumor that can be lethal, and it is essential to identify genes that are correlated with patient prognosis. In this study, we aimed to use CRISPR-cas9 screening data to identify key signaling pathways and develop a genetic signature associated with high-risk, low-grade glioma patients. METHODS The study used CRISPR-cas9 screening data to identify essential genes correlated with cell survival in LGG. We used RNA-seq data to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to cell viability. Moreover, we used the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) method to construct a genetic signature for predicting overall survival in patients. We performed enrichment analysis to identify pathways mediated by DEGs, overlapping genes, and genes shared in the Weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA). Finally, the study used western blot, qRT-PCR, and IHC to detect the expression of hub genes from signature in clinical samples. RESULTS The study identified 145 overexpressed oncogenes in low-grade gliomas using the TCGA database. These genes were intersected with lethal genes identified in the CRISPR-cas9 screening data from Depmap database, which are enriched in Hippo pathways. A total of 19 genes were used to construct a genetic signature, and the Hippo signaling pathway was found to be the predominantly enriched pathway. The signature effectively distinguished between low- and high-risk patients, with high-risk patients showing a shorter overall survival duration. Differences in hub gene expression were found in different clinical samples, with the protein and mRNA expression of REP65 being significantly up-regulated in tumor cells. The study suggests that the Hippo signaling pathway may be a critical regulator of viability and tumor proliferation and therefore is an innovative new target for treating cancerous brain tumors, including low-grade gliomas. CONCLUSION Our study identified a novel genetic signature associated with high-risk, LGG patients. We found that the Hippo signaling pathway was significantly enriched in this signature, indicating that it may be a critical regulator of tumor viability and proliferation in LGG. Targeting the Hippo pathway could be an innovative new strategy for treating LGG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maimaitili Mijiti
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, 830054, Urumqi, China
| | - Aierpati Maimaiti
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, 830054, Urumqi, China
| | - Xiaoqing Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, Xinjiang, China
| | - Maidina Tuersun
- Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China
| | | | | | - Guohua Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, 830054, Urumqi, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, 830054, Urumqi, China
| | - Yandong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, 830054, Urumqi, China
| | - Mirzat Turhon
- Department of Neurointerventional Surgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
- Department of Neurointerventional Surgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Aimitaji Abulaiti
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, 830054, Urumqi, China
| | | | - Nadire Yiming
- Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China
| | - Maimaitijiang Kasimu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, 830054, Urumqi, China.
| | - Yongxin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, 830054, Urumqi, China.
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Stevanovic M, Kovacevic-Grujicic N, Petrovic I, Drakulic D, Milivojevic M, Mojsin M. Crosstalk between SOX Genes and Long Non-Coding RNAs in Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076392. [PMID: 37047365 PMCID: PMC10094781 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) continues to be the most devastating primary brain malignancy. Despite significant advancements in understanding basic GBM biology and enormous efforts in developing new therapeutic approaches, the prognosis for most GBM patients remains poor with a median survival time of 15 months. Recently, the interplay between the SOX (SRY-related HMG-box) genes and lncRNAs (long non-coding RNAs) has become the focus of GBM research. Both classes of molecules have an aberrant expression in GBM and play essential roles in tumor initiation, progression, therapy resistance, and recurrence. In GBM, SOX and lncRNAs crosstalk through numerous functional axes, some of which are part of the complex transcriptional and epigenetic regulatory mechanisms. This review provides a systematic summary of current literature data on the complex interplay between SOX genes and lncRNAs and represents an effort to underscore the effects of SOX/lncRNA crosstalk on the malignant properties of GBM cells. Furthermore, we highlight the significance of this crosstalk in searching for new biomarkers and therapeutic approaches in GBM treatment.
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Trovato F, Stefani FR, Li J, Zetterdahl OG, Canals I, Ahlenius H, Bengzon J. Transcription Factor-Forced Astrocytic Differentiation Impairs Human Glioblastoma Growth In Vitro and In Vivo. Mol Cancer Ther 2023; 22:274-286. [PMID: 36508391 PMCID: PMC9890139 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Direct cellular reprogramming has recently gained attention of cancer researchers for the possibility to convert undifferentiated cancer cells into more differentiated, postmitotic cell types. While a few studies have attempted reprogramming of glioblastoma (GBM) cells toward a neuronal fate, this approach has not yet been used to induce differentiation into other lineages and in vivo data on reduction in tumorigenicity are limited. Here, we employ cellular reprogramming to induce astrocytic differentiation as a therapeutic approach in GBM. To this end, we overexpressed key transcriptional regulators of astroglial development in human GBM and GBM stem cell lines. Treated cells undergo a remarkable shift in structure, acquiring an astrocyte-like morphology with star-shaped bodies and radial branched processes. Differentiated cells express typical glial markers and show a marked decrease in their proliferative state. In addition, forced differentiation induces astrocytic functions such as induced calcium transients and ability to respond to inflammatory stimuli. Most importantly, forced differentiation substantially reduces tumorigenicity of GBM cells in an in vivo xenotransplantation model. The current study capitalizes on cellular plasticity with a novel application in cancer. We take advantage of the similarity between neural developmental processes and cancer hierarchy to mitigate, if not completely abolish, the malignant nature of tumor cells and pave the way for new intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Trovato
- Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Scania, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Neurosurgery, Lund University, Lund, Scania, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Neurology, Lund University, Lund, Scania, Sweden
- Corresponding Author: Francesco Trovato, Stem Cell Center/Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Klinikgatan 26, Lund, Scania 221 84, Sweden. Phone: 46-222-3159; E-mail:
| | - Francesca Romana Stefani
- Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Scania, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Neurosurgery, Lund University, Lund, Scania, Sweden
| | - Jiaxin Li
- Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Scania, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Neurosurgery, Lund University, Lund, Scania, Sweden
| | - Oskar G. Zetterdahl
- Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Scania, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Neurology, Lund University, Lund, Scania, Sweden
| | - Isaac Canals
- Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Scania, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Neurology, Lund University, Lund, Scania, Sweden
| | - Henrik Ahlenius
- Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Scania, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Neurology, Lund University, Lund, Scania, Sweden
| | - Johan Bengzon
- Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Scania, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Neurosurgery, Lund University, Lund, Scania, Sweden
- Department of Neurosurgery, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Scania, Sweden
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6
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Chen H, Chen X, Zeng F, Fu A, Huang M. Prognostic value of SOX9 in cervical cancer: Bioinformatics and experimental approaches. Front Genet 2022; 13:939328. [PMID: 36003340 PMCID: PMC9394184 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.939328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Among gynecological cancers, cervical cancer is a common malignancy and remains the leading cause of cancer-related death for women. However, the exact molecular pathogenesis of cervical cancer is not known. Hence, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying cervical cancer pathogenesis will aid in the development of effective treatment modalities. In this research, we attempted to discern candidate biomarkers for cervical cancer by using multiple bioinformatics approaches. First, we performed differential expression analysis based on cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma data from The Cancer Genome Atlas database, then used differentially expressed genes for weighted gene co-expression network construction to find the most relevant gene module for cervical cancer. Next, the Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses were performed on the module genes, followed by using protein–protein interaction network analysis and Cytoscape to find the key gene. Finally, we validated the key gene by using multiple online sites and experimental methods. Through weighted gene co-expression network analysis, we found the turquoise module was the highest correlated module with cervical cancer diagnosis. The biological process of the module genes focused on cell proliferation, cell adhesion, and protein binding processes, while the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway of the module significantly enriched pathways related to cancer and cell circle. Among the module genes, SOX9 was identified as the hub gene, and its expression was associated with cervical cancer prognosis. We found the expression of SOX9 correlates with cancer-associated fibroblast immune infiltration in immune cells by Timer2.0. Furthermore, cancer-associated fibroblast infiltration is linked to cervical cancer patients’ prognosis. Compared to those in normal adjacent, immunohistochemical and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) showed that the protein and mRNA expression of SOX9 in cervical cancer were higher. Therefore, the SOX9 gene acts as an oncogene in cervical cancer, interactive with immune infiltration of cancer-associated fibroblasts, thereby affecting the prognosis of patients with cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhu Zhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, Hunan China
| | - Xupeng Chen
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Zhu Zhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, Hunan China
| | - Fanhua Zeng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhu Zhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, Hunan China
| | - Aizhen Fu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Meiyuan Huang
- Department of Pathology, Zhu Zhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, Hunan China
- *Correspondence: Meiyuan Huang,
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7
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Shafi O, Siddiqui G. Tracing the origins of glioblastoma by investigating the role of gliogenic and related neurogenic genes/signaling pathways in GBM development: a systematic review. World J Surg Oncol 2022; 20:146. [PMID: 35538578 PMCID: PMC9087910 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-022-02602-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma is one of the most aggressive tumors. The etiology and the factors determining its onset are not yet entirely known. This study investigates the origins of GBM, and for this purpose, it focuses primarily on developmental gliogenic processes. It also focuses on the impact of the related neurogenic developmental processes in glioblastoma oncogenesis. It also addresses why glial cells are at more risk of tumor development compared to neurons. Methods Databases including PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar were searched for published articles without any date restrictions, involving glioblastoma, gliogenesis, neurogenesis, stemness, neural stem cells, gliogenic signaling and pathways, neurogenic signaling and pathways, and astrocytogenic genes. Results The origin of GBM is dependent on dysregulation in multiple genes and pathways that accumulatively converge the cells towards oncogenesis. There are multiple layers of steps in glioblastoma oncogenesis including the failure of cell fate-specific genes to keep the cells differentiated in their specific cell types such as p300, BMP, HOPX, and NRSF/REST. There are genes and signaling pathways that are involved in differentiation and also contribute to GBM such as FGFR3, JAK-STAT, and hey1. The genes that contribute to differentiation processes but also contribute to stemness in GBM include notch, Sox9, Sox4, c-myc gene overrides p300, and then GFAP, leading to upregulation of nestin, SHH, NF-κB, and others. GBM mutations pathologically impact the cell circuitry such as the interaction between Sox2 and JAK-STAT pathway, resulting in GBM development and progression. Conclusion Glioblastoma originates when the gene expression of key gliogenic genes and signaling pathways become dysregulated. This study identifies key gliogenic genes having the ability to control oncogenesis in glioblastoma cells, including p300, BMP, PAX6, HOPX, NRSF/REST, LIF, and TGF beta. It also identifies key neurogenic genes having the ability to control oncogenesis including PAX6, neurogenins including Ngn1, NeuroD1, NeuroD4, Numb, NKX6-1 Ebf, Myt1, and ASCL1. This study also postulates how aging contributes to the onset of glioblastoma by dysregulating the gene expression of NF-κB, REST/NRSF, ERK, AKT, EGFR, and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ovais Shafi
- Sindh Medical College - Jinnah Sindh Medical University / Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - Ghazia Siddiqui
- Sindh Medical College - Jinnah Sindh Medical University / Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
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8
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Aldaz P, Martín-Martín N, Saenz-Antoñanzas A, Carrasco-Garcia E, Álvarez-Satta M, Elúa-Pinin A, Pollard SM, Lawrie CH, Moreno-Valladares M, Samprón N, Hench J, Lovell-Badge R, Carracedo A, Matheu A. High SOX9 Maintains Glioma Stem Cell Activity through a Regulatory Loop Involving STAT3 and PML. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094511. [PMID: 35562901 PMCID: PMC9104987 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma stem cells (GSCs) are critical targets for glioma therapy. SOX9 is a transcription factor with critical roles during neurodevelopment, particularly within neural stem cells. Previous studies showed that high levels of SOX9 are associated with poor glioma patient survival. SOX9 knockdown impairs GSCs proliferation, confirming its potential as a target for glioma therapy. In this study, we characterized the function of SOX9 directly in patient-derived glioma stem cells. Notably, transcriptome analysis of GSCs with SOX9 knockdown revealed STAT3 and PML as downstream targets. Functional studies demonstrated that SOX9, STAT3, and PML form a regulatory loop that is key for GSC activity and self-renewal. Analysis of glioma clinical biopsies confirmed a positive correlation between SOX9/STAT3/PML and poor patient survival among the cases with the highest SOX9 expression levels. Importantly, direct STAT3 or PML inhibitors reduced the expression of SOX9, STAT3, and PML proteins, which significantly reduced GSCs tumorigenicity. In summary, our study reveals a novel role for SOX9 upstream of STAT3, as a GSC pathway regulator, and presents pharmacological inhibitors of the signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Aldaz
- Group of Cellular Oncology, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; (P.A.); (A.S.-A.); (E.C.-G.); (M.Á.-S.); (M.M.-V.); (N.S.)
