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Valente-Santos J, Vitorino R, Sousa-Mendes C, Oliveira P, Colaço B, Faustino-Rocha AI, Neuparth MJ, Leite-Moreira A, Duarte JA, Ferreira R, Amado F. Long-Term Exposure to Supraphysiological Levels of Testosterone Impacts Rat Submandibular Gland Proteome. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:550. [PMID: 38203721 PMCID: PMC10778877 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The salivary glands play a central role in the secretion of saliva, whose composition and volume affect oral and overall health. A lesser-explored dimension encompasses the possible changes in salivary gland proteomes in response to fluctuations in sex hormone levels. This study aimed to examine the effects of chronic exposure to testosterone on salivary gland remodeling, particularly focusing on proteomic adaptations. Therefore, male Wistar rats were implanted with subcutaneous testosterone-releasing devices at 14 weeks of age. Their submandibular glands were histologically and molecularly analyzed 47 weeks later. The results underscored a significant increase in gland mass after testosterone exposure, further supported by histologic evidence of granular duct enlargement. Despite increased circulating sex hormones, there was no detectable shift in the tissue levels of estrogen alpha and androgen receptors. GeLC-MS/MS and subsequent bioinformatics identified 308 proteins in the submandibular glands, 12 of which were modulated by testosterone. Of note was the pronounced upregulation of Klk3 and the downregulation of Klk6 and Klk7 after testosterone exposure. Protein-protein interaction analysis with the androgen receptor suggests that Klk3 is a potential target of androgenic signaling, paralleling previous findings in the prostate. This exploratory analysis sheds light on the response of salivary glands to testosterone exposure, providing proteome-level insights into the associated weight and histological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Valente-Santos
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (J.V.-S.); (R.F.)
| | - Rui Vitorino
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine-iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Cláudia Sousa-Mendes
- UnIC@RISE, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; (C.S.-M.); (A.L.-M.)
| | - Paula Oliveira
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (P.O.); (A.I.F.-R.)
| | - Bruno Colaço
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Department of Animal Science, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Ana I. Faustino-Rocha
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (P.O.); (A.I.F.-R.)
- Comprehensive Health Research Center, Department of Zootechnics, School of Sciences and Technology, University of Évora, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Maria João Neuparth
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; (M.J.N.); (J.A.D.)
- TOXRUN—Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Adelino Leite-Moreira
- UnIC@RISE, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; (C.S.-M.); (A.L.-M.)
| | - José Alberto Duarte
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; (M.J.N.); (J.A.D.)
- TOXRUN—Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Rita Ferreira
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (J.V.-S.); (R.F.)
| | - Francisco Amado
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (J.V.-S.); (R.F.)
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Cornejo Ulloa P, Krom BP, van der Veen MH. Sex Steroid Hormones as a Balancing Factor in Oral Host Microbiome Interactions. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:714229. [PMID: 34660339 PMCID: PMC8511811 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.714229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex steroid hormones (SSH) are cholesterol-derived molecules. They are secreted into saliva and enter the oral cavity, triggering physiological responses from oral tissues, with possible clinical implications, such as gingival inflammation and bleeding. SSH and hormonal changes affect not only oral host cells but also oral microorganisms. Historically, most research has focused on the effect of hormonal changes on specific bacteria and yeasts. Recently a broader effect of SSH on oral microorganisms was suggested. In order to assess the role of SSH in host-microbe interactions in the oral cavity, this review focuses on how and up to what extent SSH can influence the composition and behavior of the oral microbiome. The available literature was reviewed and a comprehensive hypothesis about the role of SSH in host-microbiome interactions is presented. The limited research available indicates that SSH may influence the balance between the host and its microbes in the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Cornejo Ulloa
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan P Krom
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Monique H van der Veen
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Dean AE, Reichardt F, Anakk S. Sex differences feed into nuclear receptor signaling along the digestive tract. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166211. [PMID: 34273530 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sex differences in physiology are noted in clinical and animal studies. However, mechanisms underlying these observed differences between males and females remain elusive. Nuclear receptors control a wide range of physiological pathways and are expressed in the gastrointestinal tract, including the mouth, stomach, liver and intestine. We investigated the literature pertaining to ER, AR, FXR, and PPAR regulation and highlight the sex differences in nutrient metabolism along the digestive system. We chose these nuclear receptors based on their metabolic functions, and hormonal actions. Intriguingly, we noted an overlap in target genes of ER and FXR that modulate mucosal integrity and GLP-1 secretion, whereas overlap in target genes of PPARα with ER and AR modulate lipid metabolism. Sex differences were seen not only in the basal expression of nuclear receptors, but also in activation as their endogenous ligand concentrations fluctuate depending on nutrient availability. Finally, in this review, we speculate that interactions between the nuclear receptors may influence overall metabolic decisions in the gastrointestinal tract in a sex-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela E Dean
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - François Reichardt
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Sayeepriyadarshini Anakk
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America; Cancer center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America.
