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Paci B, Righi Riva F, Generosi A, Guaragno M, Mangiacapre E, Brutti S, Wagner M, Distler A, Egelhaaf HJ. Semitransparent Organic Photovoltaic Devices: Interface/Bulk Properties and Stability Issues. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:269. [PMID: 38334540 PMCID: PMC10857079 DOI: 10.3390/nano14030269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
In the present work, an insight on the morpho/structural properties of semitransparent organic devices for buildings' integrated photovoltaics is presented, and issues related to interface and bulk stability are addressed. The organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells under investigation are characterized by a blend of PM6:Y6 as a photo-active layer, a ZnO ETL (electron transporting layer), a HTL (hole transporting layer) of HTL-X and a transparent electrode composed by Ag nanowires (AgNWs). The devices' active nanomaterials, processed as thin films, and their mutual nanoscale interfaces are investigated by a combination of in situ Energy Dispersive X-ray Reflectometry (EDXR) and ex situ Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and micro-Raman spectroscopy. In order to discriminate among diverse concomitant aging pathways potentially occurring upon working conditions, the effects of different stress factors were investigated: light and temperature. Evidence is gained of an essential structural stability, although an increased roughness at the ZnO/PM6:Y6 interface is deduced by EDXR measurements. On the contrary, an overall stability of the system subjected to thermal stress in the dark was observed, which is a clear indication of the photo-induced origin of the observed degradation phenomenon. Micro-Raman spectroscopy brings light on the origin of such effect, evidencing a photo-oxidation process of the active material in the device, using hygroscopic organic HTL, during continuous illumination in ambient moisture conditions. The process may be also triggered by a photocatalytic role of the ZnO layer. Therefore, an alternative configuration is proposed, where the hygroscopic HTL-X is replaced by the inorganic compound MoOx. The results show that such alternative configuration is stable under light stress (solar simulator), suggesting that the use of Molybdenum Oxide, limiting the photo-oxidation of the bulk PM6:Y6 active material, can prevent the cell from degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Paci
- SpecX-Lab, Istituto di Struttura della Materia CNR, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Flavia Righi Riva
- SpecX-Lab, Istituto di Struttura della Materia CNR, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Amanda Generosi
- SpecX-Lab, Istituto di Struttura della Materia CNR, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Marco Guaragno
- SpecX-Lab, Istituto di Struttura della Materia CNR, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Emanuela Mangiacapre
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma La Sapienza, P. Le Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Sergio Brutti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma La Sapienza, P. Le Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Michael Wagner
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg (HI-ERN), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH (FZJ), Immerwahrstraße 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Institute Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Department of Material Science, Faculty of Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Martensstraße 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Distler
- Institute Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Department of Material Science, Faculty of Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Martensstraße 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Egelhaaf
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg (HI-ERN), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH (FZJ), Immerwahrstraße 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Institute Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Department of Material Science, Faculty of Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Martensstraße 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Zappia S, Alloisio M, Valdivia JC, Arias E, Moggio I, Scavia G, Destri S. Silver Nanoparticle-PEDOT:PSS Composites as Water-Processable Anodes: Correlation between the Synthetic Parameters and the Optical/Morphological Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3675. [PMID: 37765528 PMCID: PMC10536234 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The morphological, spectroscopic and rheological properties of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized in situ within commercial PEDOT:PSS formulations, labeled PP@NPs, were systematically investigated by varying different synthetic parameters (NaBH4/AgNO3 molar ratio, PEDOT:PSS formulation and silver and PEDOT:PSS concentration in the reaction medium), revealing that only the reagent ratio affected the properties of the resulting nanoparticles. Combining the results obtained from the field-emission scanning electron microscopy analysis and UV-Vis characterization, it could be assumed that PP@NPs' stabilization occurs by means of PSS chains, preferably outside of the PEDOT:PSS domains with low silver content. Conversely, with high silver content, the particles also formed in PEDOT-rich domains with the consequent perturbation of the polaron absorption features of the conjugated polymer. Atomic force microscopy was used to characterize the films deposited on glass from the particle-containing PEDOT:PSS suspensions. The film with an optimized morphology, obtained from the suspension sample characterized by the lowest silver and NaBH4 content, was used to fabricate a very initial prototype of a water-processable anode in a solar cell prepared with an active layer constituted by the benchmark blend poly(3-hexylthiophene) and [6,6]-Phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PC60BM) and a low-temperature, not-evaporated cathode (Field's metal).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Zappia
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (SCITEC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marina Alloisio
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale (DCCI), Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Julio Cesar Valdivia
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA), Boulevard Enrique Reyna 140, Saltillo 25294, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Arias
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA), Boulevard Enrique Reyna 140, Saltillo 25294, Mexico
| | - Ivana Moggio
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA), Boulevard Enrique Reyna 140, Saltillo 25294, Mexico
| | - Guido Scavia