| | - Natalia Martín-Martín
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain; (N.M.-M.); (A.C.)
| | - Ander Saenz-Antoñanzas
- Group of Cellular Oncology, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; (P.A.); (A.S.-A.); (E.C.-G.); (M.Á.-S.); (M.M.-V.); (N.S.)
| | - Estefania Carrasco-Garcia
- Group of Cellular Oncology, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; (P.A.); (A.S.-A.); (E.C.-G.); (M.Á.-S.); (M.M.-V.); (N.S.)
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Carlos III Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Álvarez-Satta
- Group of Cellular Oncology, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; (P.A.); (A.S.-A.); (E.C.-G.); (M.Á.-S.); (M.M.-V.); (N.S.)
| | | | - Steven M. Pollard
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine & Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK;
| | - Charles H. Lawrie
- Group of Molecular Oncology, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain;
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Manuel Moreno-Valladares
- Group of Cellular Oncology, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; (P.A.); (A.S.-A.); (E.C.-G.); (M.Á.-S.); (M.M.-V.); (N.S.)
- Donostia University Hospital, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain;
| | - Nicolás Samprón
- Group of Cellular Oncology, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; (P.A.); (A.S.-A.); (E.C.-G.); (M.Á.-S.); (M.M.-V.); (N.S.)
- Donostia University Hospital, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain;
| | - Jürgen Hench
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, 48009 Basel, Switzerland;
| | | | - Arkaitz Carracedo
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain; (N.M.-M.); (A.C.)
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, 48009 Basel, Switzerland;
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
- CIBER of Cancer (CIBERONC), Carlos III Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ander Matheu
- Group of Cellular Oncology, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; (P.A.); (A.S.-A.); (E.C.-G.); (M.Á.-S.); (M.M.-V.); (N.S.)
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Carlos III Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-943006073
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Nikkhah H, Vafaei M, Farashahi-Yazd E, Sheikhha MH, Jafari-Nudoshan J. The significant increase of miR-140-5P in papillary thyroid cancer samples. GENE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Stevanovic M, Kovacevic-Grujicic N, Mojsin M, Milivojevic M, Drakulic D. SOX transcription factors and glioma stem cells: Choosing between stemness and differentiation. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:1417-1445. [PMID: 34786152 PMCID: PMC8567447 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i10.1417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common, most aggressive and deadliest brain tumor. Recently, remarkable progress has been made towards understanding the cellular and molecular biology of gliomas. GBM tumor initiation, progression and relapse as well as resistance to treatments are associated with glioma stem cells (GSCs). GSCs exhibit a high proliferation rate and self-renewal capacity and the ability to differentiate into diverse cell types, generating a range of distinct cell types within the tumor, leading to cellular heterogeneity. GBM tumors may contain different subsets of GSCs, and some of them may adopt a quiescent state that protects them against chemotherapy and radiotherapy. GSCs enriched in recurrent gliomas acquire more aggressive and therapy-resistant properties, making them more malignant, able to rapidly spread. The impact of SOX transcription factors (TFs) on brain tumors has been extensively studied in the last decade. Almost all SOX genes are expressed in GBM, and their expression levels are associated with patient prognosis and survival. Numerous SOX TFs are involved in the maintenance of the stemness of GSCs or play a role in the initiation of GSC differentiation. The fine-tuning of SOX gene expression levels controls the balance between cell stemness and differentiation. Therefore, innovative therapies targeting SOX TFs are emerging as promising tools for combatting GBM. Combatting GBM has been a demanding and challenging goal for decades. The current therapeutic strategies have not yet provided a cure for GBM and have only resulted in a slight improvement in patient survival. Novel approaches will require the fine adjustment of multimodal therapeutic strategies that simultaneously target numerous hallmarks of cancer cells to win the battle against GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Stevanovic
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11042, Serbia
- Chair Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11158, Serbia
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade 11000, Serbia.
| | - Natasa Kovacevic-Grujicic
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11042, Serbia
| | - Marija Mojsin
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11042, Serbia
| | - Milena Milivojevic
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11042, Serbia
| | - Danijela Drakulic
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11042, Serbia
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11
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Sun Y, Jing Y, Zhang Y. Serum lncRNA-ANRIL and SOX9 expression levels in glioma patients and their relationship with poor prognosis. World J Surg Oncol 2021; 19:287. [PMID: 34556140 PMCID: PMC8461887 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-021-02392-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background lncRNA-CDKN2B antisense RNA 1 (ANRIL) and SRY-box transcription factor 9 (SOX9) has abnormal expression in many tumors including glioma, but the underlying molecular mechanism is unclear. This study set out to investigate the serum lncRNA-ANRIL and SOX9 levels in glioma patients and their effects on prognosis. Methods We enrolled 142 glioma patients admitted to our hospital from May 2014 to May 2016 into the research group (RG) and 120 healthy subjects receiving concurrent physical examinations into the control group (CG). Fasting peripheral blood (4 mL each) was sampled from subjects from the two groups. Using the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), lncRNA-ANRIL and SOX9 were measured to explore their values in the early diagnosis of glioma. Patients from RG were followed up for 3 years to analyze the influence of lncRNA-ANRIL and SOX9 on patient prognosis. We purchased glioma cell lines U251 and U87 and grouped them according to the transfection of different plasmids. We conducted CCK8 assay to test cell proliferation, Transwell assay to test cell invasion, the flow cytometry to test cell apoptosis, and Western Blot assay to measure bcl-2 and bax protein levels. Results ANRIL and SOX9 were evidently higher in RG than in CG (P<0.01). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve revealed that the diagnostic sensitivity of ANRIL combined with SOX9 for glioma was 81.62%, and the specificity was 90.83% (P<0.01). ANRIL and SOX9 were closely related to tumor grade, tumor diameter, distant metastasis, and family history of glioma (P<0.01). In total, 135 patients were successfully followed up (95.07%). Patients with high levels of ANRIL and SOX9 had a markedly poorer prognosis than those with low levels (P<0.05). ANRIL and SOX9 were markedly higher in glioma cell lines (U251 and U87) than in normal brain cells (P<0.01). The proliferation and invasion of U251 cells were notably reduced after the transfection of ANRIL and SOX9 inhibitory sequences (P<0.01), but the apoptosis was notably increased (P<0.01). Bcl-2 expression was markedly increased in lncRNA-ANRIL-inhibitor and SOX9-inhibitor (P<0.01), while bax expression was markedly reduced in lncRNA-ANRIL-inhibitor and SOX9-inhibitor (P<0.01). Conclusion lncRNA-ANRIL and SOX9 levels were higher in glioma patients than in healthy people. High-lncRNA-ANRIL and SOX9 levels were strongly associated with unfavorable prognosis of patients. The testing of biological behaviors revealed that lncRNA-ANRIL and SOX9 worked as tumor-promoting genes in glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youlu Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangrao County People's Hospital, No. 180 Huayuan Road, Dongying, Guangrao County, 257300, P.R. China
| | - Yuesong Jing
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second People's Hospital Of Dongying, Dongying, 257335, P.R. China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangrao County People's Hospital, No. 180 Huayuan Road, Dongying, Guangrao County, 257300, P.R. China.