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4
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Manzato MC, de Santi F, da Silva AAS, Beltrame FL, Cerri PS, Sasso‐Cerri E. Cimetidine-induced androgenic failure causes cell death and changes in actin, EGF and V-ATPase immunoexpression in rat submandibular glands. J Anat 2021; 239:136-150. [PMID: 33713423 PMCID: PMC8197950 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Submandibular gland (SMG) is responsive to androgens via androgen receptor (AR). We verified whether cimetidine induces androgenic dysfunction in SMG, and evaluated the structural integrity, cell death and immunoexpression of actin, EGF and V-ATPase in androgen-deficient SMG. Male rats received cimetidine (CMTG) and control animals (CG) received saline. Granular convoluted tubules (GCTs) diameter and number of acinar cell nuclei were evaluated. TUNEL and immunofluorescence reactions for detection of AR, testosterone, actin, EGF and V-ATPase were quantitatively analysed. In CG, testosterone immunolabelling was detected in acinar and ductal cells cytoplasm. AR-immunolabelled nuclei were observed in acinar cells whereas ductal cells showed AR-immunostained cytoplasm, indicating a non-genomic AR action. In CMTG, the weak testosterone and AR immunoexpression confirmed cimetidine-induced androgenic failure. A high cell death index was correlated with decreased number of acinar cells, GCTs diameter and EGF immunoexpression under androgenic dysfunction. Actin immunofluorescence decreased in the SMG cells, but an increased and diffuse cytoplasmic V-ATPase immunolabelling was observed in striated ducts, suggesting a disruption in the actin-dependent V-ATPase recycling due to androgenic failure. Our findings reinforce the androgenic role in the maintenance of SMG histophysiology, and point to a potential clinical use of cimetidine against androgen-dependent glandular tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariane Castro Manzato
- Department of Morphology, Genetics, Orthodontics and Pediatric DentistrySchool of DentistrySão Paulo State University (Unesp)AraraquaraBrazil
| | - Fabiane de Santi
- Department of Morphology and GeneticsFederal University of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - André Acácio Souza da Silva
- Department of Morphology, Genetics, Orthodontics and Pediatric DentistrySchool of DentistrySão Paulo State University (Unesp)AraraquaraBrazil
| | - Flávia L. Beltrame
- Department of Morphology and GeneticsFederal University of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Paulo S. Cerri
- Department of Morphology, Genetics, Orthodontics and Pediatric DentistrySchool of DentistrySão Paulo State University (Unesp)AraraquaraBrazil
| | - Estela Sasso‐Cerri
- Department of Morphology, Genetics, Orthodontics and Pediatric DentistrySchool of DentistrySão Paulo State University (Unesp)AraraquaraBrazil
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Dalgleish AG, Di Palma S, Nathan K, Powell B, Patel N, Fusi A. The successful treatment of metastatic androgen receptor-positive tumours of parotid origin with androgen receptor blockade and immunotherapy. Eur J Cancer 2019; 113:14-18. [PMID: 30954882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Rahimi S, Bradley KL, Akaev I, Marani C, Yeoh CC, Brennan PA. Androgen Receptor Expression in Primary Nonsquamous Cell Rare-Variant Carcinomas of the Head and Neck. OTO Open 2017; 1:2473974X17715633. [PMID: 30480186 PMCID: PMC6239020 DOI: 10.1177/2473974x17715633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Androgen receptor (AR) is a diagnostic immunohistochemical marker for
salivary gland duct carcinoma (SDC), but other nonsquamous cell head and
neck carcinomas (NSCCs) may also express it. The aim of this preliminary
study was to investigate the immunohistochemical expression of AR in rare
head and neck NSCCs. Study Design Retrospective analysis of histologic records. Setting A large community hospital. Subjects and Methods Twenty-seven patients with NSCC were selected (21 men, 6 women; average age,
69 years). Exclusion criteria were histologically confirmed primary and
metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinomas and thyroid carcinomas. AR
immunohistochemistry was done on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue
blocks. Results Variable AR expression was found in 5 of 27 (25%) cases of NSCC. All 7
patients with SDC showed intense and extensive positive immunoreactivity. Of
27 NSCC tumors, 15 (56%) had negative staining. Conclusion In the head and neck, expression of AR is not limited to SDCs; other NSCCs
also express it. When surgery or radiotherapy is not appropriate for
recurrent or metastatic head and neck NSCC, palliative chemotherapy offers
poor results. Antiandrogen therapy is well tolerated and is much less toxic
than chemotherapy. Since androgen deprivation therapy has been used against
SDCs, this therapy may theoretically be used in a small subset of head and
neck NSCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siavash Rahimi
- Pathology Centre-Histopathology, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, UK.,School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | | | - Iolia Akaev
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Carla Marani
- Division of Histopathology, San Carlo Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Chit Cheng Yeoh
- Department of Oncology, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Peter A Brennan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, UK
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7