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (SCITEC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Destri
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (SCITEC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Yuk D, Jee MH, Koh CW, Park WW, Ryu HS, Lee D, Cho S, Rasool S, Park S, Kwon OH, Kim JY, Woo HY. Simplified Y6-Based Nonfullerene Acceptors: In-Depth Study on Molecular Structure-Property Relation, Molecular Dynamics Simulation, and Charge Dynamics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206547. [PMID: 36541782 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Two new Y6 derivatives of symmetrical YBO-2O and asymmetrical YBO-FO nonfullerene acceptors (NFAs) are prepared with a simplified synthetic procedure by incorporating octyl and fluorine substituents onto the terminal 2-(3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ylidene)malononitrile (INCN) moiety. By moving the alkyl substituents on the Y6 core to the terminal INCN moiety, the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of the YBO NFAs increases without decreasing solubility, resulting in high open-circuit voltages of the devices. Molecular dynamics simulation shows that YBO-2O/-FO preferentially form core-core and terminal-terminal dimeric interactions, demonstrating their tighter packing structure and higher electron mobility than Y6, which is consistent with 2D grazing incidence X-ray scattering and space charge limited current measurements. In blend films, the hole transfer (HT) from YBO-2O/-FO to the polymer donor PM6 is studied in detail by transient absorption spectroscopy, demonstrating efficient HT from YBO-FO to PM6 with their suitable energy level alignment. Despite the simplified synthesis, YBO-FO demonstrates photovoltaic performance similar to that of Y6, exhibiting a power conversion efficiency of 15.01%. Overall, this design strategy not only simplifies the synthetic procedures but also adjusts the electrical properties by modifying the intermolecular packing and energy level alignment, suggesting a novel simplified molecular design of Y6 derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dohun Yuk
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Hun Jee
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute of Natural Science, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Woo Koh
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute of Natural Science, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Woo Park
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa Sook Ryu
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute of Natural Science, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongchan Lee
- Department of Physics and EHSRC, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Shinuk Cho
- Department of Physics and EHSRC, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Shafket Rasool
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungnam Park
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute of Natural Science, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Oh-Hoon Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Carbon Neutrality, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute of Natural Science, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
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Kim J, Kim M, Jung H, Park J, Jun BO, Kang B, Jang JE, Lee Y. High-Quality Microprintable and Stretchable Conductors for High-Performance 5G Wireless Communication. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:53250-53260. [PMID: 36382782 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of 5G wireless and Internet of Things technologies, flexible and stretchable printed circuit boards (PCBs) should be designed to address all the specifications necessary to receive signal transmissions, maintaining the signal integrity, and providing electrical connections. Here, we propose a silver nanoparticle (AgNP)/silver nanowire (AgNW) hybrid conductor and high-quality microprinting technology for fabricating flexible and stretchable PCBs in high-performance 5G wireless communication. A simple and low-cost reverse offset printing technique using a commercial adhesive hand-roller was adapted to ensure high-resolution and excellent pattern quality. The AgNP/AgNW micropatterns were fabricated in various line widths, from 5 μm to 5 mm. They exhibited excellent pattern qualities, such as fine line spacing, clear edge definition and outstanding pattern uniformity. After annealing via intense pulsed light irradiation, they showed outstanding electrical resistivity (15.7 μΩ cm). Moreover, they could withstand stretching up to a strain of 90% with a small change in resistance. As a demonstration of their practical application, the AgNP/AgNW micropatterns were used to fabricate 5G communication antennas that exhibited excellent wireless signal processing at operating frequencies in the C-band (4-8 GHz). Finally, a wearable sensor fabricated with these AgNP/AgNW micropatterns could successfully detected fine finger movements in real time with excellent sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongyoun Kim
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno Jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-Eup, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyoung Kim
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno Jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-Eup, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonwoo Jung
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno Jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-Eup, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyoung Park
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno Jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-Eup, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Ok Jun
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno Jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-Eup, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeongjae Kang
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno Jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-Eup, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Eun Jang
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno Jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-Eup, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngu Lee
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno Jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-Eup, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