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12
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Lizárraga-Verdugo E, Carmona TG, Ramos-Payan R, Avendaño-Félix M, Bermúdez M, Parra-Niebla M, López-Camarillo C, Fernandez-Figueroa E, Lino-Silva L, Saavedra HA, Vela-Sarmiento I, Ovando RC, Ruíz-García E, Aguilar-Medina M. SOX9 is associated with advanced T-stages of clinical stage II colon cancer in young Mexican patients. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:497. [PMID: 33981359 PMCID: PMC8108287 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide and includes colon cancer (CC) and rectal cancer (RC). Regarding CC, the development of novel molecular biomarkers for the accurate diagnosis and prognosis, as well as the identification of novel targets for therapeutic intervention, are urgently needed. SRY-related high-mobility group box 9 (SOX9), a transcription factor, is involved in development, and has been associated with the progression of human cancer. However, its underlying clinical and functional effects in CRC have not been fully understood. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the clinical and functional relevance of SOX9 expression in CC. The expression of SOX9 in tumor tissues was evaluated in 97 biopsies from Mexican patients with CC with early-stage I and II disease by immunohistochemistry (IHC). In addition, SOX9 silencing in the HCT116 cell line was performed using specific small interfering RNAs, while downregulation efficiency was verified by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and immunofluorescence. Spheroid-formation assay was carried out using ultra-low attachment plates. The IHC results showed that SOX9 was upregulated in patients with stage II (91%) and advanced T3 stage (67%) CC. Interestingly, higher SOX9 expression was associated with clinical stage, tumor size and tumor location. Furthermore, increased SOX9 expression was found in relapsed cases with local tumors; however, it was not associated with increased survival probability. Additionally, functional analysis indicated that SOX9 silencing significantly attenuated the sphere-formation capability of HCT116 cells. The present study was the first to evaluate the expression levels of SOX9 in Mexican patients diagnosed with early-stage CC. The aforementioned findings indicated that high SOX9 expression could play an important role in tumorigenesis and be associated with advanced T-stages of clinical-stage II patients, but not with relapse-free survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Lizárraga-Verdugo
- Faculty of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, 80010 Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | | | - Rosalío Ramos-Payan
- Faculty of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, 80010 Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Mariana Avendaño-Félix
- Faculty of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, 80010 Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Mercedes Bermúdez
- Faculty of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, 80010 Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Maryelv Parra-Niebla
- Faculty of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, 80010 Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - César López-Camarillo
- Oncogenomics Laboratory, Autonomous University of Mexico City, 06720 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Edith Fernandez-Figueroa
- Department of Computational Genomics Laboratories, National Cancer Institute, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Leonardo Lino-Silva
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Itzel Vela-Sarmiento
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tumors, National Cancer Institute, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Erika Ruíz-García
- Department of Translational Medicine, National Cancer Institute, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maribel Aguilar-Medina
- Faculty of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, 80010 Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
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13
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Curry RN, Glasgow SM. The Role of Neurodevelopmental Pathways in Brain Tumors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:659055. [PMID: 34012965 PMCID: PMC8127784 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.659055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruptions to developmental cell signaling pathways and transcriptional cascades have been implicated in tumor initiation, maintenance and progression. Resurgence of aberrant neurodevelopmental programs in the context of brain tumors highlights the numerous parallels that exist between developmental and oncologic mechanisms. A deeper understanding of how dysregulated developmental factors contribute to brain tumor oncogenesis and disease progression will help to identify potential therapeutic targets for these malignancies. In this review, we summarize the current literature concerning developmental signaling cascades and neurodevelopmentally-regulated transcriptional programs. We also examine their respective contributions towards tumor initiation, maintenance, and progression in both pediatric and adult brain tumors and highlight relevant differentiation therapies and putative candidates for prospective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel N. Curry
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Houston, TX, United States
- Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Stacey M. Glasgow
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
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14
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Lopes MB, Martins EP, Vinga S, Costa BM. The Role of Network Science in Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1045. [PMID: 33801334 PMCID: PMC7958335 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Network science has long been recognized as a well-established discipline across many biological domains. In the particular case of cancer genomics, network discovery is challenged by the multitude of available high-dimensional heterogeneous views of data. Glioblastoma (GBM) is an example of such a complex and heterogeneous disease that can be tackled by network science. Identifying the architecture of molecular GBM networks is essential to understanding the information flow and better informing drug development and pre-clinical studies. Here, we review network-based strategies that have been used in the study of GBM, along with the available software implementations for reproducibility and further testing on newly coming datasets. Promising results have been obtained from both bulk and single-cell GBM data, placing network discovery at the forefront of developing a molecularly-informed-based personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta B. Lopes
- Center for Mathematics and Applications (CMA), FCT, UNL, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- NOVA Laboratory for Computer Science and Informatics (NOVA LINCS), FCT, UNL, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Eduarda P. Martins
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (E.P.M.); (B.M.C.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057/4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Susana Vinga
- INESC-ID, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1000-029 Lisbon, Portugal;
- IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Bruno M. Costa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (E.P.M.); (B.M.C.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057/4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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15
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Segura-Collar B, Garranzo-Asensio M, Herranz B, Hernández-SanMiguel E, Cejalvo T, Casas BS, Matheu A, Pérez-Núñez Á, Sepúlveda-Sánchez JM, Hernández-Laín A, Palma V, Gargini R, Sánchez-Gómez P. Tumor-Derived Pericytes Driven by EGFR Mutations Govern the Vascular and Immune Microenvironment of Gliomas. Cancer Res 2021; 81:2142-2156. [PMID: 33593822 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-3558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The extraordinary plasticity of glioma cells allows them to contribute to different cellular compartments in tumor vessels, reinforcing the vascular architecture. It was recently revealed that targeting glioma-derived pericytes, which represent a big percentage of the mural cell population in aggressive tumors, increases the permeability of the vessels and improves the efficiency of chemotherapy. However, the molecular determinants of this transdifferentiation process have not been elucidated. Here we show that mutations in EGFR stimulate the capacity of glioma cells to function as pericytes in a BMX- (bone marrow and X-linked) and SOX9-dependent manner. Subsequent activation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta in the vessel walls of EGFR-mutant gliomas stabilized the vasculature and facilitated the recruitment of immune cells. These changes in the tumor microenvironment conferred a growth advantage to the tumors but also rendered them sensitive to pericyte-targeting molecules such as ibrutinib or sunitinib. In the absence of EGFR mutations, high-grade gliomas were enriched in blood vessels, but showed a highly disrupted blood-brain barrier due to the decreased BMX/SOX9 activation and pericyte coverage, which led to poor oxygenation, necrosis, and hypoxia. Overall, these findings identify EGFR mutations as key regulators of the glioma-to-pericyte transdifferentiation, highlighting the intricate relationship between the tumor cells and their vascular and immune milieu. Our results lay the foundations for a vascular-dependent stratification of gliomas and suggest different therapeutic vulnerabilities determined by the genetic status of EGFR. SIGNIFICANCE: This study identifies the EGFR-related mechanisms that govern the capacity of glioma cells to transdifferentiate into pericytes, regulating the vascular and immune phenotypes of the tumors. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/81/8/2142/F1.large.jpg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Segura-Collar
- Neurooncology Unit, Unidad Funcional de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Garranzo-Asensio
- Neurooncology Unit, Unidad Funcional de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Herranz
- Neurooncology Unit, Unidad Funcional de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Hernández-SanMiguel
- Neurooncology Unit, Unidad Funcional de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Cejalvo
- Neurooncology Unit, Unidad Funcional de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Bárbara S Casas
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ander Matheu
- Cellular Oncology Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
- CIBERFES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Pérez-Núñez
- Dto. Neurocirugía, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Verónica Palma
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Gargini
- Neurooncology Unit, Unidad Funcional de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pilar Sánchez-Gómez
- Neurooncology Unit, Unidad Funcional de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.
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16
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Panda M, Tripathi SK, Biswal BK. SOX9: An emerging driving factor from cancer progression to drug resistance. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1875:188517. [PMID: 33524528 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of transcription factors is one of the common problems in the pathogenesis of human cancer. Among them, SOX9 is one of the critical transcription factors involved in various diseases, including cancer. The expression of SOX9 is regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs), methylation, phosphorylation, and acetylation. Interestingly, SOX9 acts as a proto-oncogene or tumor suppressor gene, relying upon kinds of cancer. Recent studies have reported the critical role of SOX9 in the regulation of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Additionally, activation of SOX9 signaling or SOX9 regulated signaling pathways play a crucial role in cancer development and progression. Accumulating evidence also suggests that SOX9 acquires stem cell features to induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Moreover, SOX9 has been broadly studied in the field of cancer stem cell (CSC) and EMT in the last decades. However, the link between SOX9 and cancer drug resistance has only recently been discovered. Furthermore, its differential expression could be a potential biomarker for tumor prognosis and progression. This review outlined the various biological implications of SOX9 in cancer progression and cancer drug resistance and elucidated its signaling network, which could be a potential target for designing novel anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munmun Panda
- Cancer Drug Resistance Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Surya Kant Tripathi
- Cancer Drug Resistance Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Bijesh K Biswal
- Cancer Drug Resistance Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India.