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Treister NS, Richards SM, Suzuki T, Jensen RV, Sullivan DA. Influence of Androgens on Gene Expression in the BALB/c Mouse Submandibular Gland. J Dent Res 2016; 84:1187-92. [PMID: 16304452 DOI: 10.1177/154405910508401218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgens have profound effects on the murine submandibular gland. Our objective was to determine the nature and extent of androgen control of gene expression in the submandibular gland, and to explore the degree to which this might account for known sex differences. Orchiectomized male BALB/c mice were treated with placebo- or testosterone-containing hormone pellets for 14 days. Glands were collected, and total RNA was isolated. Samples were analyzed for differentially expressed mRNAs by CodeLink microarrays, and the data were evaluated with GeneSifter. Androgens significantly (p < 0.05) influenced the expression of over 1300 genes, and many (n = 366) of the genes differentially regulated by androgen treatment were also differentially expressed in males compared with the females in our previous study. These findings support our hypotheses that testosterone extensively influences gene expression in the male submandibular gland, and that many of the sex differences are due to androgens.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Treister
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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8
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Torres-Estay V, Carreño DV, Fuenzalida P, Watts A, San Francisco IF, Montecinos VP, Sotomayor PC, Ebos J, Smith GJ, Godoy AS. Androgens modulate male-derived endothelial cell homeostasis using androgen receptor-dependent and receptor-independent mechanisms. Angiogenesis 2016; 20:25-38. [PMID: 27679502 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-016-9525-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex-related differences in the role of androgen have been reported in cardiovascular diseases and angiogenesis. Moreover, androgen receptor (AR) has been causally involved in the homeostasis of human prostate endothelial cells. However, levels of expression, functionality and biological role of AR in male- and female-derived human endothelial cells (ECs) remain poorly characterized. The objectives of this work were (1) to characterize the functional expression of AR in male- and female-derived human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC), and (2) to specifically analyze the biological effects of DHT, and the role of AR on these effects, in male-derived HUVECs (mHUVECs). RESULTS Immunohistochemical analyses of tissue microarrays from benign human tissues confirmed expression of AR in ECs from several androgen-regulated and non-androgen-regulated human organs. Functional expression of AR was validated in vitro in male- and female-derived HUVECs using quantitative RT-PCR, immunoblotting and AR-mediated transcriptional activity assays. Our results indicated that functional expression of AR in male- and female-derived HUVECs was heterogeneous, but not sex dependent. In parallel, we analyzed in depth the biological effects of DHT, and the role of AR on these effects, on proliferation, survival and tube formation capacity in mHUVECs. Our results indicated that DHT did not affect mHUVEC survival; however, DHT stimulated mHUVEC proliferation and suppressed mHUVEC tube formation capacity. While the effect of DHT on proliferation was mediated through AR, the effect of DHT on tube formation did not depend on the presence of a functional AR, but rather depended on the ability of mHUVECs to further metabolize DHT. CONCLUSIONS (1) Heterogeneous expression of AR in male- and female-derived HUVEC could define the presence of functionally different subpopulations of ECs that may be affected differentially by androgens, which could explain, at least in part, the pleiotropic effects of androgen on vascular biology, and (2) DHT, and metabolites of DHT, generally thought to represent progressively more hydrophilic products along the path to elimination, may have differential roles in modulating the biology of human ECs through AR-dependent and AR-independent mechanisms, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Torres-Estay
- Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela V Carreño
- Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia Fuenzalida
- Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Anica Watts
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Ignacio F San Francisco
- Department of Urology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Viviana P Montecinos
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paula C Sotomayor
- Center for Integrative Medicine and Innovative Science, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - John Ebos
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.,Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Gary J Smith
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Alejandro S Godoy
- Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, Chile. .,Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
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9
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Mitani Y, Rao PH, Maity SN, Lee YC, Ferrarotto R, Post JC, Licitra L, Lippman SM, Kies MS, Weber RS, Caulin C, Lin SH, El-Naggar AK. Alterations associated with androgen receptor gene activation in salivary duct carcinoma of both sexes: potential therapeutic ramifications. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:6570-81. [PMID: 25316813 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-1746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the molecular events associated with the activation of androgen receptor (AR) as a potential therapeutic target in patients with salivary duct carcinoma (SDC). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Comprehensive molecular and expression analysis of the AR gene in 35 tumor specimens (20 males and 15 females) and cell lines derived from SDC using Western blotting and RT-PCR, FISH analysis, and DNA sequencing was conducted. In vitro and in vivo animal studies were also performed. RESULTS AR expression was detected in 70% of the tumors and was mainly nuclear and homogenous in both male and female SDCs, although variable cytoplasmic and/or nuclear localization was also found. We report the identification of ligand-independent AR splice variants, mutations, and extra AR gene copy in primary untreated SDC tumors. In contrast to prostate cancer, no AR gene amplification was observed. In vitro knockdown of AR in a female derived SDC cell line revealed marked growth inhibition in culture and in vivo androgen-independent tumor growth. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides new detailed information on the molecular and structural alterations associated with AR gene activation in SDC and sheds more light on the putative functional role of AR in SDC cells. On the basis of these data, we propose that patients with SDC (male and female) can be stratified for hormone-based therapy in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitsugu Mitani
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Pulivarthi H Rao
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Sankar N Maity
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yu-Chen Lee
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Renata Ferrarotto
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Julian C Post
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Lisa Licitra
- Head and Neck Cancer Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS "Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori," Milan, Italy
| | - Scott M Lippman
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Merrill S Kies
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Randal S Weber
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Carlos Caulin
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sue-Hwa Lin
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Adel K El-Naggar
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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10
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Testosterone, Immune Function, and Life History Transitions in Filipino Males (Homo sapiens). INT J PRIMATOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-014-9749-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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11
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Godoy AS, Chung I, Montecinos VP, Buttyan R, Johnson CS, Smith GJ. Role of androgen and vitamin D receptors in endothelial cells from benign and malignant human prostate. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 304:E1131-9. [PMID: 23548616 PMCID: PMC4116355 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00602.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Forty years ago, Judah Folkman (Folkman. N Engl J Med 285: 1182-1186, 1971) proposed that tumor growth might be controlled by limiting formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) needed to supply a growing tumor with oxygen and nutrients. To this end, numerous "antiangiogenic" agents have been developed and tested for therapeutic efficacy in cancer patients, including prostate cancer (CaP) patients, with limited success. Despite the lack of clinical efficacy of lead anti-angiogenic therapeutics in CaP patients, recent published evidence continues to support the idea that prostate tumor vasculature provides a reasonable target for development of new therapeutics. Particularly relevant to antiangiogenic therapies targeted to the prostate is the observation that specific hormones can affect the survival and vascular function of prostate endothelial cells within normal and malignant prostate tissues. Here, we review the evidence demonstrating that both androgen(s) and vitamin D significantly impact the growth and survival of endothelial cells residing within prostate cancer and that systemic changes in circulating androgen or vitamin D drastically affect blood flow and vascularity of prostate tissue. Furthermore, recent evidence will be discussed about the expression of the receptors for both androgen and vitamin D in prostate endothelial cells that argues for direct effects of these hormone-activated receptors on the biology of endothelial cells. Based on this literature, we propose that prostate tumor vasculature represents an unexplored target for modulation of tumor growth. A better understanding of androgen and vitamin D effects on prostate endothelial cells will support development of more effective angiogenesis-targeting therapeutics for CaP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro S Godoy
- Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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12
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Trokovic N, Pöllänen R, Porola P, Stegaev V, Hetzel U, Tivesten Å, Engdahl C, Carlsten H, Forsblad-d'Elia H, Fagman JB, Lagerquist M, Konttinen YT. Exosomal secretion of death bullets: a new way of apoptotic escape? Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 303:E1015-24. [PMID: 22912365 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00139.