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Kwon NY, Park SH, Lee Y, Kong GD, Chau HD, Yoon HJ, Woo HY, Hoang MH, Cho MJ, Choi DH. Uniform Silver Nanowire Patterned Electrode on Robust PEN Substrate Using Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) Underlayer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:34909-34917. [PMID: 35839207 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c07063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanowire (AgNW) electrodes are among the most essential flexible transparent electrodes (FTEs) emerging as promising alternatives to brittle indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes. The polymer comprising the plastic substrate to which the AgNWs are applied must also satisfy the mechanical requirements of the final device and withstand the device processing conditions. However, AgNW-based FTEs have some limitations, such as poor adhesion to coated plastic substrates, surface roughness, and difficulty in patterning. This study demonstrates a new strategy for creating AgNW-based patterned flexible poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) (PEN)-based electrodes with appreciable optical and electrical properties. Introducing poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) on the PEN substrate enhanced the adhesion between the substrate and AgNWs and improved the dispersibility of the AgNWs. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) and a small amount of 2,4-hexadiyne-1,6-diol as a photosensitizer were coated onto the AgNW layer to improve the surface roughness and achieve an effective electrode pattern. By varying the AgNW concentration, we could tune the density and thickness of the AgNWs to optimize the sheet resistance and transmittance. Optimized AgNWs with a sheet resistance of 22.6 Ω/□ and transmittance of 92.3% at 550 nm were achieved. A polymer solar cell (PSC) was fabricated to evaluate the characteristics of the device employing the flexible electrodes. This PSC showed not only a high power conversion efficiency of 11.20%, similar to that of ITO-based devices, but also excellent mechanical stability, which is difficult to achieve in ITO-based flexible devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Yeon Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Science, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Su Hong Park
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Science, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Yoonjoo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Science, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Gyu Don Kong
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Science, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Hong Diem Chau
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Science, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Hyo Jae Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Science, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Science, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Mai Ha Hoang
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11072, Vietnam
| | - Min Ju Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Science, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Science, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea
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Park JS, Kim GU, Lee S, Lee JW, Li S, Lee JY, Kim BJ. Material Design and Device Fabrication Strategies for Stretchable Organic Solar Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2201623. [PMID: 35765775 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of organic solar cells (OSCs) have greatly enhanced their commercial viability. Considering the technical standards (e.g., mechanical robustness) required for wearable electronics, which are promising application platforms for OSCs, the development of fully stretchable OSCs (f-SOSCs) should be accelerated. Here, a comprehensive overview of f-SOSCs, which are aimed to reliably operate under various forms of mechanical stress, including bending and multidirectional stretching, is provided. First, the mechanical requirements of f-SOSCs, in terms of tensile and cohesion/adhesion properties, are summarized along with the experimental methods to evaluate those properties. Second, essential studies to make each layer of f-SOSCs stretchable and efficient are discussed, emphasizing strategies to simultaneously enhance the photovoltaic and mechanical properties of the active layer, ranging from material design to fabrication control. Key improvements to the other components/layers (i.e., substrate, electrodes, and interlayers) are also covered. Lastly, considering that f-SOSC research is in its infancy, the current challenges and future prospects are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Su Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Geon-U Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjin Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Yong Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumjoon J Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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Lee S, Park CS, Yoon H. Nanoparticulate Photoluminescent Probes for Bioimaging: Small Molecules and Polymers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094949. [PMID: 35563340 PMCID: PMC9100005 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent interest in research on photoluminescent molecules due to their unique properties has played an important role in advancing the bioimaging field. In particular, small molecules and organic dots as probes have great potential for the achievement of bioimaging because of their desirable properties. In this review, we provide an introduction of probes consisting of fluorescent small molecules and polymers that emit light across the ultraviolet and near-infrared wavelength ranges, along with a brief summary of the most recent techniques for bioimaging. Since photoluminescence probes emitting light in different ranges have different goals and targets, their respective strategies also differ. Diverse and novel strategies using photoluminescence probes against targets have gradually been introduced in the related literature. Among recent papers (published within the last 5 years) on the topic, we here concentrate on the photophysical properties and strategies for the design of molecular probes, with key examples of in vivo photoluminescence research for practical applications. More in-depth studies on these probes will provide key insights into how to control the molecular structure and size/shape of organic probes for expanded bioimaging research and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghyuck Lee
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
| | - Chul Soon Park
- Drug Manufacturing Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), Daegu 41061, Korea;
| | - Hyeonseok Yoon
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-62-530-1778
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Singh N, Riaz U. Recent trends on synthetic approaches and application studies of conducting polymers and copolymers: a review. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-03987-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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