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17
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Lopes MB, Vinga S. Tracking intratumoral heterogeneity in glioblastoma via regularized classification of single-cell RNA-Seq data. BMC Bioinformatics 2020; 21:59. [PMID: 32070274 PMCID: PMC7029554 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-020-3390-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding cellular and molecular heterogeneity in glioblastoma (GBM), the most common and aggressive primary brain malignancy, is a crucial step towards the development of effective therapies. Besides the inter-patient variability, the presence of multiple cell populations within tumors calls for the need to develop modeling strategies able to extract the molecular signatures driving tumor evolution and treatment failure. With the advances in single-cell RNA Sequencing (scRNA-Seq), tumors can now be dissected at the cell level, unveiling information from their life history to their clinical implications. Results We propose a classification setting based on GBM scRNA-Seq data, through sparse logistic regression, where different cell populations (neoplastic and normal cells) are taken as classes. The goal is to identify gene features discriminating between the classes, but also those shared by different neoplastic clones. The latter will be approached via the network-based twiner regularizer to identify gene signatures shared by neoplastic cells from the tumor core and infiltrating neoplastic cells originated from the tumor periphery, as putative disease biomarkers to target multiple neoplastic clones. Our analysis is supported by the literature through the identification of several known molecular players in GBM. Moreover, the relevance of the selected genes was confirmed by their significance in the survival outcomes in bulk GBM RNA-Seq data, as well as their association with several Gene Ontology (GO) biological process terms. Conclusions We presented a methodology intended to identify genes discriminating between GBM clones, but also those playing a similar role in different GBM neoplastic clones (including migrating cells), therefore potential targets for therapy research. Our results contribute to a deeper understanding on the genetic features behind GBM, by disclosing novel therapeutic directions accounting for GBM heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta B Lopes
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, Lisboa, 1049-001, Portugal.
| | - Susana Vinga
- INESC-ID, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Rua Alves Redol 9, Lisboa, 1000-029, Portugal
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18
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LINC00174 down-regulation decreases chemoresistance to temozolomide in human glioma cells by regulating miR-138-5p/SOX9 axis. Hum Cell 2019; 33:159-174. [PMID: 31713817 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-019-00281-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Temozolomide (TMZ) is one of the most common drugs selected for glioma chemotherapy, but the therapeutic effect of glioma treatment is usually limited due to its resistance. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is gradually found to be a vital regulator in numerous physiological and pathological processes. Lately, it was revealed that LINC00174 could promote CRC cell growth. However, the function and potential regulatory manner of LINC00174 in glioma remain unclear. Our results demonstrated that the expression level of LINC00174 was higher in glioma tissues, and LINC00174 down-regulation could remarkably prevent cell proliferation and promote cell apoptosis in both glioma cells and TMZ-resistant glioma cells. Mechanistic studies revealed that LINC00174 can sponge microRNA-138-5p (miR-138-5p) and down-regulate its expression, thereby up-regulating the protein level of miR-138-5p's target, sex-determining region Y (SRY)-box9 protein (SOX9). Additionally, in vivo experiments revealed that LINC00174 shRNA can serve as a tumor suppressor through down-regulating SOX9 in glioma. In this study, a novel established regulatory way of LINC00174/miR-138-5p/SOX9 axis was systematically studied, which may provide a new manner for glioma therapy.
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Jia J, Wang J, Yin M, Liu Y. microRNA-605 directly targets SOX9 to alleviate the aggressive phenotypes of glioblastoma multiforme cell lines by deactivating the PI3K/Akt pathway. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:5437-5448. [PMID: 31360068 PMCID: PMC6625606 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s213026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrant microRNA (miRNA) expression has been widely reported to play a crucial role in the progression and development of glioblastoma (GBM). miR-605 has been identified as a tumor-suppressing miRNA in several types of human cancers. Nevertheless, the expression profile and detailed roles of miR-605 in GBM remain unclear and need to be further elucidated. Materials and methods RT-qPCR analysis was utilized for the determination of miR-605 expression in GBM tissues and cell lines. In addition, CCK-8 assay, transwell migration and invasion assays, as well as sub-cutaneous xenograft mouse models were utilized to evaluate the effects of miR-605 upregulation in GBM cells. Notably, the potential mechanisms underlying the activity of miR-605 in the malignant phenotypes of GBM were explored. Results We observed that expression of miR-605 was reduced in GBM tissues and cell lines. Decreased miR-605 expression exhibited significant correlation with KPS score. The overall survival rate in GBM patients with low miR-605 expression was lower than that of patients with high miR-605 expression. Increased miR-605 expression suppressed the proliferation, migration, and invasion of U251 and T98 cells. In addition, miR-605 upregulation impaired tumor growth in vivo. Furthermore, SRY-Box 9 (SOX9) was identified as a direct target gene of miR-605 in U251 and T98 cells. SOX9 expression was shown to exhibit an inverse correlation with miR-605 expression in GBM tissues. Moreover, silencing of SOX9 expression mimicked the tumor-suppressing roles of miR-605 in U251 and T98 cells, while SOX9 restoration rescued the suppressive effects of miR-605 overexpression in the same. Notably, miR-605 suppressed the PI3K/Akt pathway in GBM in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion These results demonstrated that miR-605 acts as a tumor suppressor in the development of GBM by directly targeting SOX9 and inhibiting the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway, suggesting its potential role as a therapeutic target for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwu Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong 262500, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong 262500, People's Republic of China
| | - Meifeng Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong 262500, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongdong Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261041, People's Republic of China
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Kumar P, Mistri TK. Transcription factors in SOX family: Potent regulators for cancer initiation and development in the human body. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 67:105-113. [PMID: 31288067 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) have a key role in controlling the gene regulatory network that sustains explicit cell states in humans. However, an uncontrolled regulation of these genes potentially results in a wide range of diseases, including cancer. Genes of the SOX family are indeed crucial as deregulation of SOX family TFs can potentially lead to changes in cell fate as well as irregular cell growth. SOX TFs are a conserved group of transcriptional regulators that mediate DNA binding through a highly conserved high-mobility group (HMG) domain. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that cell fate and differentiation in major developmental processes are controlled by SOX TFs. Besides; numerous reports indicate that both up- and down-regulation of SOX TFs may induce cancer progression. In this review, we discuss the involvement of key TFs of SOX family in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasann Kumar
- The Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144411, India; The Department of Agronomy, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Tapan Kumar Mistri
- The Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144411, India; The Department of Chemistry, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144411, India.
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21
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Jenkinson G, Abante J, Koldobskiy MA, Feinberg AP, Goutsias J. Ranking genomic features using an information-theoretic measure of epigenetic discordance. BMC Bioinformatics 2019; 20:175. [PMID: 30961526 PMCID: PMC6454630 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-019-2777-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Establishment and maintenance of DNA methylation throughout the genome is an important epigenetic mechanism that regulates gene expression whose disruption has been implicated in human diseases like cancer. It is therefore crucial to know which genes, or other genomic features of interest, exhibit significant discordance in DNA methylation between two phenotypes. We have previously proposed an approach for ranking genes based on methylation discordance within their promoter regions, determined by centering a window of fixed size at their transcription start sites. However, we cannot use this method to identify statistically significant genomic features and handle features of variable length and with missing data. Results We present a new approach for computing the statistical significance of methylation discordance within genomic features of interest in single and multiple test/reference studies. We base the proposed method on a well-articulated hypothesis testing problem that produces p- and q-values for each genomic feature, which we then use to identify and rank features based on the statistical significance of their epigenetic dysregulation. We employ the information-theoretic concept of mutual information to derive a novel test statistic, which we can evaluate by computing Jensen-Shannon distances between the probability distributions of methylation in a test and a reference sample. We design the proposed methodology to simultaneously handle biological, statistical, and technical variability in the data, as well as variable feature lengths and missing data, thus enabling its wide-spread use on any list of genomic features. This is accomplished by estimating, from reference data, the null distribution of the test statistic as a function of feature length using generalized additive regression models. Differential assessment, using normal/cancer data from healthy fetal tissue and pediatric high-grade glioma patients, illustrates the potential of our approach to greatly facilitate the exploratory phases of clinically and biologically relevant methylation studies. Conclusions The proposed approach provides the first computational tool for statistically testing and ranking genomic features of interest based on observed DNA methylation discordance in comparative studies that accounts, in a rigorous manner, for biological, statistical, and technical variability in methylation data, as well as for variability in feature length and for missing data. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12859-019-2777-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett Jenkinson
- Whitaker Biomedical Engineering Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Center for Epigenetics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Currently with Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jordi Abante
- Whitaker Biomedical Engineering Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael A Koldobskiy
- Center for Epigenetics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew P Feinberg
- Center for Epigenetics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John Goutsias
- Whitaker Biomedical Engineering Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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22
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The role of SOX family members in solid tumours and metastasis. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 67:122-153. [PMID: 30914279 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a heavy burden for humans across the world with high morbidity and mortality. Transcription factors including sex determining region Y (SRY)-related high-mobility group (HMG) box (SOX) proteins are thought to be involved in the regulation of specific biological processes. The deregulation of gene expression programs can lead to cancer development. Here, we review the role of the SOX family in breast cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, thyroid cancer, brain tumours, gastrointestinal and lung tumours as well as the entailing therapeutic implications. The SOX family consists of more than 20 members that mediate DNA binding by the HMG domain and have regulatory functions in development, cell-fate decision, and differentiation. SOX2, SOX4, SOX5, SOX8, SOX9, and SOX18 are up-regulated in different cancer types and have been found to be associated with poor prognosis, while the up-regulation of SOX11 and SOX30 appears to be favourable for the outcome in other cancer types. SOX2, SOX4, SOX5 and other SOX members are involved in tumorigenesis, e.g. SOX2 is markedly up-regulated in chemotherapy resistant cells. The SoxF family (SOX7, SOX17, SOX18) plays an important role in angio- and lymphangiogenesis, with SOX18 seemingly being an attractive target for anti-angiogenic therapy and the treatment of metastatic disease in cancer. In summary, SOX transcription factors play an important role in cancer progression, including tumorigenesis, changes in the tumour microenvironment, and metastasis. Certain SOX proteins are potential molecular markers for cancer prognosis and putative potential therapeutic targets, but further investigations are required to understand their physiological functions.
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23
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Wang WT, Qi Q, Zhao P, Li CY, Yin XY, Yan RB. miR-590-3p is a novel microRNA which suppresses osteosarcoma progression by targeting SOX9. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 107:1763-1769. [PMID: 30257395 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.06.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone malignancy and arises primarily in the metaphyseal ends of long bones in children and adolescents. m iR-590 has been found to have anti-tumor effects in many other cancers. However, the role of miR-590-3p in osteosarcoma is poorly understood. In this study, we show that miR-590-3p was significantly decreased both in osteosarcoma tissues and cell lines, suggesting a potential role of miR-590-3p in osteosarcoma. Over-expression of miR-590-3p inhibited U2OS cell viability as shown by the CCK-8 assay and clonogenic assay. Ki-67 immunofluorescence staining and cell cycle analysis revealed that up-regulation of miR-590-3p inhibited U2OS cell proliferation. Transfection with miR-590-3p mimics suppressed PCNA, Cyclin D1 and CDK4 expression and increased p53 and p21 expression. In addition, U2OS cells transfected with miR-590-3p mimics exhibited reduced cell invasion and migration, characterized by the wound healing assay and transwell assay. Furthermore, bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that SOX9 was a potential target of miR-590-3p. SOX9 was up-regulated in osteosarcoma tissues. Transfection with miR-590-3p mimics markedly suppressed SOX9 expression both at the mRNA level and protein level. Dual luciferase assay validated the direct binding site of miR-590-3p on SOX9. Exogenous SOX9 expression in U2OS cells at least partially reversed the effects of miR-590-3p in U2OS cells. Enforced SOX9 expression restored cell viability in osteosarcoma cells transfected with miR-590-3p mimics. In addition, over-expression of SOX9 restored decreased cell metastasis properties caused by transfection with miR-590-3p mimics in osteosarcoma cells. In summary, these results indicated that miR-590-3p is an anti-cancer miRNA that can inhibit proliferation and metastasis in osteosarcoma cells. Our findings provide a novel insight into the biological function of miR-590-3p in osteosarcoma and SOX9 may be a potential therapeutic target for osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Tao Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, PR China
| | - Quan Qi
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, PR China.