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ovariectomy/estrogen deficiency causes selective apoptosis of the serous epithelial cells of the submandibular glands (SMG) in female mice. Because such apoptosis does not occur in healthy, estrogen-deficient male mice, it was hypothesized that dihydrotestosterone (DHT) protects epithelial SMG cells against apoptosis. The antiapoptotic effect of DHT on human epithelial HSG cells exposed to tumor necrosis factor-α and cycloheximide was studied. Correspondingly, the proapoptotic effect of androgen deficiency was studied in orchiectomized (ORX) androgen-knockout (ARKO) and wild-type (WT) mice. The health state of the SMG cells was studied with Alcian blue-periodic acid Schiff (AB-PAS) and amylase staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The eventual protective antiapoptotic effect of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) treatment was tested in this model. Apoptosis was assessed using immunohistochemisty of cleaved effector caspase-3 and its activator caspase-8 and the TUNEL assay. To test for the bioavailability, intracrine metabolism and sex steroid effects of DHEA, cystein-rich secretory protein-3 (CRISP-3), and leucine-isoleucine-valine transport system 1 (LIV-1) were used as androgen- and estrogen-regulated biomarkers, respectively. DHT protected HSG cells against induced apoptosis. In mice, androgen deficiency resulted in extensive activation of apoptotic caspase-8/3 cascade in serous epithelial cells. However, in salivary glands, active caspases were not translocated to nuclei but secreted to salivary ducts in exosome-like particles, which are associated with weak AB-PAS and amylase staining of the androgen-deprived cells and reduced number of intracellular secretory granules. DHEA treatment suppressed induction of proapoptotic caspases and almost normalized mucins and amylase and ultramophology of the serous epithelial cells in WT ORX but not ARKO ORX mice. According to the CRISP-3 and LIV-1 markers, DHEA probably exerted its effects via intracrine conversion to DHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Trokovic
- Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Godoy A, Montecinos VP, Gray DR, Sotomayor P, Yau JM, Vethanayagam RR, Singh S, Mohler JL, Smith GJ. Androgen deprivation induces rapid involution and recovery of human prostate vasculature. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 300:E263-75. [PMID: 20699437 PMCID: PMC3280699 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00210.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The response of the prostate tissue microenvironment to androgen deprivation (AD) represents a critical component in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer (CaP). Primary xenografts of human benign and CaP tissue transplanted to immunocompromized SCID mice were used to characterize the response of the prostate vasculature during the initial 14 days of AD. Microvessel density and vascular lumen diameter in the prostate xenografts decreased rapidly after AD, reached a nadir on days 2-4, and recovered between days 4 and 14. The number of apoptotic endothelial cells peaked on day 2 after AD and decreased to precastration levels over days 4-7. Leakage of vascular contents in the interstitial space was apparent between days 1 and 3 after AD; however, the vascular permeability barrier reestablished between days 7 and 14. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, VEGF receptor-2, and basic fibroblast growth factor protein increased in endothelial cells between days 2 and 4 after AD, which preceded vascular recovery and appeared to be a direct and specific response of the endothelial cells to AD. Lack of comparable upregulation of these genes in primary cultures of human prostate endothelial cells in response to AD suggests a role for paracrine signaling mediated through stromal or epithelial cells. VEGF-A expression by prostate endothelial cells appears to represent a key facilitator of the vascular rebound in human prostate tissue induced by removal of circulating testicular androgens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Godoy
- Depatment of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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14
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What can surrogate tissues tell us about the oxidative stress status of the prostate? A hypothesis-generating in-vivo study. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15880. [PMID: 21209941 PMCID: PMC3011012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostatic oxidative stress (OS) is androgen-regulated and a key event in the development of prostate cancer (PC). Thus, reducing prostatic OS is an attractive target for PC prevention strategies. We sought to determine if the individual's prostatic OS status can be determined by examining the OS in surrogate androgen regulated tissues from the same host. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Adult male rats were divided equally into three groups: (A-) underwent bilateral orchiectomy, (A+) received continuous testosterone supplementation or (C) were eugonadal. Serum testosterone, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and anti-oxidative capacity (AOC) were determined after 72 hrs and the prostate, salivary glands and the hair follicles' Dermal Papillary Cells (DPC) from each animal were harvested, embedded into tissue microarray and examined for the expression of 8-OHdG by immuno-staining. Multi-variate regression was used to analyze inter-individual differences in OS staining within each androgen group and if there was a correlation between serum testosterone, 8-OHdG or AOC and Prostatic OS in tissues of same host. At the group level, 8-OHdG staining intensity directly correlated with serum testosterone levels in all three target tissues (p>0.01, Mann-Whitney Test). Although different levels of prostatic OS were noted between rats with similar serum testosterone levels and similar systemic OS measurements (p<0.01), there were no intra-individual differences between the OS status of the prostate and DPC (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The level of prostatic OS is correlated with the OS of hair follicles and salivary glands, but not systemic OS. Moreover, systemic AOC negatively correlates with both prostatic and hair follicle OS. This suggests that hair follicle and salivary gland OS can serve as surrogate markers for the efficiency of OS reduction. This has tremendous potential for the rational evaluation of patient response to prevention strategies.