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, PR China
| | - Chen-Yong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, PR China
| | - Xun-Yi Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, PR China
| | - Rong-Bao Yan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, PR China
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24
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Patel R, Muir M, Cvetkovic C, Krencik R. Concepts toward directing human astroplasticity to promote neuroregeneration. Dev Dyn 2018; 248:21-33. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Caroline Cvetkovic
- Center for Neuroregeneration, Department of Neurosurgery; Houston Methodist Research Institute; Houston Texas
| | - Robert Krencik
- Center for Neuroregeneration, Department of Neurosurgery; Houston Methodist Research Institute; Houston Texas
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25
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Single-Cell RNA-Seq Analysis of Infiltrating Neoplastic Cells at the Migrating Front of Human Glioblastoma. Cell Rep 2018; 21:1399-1410. [PMID: 29091775 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 558] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary brain cancer in adults and is notoriously difficult to treat because of its diffuse nature. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) on 3,589 cells in a cohort of four patients. We obtained cells from the tumor core as well as surrounding peripheral tissue. Our analysis revealed cellular variation in the tumor's genome and transcriptome. We were also able to identify infiltrating neoplastic cells in regions peripheral to the core lesions. Despite the existence of significant heterogeneity among neoplastic cells, we found that infiltrating GBM cells share a consistent gene signature between patients, suggesting a common mechanism of infiltration. Additionally, in investigating the immunological response to the tumors, we found transcriptionally distinct myeloid cell populations residing in the tumor core and the surrounding peritumoral space. Our data provide a detailed dissection of GBM cell types, revealing an abundance of information about tumor formation and migration.
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26
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Sang Q, Liu X, Sun D. Role of miR-613 as a tumor suppressor in glioma cells by targeting SOX9. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:2429-2438. [PMID: 29765228 PMCID: PMC5942171 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s156608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives MicroRNA-613 (miR-613), a novel cancer-related microRNA, has been shown to be responsible for the inhibition of tumor development and progression in various cancers. We aimed to investigate the biological function and regulatory mechanisms of miR-613 in gliomas. Materials and methods miR-613 expression were detected by qRT-PCR assays in glioma tissues and cell lines. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, colony formation analysis, wound healing and transwell invasion assays were performed to evaluate cell proliferation, colony formation, migration and invasion abilities. Luciferase reporter assays, qRT-PCR and Western blot were performed to explore the potential targets of miR-613. Xenograft mice model was established to evaluate the effect of miR-613 in vivo. Result The expression levels of miR-613 were significantly downregulated in the glioma tissues and cell lines, and the decreased level was significantly negatively associated with the overall disease-free survival of the patients. Functionally, ectopic expression of miR-613 in glioma cells suppressed the proliferation, colony formation, and migration and invasion of the cells. The sex-determining region Y-box 9 (SOX9) was identified as a direct functional target of miR-613, and its expression was inversely correlated with miR-613 expression in glioma tissues. Moreover, rescue of SOX9 could partially reverse the inhibitory effects of miR-613 on glioma cell proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion. Importantly, miR-613 also suppressed tumor growth in vivo by targeting SOX9. Conclusion Taken together, these findings demonstrate that miR-613 functions as a tumor suppressor in glioma cells by directly targeting SOX9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuling Sang
- Department of Neurology, The China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejuan Liu
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Daju Sun
- Department of Pathology, The China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
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27
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Thimsen V, John N, Buchfelder M, Flitsch J, Fahlbusch R, Stefanits H, Knosp E, Losa M, Buslei R, Hölsken A. Expression of SRY-related HMG Box Transcription Factors (Sox) 2 and 9 in Craniopharyngioma Subtypes and Surrounding Brain Tissue. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15856. [PMID: 29158570 PMCID: PMC5696533 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15977-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells have been discovered as key players in the genesis of different neoplasms including craniopharyngioma (CP), a rare tumour entity in the sellar region. Sox2 and Sox9 are well-known stem cell markers involved in pituitary development. In this study we analysed the expression of both transcription factors using immunohistochemistry in a large cohort of 64 adamantinomatous (aCP) and 9 papillary CP (pCP) and quantitative PCR in 26 aCP and 7 pCP. Whereas immunohistochemically Sox2+ cells were verifiable in only five aCP (7.8%) and in 39.1% of the respective surrounding cerebral tissue, pCP specimens appeared always negative. In contrast, Sox9 was detectable in all tumours with a significantly higher expression in aCP compared to pCP (protein, p < 0.0001; mRNA p = 0.0484) This was also true for the respective tumour adjacent CNS where 63 aCP (98.4%) and six pCP (66.7%) showed Sox9+ cells. We further confirmed absence of Sox9 expression in nuclear β-catenin accumulating cells of aCP. Our results point to the conclusion that Sox2 and Sox9, seem to play essential roles not only in the specific formation of aCP, but also in processes involving the cerebral tumour environment, which needs to be illuminated in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Thimsen
- Department of Neuropathology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nora John
- Department of Neuropathology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Buchfelder
- Department of Neurosurgery, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg Flitsch
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Fahlbusch
- Department of Neurosurgery, International Neuroscience Institute, Hannover, Germany
| | - Harald Stefanits
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Engelbert Knosp
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marco Losa
- Ospedale San Raffaele, Department of Neurosurgery, Milano, Italy
| | - Rolf Buslei
- Department of Pathology, Sozialstiftung Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany.
| | - Annett Hölsken
- Department of Neuropathology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
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28
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Abstract
Sex-determining region Y (SRY)-box 9 (SOX9) is a member of the SOX transcription factor family. Increasing evidence has reported that SOX9 plays different roles in various types of malignancies. However, the role of SOX9 in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of SOX9 in PTC. Our results showed that SOX9 was upregulated in PTC tissues and cell lines. In addition, knockdown of SOX9 significantly inhibited PTC proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion, as well as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype in TPC-1 and BCPAP cells. Moreover, knockdown of SOX9 significantly inhibited the expression levels of β-catenin, cyclin D1, and c-Myc in PTC cells. In conclusion, this is the first report demonstrating that knockdown of SOX9 inhibited PTC cell proliferation, invasion, and the EMT process via suppressing Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Thus, SOX9 may act as a novel molecular target for the prevention and treatment of PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, P.R. China
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29
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Liu H, Liu Z, Jiang B, Peng R, Ma Z, Lu J. SOX9 Overexpression Promotes Glioma Metastasis via Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling. Cell Biochem Biophys 2017; 73:205-12. [PMID: 25716338 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-015-0647-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
SOX9 gene encodes a transcription factor essential for a central role in the development and differentiation of multiple cell lineages, such as in neurogenesis, neural crest development, etc. Recent study reported that overexpression of SOX9 mRNA is closely associated with poor clinical outcome of patients with malignant gliomas. In the present study, we have explored the regulatory role of SOX9 in glioma metastasis. To investigate the role of SOX9 in glioma metastasis, SOX9 overexpressed in human glioma cell line U251 on cell migration and invasion was evaluated via wound scratch, Transwell assay without or with Matrigel. SOX9-induced changes in EMT process were evaluated by Western blot. Furthermore, the role of β-catenin in the regulatory effect of SOX9 on cell migration and invasion, and EMT process was explored by suppressing β-catenin expression in SOX9-overexpressed U251 cells. SOX9 overexpression in U251 cells resulted in a significant increase in cell migration and invasion. SOX9 overexpression also markedly promoted the EMT process. More importantly, our results revealed that SOX9 stimulated metastasis through activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling. In summary, this study indicated that the promoting effect of SOX9 on glioma metastasis was, at least in part, through Wnt/β-catenin signaling. The findings in this study highlight the effectiveness and therapeutic potential to utilize SOX9 targeted strategies in the treatment of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, China
| | - Zhixiong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, China
| | - Bing Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, China
| | - Renjun Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, China
| | - Zhiming Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, China
| | - Jingchen Lu
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, China.
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30
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Kim BR, Van de Laar E, Cabanero M, Tarumi S, Hasenoeder S, Wang D, Virtanen C, Suzuki T, Bandarchi B, Sakashita S, Pham NA, Lee S, Keshavjee S, Waddell TK, Tsao MS, Moghal N. SOX2 and PI3K Cooperate to Induce and Stabilize a Squamous-Committed Stem Cell Injury State during Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma Pathogenesis. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002581. [PMID: 27880766 PMCID: PMC5120804 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cancers are considered stem cell diseases, mechanisms involving stem cell alterations are poorly understood. Squamous cell carcinoma (SQCC) is the second most common lung cancer, and its pathogenesis appears to hinge on changes in the stem cell behavior of basal cells in the bronchial airways. Basal cells are normally quiescent and differentiate into mucociliary epithelia. Smoking triggers a hyperproliferative response resulting in progressive premalignant epithelial changes ranging from squamous metaplasia to dysplasia. These changes can regress naturally, even with chronic smoking. However, for unknown reasons, dysplasias have higher progression rates than earlier stages. We used primary human tracheobronchial basal cells to investigate how copy number gains in SOX2 and PIK3CA at 3q26-28, which co-occur in dysplasia and are observed in 94% of SQCCs, may promote progression. We find that SOX2 cooperates with PI3K signaling, which is activated by smoking, to initiate the squamous injury response in basal cells. This response involves SOX9 repression, and, accordingly, SOX2 and PI3K signaling levels are high during dysplasia, while SOX9 is not expressed. By contrast, during regeneration of mucociliary epithelia, PI3K signaling is low and basal cells transiently enter a SOX2LoSOX9Hi state, with SOX9 promoting proliferation and preventing squamous differentiation. Transient reduction in SOX2 is necessary for ciliogenesis, although SOX2 expression later rises and drives mucinous differentiation, as SOX9 levels decline. Frequent coamplification of SOX2 and PIK3CA in dysplasia may, thus, promote progression by locking basal cells in a SOX2HiSOX9Lo state with active PI3K signaling, which sustains the squamous injury response while precluding normal mucociliary differentiation. Surprisingly, we find that, although later in invasive carcinoma SOX9 is generally expressed at low levels, its expression is higher in a subset of SQCCs with less squamous identity and worse clinical outcome. We propose that early pathogenesis of most SQCCs involves stabilization of the squamous injury state in stem cells through copy number gains at 3q, with the pro-proliferative activity of SOX9 possibly being exploited in a subset of SQCCs in later stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ram Kim
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emily Van de Laar
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Cabanero
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shintaro Tarumi
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stefan Hasenoeder
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dennis Wang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carl Virtanen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Takaya Suzuki
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bizhan Bandarchi
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shingo Sakashita
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nhu An Pham
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sharon Lee
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shaf Keshavjee
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas K. Waddell
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ming-Sound Tsao
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nadeem Moghal
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Silencing of SOX12 by shRNA suppresses migration, invasion and proliferation of breast cancer cells. Biosci Rep 2016; 36:BSR20160053. [PMID: 27582508 PMCID: PMC5052717 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20160053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex determining region Y-box protein 12 (SOX12) is essential for embryonic development and cell fate determination. The role of SOX12 in tumorigenesis of breast cancer is not well-understood. Here, we found that SOX12 mRNA expression was up-regulated in human breast cancer tissues. To clarify the roles of SOX12 in breast cancer, we used lentiviral small hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) to suppress its expression in two breast cancer cells with relatively higher expression of SOX12 (BT474 and MCF-7). Our findings strongly suggested that SOX12 was critical for cell migration and invasion of breast cancer cells. We found that silencing of SOX12 significantly decreased the mRNA and protein levels of MMP9 and Twist, while notably increased E-cadherin. Moreover, SOX12 knockdown significantly inhibited the proliferation of breast cancer cells in vitro and the growth of xenograft tumors in vivo Flow cytometry analysis revealed that breast cancer cells with SOX12 knockdown showed cell cycle arrest and decreased mRNA and protein levels of PCNA, CDK2 and Cyclin D1. Taken together, SOX12 plays an important role in growth inhibition through cell-cycle arrest, as well as migration and invasion of breast cancer cells.
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32
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Wang L, Li G, Liu N, Wang Z, Xu X, Qi J, Ren D, Zhang P, Zhang Y, Tu Y. Genetic variants of SOX9 contribute to susceptibility of gliomas among Chinese population. Oncotarget 2016; 7:65916-65922. [PMID: 27589569 PMCID: PMC5323202 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas make up about 80% of all malignant brain tumors, and cause serious public health problem. Genetic factors and environmental factors jointly caused the development of gliomas, and understanding of the genetic basis is a key component of preventive oncology. However, most genetic factors underlying carcinogenesis of gliomas remain largely unclear. In current study, we systematically evaluated whether genetic variants of SOX9 gene, a transcription factor that plays a central role in the development and differentiation of tumors, contribute to susceptibility of gliomas among Chinese population using a two-stage, case-control study. Results showed that SOX9 rs1042667 was significant associated with increased gliomas risk after adjusted by age, gender, family history of cancer, smoking status and alcohol status (Allele C vs A: OR=1.25; 95% CI=1.11-1.40; P=1.2×10-4). Compared with the carriers of genotype AA, both those of genotype AC (OR=1.37; 95% CI=1.13-1.66) and CC (OR=1.53; 95% CI=1.22-1.91) had significantly increased gliomas risk. This should be the first genetic association study which aims to evaluated the association between genetic variants of SOX9 and susceptibility of gliomas. Additional functional and association studies with different ethnic groups included are needed to further confirm our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Xiaoshan Xu
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Jing Qi
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Dongni Ren
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Pengxing Zhang
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Yongsheng Zhang
- Department of Administrative, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Yanyang Tu
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
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33
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Garros-Regulez L, Aldaz P, Arrizabalaga O, Moncho-Amor V, Carrasco-Garcia E, Manterola L, Moreno-Cugnon L, Barrena C, Villanua J, Ruiz I, Pollard S, Lovell-Badge R, Sampron N, Garcia I, Matheu A. mTOR inhibition decreases SOX2-SOX9 mediated glioma stem cell activity and temozolomide resistance. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 20:393-405. [PMID: 26878385 PMCID: PMC4898154 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1151002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Background: SOX2 and SOX9 are commonly overexpressed in glioblastoma, and regulate the activity of glioma stem cells (GSCs). Their specific and overlapping roles in GSCs and glioma treatment remain unclear. Methods: SOX2 and SOX9 levels were examined in human biopsies. Gain and loss of function determined the impact of altering SOX2 and SOX9 on cell proliferation, senescence, stem cell activity, tumorigenesis and chemoresistance. Results: SOX2 and SOX9 expression correlates positively in glioma cells and glioblastoma biopsies. High levels of SOX2 bypass cellular senescence and promote resistance to temozolomide. Mechanistic investigations revealed that SOX2 acts upstream of SOX9. mTOR genetic and pharmacologic (rapamycin) inhibition decreased SOX2 and SOX9 expression, and reversed chemoresistance. Conclusions: Our findings reveal SOX2-SOX9 as an oncogenic axis that regulates stem cell properties and chemoresistance. We identify that rapamycin abrogate SOX protein expression and provide evidence that a combination of rapamycin and temozolomide inhibits tumor growth in cells with high SOX2/SOX9.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paula Aldaz
- a Cellular Oncology group , Biodonostia Institute , San Sebastian , Spain
| | - Olatz Arrizabalaga
- a Cellular Oncology group , Biodonostia Institute , San Sebastian , Spain
| | - Veronica Moncho-Amor
- c Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Genetics laboratory , The Francis Crick Institute , London , UK
| | | | - Lorea Manterola
- a Cellular Oncology group , Biodonostia Institute , San Sebastian , Spain
| | | | - Cristina Barrena
- b Neuro-Oncology Committee , Donostia Hospital , San Sebastian , Spain
| | - Jorge Villanua
- a Cellular Oncology group , Biodonostia Institute , San Sebastian , Spain.,b Neuro-Oncology Committee , Donostia Hospital , San Sebastian , Spain
| | - Irune Ruiz
- a Cellular Oncology group , Biodonostia Institute , San Sebastian , Spain.,b Neuro-Oncology Committee , Donostia Hospital , San Sebastian , Spain
| | - Steven Pollard
- d Neural Stem Cells and Brain Cancer group , MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Robin Lovell-Badge
- c Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Genetics laboratory , The Francis Crick Institute , London , UK
| | - Nicolas Sampron
- a Cellular Oncology group , Biodonostia Institute , San Sebastian , Spain.,b Neuro-Oncology Committee , Donostia Hospital , San Sebastian , Spain
| | - Idoia Garcia
- a Cellular Oncology group , Biodonostia Institute , San Sebastian , Spain.,e IKERBASQUE , Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao , Spain
| | - Ander Matheu
- a Cellular Oncology group , Biodonostia Institute , San Sebastian , Spain.,b Neuro-Oncology Committee , Donostia Hospital , San Sebastian , Spain.,e IKERBASQUE , Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao , Spain
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Orriols M, Varona S, Aguiló S, Galán M, Martínez González J, Rodríguez C. [Inflammation inhibits vascular fibulin-5 expression: Involvement of transcription factor SOX9]. CLINICA E INVESTIGACION EN ARTERIOSCLEROSIS 2016; 28:271-280. [PMID: 27692634 DOI: 10.1016/j.arteri.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fibulin-5 (FBLN5) is an elastogenic protein critically involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling, a key process in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). However, the possible contribution of FBLN5 to AAA development has not been addressed. METHODS Expression levels were determined by real-time PCR and Western blot in human abdominal aorta from patients with AAA or healthy donors, as well as in human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Lentiviral transduction, transient transfections, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays were also performed. RESULTS The expression of FBLN5 in human AAA was significantly lower than in healthy donors. FBLN5 mRNA and protein levels and their secretion to the extracellular environment were down-regulated in VSMC exposed to inflammatory stimuli. Interestingly, FBLN5 transcriptional activity was inhibited by TNFα and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and depends on a SOX response element. In fact, SOX9 expression was reduced in VMSC induced by inflammatory mediators and in human AAA, and correlated with that of FBLN5. Furthermore, SOX9 over-expression limited the reduction of FBLN5 expression induced by cytokines in VSMC. Finally, it was observed that SOX9 interacts with FBLN5 promoter, and that this binding was reduced upon TNFα exposure. CONCLUSIONS FBLN5 downregulation in human AAA could contribute to extracellular matrix remodelling induced by the inflammatory component of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Orriols
- Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular (CSIC-ICCC), IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, España
| | - Saray Varona
- Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular (CSIC-ICCC), IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, España
| | - Silvia Aguiló
- Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular (CSIC-ICCC), IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, España
| | - María Galán
- Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular (CSIC-ICCC), IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, España
| | | | - Cristina Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular (CSIC-ICCC), IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, España.