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Konttinen YT, Stegaev V, Mackiewicz Z, Porola P, Hänninen A, Szodoray P. Salivary glands - "an unisex organ'? Oral Dis 2010; 16:577-85. [PMID: 20412448 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2010.01669.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Usually no distinction is made between female and male salivary glands although cyclic changes of and ⁄ or differences in serum and salivary sex steroid concentrations characterize women and men. Moreover, sexual dimorphism is well recognized in salivary glands of rodents.Salivary glands contain estrogen and androgen receptors and are, according to modern high throughput technologies,subjected to gender differences not explainable by gene dose effects by the X chromosome alone. Because sex steroids are lipophilic, it is often thought that approximately 10% of them passively diffuse from plasma to saliva. Indeed, saliva can find use as sample material in sports medicine, pediatrics, veterinary medicine and behavioral sciences. Last but not least, humans and other primates are unique in that they have a reticular zone in their adrenal cortex, which produces dehydroepiandrosterone and androstendione pro-hormones. These are processed in peripheral tissues, not only in female breast and uterus and male prostate, but also in salivary glands by an intracrine enzymatic machinery to active 17b-estradiol,dihydrotestosterone and others, to satisfy and buffer against a constantly changing needs caused by circadian,menstrual, pregnancy and chronobiological hormonal changes in the systemic circulation. Female dominance of Sjögren's syndrome and certain forms of salivary gland cancer probably reflect these gender-based differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y T Konttinen
- Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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16
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Godoy A, Watts A, Sotomayor P, Montecinos VP, Huss WJ, Onate SA, Smith GJ. Androgen receptor is causally involved in the homeostasis of the human prostate endothelial cell. Endocrinology 2008; 149:2959-69. [PMID: 18292195 PMCID: PMC2408806 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-1078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Androgen deprivation causes a reduction of blood flow in the prostate gland that precedes temporally apoptosis of the epithelium. The acute response of prostate endothelial cells to androgen deprivation suggested they represent a primary target for androgen. However, rat prostate endothelial cells were reported not to express androgen receptor (AR), and the role of the androgen axis in human prostate endothelial cell (HPEC) homeostasis was poorly characterized. In this study AR expression was detected in HPEC in vivo in clinical specimens of benign prostate and prostate cancer, and AR function as a transcription factor was demonstrated in HPEC in primary xenografts of human benign prostate tissue transplanted into severe combined immunodeficient mice by iv administration of adenoviral mouse mammary tumor virus-driven luciferase expression vector. AR expression and functionality were maintained in vitro in primary cultures of HPEC that coexpressed CD31, CD34, von Willebrand factor, intercellular adhesion molecule, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 but did not express prostate-specific antigen. AR expression in primary cultures of HPEC isolated from surgical specimens of benign prostate was validated using RT-PCR, cDNA sequencing, immunocytochemistry, and Western blot analyses. Scatchard analyses demonstrated a single ligand-binding site for R1881 in primary cultures of HPEC, with dissociation constant of 0.25 nm, and AR-mediated transcriptional activity was demonstrated using adenoviral mouse mammary tumor virus-driven luciferase reporters. Dihydrotestosterone increased proliferation in primary cultures of HPEC in a dose-dependent manner without modulating endothelial tube formation in Matrigel (BD Biosciences, Bedford, MA). Therefore, HPECs express functional AR, and androgen plays a direct role in modulating HPEC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Godoy
- Department of Urologic Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
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17
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Treister NS, Richards SM, Rowley P, Jensen RV, Sullivan DA. Influence of testosterone on gene expression in the ovariectomized mouse submandibular gland. Eur J Oral Sci 2006; 114:328-36. [PMID: 16911104 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2006.00360.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Androgens exert significant effects on the murine submandibular gland. Our objective in this study was to determine the nature and extent of testosterone regulation of gene expression in the female submandibular gland, and to explore the degree to which this control is the same as in male glands. Ovariectomized female BALB/c mice were treated with placebo- or testosterone-containing hormone pellets for 14 d. Glands were collected and total RNA was isolated. Samples were analyzed for differential expression of mRNA using CodeLink microarrays, and the data were evaluated using genesifter. Testosterone significantly influenced the expression of over 500 genes, and while many (n = 214) of the genes were similarly differentially expressed in androgen-treated males, there were also many that were unique. These findings support our hypotheses that testosterone extensively influences gene expression in the female submandibular gland, and that the nature of this influence is variable between sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel S Treister
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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18