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Noelanders R, Vleminckx K. How Wnt Signaling Builds the Brain: Bridging Development and Disease. Neuroscientist 2016; 23:314-329. [DOI: 10.1177/1073858416667270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays a crucial role throughout all stages of brain development and remains important in the adult brain. Accordingly, many neurological disorders have been linked to Wnt signaling. Defects in Wnt signaling during neural development can give rise to birth defects or lead to neurological dysfunction later in life. Developmental signaling events can also be hijacked in the adult and result in disease. Moreover, knowledge about the physiological role of Wnt signaling in the brain might lead to new therapeutic strategies for neurological diseases. Especially, the important role for Wnt signaling in neural differentiation of pluripotent stem cells has received much attention as this might provide a cure for neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we summarize the versatile role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling during neural development and discuss some recent studies linking Wnt signaling to neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rivka Noelanders
- Unit of Developmental Biology, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Vleminckx
- Unit of Developmental Biology, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Wang HY, Lian P, Zheng PS. SOX9, a potential tumor suppressor in cervical cancer, transactivates p21WAF1/CIP1 and suppresses cervical tumor growth. Oncotarget 2016; 6:20711-22. [PMID: 26036262 PMCID: PMC4653037 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex-determining region Y-box 9 protein (SOX9) is a transcription factor that may act as both oncogene and tumor suppressor depending on tumor origin. Here we found that SOX9 expression was progressively decreased in cervical carcinoma in situ and especially in invasive cervical carcinoma, compared with normal cervix tissue. The effects of SOX9 on the proliferation, viability, and tumor formation of cervical carcinoma cells were assessed through the silencing and overexpression of SOX9. Overexpression of SOX9 in cervical carcinoma cells (SiHa and C33A) inhibited cell growth in vitro and tumor formation in vivo. In agreement, the silencing of SOX9 in HeLa cells promoted cell growth in culture and tumor formation in mice. Overexpression of SOX9 transactivated p21WAF1/CIP1 via a specific promoter region, thus blocking G1/S transition. The quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed physical interaction between SOX9 and the specific region of the p21WAF1/CIP1 promoter. We suggest that SOX9 is a potential therapeutic target in cervical carcinoma, that specifically transactivates p21WAF1/CIP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Wang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Medical School, Xi'an, China
| | - Ping Lian
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Medical School, Xi'an, China
| | - Peng-Sheng Zheng
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Medical School, Xi'an, China
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Differential propagation of stroma and cancer stem cells dictates tumorigenesis and multipotency. Oncogene 2016; 36:570-584. [PMID: 27345406 PMCID: PMC5290038 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is characterized by high cancer cell heterogeneity and the presence of a complex tumor microenvironment. Those factors are a key obstacle for the treatment of this tumor type. To model the disease in mice, the current strategy is to grow GBM cells in serum-free non-adherent condition, which maintains their tumor-initiating potential. However, the so-generated tumors are histologically different from the one of origin. In this work, we performed high-throughput marker expression analysis and investigated the tumorigenicity of GBM cells enriched under different culture conditions. We identified a marker panel that distinguished tumorigenic sphere cultures from non-tumorigenic serum cultures (high CD56, SOX2, SOX9, and low CD105, CD248, αSMA). Contrary to previous work, we found that 'mixed cell cultures' grown in serum conditions are tumorigenic and express cancer stem cell (CSC) markers. As well, 1% serum plus bFGF and TGF-α preserved the tumorigenicity of sphere cultures and induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition gene expression. Furthermore, we identified 12 genes that could replace the 840 genes of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) used for GBM-subtyping. Our data suggest that the tumorigenicity of GBM cultures depend on cell culture strategies that retain CSCs in culture rather than the presence of serum in the cell culture medium.
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Ashkenazi S, Ortenberg R, Besser M, Schachter J, Markel G. SOX9 indirectly regulates CEACAM1 expression and immune resistance in melanoma cells. Oncotarget 2016; 7:30166-77. [PMID: 26885752 PMCID: PMC5058672 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As melanoma cells are immunogenic, they instigate an adaptive immune response and production of anti-tumor T-cells. A central factor in this interaction is CEACAM1 (carcinoembryonic antigen cell adhesion molecule 1), a transmembrane glycoprotein previously shown in our lab to protect melanoma cells from T cell-mediated killing. In this study, we examine the role of transcription factor SOX9 in the regulation of CEACAM1 expression and immune resistance in melanoma cells. Knockdown of endogenous SOX9 results in CEACAM1 up-regulation, while its overexpression leads to the opposite effect. We show that SOX9 controls CEACAM1 expression at a transcriptional level, but in an indirect manner, as regulation of the CEACAM1 promoter remains intact even when all eight potential SOX9-binding sites are abolished. A series of promoter truncations localizes the SOX9-controlled area to the proximal 200bp of the promoter. Point mutations in putative Sp1 and ETS1 binding sites identify these transcription factors as the primary SOX9-controlled mediators. Co-immunoprecipitation studies show that SOX9 and Sp1 physically interact in melanoma cells, while silencing of SOX9 down-regulates ETS1, but not Sp1, in the same cells. Finally, knockdown of SOX9 indeed renders melanoma cells resistant to T cell-mediated killing, in line with the increased CEACAM1 expression. In conclusion, we show that SOX9 regulates CEACAM1 expression in melanoma cells, and thereby their immune resistance. As CEACAM1 is a pivotal protein in melanoma biology and immune crosstalk, further understanding of its regulation can provide new insights and contribute to the development of novel approaches to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira Ashkenazi
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute of Melanoma, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Rona Ortenberg
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute of Melanoma, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Michal Besser
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute of Melanoma, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Jacob Schachter
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute of Melanoma, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Gal Markel
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute of Melanoma, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
- Talpiot Medical Leadership program, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
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Orriols M, Varona S, Martí-Pàmies I, Galán M, Guadall A, Escudero JR, Martín-Ventura JL, Camacho M, Vila L, Martínez-González J, Rodríguez C. Down-regulation of Fibulin-5 is associated with aortic dilation: role of inflammation and epigenetics. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 110:431-42. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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EGFR Mutation Promotes Glioblastoma through Epigenome and Transcription Factor Network Remodeling. Mol Cell 2015; 60:307-18. [PMID: 26455392 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene amplification and mutations are the most common oncogenic events in glioblastoma (GBM), but the mechanisms by which they promote aggressive tumor growth are not well understood. Here, through integrated epigenome and transcriptome analyses of cell lines, genotyped clinical samples, and TCGA data, we show that EGFR mutations remodel the activated enhancer landscape of GBM, promoting tumorigenesis through a SOX9 and FOXG1-dependent transcriptional regulatory network in vitro and in vivo. The most common EGFR mutation, EGFRvIII, sensitizes GBM cells to the BET-bromodomain inhibitor JQ1 in a SOX9, FOXG1-dependent manner. These results identify the role of transcriptional/epigenetic remodeling in EGFR-dependent pathogenesis and suggest a mechanistic basis for epigenetic therapy.
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Li Q, Tsuneki M, Krauthammer M, Couture R, Schwartz M, Madri JA. Modulation of Sox10, HIF-1α, Survivin, and YAP by Minocycline in the Treatment of Neurodevelopmental Handicaps following Hypoxic Insult. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015. [PMID: 26209807 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Premature infants are at an increased risk of developing cognitive and motor handicaps due to chronic hypoxia. Although the current therapies have reduced the incidence of these handicaps, untoward side effects abound. Using a murine model of sublethal hypoxia, we demonstrated reduction in several transcription factors that modulate expression of genes known to be involved in several neural functions. We demonstrate the induction of these genes by minocycline, a tetracycline antibiotic with noncanonical functions, in both in vitro and in vivo studies. Specifically, there was induction of genes, including Sox10, Hif1a, Hif2a, Birc5, Yap1, Epo, Bdnf, Notch1 (cleaved), Pcna, Mag, Mobp, Plp1, synapsin, Adgra2, Pecam1, and reduction in activation of caspase 3, all known to affect proliferation, apoptosis, synaptic transmission, and nerve transmission. Minocycline treatment of mouse pups reared under sublethal hypoxic conditions resulted in improvement in open field testing parameters. These studies demonstrate beneficial effects of minocycline treatment following hypoxic insult, document up-regulation of several genes associated with improved cognitive function, and support the possibility of minocycline as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of neurodevelopmental handicaps observed in the very premature newborn population. Additionally, these studies may aid in further interpretation of the effects of minocycline in the treatment trials and animal model studies of fragile X syndrome and multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Masayuki Tsuneki
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michael Krauthammer
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Rachael Couture
- Department Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Michael Schwartz
- Department Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Joseph A Madri
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
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Hiraoka K, Hayashi T, Kaneko R, Nasu-Nishimura Y, Koyama-Nasu R, Kawasaki Y, Akiyama T. SOX9-mediated upregulation of LGR5 is important for glioblastoma tumorigenicity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 460:216-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Bache M, Rot S, Keßler J, Güttler A, Wichmann H, Greither T, Wach S, Taubert H, Söling A, Bilkenroth U, Kappler M, Vordermark D. mRNA expression levels of hypoxia-induced and stem cell-associated genes in human glioblastoma. Oncol Rep 2015; 33:3155-61. [PMID: 25963717 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The roles of hypoxia-induced and stem cell-associated genes in the development of malignancy and tumour progression are well known. However, there are a limited number of studies analysing the impact of mRNA expression levels of hypoxia-induced and stem cell-associated genes in the tissues of brain tumours and glioblastoma patients. In this study, tumour tissues from patients with glioblastoma multiforme and tumour adjacent tissues were analysed. We investigated mRNA expression levels of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), hypoxia-inducible factor-2α (HIF-2α), carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), glucose transporter-1 (GLUT-1) and osteopontin (OPN), and stem cell-associated genes survivin, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), Nanog and octamer binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4) using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Our data revealed higher mRNA expression levels of hypoxia-induced and stem cell-associated genes in tumour tissue than levels in the tumour adjacent tissues in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. A strong positive correlation between the mRNA expression levels of HIF-2α, CA9, VEGF, GLUT-1 and OPN suggests a specific hypoxia-associated profile of mRNA expression in glioblastoma multiforme. Additionally, the results indicate the role of stem-cell-related genes in tumour hypoxia. Kaplan-Maier analysis revealed that high mRNA expression levels of hypoxia-induced markers showed a trend towards shorter overall survival in glioblastoma patients (P=0.061). Our data suggest that mRNA expression levels of hypoxia-induced genes are important tumour markers in patients with glioblastoma multiforme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Bache