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Locati LD, Quattrone P, Bossi P, Marchianò AV, Cantù G, Licitra L. A complete remission with androgen-deprivation therapy in a recurrent androgen receptor-expressing adenocarcinoma of the parotid gland. Ann Oncol 2003; 14:1327-8. [PMID: 12881399 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdg331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Abstract
Clinical studies have shown that oral tissues can be affected by pregnancy. Pregnancy-related changes are most frequent and most marked in gingival tissue. Pregnancy does not cause gingivitis, but may aggravate pre-existing disease. The most marked changes are seen in gingival vasculature. Characteristic of pregnancy gingivitis is that the gingiva is dark red, swollen, smooth and bleeds easily. Women with pregnancy gingivitis may sometimes develop localized gingival enlargements. The gingival changes usually resolve within a few months of delivery if local irritants are eliminated. The inflammatory changes are usually restricted to the gingiva and probably do not cause permanent changes in periodontal tissues more often than those in the non-pregnant state. Although it is widely believed that pregnancy is harmful to the teeth, the effect of pregnancy on the initiation or progression of caries is not clear. Previous studies, however, indicate that the teeth do not soften, i.e. no significant withdrawal of calcium or other minerals occurs in the teeth. It is mainly the environment of the tooth that is affected. The number of certain salivary cariogenic microorganisms may increase in pregnancy, concurrently with a decrease in salivary pH and buffer effect. Changes in salivary composition in late pregnancy and during lactation may temporarily predispose to dental caries and erosion. Although their underlying mechanisms of action are not fully understood, pregnancy-related changes in the oral environment may have some untoward temporary or permanent effects on oral health. Most of these effects could be avoided by practising good oral hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merja Anneli Laine
- Department of Cariology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Finland.
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21
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Abstract
In recent years, the receptor status of the estrogens and progestins and their relationship to the oral mucosa and its disease processes have been described. However, investigations regarding the androgens have largely been neglected. The androgens have diverse physiologic effects throughput the body and mediate their actions through androgen receptors (ARS) in various target organs. One of these, the sebaceous gland of the skin (dermal sebaceous gland, DSG) has been evaluated extensively in regard to ARS status. However, to our knowledge, the ARS status of the oral sebaceous glands (OSG) has not yet been elucidated. We attempt to evaluate the ARS status of 10 cases of OSG, in addition to other tissue components of the oral mucosa, using immunohistochemical techniques with a monoclonal antibody (MoAb) ARS. Sebaceous glands in all cases examined exhibited a moderate to more intense degree in immunoreactivity for ARS. Other tissue components, however, including the overlying epithelium and vascular endothelium, were essentially nonreactive. Our results indicate that, like the DSG, the OSG may be a target for the androgenetic hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Whitaker
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta 30912-1110, USA
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22
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Zhuang YH, Bläuer M, Ylikomi T, Tuohimaa P. Spermatogenesis in the vitamin A-deficient rat: possible interplay between retinoic acid receptors, androgen receptor and inhibin alpha-subunit. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1997; 60:67-76. [PMID: 9182860 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-0760(96)00163-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In order to understand the mechanisms of retinol action on the testis, testicular retinoic acid receptor alpha, beta(RAR alpha and beta), androgen receptor (AR) and inhibin alpha-subunit were studied in normal, vitamin A-deficient (VAD) and vitamin A-supplemented rats by immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. Compared to the normal testis, expression of 110 K AR was up-regulated by vitamin A withdrawal, whereas 51 K RAR alpha remained unchanged. An additional 55 K RAR alpha signal was observed. Readministration of retinol caused a marked decrease of AR in the VAD testis. By 24 h, AR declined to below the normal level. Although the 51 K RAR alpha signal remained unchanged, the 55 K band was slightly up-regulated at 6 h after retinol administration. A 51 K RAR beta protein was seen in the VAD but in not the normal testis. The intensity of the 51 K RAR beta band remained constant before and after the administration of retinol, but it had a slight up-shift at 6 h after retinol injection, suggesting post-translational modification of the receptor. The inhibin alpha-subunit of 18 K protein was undetectable in the VAD testis and increased to above normal level at 24 h after retinol administration. Immunohistochemically, nuclear AR immunostaining was more intense in the VAD testis than in the normal testis. The intensity of immunostaining declined in all AR-positive cells after the injection of retinol, but the decrease was more evident in Sertoli than in other cells. At 24 h after retinol the immunostaining was undetectable in most Sertoli cells. The regulation of the inhibin alpha-subunit by retinol in the cytoplasm of Sertoli cells detected by immunohistochemistry was correlated to the results in immunoblotting. These results suggest a possible interplay between retinoids, androgen and inhibin signalling systems in Sertoli cells in the regulation of spermatogenesis during retinol action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Zhuang