- Department of Radiotherapy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Swetlana Rot
- Department of Radiotherapy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Keßler
- Department of Radiotherapy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Antje Güttler
- Department of Radiotherapy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Henri Wichmann
- Department of Radiotherapy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Thomas Greither
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Sven Wach
- Clinic of Urology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Helge Taubert
- Clinic of Urology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ariane Söling
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Kappler
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Dirk Vordermark
- Department of Radiotherapy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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Capaccione KM, Hong X, Morgan KM, Liu W, Bishop JM, Liu L, Markert E, Deen M, Minerowicz C, Bertino JR, Allen T, Pine SR. Sox9 mediates Notch1-induced mesenchymal features in lung adenocarcinoma. Oncotarget 2015; 5:3636-50. [PMID: 25004243 PMCID: PMC4116509 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sox9 has gained increasing importance both functionally and as a prognostic factor in cancer. We demonstrate a functional role for Sox9 in inducing a mesenchymal phenotype in lung ADC. We show that Sox9 mRNA and protein are overexpressed in lung ADC, particularly those with KRAS mutations. Sox9 expression correlated with the Notch target gene Hes1, and numerous other Notch pathway components. We observed that Sox9 is a potent inducer of lung cancer cell motility and invasion, and a negative regulator of E-cadherin, a key protein that is lost during epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Moreover, we show that Notch1 signaling directly regulates Sox9 expression through a SOX9 promoter binding site, independently of the TGF-β pathway, and that Sox9 participates in Notch-1 induced cell motility, cell invasion, and loss of E-cadherin expression. Together, the results identify a new functional role for a Notch1-Sox9 signaling axis in lung ADC that may explain the correlation of Sox9 with tumor progression, higher tumor grade, and poor lung cancer survival. In addition to Notch and TGF-β, Sox9 also acts downstream of NF-κB, BMP, EGFR, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Thus, Sox9 could potentially act as a hub to mediate cross-talk among key oncogenic pathways in lung ADC. Targeting Sox9 expression or transcriptional activity could potentially reduce resistance to targeted therapy for lung ADC caused by pathway redundancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Capaccione
- Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Piscataway, New Jersey; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sharon R Pine
- Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Piscataway, New Jersey; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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Clinical implication of Sox9 and activated Akt expression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Med Oncol 2014; 32:358. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0358-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Thu KL, Becker-Santos DD, Radulovich N, Pikor LA, Lam WL, Tsao MS. SOX15 and other SOX family members are important mediators of tumorigenesis in multiple cancer types. Oncoscience 2014; 1:326-35. [PMID: 25594027 PMCID: PMC4278306 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
SOX genes are transcription factors with important roles in embryonic development and carcinogenesis. The SOX family of 20 genes is responsible for regulating lineage and tissue specific gene expression patterns, controlling numerous developmental processes including cell differentiation, sex determination, and organogenesis. As is the case with many genes involved in regulating development, SOX genes are frequently deregulated in cancer. In this perspective we provide a brief overview of how SOX proteins can promote or suppress cancer growth. We also present a pan-cancer analysis of aberrant SOX gene expression and highlight potential molecular mechanisms responsible for their disruption in cancer. Our analyses indicate the prominence of SOX deregulation in different cancer types and reveal potential roles for SOX genes not previously described in cancer. Finally, we summarize our recent identification of SOX15 as a candidate tumor suppressor in pancreatic cancer and propose several research avenues to pursue to further delineate the emerging role of SOX15 in development and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsie L Thu
- BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | | | | | | | - Wan L Lam
- BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Ming-Sound Tsao
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network at the University of Toronto
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Choi YJ, Song JH, Yoon JH, Choi WS, Nam SW, Lee JY, Park WS. Aberrant expression of SOX9 is associated with gastrokine 1 inactivation in gastric cancers. Gastric Cancer 2014; 17:247-54. [PMID: 23812904 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-013-0277-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SOX9 belongs to the SOX [sry-related high-mobility group (HMG) box] family and acts as a transcription factor that plays a central role in the development and differentiation of multiple cell lineages. The aim of this study was to determine whether the GKN1 gene is involved in the development of gastric cancer by regulating SOX9. METHODS The effect of GKN1 and β-catenin on SOX9 expression was examined in GKN1 and β-catenin-transfected AGS and MKN-1 gastric cancer cells. SOX9 expression was also determined in gastric cancer tissues and cell lines by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Ectopic expression of β-catenin induced increased expression of SOX9 in AGS cells, whereas GKN1 decreased expression of SOX9 in AGS and MKN-1 cells. In addition, we found an inverse correlation between expression of SOX9 and GKN1 in gastric cancer tissues and cell lines. In immunohistochemistry, nuclear SOX9 expression was detected in 64 (34.6 %) of 185 gastric carcinomas and its expression was closely associated with GKN1 immunonegativity. There was no significant relationship between altered expression of SOX9 protein and clinicopathological parameters including overall survival. CONCLUSION These data suggest that aberrant SOX9 expression by GKN1 inactivation may be involved in the development of sporadic gastric cancers as an early event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Jin Choi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, Korea
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Zhu H, Tang J, Tang M, Cai H. Upregulation of SOX9 in osteosarcoma and its association with tumor progression and patients' prognosis. Diagn Pathol 2013; 8:183. [PMID: 24188461 PMCID: PMC3829210 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-8-183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective SOX9 plays an important role in bone formation and tumorigenesis. However, its involvement in osteosarcoma is still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression pattern and the clinical significance of SOX9 in human osteosarcoma. Methods SOX9 mRNA and protein expression levels were detected by RT-PCR and Western blot assays, respectively, using 30 pairs of osteosarcoma and noncancerous bone tissues. Then, immunohistochemistry was performed to analyze the association of SOX9 expression in 166 osteosarcoma tissues with clinicopathological factors or survival of patients. Results SOX9 expression at mRNA and protein levels were both significantly higher in osteosarcoma tissues than those in corresponding noncancerous bone tissues (both P < 0.001). Immunohistochemical staining indicated that SOX9 localized to the nucleus and high SOX9 expression was observed in 120 of 166 (72.3%) osteosarcoma specimens. In addition, high SOX9 expression was more frequently occurred in osteosarcoma tissues with advanced clinical stage (P = 0.02), positive distant metastasis (P = 0.008) and poor response to chemotherapy (P = 0.02). Osteosarcoma patients with high SOX9 expression had shorter overall survival and disease-free survival (both P < 0.001). Furthermore, the multivariate analysis confirmed that upregulation of SOX9 was an independent and significant prognostic factor to predict poor overall survival and disease-free survival (both P = 0.006). Conclusions Our data show for the first time that SOX9 is upregulated in aggressive osteosarcoma tissues indicating that SOX9 may participate in the osteosarcoma progression. More importantly, SOX9 status is a useful prognostic factor for predicting the prognosis of osteosarcoma, suggesting that SOX9 may contribute to the optimization of clinical treatments for osteosarcoma patients. Virtual slides The virtual slides for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1318085636110837.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Haikang Cai
- Orthopaedics Department, Xuhui central hospital, No, 966, Middle Huaihai Road, Shanghai 200031, China.
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Rani SB, Rathod SS, Karthik S, Kaur N, Muzumdar D, Shiras AS. MiR-145 functions as a tumor-suppressive RNA by targeting Sox9 and adducin 3 in human glioma cells. Neuro Oncol 2013; 15:1302-16. [PMID: 23814265 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/not090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are increasingly being recognized as being involved in cancer development and progression in gliomas. METHODS Using a model cell system developed in our lab to study glioma progression comprising human neuroglial culture (HNGC)-1 and HNGC-2 cells, we report here that miR-145 is one of the miRNAs significantly downregulated during malignant transformation in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). In a study using tumor samples derived from various glioma grades, we show that expression of miR-145 is decreased in a graded manner, with GBM patients showing lowest expression relative to lower-grade gliomas (P < .05) and normal brain tissues (P < .0001). Functional studies involving ectopic expression of miR-145 in glioma cells had a negative impact on cell proliferation and tumor development, as well as invasion and induced apoptosis, providing further support to the concept that inactivation of miR-145 is important for glioma disease pathogenesis. More notably, these growth-suppressive effects of miR-145 are mediated through its target proteins Sox9 and the cell adhesion-associated molecule adducin 3 (ADD3). RESULTS Inhibiting Sox9 and ADD3 rescued effects of miR-145 loss. Interestingly, miR-145 loss in glioma cells led to overexpression of molecules involved in cell proliferation, like cyclin D1, c-myc, and N-myc, as well as enhanced expression of cell adhesion- and invasion-related molecules N-cadherin and E-cadherin, an effect which was again restored upon miR-145 overexpression in glioma cells. The miR-145 promoter was methylated at its cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) islands in the glioma cell lines studied. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that miR-145 has a tumor-suppressive function in glioblastoma in that it reduces proliferation, adhesion, and invasion of glioblastoma cells, apparently by suppressing the activity of oncogenic proteins Sox9 and ADD3. Reduced levels of miR-145 may lead to neoplastic transformation and malignant progression in glioma due to unregulated activity of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya B Rani
- Corresponding Author: Anjali Shiras, MSc, PhD, Scientist-F, National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), NCCS Complex, University of Pune Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India. ;
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Abstract
In the human genome, 43 different genes are found that encode proteins belonging to the family of the POK (poxvirus and zinc finger and Krüppel)/ZBTB (zinc finger and broad complex, tramtrack, and bric à brac) factors. Generally considered transcriptional repressors, several of these genes play fundamental roles in cell lineage fate decision in various tissues, programming specific tasks throughout the life of the organism. Here, we focus on functions of leukemia/lymphoma-related factor/POK erythroid myeloid ontogenic factor, which is probably one of the most exciting and yet enigmatic members of the POK/ZBTB family.
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