- Department of Anatomy, Tampere University Medical School, Finland
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23
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Zhuang YH, Bläuer M, Syvälä H, Laine M, Tuohimaa P. Androgen receptor in rat Harderian and submandibular glands. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 1996; 28:477-83. [PMID: 8872137 DOI: 10.1007/bf02331407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Androgens regulate the development and sexual dimorphism of rodent Harderian and submandibular glands. This effect is believed to be mediated by the androgen receptor. Immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting were carried out to study the receptor in normal, castrated and dihydrotestosterone-supplemented rat Harderian and submandibular glands. Immunohistochemically, the most intense nuclear staining was observed in the acinar cells of the submandibular glands, followed by intercalated duct cells. The granular convoluted tubules showed weak immunostaining and the striated ducts were negative. In the Harderian gland, nuclear staining was seen in both type I and II secretory cells. Castration and treatment had no effect on the expression of the androgen receptor protein in either gland. A 110 K androgen receptor signal was detected by immunoblotting in the Harderian gland but not in the submandibular gland. An experiment was designed to explore the possible effect of proteinases on the receptor protein in the homogenate of submandibular gland. Our results demonstrate the cell-specific location of the receptor in Harderian and submandibular glands, and show that the expression of the receptor protein is androgen-independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Zhuang
- Molecular Endocrinology Research Unit, Tampere University Medical School, Finland
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Rilling JK, Worthman CM, Campbell BC, Stallings JF, Mbizva M. Ratios of plasma and salivary testosterone throughout puberty: production versus bioavailability. Steroids 1996; 61:374-8. [PMID: 8776800 DOI: 10.1016/0039-128x(96)00043-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Because diffusion of testosterone (T) into the salivary gland is thought to be largely limited to the free, biologically active fraction, salivary testosterone is expected to provide a better measure of testosterone bioavailability in the body than is plasma testosterone. Matched saliva and blood spot samples were collected from 218 Zimbabwean males (age 11-23) who were at different stages of puberty, as assessed by self-reported Tanner genital stage ratings. Testosterone concentrations in these matched samples were highly correlated (r = 0.83). Both salivary and plasma testosterone (converted from blood spot value) showed expected significant increases across puberty. However, plasma testosterone distinguished among subjects at different stages of genital development more effectively than did salivary testosterone, suggesting the former to be a better marker of testosterone bioavailability. Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels were also measured in a subgroup of 93 of these subjects. After controlling for plasma T concentrations, we found a small but significant inverse correlation between blood spot SHBG levels and the proportion of plasma testosterone recovered in salvia, supporting the hypothesis that SHBG-related changes in T bioavailability are detectable in saliva. We conclude that salivary testosterone accurately reflects testicular production of testosterone, but that neither salivary testosterone nor plasma testosterone is clearly superior to the other as a measure of testosterone bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Rilling
- Department of Anthropology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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25
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De PK. Sex-hormonal regulation of 20.5 and 24 kDa major male-specific proteins in Syrian hamster submandibular gland. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1996; 58:183-7. [PMID: 8809199 DOI: 10.1016/0960-0760(96)00024-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Examination of SDS-PAGE protein profiles of adult hamster submandibular glands revealed a marked sexual dimorphism in levels of 20.5 and 24 kDa proteins. These proteins, together apparently constituting 40% of soluble proteins, were present in intact and castrated males but not in females. This sexual dimorphism was also confirmed in two-dimensional gels which revealed that the protein at 24 kDa was heterogenous and consisted of at least four species. In females, ovariectomy induced the 20.5 and 24 kDa proteins to male levels. Estrogen administration to gonadectomized hamsters of either sex or to intact males obliterated these proteins. Whereas androgens had no effect in males, they markedly inhibited these proteins in ovariectomized females. Androgens were less potent than estrogens in this regard. Progesterone or dexamethasone had no effect on these proteins. Only male saliva contained 20.5 and 24 kDa major proteins. These submandibular male-specific proteins are useful markers to study the hormonal regulation of this gland, and they provide a model system to study how both androgens and estrogens mediate inhibition of protein synthesis. The possible functions of these submandibular male-specific proteins are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K De
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
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